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ix OPERATION OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS COURSE OUTLINE VOLUME II, SEVENTH EDITION Chapter Topic Page 11 ACTIVATED SLUDGE (OPERATION OF CONVENTIONAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANTS) ................................................................................................ 1 12 SLUDGE DIGESTION AND SOLIDS HANDLING ......................................................................... 139 13 EFFLUENT DISCHARGE, RECLAMATION, AND REUSE............................................................ 237 14 PLANT SAFETY ............................................................................................................................ 257 15 MAINTENANCE ............................................................................................................................ 325 16 LABORATORY PROCEDURES AND CHEMISTRY ...................................................................... 465 17 APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTERS FOR PLANT O & M ............................................................... 617 18 ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF DATA.................................................................................. 631 19 RECORDS AND REPORT WRITING ............................................................................................ 665 20 TREATMENT PLANT ADMINISTRATION ..................................................................................... 679 Appendix COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTED ANSWERS ............................... 757 HOW TO SOLVE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT ARITHMETIC PROBLEMS ........................................................................................................ 779 ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................................... 808 WASTEWATER WORDS ............................................................................................................... 809 SUBJECT INDEX .......................................................................................................................... 859

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Page 1: OPERATION OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS COURSE OUTLINE · 860 Treatment Plants Activated sludge (continued) modifications, 21, 86 modified aeration, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91 monitoring,

ix

OPERATION OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTSCOURSE OUTLINE

VOLUME II, SEVENTH EDITION

Chapter Topic Page

11 ACTIVATED SLUDGE (OPERATION OF CONVENTIONALACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANTS) ................................................................................................ 1

12 SLUDGE DIGESTION AND SOLIDS HANDLING ......................................................................... 139

13 EFFLUENT DISCHARGE, RECLAMATION, AND REUSE............................................................ 237

14 PLANT SAFETY ............................................................................................................................ 257

15 MAINTENANCE ............................................................................................................................ 325

16 LABORATORY PROCEDURES AND CHEMISTRY ...................................................................... 465

17 APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTERS FOR PLANT O & M ............................................................... 617

18 ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF DATA.................................................................................. 631

19 RECORDS AND REPORT WRITING............................................................................................ 665

20 TREATMENT PLANT ADMINISTRATION ..................................................................................... 679

Appendix COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTED ANSWERS............................... 757

HOW TO SOLVE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTARITHMETIC PROBLEMS ........................................................................................................ 779

ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................................... 808

WASTEWATER WORDS ............................................................................................................... 809

SUBJECT INDEX .......................................................................................................................... 859

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Index 859

SUBJECT INDEX

VOLUME II

A

ABC (Association of Boards of Certification), 698AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), 266, 494Abnormal operation

activated sludge, 64, 69, 77, 78, 79–83aerobic digestion, 204anaerobic digestion, 186, 187effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 245–247

Absorbance, light, 487Accident

form, 307, 308frequency, 265investigation, 306operators, 265, 307prevention, 495record, 275reports, 307, 308, 668, 729, 733, 734

Accidental spills, 21Accountable, 689Acid formers, 148, 150, 184, 187Acid regression stage, 183Acidity test, 502, 539Acids, 271, 492Activated sludge

Also see Volume I, Chapter 8, “Activated Sludge,” and ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 2, “Activated Sludge”

abnormal operation, 64, 69, 77, 78, 79–83actual operation, 60, 64aeration methods, 23aeration tank, 19, 23, 33, 39, 40, 42, 43, 48, 53, 58, 60, 67,

88aerobic digestion, 217

Also see ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 3, “Residual Solids Management”

air systemsSee Air systems, activated sludge

ammonia removalSee ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 7,

“Enhanced Biological (Nutrient) Control”BOD, 21, 64bacteria, 116blowers, 23, 28, 40, 45, 47, 77, 78, 80, 83brown foam, 53, 73bulking, 71, 90, 116COD, 21, 64canning season, 64, 71centrifuge tests, 19chemical addition, 49, 64, 71, 72clarifiers, 16, 19, 39, 47, 53, 64, 72collection system, 21complete mix, 60, 90, 91compressors

See Blowerscontact stabilization, 60, 86, 112, 113

contact time, 19, 48, 53, 90control of process, 19, 20, 54, 58control tests, 517conventional activated sludge, 21, 48, 53, 55, 58, 69, 86, 88,

112, 113daily observations, 67dark foam, 53, 73denitrification, 73, 90description, 16, 42design variables, 21, 72detention time

See Activated sludge, contact timediffusers, 23, 25, 33, 37, 38, 40, 42, 47, 60, 77, 78, 80, 83, 84dissolved oxygen, 19, 49, 60, 64, 72, 90efficiency of process, 19, 20, 22, 53, 60effluent, 19, 20, 21, 44, 49, 53, 54, 62, 64, 69, 71, 73, 87emergency procedures, 64energy use, 67equipment, 23, 33, 69, 77–84extended aeration, 21, 57, 58, 73, 112, 113F/M ratio, 16, 21, 67, 71, 73filamentous growths, 19, 60, 61, 63, 71, 72, 73, 90, 116, 117,

120, 121, 122filters (air), 23, 27, 40, 45floc mass, 19, 20flow diagram, 17, 18foam, 44, 49, 53, 60, 73food/microorganism ratio, 16, 21, 67, 71, 73formulas, 781growth curves, bacteria, 118high-rate, 21, 57, 58, 90housekeeping, 46hydraulic loading, 21, 70industrial waste treatment, 21, 61, 64, 71, 88

Also see INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT, Volume I, Chapter 5, “Industrial Waste Monitoring”

influent, 19, 20, 21, 22, 53, 62, 69, 70, 88inspecting new facilities, 42Kraus process, 21, 71, 87, 88lab results, 21, 53layout, 18, 56, 86, 88loadings, 58MCRT, 58, 59, 67, 74, 522MLSS, 50, 58, 60, 69, 70, 71, 72, 87, 90MLVSS, 58, 60, 70, 87maintenance, 73, 74, 77, 78, 79–84mean cell residence time, 58, 59, 67, 74, 522mechanical aeration, 23, 24, 26, 33, 40, 77, 78microbiology, 111–128microorganisms, 16, 19, 48, 53, 57, 58, 69, 70, 71, 86,

111–124microscopic examination, 60mixed liquor suspended solids, 50, 58, 60, 69, 70, 71, 72, 87,

90mixed liquor volatile suspended solids, 58, 60, 70, 87mixing, 48, 53, 72

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860 Treatment Plants

Activated sludge (continued)modifications, 21, 86modified aeration, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91monitoring, 128nitrification, 126

Also see ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 2, “Activated Sludge,” and Chapter 7, “Enhanced Biological (Nutrient) Control”

nitrogen requirements, 87Nocardia, 117, 118, 124, 127normal operation, 53, 60nutrient requirements, 71, 86, 87objectives, 7odors, 19, 67, 72operation, 16, 20, 53, 54, 58, 59, 60, 64operational strategy, 20, 53, 60, 61, 64organic loading, 21organisms, 16, 19, 48, 53, 57, 58, 70, 71, 72, 86oxidation, 16, 71, 72oxidation ditch

See Volume I, Chapter 8, “Activated Sludge”oxygen requirements, 16, 19, 20, 49, 60, 70oxygen transfer, 23, 33package plants

See Volume I, Chapter 8, “Activated Sludge”pH, 64, 71plans and specifications

See Volume I, Chapter 8, “Activated Sludge”preliminary treatment requirements, 16, 19problems, 69, 77problems (arithmetic), 785–787, 797–800process control, 19, 20, 54, 111, 120–128protozoa, 116, 117, 119pumps, 48, 339pure oxygen, 23

Also see ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 2, “Activated Sludge”

purpose, 16, 86RAS, 22, 48, 49, 50, 51, 60, 61, 67, 72, 87, 88reaeration, 86–89recording observations, 120recordkeeping, 20, 42, 48, 53, 64, 69return sludge, 22, 48, 49, 50, 51, 60, 61, 67, 72, 87, 88rising sludge, 73, 90, 126rotifers, 119, 121, 123SDI, 518SVI, 60, 61, 63, 517safety, 39, 40, 48, 76sampling, 49, 53, 64, 70, 71, 111–114secondary clarifiers, 16, 19, 47, 53, 64, 67, 72, 88, 90seed organisms, 48, 49, 50septic sludge, 51, 72settleability tests, 19, 49, 50, 53, 73, 517settlometer, 49, 517shock loads, 21, 69, 88short-circuiting, 44shutdown, 77sludge age, 21, 54, 58, 67, 70, 71, 72, 519sludge blanket, 19, 60, 69, 71, 72, 90sludge bulking, 71, 90, 116, 117sludge density index, 518sludge pumps, 48, 60sludge return, 22, 48, 49, 50, 51, 60, 67, 72, 87, 88sludge volume index, 60, 61, 63, 517sludge wasting, 19, 22, 48, 54, 55, 56, 57, 60, 183solids, 19, 21, 44, 49, 50, 51, 55, 58, 64, 70, 72, 87Sphaerotilus, 117stabilize, 16start-up, 48

step-feed aeration, 53, 88, 89, 112, 113storm flows, 21, 61, 62, 70, 88supernatant return, 22, 70, 87, 188surface aerators, 23, 24, 26, 40, 77, 78, 79surfactants, 73TOC, 64temperature, 21, 54, 64, 70thick foam, 53toxic wastes, 20, 70, 72, 87trend chart, 53, 124, 125, 127, 128trends, 53, 124, 125, 127, 128troubleshooting, 70, 74–76, 77types of processes, 16, 86upset, 21variables, 20, 21, 86visual inspection, 60, 67WAS, 19, 22, 48, 54, 55, 56, 57, 60, 183wasting sludge, 19, 22, 48, 54, 55, 56, 57, 60, 183white foam, 44, 49, 53zoogleal bacteria, 16

Activated sludge control tests, 517Acute health effect, 271Ad valorem taxes, 716Administration

advertising positions, 694applications, 694backflow prevention, 721, 722budgeting, 714capital improvements, 715certification, 697communication, 708–710compensation, 694, 697conducting meetings, 710confined space entry procedures, 731consumer complaints, 712consumer inquiries, 712contingency planning, 722continuing education, 698controlling, 687cross connection control program, 721directing, 687discipline problems, 701discriminatory hiring, 693, 694disposition of plant records, 741emergency response, 722–725employee complaints, 701equipment repair/replacement fund, 715evaluation, performance, 698financial assistance, 716financial management, 713–717financial stability, 713first aid, 727functions of manager, 687harassment, 702hazard communication, 728interviewing job applicants, 694, 695interviews, media, 711meetings, conducting, 710number of employees needed, 692operations and maintenance (O & M), 711, 718–722operator certification, 697oral communication, 708organizing, 689orientation, new employee, 697paper screening, 694performance evaluation, 698personnel records, 706planning, 689planning for emergencies, 722

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Index 861

Administration (continued)plant tours, 712policies and procedures, 697probationary period, 697procurement of materials, 741public relations, 711–713public speaking, 712qualifications profile, 693rates, wastewater treatment, 715recordkeeping, 738–743records, personnel, 692, 706repair/replacement fund, equipment, 715SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition)

systems, 719–721safety program, 725–738selection process, 694sexual harassment, 702staffing, 692–707supervisor, training, 698telephone contacts, 712tours, plant, 712training, 697, 698, 735unions, 706wastewater treatment rates, 715written communication, 708–710

Advanced waste treatmentSee ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT

Advertising, job openings, 694Aeration tanks, activated sludge, 19, 23, 33, 40, 42, 43, 48, 53,

58, 60, 67, 295Aerobes, 49Aerobic sludge digestion

Also see ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 3, “Residual Solids Management”

abnormal operation, 219aeration equipment, 218, 219aerobic, 217bacteria, 148comparison with anaerobic, 217costs, 217covers, 218decomposition of solids, 217description, 217detention time, 218dewatering, 218, 219diffusers, 219disposal of solids, 218dissolved oxygen, 218drying beds, 218–223effluent, 218endogenous respiration, 218energy, 217equipment, 217, 218extended aeration, 218floating sludge, 219food, 218maintenance, 219mechanical dewatering, 218, 219, 222–224microorganisms, 148, 218nitrogen removal, 217normal operation, 218odors, 217, 218, 219operation, 218organisms, 148, 218oxygen demand, 218primary sludge, 218problems, 219process description, 217pumping sludge, 218

purpose, 148, 217raw sludge, 218recordkeeping, 218scum, 219secondary sludge, 218shock load, 219sludge, 217, 218, 219solids, 217, 218stabilization, 217, 218start-up, 218supernatant, 218, 219temperature, 218troubleshooting, 219volatile material, 217, 218, 219withdrawal of sludge, 218

Affirmative action, 694Agglomerate, 19Air chamber, pump, 419, 422Air gap, 721, 722Air gap device, 304, 305, 446, 447, 722Air strainer, ejectors, 423Air systems, activated sludge

aeration methods, 23aeration systems, 23blowers, 23, 28, 40, 45, 47, 77, 78, 80, 83coarse bubble diffusers, 33, 38compressors

See Air systems, activated sludge, blowerscondensate traps, 33diffused air, 23, 78diffusers, 25, 33, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 47, 60, 77, 78, 80, 83, 84distribution system, 33, 34, 40, 77, 78, 80, 81, 84filters, 23, 27, 40, 45, 78, 82fine bubble diffusers, 25, 33headers, 23, 33, 35, 36, 40, 42, 46, 82, 84hoists, 33, 40inspecting new facilities, 42leveling headers, 33mechanical, 23, 24, 26, 33, 40, 77, 78metering, 33, 46methods, 23, 24odorous air, 28orifice, 33, 46parts, 33–36process systems, 23purpose, 23safety, 39, 40sources of air, 28start-up, 48surface aerators, 23, 24, 26, 40, 77, 78, 79systems, 23, 28testing, 48types, 23

Alignmentmotors, 399, 400, 401pumps, 342, 368, 415, 431, 432

Aliquot, 562Alkalinity, 148, 151, 184, 185, 186, 191, 202Alkalinity tests, 502, 527, 540Alternating current, 375Ambient temperature, 605Amebiasis, 493Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 706Amines, 299Ammeter, 378Ammonia

electrode, 583, 584test, 502, 580

Amperometric, 545

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862 Treatment Plants

Amps, 375Anaerobic environment, 493Anaerobic sludge digestion

Also see ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 3, “Residual Solids Management”

abnormal operation, 186acid formers, 148, 150, 184actual operation, 211, 212alkalinity, 148, 151, 184, 185, 186, 191, 202anaerobic, 148, 152, 153bacteria, 148, 151, 153, 183–185, 187boiler, 162, 176, 200, 207buffer, 151, 184, 185, 186, 188, 191, 552carbon dioxide, 158, 184, 191, 195, 202, 206, 211, 217, 523centrifuge, 188, 222, 224cleaning, pipelines and digesters, 152, 183, 201, 211, 213,

214, 215comparison with aerobic, 217computations, 194condensate traps, 153, 155, 159, 166, 167, 200coning, 185control of process, 151, 191corbels, 153, 179, 180, 181costs, 217covers, 152, 153, 154, 180, 181definition, 148description, 148digested sludge disposal, 148, 153, 217, 218digested sludge removal, 148, 153, 217, 218digestion time, 148, 151, 211dissolved air flotation, 186drip traps, 159, 166, 167, 200, 295drying beds, 153, 218–223energy, 158, 187, 217enzymes, 187, 188equipment, 152, 153, 158–175, 180explosion, 158, 160, 162, 166feed, 151, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 191, 204fixed cover, 152, 154, 179flame arresters, 153, 155, 159, 162, 163–165, 295floating cover, 153, 179, 180, 201flow diagram, 149foam, 184, 187food supply, 148formulas, 781, 782gas, 158, 184, 187, 191, 195, 217gas, dome, 158gas meter, 166, 195, 200gas mixing, 176gas production, 148, 187, 191, 195, 202, 211gas system, 153, 155, 158–166, 209heat value of gas, 158heating, 158, 166, 175, 176, 200, 211high-rate, 148, 151inlet, 153, 155, 191lab results, 152, 191, 211lime, 186liquid-solids separation, 151, 188loadings, 191, 192, 194, 195, 197, 202, 204, 211maintenance, 152, 162, 166, 179, 199–201mechanical dewatering, 218, 219, 222–224mechanical mixing, 176–179mesophilic bacteria, 151, 191methane fermenters, 148, 150, 184, 187methane gas, 148, 158, 184, 187, 193, 217microorganisms, 148, 150, 151, 183, 184, 191mixing, 148, 151, 176–179, 187, 208, 211neutralizing, 186, 204normal operation, 148, 151, 183, 191, 199, 204, 211

objectives, 144, 148, 153odors, 187, 199, 200, 213operation, 148, 151, 183, 191, 199, 204, 211operational strategy, 199organisms, 148, 150, 151, 183, 184, 191pH, 148, 183, 191, 192, 202pipelines, 152plans and specifications, 228pressure regulators, 159, 166, 169, 170pressure relief valves, 153, 155, 159, 161–163problems, 184problems (arithmetic), 787–791, 800–804psychrophilic bacteria, 151pumping sludge, 185, 191, 199, 200, 211, 219purpose, 144, 148, 153putrefaction, 217raw sludge, 148, 152, 153, 183, 191, 200, 202, 211, 218reactions, 148, 150recirculated sludge, 191, 192recordkeeping, 152, 191, 199–203, 204, 211reduction in volatile solids, 192review of plans and specifications, 228safety, 152, 158, 162, 166, 181, 185, 188, 213sampling, 191, 199, 202sampling well, 166, 173, 523saprophytic organisms, 148, 150scum, 179, 183, 201secondary digested sludge, 194secondary digestion, 151sediment traps, 153, 155, 159, 162, 166, 167, 200seed organisms, 151, 184, 185, 188, 194septic sludge, 200shock loads, 191shutdown, 213sludge, 184, 191, 200sludge draw-off lines, 153sludge drying beds, 153, 218–223sludge pumps, 192, 200sludge withdrawal, 188, 191, 204, 223solids, 188, 192, 194, 195, 202solids balance, 195, 202sour, 183, 184, 186, 191, 523stabilize, 181, 188standard rate, 148start-up, 183stuck, 183, 184, 186, 191, 523supernatant, 151, 153, 185, 188, 192, 193, 194, 202, 204,

213supernatant tubes, 153–156, 194, 200, 201temperature, 148, 151, 191, 199, 202, 204, 211thermal valves, 162, 164thermophilic bacteria, 151thief hole, 166, 173, 523thin sludge, 185time for digestion, 148, 151toxic wastes, 204, 205traps, 162, 166, 167, 168trend chart, 191, 199, 202, 203, 649troubleshooting, 204upset, 183, 184, 186, 191, 523use of gas, 158, 187vacuum filters, 224vacuum relief valves, 153, 155, 159, 162valves, 152, 158, 162, 163, 164, 200, 201visual inspection, 199, 200volatile acid/alkalinity, 148, 186, 191, 195, 199, 202, 206,

211volatile solids, 148, 183, 184, 192, 202, 211waste activated sludge, 183

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Index 863

Anaerobic sludge digestion (continued)waste gas burner, 159, 166, 171, 172, 201water seal, 153, 155, 187, 201withdrawal of sludge, 188, 191, 204, 223

Analog readout, 376Analysis of data

Also see Data analysis and presentationlab results, 622

Analytical balance, 485, 595Annual operating reports, 674Annual report, 710, 715Anoxic, 74Applications, job, 694Applying protective coating, 298Arithmetic

geometric mean, 639mean, 637median, 638metric system, 660mode, 638moving averages, 644range of values, 638square root, 654standard deviation, 651variance, 651

Arithmetic mean, 637As-built plans and specifications (record drawings), 105, 110,

669, 738Aseptic, 564Assessment bonds, 716Assessment of system vulnerability, 722Association of Boards of Certification (ABC), 698Audience, communications, 708, 709, 711Audiovisuals, 709Authority, 689Autoclave, 552Automatic samplers, 500Average, 637, 644Average, running, 622, 623Axial flow pumps, 345, 352

B

BODbottle, 481incubator, 485predict value, 655test, 502, 573test, chlorinated samples, 576, 577test, industrial wastes, 578

BTU (British Thermal Unit), 158Backflow, 721, 722Backflow prevention, 304, 721, 722Backsiphonage, 721, 722Bacteria, activated sludge, 116Balance, analytical, 485, 595Ball valves, 419, 422Bar graphs, 647Bar screens

Also see Volume I, Chapter 4, “Racks, Screens, Comminutors, and Grit Removal”

safety, 290Bardenpho process, 90, 92Bases, 271, 492Beakers, 479, 486Bearings, electric motor, 425Bearings, pump, 339, 342, 345, 347, 348, 350, 351, 353, 354,

356, 360, 361, 370, 415, 419, 423Beer’s Law, 487

Belt drives, pump maintenance, 427, 429, 430Bench sheets, 489Benching, excavations, 285, 288Benefits, employee, 694, 697Bioassay, 253Biocatalysts, 187Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) test, 502, 573Biocides, 299Biosolids, 227Blacktop drying beds, 222Blank sample, 488, 542Block grants, 716Bloodborne Pathogens (BBP) program, 270Blow down receiver, ejectors, 423Blowers

abnormal conditions, 77, 78, 80air compressors, 28, 29, 30air discharge silencer, 28bearings, 28centrifugal, 28, 32, 77ear protective devices, 28filters, 23, 27, 40, 78, 82inspecting new facilities, 45, 47lubrication, 28, 33maintenance, 28, 33, 78, 83manufacturer’s manual, 45metering, 33orifice, 33output, 28performance, 28, 29, 30, 31positive displacement, 28, 31, 77process air compressors, 28safety, 28, 40, 267, 270, 446silencer, 28start-up, 40, 45, 47, 48testing, 47troubleshooting, 80ventilation, 267, 446vibration, 28

Boiler, 162, 176, 200, 207Boiling flask, 480Bonds, 716Bonnet valve, 439, 441Bottle, BOD, 481Bottle, reagent, 481Bound water, 71Breathing apparatus, self-contained, 267, 307Brinelling, 360Brown foam, activated sludge, 53, 73Bubbler-type controls, 361Buchner funnel, 481Budgeting, 714Buffer, 151, 184, 185, 186, 188, 191, 552Buildings, maintenance, 335Bulking

activated sludge, 71, 90, 116, 117filamentous growth, 60, 71, 116–118

Bunsen burner, 483Burets, 480, 485Burner, Bunsen, 483Burns, 495

C

COD test, 502, 541COD to BOD curves, 651CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation), 727Calculation of square root, 654Calibration curves, 488

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864 Treatment Plants

Calibration, flowmeters, 457Calibration, gas detectors, 446Call date, 716Cannell, James W., 394Capacity, pump, 345, 417Capital improvements, 715Capital planning, 715Carbon adsorption, physical chemical treatment

See INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT, Volume I, Chapter 10, “Physical Treatment Processes”

Carbon analyzer, 606Carbon dioxide, 158, 184, 191, 195, 202, 206, 211, 217, 523Carbon dioxide test, 529Carbon measurement, 606Carbon tetrachloride, 493Carcinogens, 297, 299Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), 727Casing, pump, 339, 343, 347, 348Causes of data variations, 635Cave-ins, 285Cavitation, 346Centrate, 227Centrifugal force, 341Centrifugal pumps

description, 339, 345, 347–353maintenance, 368, 414

CentrifugationAlso see ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 3,

“Residual Solids Management”cake, 222, 224, 227conditioning, 224description, 224operation, 224sludge, 224sludge dewatering, 224use, 224

Centrifuge, clinical, 507, 520Certification, 697Chain drives, 428Change oil, pump, 419Channels (flow), maintenance, 335Characteristics of wastewater

See Wastewater characteristicsChart, recording, 454, 455, 457Charts, 636, 647Check valves, 159, 369, 417, 423, 437, 438Chemical oxygen demand (COD)

compared with BOD, 541concentration in wastewater, 541preservation, 502test, 541

Chemicalsformulas, 478labeling, 309, 310, 315, 316movement, 494names, 478safety, 271, 296, 301, 492storage, 301, 481, 494toxic, 271, 493

ChemistrySee Laboratory procedures

CHEMTREC [(800) 424-9300], 337, 723Chloride, test, 502, 543Chlorinated samples, BOD, 576, 577Chlorination

See Volume I, Chapter 10, “Disinfection and Chlorination”Chlorinators

emergencies, 337leak detection, 336

maintenance, 336safety, 337

Chlorine leaks, 336, 676Chlorine monitor, 268Chlorine residual test, 502, 545Chlorine safety, 268, 292, 296, 317, 337Cholera, 493Chronic health effect, 271Cipolletti weir, 451, 456Circuit breakers, 380–382, 384–386Civil rights, 694Clamps, 480, 483Clarifiers

activated sludge, 16, 19, 39, 47, 53, 64, 72safety, 39, 292

Clarity test, 504Cleaning digesters, 152, 183, 201, 211, 213, 214, 215Cleaning pipelines, 152, 449, 450Cleaning pumps, 415Clearing plugged pipes, pumps, and valves

costs, 449cutting tools, 450digested sludge lines, 449equipment, 449, 450high-velocity pressure units, 450methods of clearing, 449, 450pipes, 449pressure clearing methods, 449, 450pumps, 450scum lines, 449sludge lines, 449valves, 449, 450

Climate, sludge dewatering, 221Clinical centrifuge, 507, 520Closed impeller, 349Closeness of fit, 659Coagulation, 72Code of ethics, 748Coil filter, 226Coliform group bacteria test, 551Colilert Method, 566Collecting data, lab, 489Collection of samples, 111, 252Collection system, 21, 278, 298Combustible gas monitor, 268, 272, 298Comminution, safety, 291Communication, 621, 708–710Compensation, 694, 697Competent person, 266Complaint procedure, 701Complaints

customer, 712employee, 701

Completely mixed system, activated sludge, 60, 90, 91Composite sample, 243, 498, 499Computers

analysis of lab results, 622average, running, 622, 623cautions, 626communications, 621data analysis, 620database management, 620equipment maintenance, 623Internet, 621, 711inventory control, 623justification, 623, 624, 625lab results, analysis, 622maintenance, equipment, 623monitoring, 620, 624

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Index 865

Computers (continued)NPDES, 624pretreatment monitoring, 624process control, 624recordkeeping, 620reports, 620, 624running average, 622, 623SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) system,

627, 719software, 99, 620, 625, 626systems monitoring, 620, 624time savings, 626trend analysis, 622, 623word processing, 620

Condensate drain, 153, 155, 159, 166, 167, 200Condenser, 482Conditioning sludge, 224Conducting meetings, 710Conductivity, 603Conductors, 376Cone, Imhoff, 482, 506Cones, traffic, 279Confined space entry permit, 267, 269, 731, 732Confined space procedures, 731, 732Confined spaces, 265, 266–270, 278, 292, 293, 295, 446, 505Coning, 185Connecting rods, 419, 422, 423Conservation, water, 711Constant differential flowmeter, 451, 452, 456Consumer complaints, 712Consumer inquiries, 712Contact stabilization, activated sludge, 60, 86, 112, 113Contacts, starters, 394–399Contingency planning, 722Continuing education, 698Contract negotiations, 706Contract service, flowmeters, 457Control methods, activated sludge, 19, 20Controllers, flow, 454Controlling, 687Controls, level, 361, 424Conventional activated sludge, 21, 48, 53, 55, 58, 69, 86, 88,

112, 113Conversion instruments, 454, 455, 456Corbels, 153, 179, 180, 181Corrective maintenance, 718Correlation coefficient, 659Correlations, 655, 659Corrosion, 201, 505, 506, 605Corrosive chemicals, 492Costs

aerobic digestion, 217anaerobic digestion, 217preventive maintenance, 333records, 669repair, 333safety, 305unplugging pipelines, 449

Counting techniques, 120–122Couplings, 342, 354, 367, 429, 431, 432Coverage ratio, 713, 714, 715Covers, anaerobic digester, 152, 153, 154, 180, 181Cross connections, 304, 414, 721Crucible, Gooch, 484Crucible, porcelain, 484Cumulative curves, 651, 652Current, electrical, 375, 376, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 385, 386Customer complaints, 712Customer inquiries, 712

Cuts, skin, 495Cutting tools, plugged pipes, 450Cuvette, 487Cyclone grit separators

See Volume I, Chapter 4, “Racks, Screens, Comminutors, and Grit Removal”

Cylinders, graduated, 479, 485, 517

D

DO, 53, 251, 252DO meter, 484DO profile, 251DO test, 502, 570Daily records, 204, 669Dangerous air contamination, 267Dark foam, activated sludge, 53, 73Data analysis and presentation

arithmetic mean, 637average, 637, 644, 649bar graphs, 647COD to BOD curves, 651calculation of square root, 654causes of data variations, 635charts, 636, 647computers, 620electronic calculators, 639geometric mean, 639geometric mean table, 641–644graphs, 647importance, 635log probability paper, 639mean, 637median, 638metric calculations, 660mode, 638moving averages, 644preparation of charts, 647range of values, 638square root, 654standard deviation, 651trend charts, 649variance, 651variations in data, causes, 635

Database management, 620Dateometer, 427Debt service, 713Dechlorination

See Volume I, Chapter 10, “Disinfection and Chlorination”Decibel, 28, 277Deep well injections, 241Dehumidifiers, 446Delegation, 689Denitrification, 73, 90Dependent variable, 655, 657Desiccator, 482Dewatering sludge, 148, 188, 218–228Dial indicators, alignment, 431, 432Dial thermometer, 482Diaphragm bulb, level measurement, 361Diaphragm flowmeter, 451, 452, 456Differential producer flowmeter, 451, 452, 456Diffuser, activated sludge, 23, 25, 33, 37, 38, 40, 42, 47, 60,

77, 78, 80, 83, 84Digested sludge handling

Also see ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 3, “Residual Solids Management”

aerobic digester, 219anaerobic digester, 148, 153, 217, 219

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866 Treatment Plants

Digested sludge handling (continued)blacktop drying beds, 222centrifuge, 222, 224disposal on land, 222drying beds, 218–223lagoons, 222land disposal, 222mechanical dewatering, 218, 219, 222–224sludge drying beds, 218–223sludge lagoons, 222unplugging pipelines, 449vacuum filters, 224, 225withdrawal to land, 222

Digested sludge, pumps, 339Digester cleaning, maintenance, 213Digester control tests, 523Digester, egg-shaped, 176Digester explosion, 160, 162Digester heating

boiler temperatures, 166circulation, 166heat exchanger, 166, 174, 175, 176, 200, 211, 293methods, 166steam, 176

Digester mixingdraft tube propeller mixers, 176–179egg-shaped digesters, 176gas mixing, 176maintenance, 179mechanical mixing, 176–179propeller mixers, 176–179pumps, 179purpose, 148, 176scum blanket, 179

Digestionaerobic, 217–219anaerobic, 148equipment safety, 293

Digital readout, 376Digital receivers, 454Dilution, 245Dilution water, 552Direct current, 375Direct reuse, effluent, 241, 242Directing, 687Discharge permits, 64, 241Discharge, pump, 340, 345, 367, 368, 369, 371, 423Discharge to receiving waters, 244Disciplinary problems, 701Disconnect switch, 381Discriminatory hiring, 693, 694Dish, evaporating, 484Dish, Petri, 482Disinfection

See Volume I, Chapter 10, “Disinfection and Chlorination”Displacement flowmeter, 451, 452, 456Disposal of

effluent, 241records, 741sludge, 148, 219, 227solids, 148, 194, 227supernatant, 194

Disposition of plant records, 741Dissolved air flotation

Also see ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 3, “Residual Solids Management”

sludge, 186Dissolved oxygen (DO)

activated sludge, 19, 49, 60, 64, 72, 90effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 251, 252

measurement, 570meter, 484test, 502, 570test in aerator, 519

Dissolved solids, in wastewater, test, 601Distilling flask, 480Documentation, 692Dogs, 42Domestic wastewater, characteristics

See Wastewater characteristicsDosimeter, 272Drag shield, 285Draining pumps, 361, 370, 419Drinking water, 242, 446Drip traps, 159, 166, 167, 200, 295Drowning, 39, 40, 295Drum tilter, 494Drums, traffic control, 279Drying beds, 100, 153, 218–223Drying, sludge, 218–228Dry-labbing, 744Dumps, industrial, 21Dusts, 265, 277Dysentery, 266, 492, 493

E

Ear protecting devices, 28, 277Earthquakes, 676Eccentric

pipe, 342pump, 419, 422

Effective writing, 673Efficiency

process, activated sludge, 19, 20, 53, 60pump, 417treatment, 243

Effluent discharge to surface watersAlso see ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 8,

“Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse”control, 243dilution, 245discharge to receiving waters, 244disposal requirements, 241effluent sampling, 245emergency procedures, 244, 245frequency of sampling, 253importance, 241labeling of samples, 253maintenance, 254mixing, 249, 250monitoring, 244, 245objectives, 239operating procedures, 244operational strategy, 244power outage, 245receiving water monitoring, 245review of plans and specifications, 254safety, 254sampling and analysis, 243, 252shutdown, 244size of sample, 253start-up, 244stream survey, 245temperature, 245, 246, 247treatment requirements, 243troubleshooting, 245–247visual observation, 244water quality survey, 245

Effluent, pumps, 339

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Index 867

Egg-shaped digesters, 176Ejectors, 356, 358, 423Electric motors, 361, 387–409, 425–427Electric shock, 274, 495Electrical controls, 361Electrical equipment maintenance, 373–387Electrical safety, 40, 274Electrical system

control, 380starters, 394–399switch gear, 380

Electricitycircuit breakers, 380–382, 384–386circuits, 373, 375, 377, 378, 379, 381, 382, 385, 386fuses, 382, 383hazards, 373meters, 376–380starters, 394–399terms, 375testers, 376–380tools, 376–380

Electrode switches, 361, 424Electrolysis, 107Electronic calculators, 639Elevated temperature test, 561Elutriation, sludge, 224Emergencies

administration, 722–725maintenance, 718planning, 676, 689, 722–725preparation for, 689, 722–725response plan, 689, 722–725

Emergency proceduresactivated sludge, 64CHEMTREC [(800) 424-9300], 337, 723chlorinators, 337disasters, 337effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 245electric shock, 274, 495planning, 307, 337, 458, 676storage lagoons, 244

Emergency team, 337Employee

benefits, 694, 697evaluation, 698–700orientation, 697performance evaluations, 748pride, 697problems, 701, 706

Employee-management relationship, 706Employees, number, 692Employer policies, 697, 703Endogenous respiration, 69, 218Energy

activated sludge, 67aerobic digestion, 217anaerobic sludge digestion, 158, 187, 217general, 158, 187, 217

Energy requirementsaerobic digestion, 217pumps, 345, 367, 371

Entrain, 292Enzymes, 187, 188Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) Act, 705Equipment

maintenance, computers, 623microbiology, 111records, 333, 334, 410, 411, 412, 741repair/replacement fund, 715service card, 333, 334

Erlenmeyer flask, 480Errors, sampling, 252, 498Escherichia coli, test for, 565, 566Estuary, 241Ethical behavior, 745Ethical situations, 744, 745, 748Ethics, 744, 745, 748Evaluation of records, 671Evaluation, performance, 698–700Evaporating dish, 484Excavations, 284Explosion, 158, 160, 162, 166, 267, 493Explosive gases, 158, 160, 162, 166, 267, 268, 272, 298, 299,

493, 505Explosive materials, 493Extended aeration

activated sludge, 21, 57, 58, 73, 112, 113aerobic digestion, 218

Eye protection, 301, 302

F

F/M (food/microorganism) ratio, 16, 21, 67, 71, 73Face shield, 296, 301, 493Facultative bacteria, 19, 551Failure, motors, 390, 391, 404–409Fall arrest system, 40, 266, 293Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), 706Fecal coliform test, 561, 564Feeding anaerobic digesters, 151, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187,

191, 204Feeler gauge, alignment, 400Fees, user, 713, 714Filamentous growth, 19, 60, 61, 63, 71, 72, 73, 90, 116, 117,

120, 121, 122Film badges, 272Filter press

See ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 3, “Residual Solids Management”

Filtering flask, 480Financial

assistance, 716management, 713–717records, 669stability, 713

Fire, 273, 302, 303, 496, 676Fire blanket, 496Fire control, safety, 303Fire drills, 307Fire extinguishers, 290, 302, 303, 307, 446, 496First aid, safety program, 727First-aid kit, 446, 495Fish, 242, 249Fixed sample, 252Fixed-cover digesters, 152, 154, 179Flame polished, 301, 495Flame trap, anaerobic digester, 153, 155, 159, 162, 163–165,

295Flammable materials, 493Flasks, 480, 486Float control, 361, 415, 424Float mechanism, level measurement, 361, 415, 424Float switches, 361, 415, 424Floating cover, anaerobic digester

access hatches, 180, 181access ladders, 181advantages, 153annular space, 180, 181ballast blocks, 180, 181corbels, 153, 179, 180, 181

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868 Treatment Plants

Floating cover, anaerobic digester (continued)corrosion, 201cover indicators, 180, 181description, 153flotation chamber, 180, 181, 201gas piping, 180, 181parts, 179–181purpose, 179roller guides, 179, 180safety, 181skirts, 180, 181types, 179

Floating sludge, aerobic digesters, 219Floc, 19, 20Flocculation, 71Floods, 676Flow diagram

activated sludge, 17, 18anaerobic sludge digestion, 149

Flow formula, 451Flow measurement, 450–456Flow nozzles, 451, 452, 456Flow proportioning, sampling, 243, 498, 499Flowmeters

accuracy, 451calibration, 457chart, recording, 454, 455, 457Cipolletti weir, 451, 456constant differential, 451, 452, 456contract service, 457controllers, 454conversion instruments and controls, 454, 455, 456diaphragm, 451, 452, 456differential producer, 451, 452, 456displacement, 451, 452, 456flow formula, 451flow measurement, 450–456flow nozzles, 451, 452, 456flumes, 451, 452, 453, 456, 636gases, 451, 452, 456general, 244, 450–456good housekeeping, 456head area, 451, 452, 453, 456importance, 451indicating receiver, 454integrators, 454level measurement, 361liquids, 450–456location, 452magnetic, 451, 452, 456magnetic flow transmitter, 454maintenance, 450, 451, 454, 456maintenance contract service, 457manufacturer responsibility, 456mechanical, 454multipurpose receiver, 454nozzles, 451, 452, 456operator responsibility, 451, 457orifice, 451, 452, 456Palmer-Bowlus flume, 451, 453, 456Parshall flume, 451, 452, 456, 636pen, recorder, 454performance, 457piston, 451, 452, 456propeller, 451, 452, 456proportional weir, 451, 456readout instruments and controls, 454, 455, 456receivers, 454, 455, 456recorders, 454, 455, 457recording pen, 454

recording receiver, 454, 455, 457rectangular weir, 451, 453, 456responsibility, 451, 456rotameter, 451, 456sensors, 456shuntflow, 451, 452, 456summators, 454totalizers, 454totalizing receiver, 454transmitters, 454troubleshooting, 457types, 451use, 450velocity meter, 451, 452, 456Venturi meters, 451, 452, 456V-notch weir, 451, 456weirs, 451, 453, 456

Flumes, 451, 452, 453, 456, 636FmHA loans, 717Foam control

activated sludge, 44, 49, 53, 60, 73anaerobic digestion, 187surface-active agents, 299

Foaminganaerobic digestion, 184, 187safety hazard, 299

Food, activated sludge, 21, 57, 58, 67, 71, 73Food, anaerobic digester, 151, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 191,

204Food/microorganism (F/M) ratio, 16, 21, 67, 71, 73Foot valves, 417Forecasting equations, 655, 659Formazin turbidity units, 606Formulas (English system)

activated sludge, 781administration, safety, 796chemical, 478data analysis, 784, 795effluent disposal, 783laboratory, 783maintenance, 783sludge digestion, 782

Freeboard, 105Frequency of records, 669Fuels, safety, 298Fume hood, 301, 484, 496Fumes, 267, 268, 271, 272, 298, 299, 301, 336, 493, 496, 505Functions of manager, 687Fund, repair/replacement, 715Funnels, 481Fuses, 367, 382, 383

G

GFCI (ground-fault circuit interrupter), 495GIS (geographic information system), 739, 740Gas

detection, 446digester, 158, 187, 191, 195meters, 159, 166, 195, 200, 451, 452, 456piping, 153, 155, 158, 159, 181system, 158–166, 451, 452use, 158, 187

Gas analysis, anaerobic digester, 529Gas production, anaerobic digester, 148, 187, 191, 195, 202,

211Gas system, anaerobic digestion

condensate traps, 159, 167dome, 158drip traps, 159, 167

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Index 869

Gas system, anaerobic digestion (continued)flame arresters, 159, 162gas meters, 166manometers, 166, 636piping, 181pressure regulators, 159pressure relief valves, 159, 162sediment traps, 159, 167thermal valves, 162traps, 159, 167troubleshooting, 205use of gas, 158vacuum relief valves, 159, 162valves, 159, 162, 201waste gas burner, 159, 166, 171

Gasesanaerobic digestion, 158, 184, 187, 191, 195, 217characteristics, 268explosive, 158, 160, 162, 166, 267, 268, 272, 298, 299, 493,

505explosive range, 268permissible exposure limit, 268safe exposure, 268, 271testing methods, 268toxic, 267, 268, 271, 272, 298, 299, 301

Gasket, pump, 419Gasoline vapors, 268, 270, 272Gate valves, 434–437Gauge reading, 636Gear reducer, 419General obligation bonds, 716Generators, 458Geographic information system (GIS), 739, 740Geometric mean, 639Geometric mean table, 641–644Gland

pump, 344, 367, 369, 371valve, 437

Goals, utility, 689Gooch crucible, 484Good housekeeping

management responsibilities, 265, 306safety, 290, 291, 292, 298, 493sensors, 456

Grab sample, 243, 499Graduated cylinders, 479, 485, 517Grant programs, 716Graph paper, 655Graphs, 647Grease, test, 502, 595Greasing, pump, 423Green sludge, 221, 222Grievances, 701, 706Grit channels, 292

Also see Volume I, Chapter 4, “Racks, Screens, Comminutors, and Grit Removal”

Grit, pumps, 339Ground, 386Ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI), 495Grounds, maintenance, 336Groundwater recharge, wastewater, 241Groups, protected, 694Growth curves, bacteria, 118

H

Harassing, 744Harassment, 702, 703Harness, safety, 266, 270, 446Hazard communication program, 308–316, 728

Hazardous spills, 676Hazards

See Safety hazardsHead area, flowmeter, 451, 452, 453, 456Headworks, 290Health, 243Hearing protection devices, 28, 277Heat exchanger, anaerobic digester, 166, 174, 175, 176, 200,

211, 293Heat value of gas, 158Heating, anaerobic digester, 158, 166, 175, 176, 200, 211Heavy metals, test, 580Hepatitis, 266, 492, 493High-rate, activated sludge, 21, 57, 58, 90High-velocity pressure units, 450Hiring procedures, 692–707Hood, fume, 301, 484, 496Housekeeping

management responsibilities, 265, 306safety, 290, 291, 292, 298, 493sensors, 456

Human factors, safety, 737, 738Hydraulic jump, 299Hydraulics

See Volume I, Appendix, “How to Solve Wastewater Treatment Plant Arithmetic Problems”

Hydrogen ion (pH), 502, 579Hydrogen peroxide, odor control

See ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 1, “Odor Control”

Hydrogen sulfidedigester gas, 150, 187, 217monitor, 268safety hazard, 215, 267, 268, 271, 290, 299, 493, 505, 605test, 502, 505

Hygiene, safety considerations, 266, 493Hypochlorination

See Volume I, Chapter 10, “Disinfection and Chlorination”

I

IDLH (Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health), 297Illegal activities, 744, 748Illegal acts, 744Imbalance, voltage, 393, 394Imhoff cone, 482, 506Imhoff tank, 151Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH), 297Immunization shots, 266Impact of discharges, 243, 244, 245Impellers, 339, 340, 345, 347, 348, 349, 350, 352, 367, 368,

370, 417Importance of data analysis and presentation, 635Importance of microbiology, 111Importance of recordkeeping, 668, 738Importance of report writing, 671Improvements, capital, 715Improving system management, 688Incineration, 227Incline screw pumps, 345, 354Incubator, BOD, 485Independent variable, 655, 657Indicating receiver, 454Indicators, chemical, 488Indirect reuse, effluent, 241, 242Industrial spills, 21, 61, 63Industrial waste treatment, activated sludge, 21, 61, 64, 71, 88Industrial waste treatment, safety, 271, 298, 299Industrial wastes, BOD, test, 578Infections, 266, 492, 493

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870 Treatment Plants

Infectious diseases, 266, 492, 493Infiltration–percolation basins, 241Inflammable materials, 493Inoculation (seed culture), 176, 185Inquiries, pre-employment, 695Inspecting new facilities

activated sludge, 42aeration tank, 42air filters, 45air headers, 46air mains, 46air system, 44blowers, 45, 47compressors, 45control gates, 42corrosion protection, 44diffusers, 47metering devices, 46movable gates, 44orifice plate, 46pumps, 48return sludge pumps, 48rust protection, 44secondary clarifiers, 47waste sludge pumps, 48water sprays, 44weirs, 44

Inspection of facilities, 335Insulation

materials, 390, 391, 392motors, 390, 391, 392

Insulators, 376Integrators, 454Intercept, 655, 656, 657, 658, 659Internet, 621, 711Interview

job, 694, 695media, 711

Inventorycontrol, computers, 623records, 669, 741

Irrigationwastewater, 241water quality criteria, 242

J

Jackson Turbidity Units, 607Jar test, 103Job

duties, 687, 691interview, 694, 695

Jogging, 407Joule, 158

K

Kjeldahl flask, 480Kjeldahl nitrogen, 580Kraus process, activated sludge, 21, 71, 87, 88

L

LAS (linear alkyl sulfonate), 605Labels

chemicals, 309, 310, 315, 316samples, 253

Laboratory apparatus, for testacidity, 539activated sludge control tests, 517

alkalinity, total, 527, 540ammonia, 580, 583biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 573carbon dioxide, 529chemical oxygen demand (COD), 541chloride, 543chlorine residual, total, 545clarity, 504coliform group bacteria, 551digester control tests, 523dissolved oxygen (DO), 570dissolved oxygen in aerator, 520grease, 595hydrogen ion (pH), 579hydrogen sulfide, 505lime analysis, 535MPN method, 551, 561mean cell residence time, 522membrane filter method, 551, 561metals, 580nitrogen

ammonia, 580, 583general discussion, 580nitrate, 590nitrate and nitrite, 590nitrite, 588organic nitrogen, 588total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), 586

oil and grease, 595pH, 579phosphorus, 597plant control tests, 504settleability, 517settleable solids, 506sludge age, 519sludge density index (SDI), 518sludge (digested) dewatering characteristics, 531sludge solids (volatile and fixed), 513sludge volume index (SVI), 517solids, total (residue), 601specific conductance, 603sulfate, 605supernatant, 534surfactants, 605suspended solids, 508suspended solids, aerator, 521temperature, 535, 605total organic carbon (TOC), 606turbidity, 607volatile acids, 523, 525

Laboratory equipmentanalytical balance, 485, 595BOD bottle, 481BOD incubator, 485balance, analytical, 485, 595beakers, 479, 486boiling flask, 480bottle, BOD, 481bottle, reagent, 481breathing apparatus, self-contained, 267, 307Buchner funnel, 481Bunsen burner, 483burets, 480, 485burner, Bunsen, 483carbon analyzer, 606clamps, 480, 483condenser, 482cone, Imhoff, 482, 506crucible, Gooch, 484crucible, porcelain, 484

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Index 871

Laboratory equipment (continued)cuvette, 487cylinders, graduated, 479, 485, 517DO meter, 484desiccator, 482dial thermometer, 482dish, evaporating, 484dish, Petri, 482dissolved oxygen meter, 484distilling flask, 480drum tilter, 494Erlenmeyer flask, 480evaporating dish, 484face shield, 296, 301, 493filtering flask, 480fire blanket, 496fire extinguisher, 496first-aid kit, 495flasks, 480, 486fume hood, 484, 496funnels, 481gloves, 493Gooch crucible, 484graduated cylinders, 479, 485, 517hood, fume, 484, 496hot plate, 482Imhoff cone, 482, 506incubator, BOD, 485Kjeldahl flask, 480lab coat, 493Mallory settlometer, 49, 517Mohr pipets, 486muffle furnace, electric, 482Nessler tubes, 481oven, mechanical convection, 482Petri dish, 482pH meter, 484pH paper, 484pipets, 479, 486porcelain crucible, 484protective clothing, 494pump, air pressure and vacuum, 484reagent bottle, 481safety glasses, 493safety tongs, 483self-contained breathing apparatus, 267, 307separatory funnel, 481serological pipets, 479, 486settlometer, Mallory, 49, 517test tubes, 481thermometer, 482tongs, safety, 483triangle, lab, 483tripod, lab, 483use of lab glassware, 485vacuum pump, 484volumetric flask, 480, 486volumetric pipets, 479, 486

Laboratory, generalabsorbance, 487Beer’s Law, 487bench sheets, 489blank, 488, 542calibration curves, 488chemical formulas, 478chemical names, 478collecting data, 489importance, 471laboratory work sheets, 489metric system, 478

normality, 487notebooks, 489objectives, 470quality control, 502, 635, 651recording data, 489safety rules, 493sampling, 498solutions, 487spectrophotometer, 487standard solution, 487, 488storage, 494techniques, 495titrations, 480, 487transmittance, percent, 487use of lab glassware, 485words, 472work sheets, 489

Laboratory glasswareBOD bottle, 481beakers, 479, 486boiling flask, 480bottle, BOD, 481bottle, reagent, 481Buchner funnel, 481condenser, 482cone, Imhoff, 482, 506crucible, porcelain, 484cylinders, graduated, 479, 485desiccator, 482dish, evaporating, 484dish, Petri, 482distilling flask, 480Erlenmeyer flask, 480evaporating dish, 484filtering flask, 480flasks, 480, 486funnels, 481Gooch crucible, 484graduated cylinders, 479, 485Imhoff cone, 482, 506Kjeldahl flask, 480Mohr pipets, 486Nessler tubes, 481Petri dish, 482pipets, 479, 486porcelain crucible, 484reagent bottle, 481separatory funnel, 481serological pipets, 479, 486test tubes, 481use of lab glassware, 485volumetric flask, 480, 486volumetric pipets, 479, 486

Laboratory hazardsacids, 492bases, 492burns, 495carbon tetrachloride, 493chemicals, 492corrosive chemicals, 492cuts, 495dysentery, 492, 493electric shock, 495explosive materials, 493fire, 496flammable materials, 493hepatitis, 492, 493hydrogen sulfide, 215, 267, 268, 271, 290, 299, 493infectious materials, 492, 493mercury, 495

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872 Treatment Plants

Laboratory hazards (continued)tetanus, 266, 492, 493toxic fumes, 493, 496toxic materials, 493typhoid, 492, 493waste disposal, 496

Laboratory precautions, running testsalkalinity, 541ammonia, 583biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 574, 576carbon dioxide, 530chemical oxygen demand (COD), 543chloride, 544dissolved oxygen (DO), 570, 573hydrogen ion (pH), 579lime analysis, 537membrane filter, 564nitrogen, ammonia, 583pH, 579sludge solids (volatile and fixed), 514suspended solids, 508suspended solids, centrifuge, 522turbidity, 607volatile acids, 525

Laboratory proceduresacidity, 502, 539activated sludge control tests, 517alkalinity, total, 502, 528, 540ammonia, 502, 580biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 502, 574, 575biochemical oxygen demand, chlorinated samples, 576, 577biochemical oxygen demand, industrial wastes, 578carbon dioxide, 530chemical oxygen demand (COD), 502, 542chloride, 502, 544chlorine residual, total, 502, 546–548clarity, 504coliform group bacteria, 553–568digester control tests, 524, 526dissolved oxygen (DO), 502, 571, 572dissolved oxygen in aerator, 520fecal coliform bacteria, 561, 564grease, 502, 595, 596hydrogen ion (pH), 502, 579hydrogen sulfide, 502, 505, 506lime analysis, 536, 537MPN method, 553–561mean cell residence time, 522membrane filter method, 561–565metals, 502most probable number (MPN), 553, 554multiple tube fermentation, 553, 554nitrogen

ammonia, 502, 580–586general discussion, 580nitrate, 502, 580, 590, 593nitrate and nitrite, 502, 580, 590, 593nitrite, 502, 580, 588, 589organic nitrogen, 588, 589outline of procedure, 582total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), 502, 587

oil and grease, 502, 595, 596pH, 502, 579phosphorus, 502, 597–599plant control tests, 504settleability, 517settleable solids, 507sludge age, 519sludge density index (SDI), 518

sludge (digested) dewatering characteristics, 531–533sludge solids (volatile and fixed), 513, 514sludge volume index (SVI), 518solids, total (residue), 502, 601–603, 604specific conductance, 502, 603sulfate, 502, 605supernatant, 534surfactants, 605suspended solids, 508suspended solids in aerator, 521temperature, 502, 535, 606total organic carbon (TOC), 502, 606turbidity, 502, 607volatile acids, 524, 526

Laboratory reagentsacidity, 539activated sludge control tests, 517alkalinity, total, 527, 540ammonia, 581, 583biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 573carbon dioxide, 529chemical oxygen demand (COD), 541chloride, 544chlorine residual, total, 545coliform group bacteria, 551digester control tests, 523dissolved oxygen (DO), 570dissolved oxygen in aerator, 520grease, 595hydrogen ion (pH), 579hydrogen sulfide, 506lime analysis, 535MPN method, 551, 561mean cell residence time, 522membrane filter method, 551, 561metals, 580nitrogen

ammonia, 581, 583nitrate, 590nitrate and nitrite, 590nitrite, 588organic nitrogen, 588total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), 586

oil and grease, 595pH, 579phosphorus, 597plant control tests, 504sulfate, 605total organic carbon (TOC), 606turbidity, 607volatile acids, 523

Laboratory records, 489Laboratory results

activated sludge, 21, 53anaerobic digestion, 152, 191, 211supernatant, 194

Laboratory safetyaccident prevention, 494, 495burns, 495chemical storage, 494chemicals, 492corrosive chemicals, 492cuts, 495dysentery, 492, 493electric shock, 495explosive materials, 493face shield, 296, 301, 493fire, 496flammable materials, 493

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Index 873

Laboratory safety (continued)gloves, 493good housekeeping, 493hazards, 492hepatitis, 492, 493infectious materials, 492movement of chemicals, 494personal hygiene, 493rules, 493safety glasses, 493storage, 481, 494techniques, 495tetanus, 266, 492, 493toxic fumes, 496toxic materials, 493typhoid, 492, 493waste disposal, 496

LagoonsAlso see Volume I, Chapter 9, “Wastewater Stabilization

Ponds”safety, 296sludge, 194, 222

Land disposalprecautions, 222sludge, 222

Landfill, sludge disposal, 222Landscaping, 336Lantern ring, 415, 417Le Système International d’Unités (SI)

See Metric conversion factorsLead acetate, 505Least-squares method, 655, 657Legal action, 668, 669Let’s Build a Pump, 339Library, plant, 337Lifeline, 266Lift stations, 290, 457Lifting, safe practices, 284Lime, 186, 221Lime analysis, 535Limits, Summary of Sludge Regulations, 228, 229Line of best fit, 655, 656, 657, 658Linear alkyl sulfonate (LAS), 605Liquid flow measurement, 450–456Listening skills, 708Living filter, 241Loadings, anaerobic sludge digestion, 191, 192, 194, 195,

197, 202, 204, 211Loan funding programs, 716Location of sampling, 112, 248, 250, 251, 252, 499Lockout tag, 274–277, 291, 373, 374, 415, 416Lockout/tagout procedures, 274–277Log book, records, 669Log probability paper, 639Long-term capital improvements, 715Lower explosive limit, 272, 273, 290, 298Lubrication, 342, 356, 360, 361, 368, 400, 404, 415, 423, 425,

427, 428, 431, 437Lysimeter, 227

M

MCRT (mean cell residence time), 58, 59, 67, 74, 522MLSS (mixed liquor suspended solids), 50, 58, 60, 69, 70, 71,

72, 87, 90MLVSS (mixed liquor volatile suspended solids), 58, 60, 70, 87MPN (Most Probable Number) test, 551, 552, 553, 561MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet), 271, 298, 299, 309–314,

366, 449, 495, 728–730

Magnetic flow transmitter, 454Magnetic flowmeters, 451, 452, 456Magnetic starters, 394Maintenance

activated sludge, 73, 74, 77, 78, 79–84administration, 718–722aerobic digestion, 219air distribution system, 84air filters, 78, 82air headers, 77, 78, 82, 84anaerobic digesters, 152, 162, 166, 179, 199–201blacktop drying beds, 222blowers, 28, 33, 78, 80, 83computers, use of, 623corrective, 718diffusers, 77, 78, 83, 84effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 254electric motors, 361, 387–409, 425–427electrical equipment, 373–387emergency, 718equipment, computers, 623flowmeters, 450, 454mechanical seals, 356, 359, 415motors, 387–409, 425–427predictive, 718preventive, 718pumps, 413records, 669, 741seizing, 81, 83shutdown procedures, 77sludge drying beds, 222surface aerators, 40, 77, 78, 79types, 718valves, 81, 83, 200, 417, 419, 422, 423, 434, 437, 439–443

Maintenance contracts, flowmeters, 457Maintenance program, pump, 414Maintenance reports, 669Maintenance, sensors, 456Mallory settlometer, 49, 517Management questions, 688Management, utility, 687

Also see AdministrationManager’s responsibilities, 687, 692, 718Manholes, 278, 284Manometer, 45, 166, 636Maps, 738Mass media, 711Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), 271, 298, 299, 309–314,

366, 449, 495, 728–730Mean, 637Mean cell residence time (MCRT), 58, 59, 67, 74, 522Mean cell residence time (MCRT), test, 522Measurement of gases, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 291Measurement, safety, 736Measurements

in-plant, 243process control, 243receiving water, 243

Mechanical aeration, 23, 24, 26, 33, 40, 77, 78Mechanical dewatering, 218, 219, 222–224Mechanical equipment

Also see Mechanical maintenance, Meter maintenance, and INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT, Volume I, Chapter 12, “Instrumentation,” and Volume II, Chapter 8, “Maintenance”

axial flow pumps, 345, 352centrifugal pumps, 339, 345, 347–353, 368, 414chlorinators, 336electric motors, 361, 387–409, 425–427

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874 Treatment Plants

Mechanical equipment (continued)electrical controls, 361incline screw pumps, 345, 354lubrication, 342, 431multistage pumps, 345operation, 360, 368piston pumps, 345, 371, 419, 422pneumatic ejectors, 356, 358, 423positive displacement pump, 345, 371, 419, 422progressive cavity pumps, 345, 355, 357, 371, 423propeller pumps, 345, 351, 352, 423pump-driving equipment, 361radial flow pumps, 345, 352reciprocating pumps, 345, 371, 419, 422repair shop, 339screw-flow pumps, 345, 355, 357, 371shutdown, 361, 368, 369, 371single-stage pumps, 345, 353sludge pump, 345, 371, 419, 422start-up, 345, 360, 367, 368, 370submersible pump, 345, 350troubleshooting, 362–368, 429turbine pumps, 345, 353vertical wet well pump, 345, 353wet well pump, 345, 350, 353, 368, 369

Mechanical maintenanceair chamber, 419, 422air gap separation systems, 446, 447alignment, 342, 368, 399, 400, 401, 415, 431, 432ball valves, 419, 422bearings, 415, 423, 425, 427belt drives, 427–428, 429, 430capacity, pump, 345, 417centrifugal pumps, 368, 414chain drives, 428change oil, 419, 428check valves, 369, 417, 423, 437, 438cleaning pump, 415connecting rods, 419, 422, 423controls, 415conversion instruments, 456couplings, 342, 354, 367, 429, 431, 432dehumidifiers, 446draining pump, 361, 370, 419eccentric, 419, 422efficiency, pump, 417ejectors, 356, 358, 423electric motors, 361, 387–409, 425–427electrode switches, 424equipment service card, 333, 334float switches, 415, 424flowmeters, 450, 454frequency of service, 333gaskets, 419gate valves, 434–437gear, reducer, 419greasing, 423impeller, 417lantern ring, 415, 417lubrication, 342, 356, 360, 361, 368, 400, 404, 415, 423,

425, 427, 428, 431, 437mechanical seals, 415noises, 368, 419, 425, 429, 431oil change, 419, 428packing, 355, 367, 368, 371, 414, 415, 417, 418, 419,

420–421, 422, 423, 434, 435piston pumps, 419, 422plug valves, 437, 439–443

plunger pumps, 419, 422pneumatic ejectors, 356, 358, 423positive displacement pumps, 419, 422preventive maintenance, 414, 449progressive cavity pumps, 423propeller pumps, 423pumps, general, 414readout instruments, 456reciprocating pumps, 419, 422reducer, gear, 419rings, pump, 343, 347, 367, 368, 370, 415, 417rods, 419, 422, 423safety equipment, 446seals, 356, 359, 367, 369, 371, 414, 415, 417sensors, 456service record card, 333, 334shear pins, 419, 431sludge pump, 419, 422sluice gates, 437, 444, 445stuffing box, 344, 347, 415, 434, 435, 436switches, 361, 415, 424total dynamic head (TDH), 417troubleshooting, 362–368, 429valve chamber gasket, 419valves, 417, 419, 422, 423, 434, 437, 439–443variable speed belt drives, 429vibrations, 368, 370, 400, 425, 431water seal, 415, 417wearing rings, 343, 347, 367, 370, 417

Mechanical mixing, 176–179Mechanical seals, 356, 359, 415Mechanics of writing, 672Media, news, 711Median, 638Meetings, conducting, 710Megger, 379Megohm, 379Membrane filter, E. coli, 565Membrane filter test, 551, 552, 561, 564, 565Meniscus, 485, 636Mercury, 495Mesophilic bacteria, 151, 191Metabolism, 100Metals, test, 502, 580Meter maintenance, 450, 451, 454, 456Metering devices, 243, 244Meters, electrical, 376–380Methane fermenters, 148, 150, 184, 187Methane gas, 148, 158, 184, 187, 193, 217, 221, 267, 268,

293, 523Metric conversion factors

chemistry, 478laboratory, 478units, 478, 796

Metric problem solutionsactivated sludge, 797–800anaerobic digestion, 800–804calculations, 660effluent disposal, 804laboratory, 805–807maintenance, 804–805

Microbiologyactivated sludge, 111–128bacteria, 116bulking sludge, 116collection of samples, 111, 252counting techniques, 120–122equipment needed, 111

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Index 875

Microbiology (continued)filamentous growths, 116, 117, 120, 121, 122importance, 111location of samples, 112microorganisms, 111–124microscope, 114–116monitoring, 128Nocardia, 117, 118, 124, 127observations, 114, 128procedures, 112process change, 125–128process control, 111, 124–128protozoa, 116, 117, 119recording observations, 120results, 120, 124rotifers, 119, 121, 123sampling, 111–114Sphaerotilus, 117trends, 124, 125, 127, 128

Microorganisms, activated sludge, 16, 19, 48, 53, 57, 58, 69, 70, 71, 86, 111–124

Microscope, 114–116Mixing

aerobic digestion, 218anaerobic digestion, 148, 176–179, 187, 208, 211

Mode, 638Modified aeration, activated sludge, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91Mohr pipets, 486Monitoring programs

activated sludge, 128computers, use of, 620, 624effluent sampling, 244stream survey, 245water quality survey, 245

Monthly records, 670Monthly reports, 673, 675Most probable number (MPN) test, 551, 552, 553, 561Motor control center, 386Motor protection devices, 381, 385, 386Motor, pump, 370Motors

alignment, 399, 400, 401contacts, 394–399electric, 361, 387–409, 425–427failure, 390, 391, 404–409humming, 425induction, 409insulation, 390, 391, 392lubrication, 400, 404performance, 402–403pump, 370records, 410, 412rotation, 400safety, 399starters, 394–399temperature limits, 370, 391troubleshooting, 404–409types, 387vibrations, 400, 425, 431

Movement of chemicals, 494Moving averages, 644Muffle furnace, electric, 482Multimeter, 376, 377Multiple hearth furnace

Also see ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 3, “Residual Solids Management”

sludge, 188Multipurpose receiver, 454Multistage pumps, 345

N

NFPA 820 (National Fire Protection Association Standard 820), 273, 293

NPDES (National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System)permits, 20, 64, 244, 624, 668, 670reports, 668, 670

Nameplate, 373, 389Nanometer, 588Nap, 224Naphtha, 299National Fire Protection Association Standard 820 (NFPA

820), 273, 293National Labor Relations Act, 707National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)

permits, 20, 64, 244, 624, 668, 670reports, 668, 670

National Safety Council, 735Natural disasters, emergency response, 722Natural gas, 184Negotiations, contract, 706Nephelometry, 606Nessler tubes, 481Neutralizing, 186, 204Neutralizing a sour digester, 186New employee orientation, 697News media, 711Nitrification, 126Nitrogen

fertilizer, 241requirements, 87test in wastewater, 502, 580value, 241

Nitrogen removal, 217Nitrogen test

ammonia, 502, 580nitrate, 502, 580, 590nitrate and nitrite, 502, 580, 590total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), 502, 586

Nocardia, 117, 118, 124, 127Noise, safety, 28, 277Noisy chain drive, 429Noisy electric motor, 425Noisy pump, 368, 419Nonsparking tools, 293Normal distribution of data, 647, 648Normality, 487Notebooks, laboratory, 489Nozzles, flow measurement, 451, 452, 456Nuclear accidents or attacks, 676Number of employees needed, 692Nutrient removal

See ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 6, “Nitrogen Removal,” and Chapter 7, “Enhanced Biological (Nutrient) Control”

Nutrients, 71, 86, 87, 241

O

O & M (Operation and Maintenance) manual, 337, 669O & M (Operations and Maintenance), 711, 718–722OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Act), 266, 277, 278,

492, 725, 728OUCH principle, 696Objectives

activated sludge, 7anaerobic digestion, 144, 148, 153analysis of data, 634chemistry, 470

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876 Treatment Plants

Objectives (continued)data analysis and presentation, 634effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 239laboratory, 470maintenance, 330presentation of data, 634receiving water monitoring, 245records, 667report writing, 667safety, 261sampling, 498

Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), 266, 277, 278, 492, 725, 728

Odor controlSee ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 1, “Odor

Control”Odors

activated sludge, 19, 67, 72aerobic digestion, 217, 218, 219anaerobic digestion, 187, 199, 200, 213effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 242hydrogen sulfide, 505odorous air, 28receiving waters, 242, 243, 244sludge drying beds, 221sulfate, 605

Off-site chemical releases, emergency response, 724Ohmmeter, 379Ohm’s Law, 375Oil and grease test, 502, 595Oil change, pump, 419Olfactory fatigue, 271On-site chemical releases, emergency response, 723Open impeller, 349Operating ratio, 713, 714, 715Operation

activated sludge, 16, 20, 53, 54, 58, 59, 60, 64aerobic digestion, 218anaerobic digestion, 148, 151, 183, 191, 199, 204, 211blacktop drying beds, 222digesters, 148, 151, 183, 191, 199, 204, 211effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 244pumps, 360, 368records, 668sludge drying beds, 219, 221, 222temperature effect, 54, 70

Operation and maintenance (O & M) manuals, 337, 669Operational problems

See TroubleshootingOperational strategy

activated sludge, 20, 53, 60, 61, 64anaerobic digestion, 199effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 244

Operations and maintenance (O & M), 711, 718–722Operator

certification, 697training, 308, 311, 697

Operator protectionfirst-aid equipment, 727safety program, 725–738

Operators’ reports, 675Oral communication, 708Organizational plan, 689, 690Organizing, 687, 689, 690Organizing for writing reports, 672Orientation, new employee, 697Orifice, 451, 452, 456Outfall, 244

Oven, mechanical convection, 482Overload protection, 381Oxidation, 16Oxidation ditch

See Volume I, Chapter 8, “Activated Sludge”Oxygen activated sludge

See ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 5, “Phosphorus Removal,” Chapter 6, “Nitrogen Removal,” and Chapter 7, “Enhanced Biological (Nutrient) Control”

Oxygen deficiency/enrichment, 265, 266, 267, 268, 270Oxygen profile, 251Ozone

See ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 1, “Odor Control”

P

PEL (permissible exposure limit), 268PLC (programmable logic controller), 396Package aeration plants

See Volume I, Chapter 8, “Activated Sludge”Packing, 355, 367, 368, 371, 414, 415, 417, 418, 419,

420–421, 422, 423, 434, 435Paint, building and equipment, 335Palmer-Bowlus flume, 451, 453, 456Paper screening, 694Parshall flume, 451, 452, 456, 636Part 503 Sewage Sludge Regulations, 228, 229Pascal, 796Payback time, 714, 715Pen, recorder, 454Performance evaluation, 698–700, 748Permissible exposure limit (PEL), 268Permit, confined space entry, 267, 269, 731, 732Personal hygiene, 266, 493Personnel records, 669, 692, 706Petri dish, 482pH

meter, 484paper, 484safety, 299test, 502, 579

pH control, anaerobic digester, 191pH measurement, 579Phosgene, 299Phosphorus

Also see ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 5, “Phosphorus Removal,” and Chapter 7, “Enhanced Biological (Nutrient) Control”

concentration in wastewater, 597fertilizer, 241preservation of sample, 502test in wastewater, 597value, 241

Physical injuries, 265Physical plant records, 669Physical–chemical treatment

See ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 4, “Solids Removal from Secondary Effluents,” and INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT, Volume I, Chapter 8, “Physical–Chemical Treatment Processes”

Pillows (reagent containers), 574Pipets, 479, 486Piping

gas collection and storage, 158maintenance, 449sludge, 152

Piston flowmeter, 451, 452, 456

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Index 877

Piston pumps, 345, 371, 419, 422Plan, organizational, 689, 690Planning

administration, 687, 689emergencies, 689, 722

Plans and specificationsanaerobic digestion, 228effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 254electrical systems, 458equipment, 457lift stations, 457pump stations, 457safety, 307

Plantappearance, 336control tests, 504log book, 669operations data, 739records, 738–743tours, 712

Plot on graph paper, 655Plug flow, 104, 500Plug valves, 437, 439–443Plunger pumps, 419, 422Pneumatic ejectors, 356, 358, 423Pocket dosimeter, 272Pole shader, 407Policies and procedures, administration, 697Policy

safety, 307, 726statement, safety, 726

Polio virus, 493Polyelectrolyte, 71Polymers, 297Ponds

Also see Volume I, Chapter 9, “Wastewater Stabilization Ponds”

safety, 296Population decline, 689Porcelain crucible, 484Portable generators, 458Positive displacement pumps

sludge, 345, 371, 419, 422wastewater, 345, 371, 419, 422

Potable water, 304, 446Potential ethical situations, 744Power

outage, 245, 458pump, 345, 367, 371requirements, 376supply, 402–403

Precautions, running lab testsSee Laboratory precautions, running tests

Predict BOD value, 655Prediction equations, 655, 659Predictive maintenance, 718Pre-employment inquiries, 695Preparation of charts, 647Present worth, 716Presentation of data

See Data analysis and presentationPreserving samples, 252, 253, 500Pressure cleaning pipelines, 449, 450Pressure filters, sludge, 188

Also see ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 3, “Residual Solids Management,” and Chapter 4, “Solids Removal from Secondary Effluents”

Pressure, positive, 158

Pressure regulators, 159, 166, 169, 170Pressure relief valves, 153, 155, 159, 161–163Pressure swing system, oxygen activated sludge

See ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 2, “Activated Sludge”

PretreatmentSee Volume I, Chapter 4, “Racks, Screens, Comminutors,

and Grit Removal,” and INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT, Volume I, Chapter 7, “Preliminary Treatment”

Pretreatment monitoring, 624Preventive maintenance

description, 718program, 333, 414, 449records, 333, 669sensors, 456variable speed AC motors, 365

Pride, employee, 697Primary sedimentation

See Volume I, Chapter 5, “Sedimentation and Flotation”Primary treatment

See Volume I, Chapter 5, “Sedimentation and Flotation”Prime, centrifugal pump, 343, 344, 360, 367, 368, 371Principles of writing, 672Probationary period, 697Problem employees, 701Problem solving, 779

Also see Volume I, Appendix, “How to Solve Wastewater Treatment Plant Arithmetic Problems”

Process controlAlso see Operation and Operational strategyactivated sludge, 19, 20, 111, 120–128computers, use of, 624tests, 191

Procurement of materials, 741, 742Procurement records, 741Productive meetings, 710Profile, qualifications, 693Programmable logic controller (PLC), 396Progressive cavity pumps, 345, 355, 357, 371, 423Propeller flowmeter, 451, 452, 456Propeller pumps, 345, 351, 352, 423Property taxes, 716Proportional sample, 243, 498, 499Proportional weir, 451, 456Protected groups, 694Protection devices, motor, 381, 385, 386Protective clothing, 39, 40, 266, 270, 272, 277, 296, 298, 301,

302, 307, 446, 494Protective coating, 298Protozoa, 116, 117, 119Prussian blue, 434Psychrophilic bacteria, 151Public

health, 243relations, 711–713relations, appearance of plant, 335, 336relations, operator responsibility, 335, 336speaking, 712

Pump capacity, 345, 417Pump parts

air chamber, 419, 422ball valves, 419, 422bearings, 339, 342, 345, 347, 348, 350, 351, 353, 354, 356,

360, 361, 370, 415, 419, 423belts, 367, 427–428, 429, 430casing, 339, 343, 347, 348connecting rods, 419, 422, 423

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878 Treatment Plants

Pump parts (continued)coupling, 342, 354, 367, 429, 431, 432discharge, 340, 345, 367, 368, 369, 371, 423drain, 361, 370, 419eccentric, 419, 422gasket, 419gear reducer, 419gland, 344, 367, 369, 371impeller, 339, 340, 345, 347, 348, 349, 350, 352, 367, 368,

370, 417lantern ring, 415, 417motor, 370packing, 355, 367, 368, 371, 414, 415, 417, 418, 419,

420–421, 422, 423reducer, gear, 419rings, 343, 347, 367, 368, 370, 415, 417rods, 419, 422, 423rotor, 355, 356, 361seal cage, 344seals, 356, 359, 367, 369, 371, 414, 415, 417shaft, 339, 340, 347, 348, 367, 368shear pin, 419, 431sleeves, 340stator, 355, 356, 371stuffing boxes, 344, 347, 415suction, 340, 342, 345, 367, 368, 369, 371valve chamber gaskets, 419vanes, 339, 340volute, 340, 368, 369, 370, 371wearing rings, 343, 347, 367, 370, 417

Pumping stations, 290, 457Pumps

air chamber, 419, 422air pressure, 484alignment, 342, 368, 415, 431, 432axial flow, 345, 352ball valves, 419, 422bearings, 339, 342, 345, 347, 348, 350, 351, 353, 354, 356,

360, 361, 370, 415, 419, 423belts, 367, 427–428, 429, 430capacity, 345, 417casing, 339, 343, 347, 348cavitation, 346centrifugal, 339, 345, 347–353, 368, 414circuit breakers, 380–382, 384–386cleaning pump, 415connecting rods, 419, 422, 423coupling, 342, 354, 367, 429, 431, 432cross connections, 304, 414description, 339discharge, 340, 345, 367, 368, 369, 371, 423drain, 361, 370, 419draining pumps, 361, 370, 419driving equipment, 361eccentric, 419, 422electric motors, 361, 387–409energy, 345, 367, 371friction, 345fuses, 367gasket, 419gear reducer, 419general, 339, 414greasing, 423head, 344impeller, 339, 340, 345, 347, 348, 349, 350, 352, 367, 368,

370, 417incline screw, 345, 354

lantern ring, 415, 417Let’s Build a Pump, 339lubrication, 342, 356, 361, 368, 415, 423, 437maintenance, 413motor, 370multistage, 345noisy, 368, 419oil change, 419operation, 360, 368packing, 355, 367, 368, 371, 414, 415, 417, 418, 419,

420–421, 422, 423plunger, 419, 422pneumatic ejectors, 356, 358, 423positive displacement, 345, 371, 419, 422power, 345, 367, 371prime, 343, 344, 360, 367, 368, 371progressive cavity, 345, 355, 357, 371, 423propeller, 345, 351, 352, 423pump-driving equipment, 361radial flow, 345, 352reciprocating, 345, 371, 419, 422records, 410, 411reducer, gear, 419repair shop, 339rings, 343, 347, 367, 368, 370, 415, 417rods, 419, 422, 423rotation, 360, 367rotor, 355, 356, 361screw-flow, 345, 355, 357, 371seal cage, 344seals, 356, 359, 367, 369, 371, 414, 415, 417shaft, 339, 340, 347, 348, 367, 368shear pin, 419, 431shutdown, 361, 368, 369, 371single-stage, 345, 353sleeves, 340sludge pump, 192, 345, 371, 419, 422start-up, 345, 360, 367, 368, 370stator, 355, 356, 371stuffing boxes, 344, 347, 415submersible pump, 345, 350suction, 340, 342, 345, 367, 368, 369, 371troubleshooting, 367turbine pumps, 345, 353vacuum, 484valve chamber gasket, 419vanes, 339, 340vertical wet well, 345, 353vibrations, 368, 370volute, 340, 368, 369, 370, 371wearing rings, 343, 347, 367, 370, 417wet well pumps, 345, 350, 353, 368, 369

Purchase order, 669, 714, 741, 742Purchasing equipment and supplies, 669Pure oxygen activated sludge

See ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 5, “Phosphorus Removal,” Chapter 6, “Nitrogen Removal,” and Chapter 7, “Enhanced Biological (Nutrient) Control”

Purpose of treatment processactivated sludge, 16, 86aeration, 23aerobic sludge digestion, 217anaerobic digestion, 144, 148, 153blacktop drying beds, 222effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 241sludge drying beds, 219

Putrefaction, 217

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Index 879

Q

Qualifications profile, 693Qualitative analysis, 488Quality control, laboratory, 502, 635, 651Quantitative colorimetric analysis, 489Quantitative titration, 488Questions

management, 688pre-employment, 695

R

RacksSee Volume I, Chapter 4, “Racks, Screens, Comminutors,

and Grit Removal”Radial flow pumps, 345, 352Radio, 711Radiological hazards, 272Range of values, 638Rates, wastewater treatment, 715Raw sludge, 148, 152, 153, 183, 191, 200, 202, 211, 218Raw sludge piping, 152Raw sludge, pumps, 339Raw wastewater, pumps, 339Reading manometers and gauges, 636Readout instruments, 454, 455, 456Reagent bottle, 481Receiver mechanisms, 454, 455, 456Receiving waters, 241, 244, 245, 254Recharge basins, 241Reciprocating pumps, 345, 371, 419, 422Recirculation, anaerobic sludge digester, 191, 192Reclamation, wastewater, 241Recognition, employee, 697Record drawings (as-built plans), 105, 110, 669, 738Recorders, 454, 455, 457Recording pen, 454Recording receiver, 454, 455, 457Recordkeeping

accident reports, 731, 733, 734activated sludge, 20, 42, 48, 53, 64, 69aerobic digestion, 218anaerobic digestion, 152, 191, 199–203, 211as-built plans (record drawings), 738computers, use of, 620cost records, 669daily records, 204, 669disposition of records, 741effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 252electrical equipment, 410, 411, 412equipment, 741evaluation of records, 671financial records, 669frequency, 669importance, 668, 738inventory, 669, 741laboratory, 489legal action, 668, 669log, 669MPN test, 556maintenance, 669, 741maps, 738monthly records, 670motors, 410, 412need, 668observations, 64, 120

operation, 668operations data, 739personnel, 669, 692, 706physical plant, 669, 739–743plant log book, 669preventive maintenance, 333, 669procurement, 741pumps, 48, 410, 411purchase order, 714, 741, 742purpose, 738record drawings (as-built plans), 738reports, accident, 731, 733, 734requisition, 714, 741, 742retention of records, 741safety, 731stock inventory, 669types of records, 668, 739

Records of plant performanceSee Recordkeeping

Recreation, 242Rectangular weir, 451, 453, 456Reducer, gear, 419Reflux, 542Regression analysis, 655Regression coefficient, 655, 656, 657, 658, 659Regulatory agencies, safety, 725Repair/replacement fund, 715Replacement cost, 715Report forms, accident, 307, 308, 733, 734Report writing

administration, 708–710annual reports, 674computers, use of, 620, 624effective writing, 673importance of reports, 671mechanics of writing, 672monthly reports, 673, 675NPDES, 668, 670operators’ reports, 675organization, 672principles of writing, 672reports by other operators, 675types of reports, 673typical monthly report, 675

Reporting, safety, 731Reports

See Report writingReports by other operators, 675Representative sample, 249, 498, 635Requisition system, 714, 741, 742Respiration, 251Responsibilities, manager, 687, 692Responsibilities, safety, 725Retaliation, 705Reuse on land, effluent, 241Reuse, wastewater, 241Revenue bonds, 716Review of plans and specifications

anaerobic digestion, 228effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 254electrical systems, 458equipment, 457lift stations, 457pump stations, 457safety, 307

Right-To-Know (RTK) Laws, 308–316, 728Rings, pump, 343, 347, 367, 368, 370, 415, 417

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880 Treatment Plants

Rising sludge, 73, 90, 126Rods, pump, 419, 422, 423Rotameter, 451, 456Rotating biological contactors

See Volume I, Chapter 7, “Rotating Biological Contactors”Rotation, motors, 400Rotation, pump, 360, 367Rotifers, 119, 121, 123Rotor, 355, 356, 361, 427Running average, 622, 623

S

SBR (sequencing batch reactor), 93–110SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) systems

applications, 627, 720communications, 627, 719description, 627, 719wastewater treatment systems, 628

SDI (sludge density index), test, 518SI (Le Système International d’Unités)

See Metric conversion factorsSRF (state revolving fund), 716SVI (sludge volume index)

activated sludge, 60, 61, 63, 103test, 517

Safetyaccident reports, 731, 733, 734confined spaces, 293, 731, 732costs, 736education, 735electricity, 373emergencies, 727first aid, 727hazard communication program, 728human factors, 737, 738injury frequency rate, 737injury severity rate, 737Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), 728–730measuring, 736motors, 399National Safety Council, 735OSHA, 266, 277, 278, 492, 725, 728OSHA standards, 322–324officer, 735operator, 727permit, confined space, 731, 732policy statement, 307, 726program, 725–738regulatory agencies, 725reporting, 731, 733, 734responsibilities, 725standard operating procedures (SOPs), 728statistics, 736supervisors, 725, 726, 727, 733, 735tailgate training, 735training, 697, 735unsafe acts, 727warning tag, 274–277, 291, 373, 374, 415, 416Worker Right-To-Know (RTK) Laws, 728

Safety equipmentair gap device, 304, 305, 446, 447, 722air supply, 296blowers, 28, 40, 267, 270, 446breathing apparatus, self-contained, 40, 267, 277, 307chlorine monitor, 268combustible gas monitor, 268, 272, 298cones, traffic, 279dosimeter, 272drums, traffic control, 279

ear protecting devices, 28, 277eye protection, 40, 301, 302, 493face shield, 296, 301, 493fall arrest system, 40, 266, 292, 293, 317fans, 267, 270, 446film badges, 272fire extinguishers, 290, 302, 303, 307, 446, 496fire-fighting equipment, 273, 290, 303, 307, 446, 496first-aid kit, 304, 446, 495fume hood, 301, 484, 496gas testing, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273gloves, 266, 301, 493hard hat, 307harness, 266, 270, 446hearing protection devices, 28, 277hydrogen sulfide monitor, 268lifeline, 266lockout tag, 274–277, 291, 373, 374, 415, 416measurement of gases, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273,

291nonsparking tools, 293operator protection, 727oxygen deficiency/enrichment indicator, 267, 268pocket dosimeter, 272protective clothing, 39, 40, 266, 270, 272, 277, 296, 298,

301, 302, 307, 446, 494purchase, 307respirators, 277safety glasses and goggles, 40, 301, 302, 493safety harness, 266, 270, 446safety tongs, 483self-contained breathing apparatus, 267, 277, 307storage containers, 296, 298tag, 274–277, 291, 373, 374, 415, 416tongs, 483traffic cones, 279traffic control devices, 278, 279–283tubular markers, traffic control, 279ventilation, 267, 270, 273, 291, 293, 296, 298vertical panels, traffic control, 279

Safety harness, 266, 270, 446Safety hazards

acids, 271, 492activated sludge, 39, 40, 48, 76aeration tanks, 40, 46, 295air distribution system, 40air filters, 40air headers and diffusers, 40amines, 299anaerobic digesters, 152, 158, 162, 166, 181, 185, 188, 213applying protective coatings, 298back strains, 284bar screens, 290biocides, 299blowers, 28, 40, 267, 270, 446burns, 495carbon tetrachloride, 493carcinogens, 297, 299chemical storage, 481, 494chemicals, 271, 296, 301, 492chlorine, 268, 292, 296, 317, 337clarifiers, 39, 292collection systems, 278, 298comminutors, 291confined spaces, 265, 266–270, 278, 292, 295, 446, 505corrosive chemicals, 492cross connections, 304, 414cuts, 495digesters, 215, 293digestion equipment, 215, 293

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Index 881

Safety hazards (continued)drowning, 39, 40, 295dysentery, 266effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 254electrical, 40, 274, 373, 495emergencies, 39, 307empty digesters, 335, 336excavations, 284explosion, 158, 160, 162, 166, 267, 493explosive gas mixtures, 158, 160, 162, 166, 267, 268, 272,

298, 493, 505falls, 265fire, 273, 302, 303, 496, 676flammable atmospheric condition, 270foam, 299fuels, 298gasoline vapors, 268, 270, 272grit channels, 292hepatitis, 266, 492, 493hoists, 40, 46hydrogen sulfide, 215, 267, 268, 271, 290, 299, 493, 505,

605ice, 39, 44, 47, 292, 296, 298industrial waste treatment, 271, 298, 299infections, 266, 492, 493infectious diseases, 266, 492, 493laboratory, 301, 492lift station, 290lighting, 39, 47manholes, 278, 284mercury, 495methane, 158, 221, 267, 268, 293movement of chemicals, 494natural gas, 272noise, 28, 277oil and grease soaked rags, 83, 298oil and grease spills, 39, 46, 76, 83, 298oxygen deficiency/enrichment, 265, 266, 267, 268, 270pH, 299physical injuries, 265polymers, 297ponds, 296protective coatings, 298pumping stations, 290radiological, 272sampling, 301sedimentation basins, 292sewer cleaning, 285sharp objects, 48slippery surfaces, 39, 44, 46, 76, 290, 292, 293, 295sludge drying beds, 221spills, 46, 293, 298start-up, 290stored energy, 274suffocating gases or vapors, 265, 267, 268, 271, 272, 298,

299, 301, 336, 493, 496, 505sulfur dioxide, 268, 296, 317, 337surface aerators, 40surface-active agents, 299tetanus, 266, 492, 493toxic chemicals, 271, 493toxic gases or vapors, 265, 267, 268, 271, 272, 298, 299,

301, 336, 493, 496, 505traffic, 278treatment plants, 290trickling filters, 295typhoid fever, 266, 492, 493vapors, 265, 267, 268, 271, 272, 298, 299, 301, 336, 493,

496, 505

waste disposal, 496wet wells, 290, 291

Safety programaccident prevention, 495accident report form, 307, 308accidents, 306, 307, 308backflow prevention, 304CHEMTREC [(800) 424-9300], 337, 723conditions for program, 306confined spaces, 266–270cross connections, 304development, 306drills, 307effectiveness, 306emergencies, 307, 337emergency team, 337entry of confined spaces, 266–270equipment use, 301, 304, 307fire control methods, 303fire drills, 307fire prevention, 302, 303, 304forms, accident, 307, 308hazard communication program, 308–316hearing protection program, 277housekeeping, 290, 291, 292, 298, 493immunization shots, 266importance of program, 306, 307information, 304–308inoculations (immunizations), 266, 492laboratory, 301, 492laundry service, 266library, 337locker room, 266management responsibility, 265, 306manhole entry, 278, 284material safety data sheets, 271, 298, 299, 309–314, 366,

449, 495, 728–730meetings, 305, 306need, 265OSHA, 492operator responsibility, 265paperwork, 307personal hygiene, 266, 493planning, 307policy, 307, 726procedures, 301, 302promotion, 307protective clothing, 39, 40, 266, 270, 272, 277, 296, 298,

301, 302, 307, 446, 494purchase of equipment, 307purpose, 265report form, 307, 308respiratory protection, 267, 270review of plans and specifications, 307rules, 493safety policy, 307, 726safety rules, 307, 493sampling techniques, 301sewer-use ordinance, 298starting program, 306, 307storage of chemicals, 301, 494supervisor’s role, 306tailgate safety meetings, 305, 735testing procedures, 301training programs, 304–308, 337uniforms, 266water supply protection, 304work clothes, 266

Safety rules, 307, 493

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882 Treatment Plants

Salmonella, 493Samplers, 500Sampling

access, 251activated sludge, 49, 53, 64, 70, 71, 111–114anaerobic digestion, 191, 199, 202analysis, 243, 252blacktop drying beds, 222composite, 243, 498, 499devices, 500dissolved oxygen, 251, 252effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 243, 252equipment, 243, 500errors, 252, 498frequency, 253grab, 243, 499importance, 498labeling, 253location, 112, 248, 250, 251, 252, 499monitoring, 244, 245plug flow sampling, 500preservation, 252, 253, 500, 502purpose, 498quality control, 502receiving water, 245representative sample, 249, 498review of results, 252safety, 301samplers, 500size of sample, 253sludge, 500sludge drying beds, 221, 222storage, 252, 253, 500, 502supernatant, 194techniques, 301, 498temperature, 245–251thief hole, 166, 173, 523time, of sampling, 247, 499types, 499well, sampling, 166, 173, 523what to measure, 253

Saprophytic organisms, 148, 150Screens

See Volume I, Chapter 4, “Racks, Screens, Comminutors, and Grit Removal”

Screw-flow pumps, 345, 355, 357, 371Screw-lift pumps, 345, 355, 357, 371Scum, 148, 179, 183, 201, 219

problem, 361unplugging pipes, 449

Scum and foam control, anaerobic digester, 179, 183, 187, 201

Seal cage, pump, 344Seals, pump, 356, 359, 367, 369, 371, 414, 415, 417Secchi disk, 64, 504Secondary sedimentation, 16, 19, 47, 53, 64, 67, 72, 90

Also see Volume I, Chapter 5, “Sedimentation and Flotation”Security measures, 743Sediment traps, 153, 155, 159, 162, 166, 167, 200Sedimentation

Also see Volume I, Chapter 5, “Sedimentation and Flotation”aerobic digestion, 217operation, 16safety, 292secondary, 16, 19, 47, 53, 64, 67, 72, 90

Seed sludgeactivated sludge, 48, 49aerobic digestion, 218anaerobic digestion, 151, 184, 185, 188, 194

Seizing, 81, 83Selection, employees, 694Selective electrode method, ammonia, 583, 584Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), 267, 307Sensors, 456Separatory funnel, 481Septic sludge, 51, 72Septicity, 73Sequencing batch reactor (SBR)

aeration/mixing, 97components, 97continuous versus batch processes, 94control, sequencing, 99cycle, typical, 102decanter, 97, 98description of process, 93diffusers, air, 107dip net, 108flow diagram, 95maintenance, 107operating strategy, 104plans and specifications, 109post treatment, 99preliminary treatment, 97primary treatment, 97process control, 106process description, 93programmable logic controller, 93, 101reactors, 97sequencing control, 99stages, 99–103start-up, 105types, 104wasting, sludge, 97, 103

Serological pipets, 479, 486Service record card, 333, 334Settleability test, 19, 49, 50, 53, 73, 517Settleable solids test, 506Settlometer, 49, 517Sewage Sludge Regulations, Part 503, 228, 229Sewer cleaning, 285Sewer gases, characteristics, 272Sewer-use ordinance, 298Sexual harassment, 702, 703Shaft, pump, 339, 340, 347, 348, 367, 368Shear pins, 419, 431Sheaves, 428Sheeting, 285Shielding, 285Shock loads

activated sludge, 21, 69, 88aerobic digestion, 219anaerobic digestion, 191

Shop steward, 706Shoring, 285, 286Shoring, excavations, 285, 286Short-circuiting, 44Shuntflow meter, 451, 452, 456Shutdown

activated sludge, 77anaerobic digesters, 213blowers, 40draining pump, 419effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 244pumps, 361, 368, 369, 371surface aerators, 40, 77, 78, 79

Signal transmitters, 719Single-stage pumps, 345, 353Size of sample, 253

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Index 883

Skewed distribution of data, 647, 648Sleeves, 340Slope, 655, 656, 658Sloping, excavations, 285, 288Sludge

digester, 148raw, 148, 152, 153, 183, 191, 200, 202, 211, 218unplugging pipelines, 450

Sludge age, activated sludge, 21, 54, 58, 67, 70, 71, 72Sludge age, test, 519Sludge blanket, secondary sedimentation, 19, 60, 69Sludge bulking, 71, 90, 116, 117Sludge density index (SDI), test, 518Sludge dewatering

Also see ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 3, “Residual Solids Management”

tests, 531Sludge digestion, anaerobic

See Anaerobic sludge digestionSludge disposal, 148, 219, 227, 228

Also see Digested sludge handling and ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 3, “Residual Solids Management”

Sludge drying bedsapplication of sludge, 221, 222blacktop drying beds, 222, 223depth of sludge, 221description, 219–222drain system, 219–222drying time, 221, 222fertilizer, 221flies, 221gravel, 219, 220green sludge, 221health regulations, 221lime application, 221maintenance, 222odors, 221operation, 219, 221, 222partially digested sludge, 221process description, 219, 221purpose, 219removal of sludge, 221safety, 221sampling, 221, 222sand, 219, 220, 221soil conditioner, 221solids, 221time for drying, 221, 222underdrain system, 219–222volatile solids, 221withdrawal from digester, 219

Sludge handlingSee Digested sludge handling and ADVANCED WASTE

TREATMENT, Chapter 3, “Residual Solids Management”Sludge lagoons, 194, 222Sludge piping, anaerobic digestion, 152Sludge pumping

anaerobic digester, 185, 191, 199, 200, 211, 219primary sedimentation

See Volume I, Chapter 5, “Sedimentation and Flotation”Sludge pumps, 192, 345, 371, 419, 422Sludge reaeration, activated sludge, 86–89Sludge removal rate, pumping, 188Sludge residence time

See Sludge age, activated sludgeSludge sampling, 498Sludge solids tests, 512

Sludge thickening and conditioningSee ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 3,

“Residual Solids Management”Sludge treatment

See Anaerobic sludge digestionSludge volume index (SVI)

activated sludge, 60, 61, 63, 103test, 517

Sludge withdrawal, anaerobic digester, 188, 191, 204, 223Sluice gates, 437, 444, 445Sodium azide modification of DO test, 570Sodium sulfide, 204, 299Software, 99, 620, 625, 626Solids

balance, 195, 202concentration, 16disposal, 148, 194, 227

Also see Digested sludge handling and ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 3, “Residual Solids Management”

total (residue) test, 502, 601Solutions, chemical, 487Solving problems

See Problem solvingSour digester, 183, 184, 186, 191, 523Special assessment bonds, 716Specific conductance, 502, 603Specific gravity, 508Spectrophotometer, 487Sphaerotilus, 117Spoil, 285Square root, 654Squirrel-cage induction motor (SCIM), 361, 387, 388Stabilized waste, 16Staffing

advertising positions, 694applications, job, 694certification, 697compensation, 694, 697disciplinary problems, 701discriminatory hiring, 693, 694employee orientation, 697employee problems, 701, 706employee-management relationship, 706employees, 692employer policies, 697, 703evaluation, performance, 698–700grievances, 701, 706groups, protected, 694harassment, 702, 703hiring procedures, 692–707interview questions, 695interviewing, 694, 695manager’s responsibilities, 687, 692National Labor Relations Act, 707new employee orientation, 697number of employees, 692orientation, new employees, 697paper screening, 694performance evaluation, 698–700personnel records, 706policies, employer, 697, 703probationary period, 697problem employees, 701profile, qualifications, 693protected groups, 694qualifications profile, 693retaliation, 705

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884 Treatment Plants

Staffing (continued)selection process, 694sexual harassment, 702, 703training, 697unions, 706

Standard deviation, 651Standard operating procedures (SOPs), 728Standard rate, anaerobic digester, 148Standard solution, 487, 488Standardization of equipment, 479Standards

effluent quality, 241treatment efficiency, 243

Starters, 394–399Start-up

activated sludge, 48aeration tanks, 48aerobic digestion, 218anaerobic digestion, 183assistance, 48blowers, 40, 45, 47, 48chemical addition, 49compressors, 45digester, 183digester foaming, 187effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 244help, 48inspecting new facilities, 42pumps, 345, 360, 367, 368, 370safety hazards, 290water level controls, 424

State revolving fund (SRF), 716Stator, 355, 356, 371, 427Step-feed aeration, activated sludge, 44, 53, 88, 89, 112, 113Sterilization, 552Stethoscope, 425Steward, shop, 706Stock inventory, 669Stopcock, buret, 485Storage

bins, 266chemicals, 301, 481, 494containers, 296, 298samples, 252, 253, 500, 502

Storage of chemicals, 301, 481, 494Stored energy, 274Storm flows, 21, 61, 62, 70, 88Storms, 676Straightedge, alignment, 431Strikes, 676Struvite control, 188Stuck digester, 183, 184, 186, 191, 523Stuffing box, valve, 434, 435, 436Stuffing boxes, pump, 344, 347, 415Submersible pump, 345, 350Suction, pump, 340, 342, 345, 367, 368, 369, 371Suffocating gases or vapors, 267, 268, 271, 272, 298, 299,

301, 336, 493, 496, 505Sulfate test, 502, 605Sulfur dioxide, 268, 296, 317, 337Summators, 454Supernatant

activated sludge, 22, 70, 87, 188control, 188definition, 22disposal, 194operation, 188quality, 194, 202return, 22, 70, 87

solids, 194, 202tests, 194, 534tubes, 153–156, 194, 200, 201

Supernatant test, 194, 534Supervision, 698Supervisors, safety, 306, 725, 726, 727, 733, 735Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems

applications, 627, 720communications, 627, 719description, 627, 719wastewater treatment systems, 628

Supervisory controls, 386Surface aerators, 23, 24, 26, 40, 77, 78, 79Surface-active agents, safety, 299Surfactants, 299, 499Surfactants, test, 605Suspended solids

in aerator, test, 520test, 507

Switch gear, electrical, 380Switches, level control, 361, 415, 424Systems monitoring, 620, 624

T

TDH (total dynamic head), 417TOC (total organic carbon), 64TOC (total organic carbon) test, 502, 606TWA (time weighted average), 277Tailgate safety meetings, 305, 735Tanks, maintenance, 335Tare weight, 508Target audience, 708, 709, 711Techniques, laboratory, 495Telephone contacts, 712Television, 711Temperature

anaerobic digester, 148, 151, 191, 199, 202, 204, 211test in digester, 535test in wastewater, 605wastewater characteristics, 605

Temperature effectactivated sludge, 21, 54, 64, 70aerobic digestion, 218anaerobic digestion, 148, 151, 191, 199, 202, 204, 211effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 245, 246, 247monitoring, 245plugging pipelines, 449receiving water, 245–251sludge drying beds, 221

Temperature limits, motors, 391Tertiary treatment

See ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENTTest tubes, 481Testers, electrical, 376–380Tetanus, 266, 492, 493Thermal valve, 162, 164Thermometer, 482Thermophilic bacteria, 151Thick foam, activated sludge, 53Thickness gauge, alignment, 431Thief hole, 166, 173, 523Thirty-minute settleability test, activated sludge, 49, 50Thrust block, 105Time weighted average (TWA), 277Titration, laboratory, 480, 487, 488Tongs, safety, 483Total coliform, test, 551, 553, 561, 566Total dynamic head (TDH), 417

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Index 885

Total organic carbon (TOC), 64Total organic carbon (TOC) test, 502, 606Totalizers, 454, 637Totalizing receiver, 454Tours, plant, 712Toxic chemicals, 271, 493Toxic gases or vapors, 267, 268, 271, 272, 298, 299, 301, 336,

493, 496, 505Toxic wastes

activated sludge, 20, 70, 72, 87anaerobic digestion, 204, 205effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 245, 246gases, 299, 302, 336materials, 299, 302, 493

Traffic control devices, 278, 279–283Traffic hazards, 278Training

administration, 697, 698, 735courses, 307hazard communication, 308–316management planning, 306safety, 304–308, 337, 735

Transmittance, light, 487Transmitters, 454Traps

condensate, 166, 167, 168drip, 166, 167, 168sediment, 162, 167, 168

Treatment efficiency, 243Treatment plant maintenance

Also see Mechanical equipment, Mechanical maintenance, Meter maintenance, and INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT, Volume I, Chapter 12, “Instrumentation,” and Volume II, Chapter 8, “Maintenance”

buildings, 335channels, 335costs, 333general program, 333grounds, 336inspection, 335landscaping, 336library, 337paint, 335preventive maintenance program, 333, 414, 449preventive maintenance records, 333, 669public relations, 335, 336records, 333, 669safety, 290, 335tanks, 335

Treatment plant problems (English System)activated sludge, 785–787effluent disposal, 791–792laboratory, 793–795maintenance, 792–793sludge digestion, 787–791

Treatment plant problems (Metric System)activated sludge, 797–800effluent disposal, 804laboratory, 805–807maintenance, 804–805sludge digestion, 797–800

Treatment plants, safety, 290Trenching, 285, 286, 287, 288Trend analysis, 622, 623Trend chart

activated sludge, 53, 124, 125, 127, 128data, 191, 199, 202, 203, 649

Trends, 655, 657, 658, 659Triangle, lab, 483

Trickling filtersAlso see Volume I, Chapter 6, “Trickling Filters”safety, 295

Tripod, lab, 483Troubleshooting

activated sludge, 70, 74–76, 77aerobic digestion, 219anaerobic digestion, 204blowers, 80chain drive, 429effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 245–247flowmeters, 457gas system, 205meters, 457motors, 404–409pumps, 367surface aerators, 40, 78, 79variable speed AC motors, 362–368water level controls, 424

Tubular markers, traffic control, 279Turbidity

measurement, 502, 606meter, 53, 64units, 128, 606, 607

Turbine aerators, 23Turbine pumps, 345, 353Types of records, 668, 739Types of reports, 673Typhoid fever, 266, 492, 493Typical monthly report, 675

U

Unbalance, voltage, 393, 394Underground discharge, 241Uniforms, 266Unions, 706Unity of command, 689Unplugging pipes, pumps, and valves

costs, 449cutting tools, 450digested sludge lines, 449equipment, 449, 450high-velocity pressure units, 450methods of unplugging, 449, 450pipes, 449pressure clearing methods, 449, 450pumps, 450scum lines, 449sludge lines, 449valves, 449, 450

Unsafe acts, 727Upper explosive limit (UEL), 272, 273Upset digester, 183, 184, 186, 191, 523Use of digester gas, 158, 187Use of lab glassware, 485User fees, 713, 714Utility management, 687

V

Vacuum filtrationAlso see ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 3,

“Residual Solids Management”blankets, 224cake, 224cycle, 224description, 224elutriation, 224

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886 Treatment Plants

Vacuum filtration (continued)odor, 224operation, 224sludge conditioning, 224sludge dewatering, 224

Vacuum pump, 484Vacuum relief valves, 153, 155, 159, 162Valve chamber gaskets, 419Valve parts

bonnet, 439, 441gear, 434, 439gland, 437packing, 434, 435plug, 439, 441rising stem, 434seal, 439seats, 434, 437, 439, 441stuffing box, 434, 435, 436threads, 434

Valvesball valves, 419, 422check valves, 159, 369, 417, 423, 437, 438description, 434, 437foot valves, 417gate valves, 434–437location, 369maintenance, 81, 83, 200, 417, 419, 422, 423, 434, 437,

439–443plug valves, 437, 439–443unplugging, 449, 450

Vanes, pump, 339, 340Vapors, toxic or suffocating, 267, 268, 271, 272, 298, 299, 301,

336, 493, 496, 505Variable speed AC motors

description, 361preventive maintenance, 365troubleshooting, 362–368

Variable speed belt drives, 429Variance, 651Variations in data, causes, 635Velocity head, 452Velocity meter, 451, 452, 456Vendor, 669Ventilation, safety, 267, 270, 273, 291, 293, 296, 298Venturi meters, 451, 452, 456Venturi tube, 451, 452, 456Vertical panels, traffic control, 279Vertical wet well pumps, 345, 353Vibrations

electric motor, 400, 425, 431pump, 368, 370

Violence, 701Viscosity, 297Visual inspection

activated sludge, 60, 67anaerobic digestion, 199, 200blacktop drying beds, 222chain drive, 428effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 244primary clarifier, 67sludge drying beds, 221, 222

V-notch weir, 451, 456Volatile acid/alkalinity, 148, 186, 191, 195, 199, 202, 206, 211Volatile acids, test, 211, 523Volatile liquids, 494Voltage

fluctuations, 636imbalance, 393, 394

Volts, 375Volumetric flask, 480, 486Volumetric pipets, 479, 486Volute, 28, 340, 368, 369, 370, 371Vulnerability assessment, 722

W

WAS (waste activated sludge), 19, 22, 48, 54, 55, 56, 57, 60, 183

Warning tag, 274–277, 291, 373, 374, 415, 416Waste activated sludge (WAS), 19, 22, 48, 54, 55, 56, 57, 60,

183Waste gas burner, 159, 166, 171, 172, 201Wastewater

flows, 498pumps, 339, 345

Wastewater characteristicsacidity, 539alkalinity, 527, 540ammonia, 580biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 573carbon dioxide, 529chloride, 543chlorine residual, 545clarity, 504coliform group bacteria, 551dissolved oxygen (DO), 570dissolved oxygen in aerator, 519grease, 595hydrogen ion (pH), 579hydrogen sulfide, 505lime analysis, 535mean cell residence time, 522nitrogen

ammonia, 580nitrate, 590nitrate and nitrite, 590total Kjeldahl nitrogen, 586

oil and grease, 595pH, 579phosphorus, 597settleable solids, 506sludge age, 519sludge density index (SDI), 518sludge (digested) dewatering characteristics, 531sludge solids, 512sludge volume index (SVI), 517solids, total (residue), 601specific conductance, 603sulfate, 605supernatant, 534surfactants, 605suspended solids, 507suspended solids in aerator, 520temperature, 605total organic carbon, 606turbidity, 606volatile acids, 523

Wastewater treatment rates, 715Wastewater words, 809Wasting activated sludge (WAS), 19, 22, 48, 54, 55, 56, 57, 60,

183Water

conservation, 711level controls, 361, 424quality criteria, 242quality indicator, 242

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Index 887

Water (continued)seal, digester covers, 153, 155, 187, 201supply protection, 304uses, 242

Water column height, 162Water hammer, 419Watts, 376Wearing rings, pump, 343, 347, 367, 370, 417Weirs, 451, 453, 456Wet well pumps, 345, 350, 353, 368, 369Wet wells, 290, 291, 368, 369Whistleblower situations, 748White foam, activated sludge, 44, 49, 53Wildlife, 242Winkler method of DO test, 570Withdrawal of sludge, digester, 188, 191, 204, 223Word processing, 620Words, wastewater, 809Work clothes, 266

Work sheets, laboratory, 489Work stoppages, 676Worker Right-To-Know (RTK) Laws, 308–316, 728Working conditions, 694Writing reports

See Report writingWritten communication, 708–710

X

(NO LISTINGS)

Y

Y-wall, 34, 46

Z

Zoogleal bacteria, 16