2013-02-18

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OnOn‐‐site Domestic Wastewater site Domestic Wastewater Treatment System in JapanTreatment System in JapanTreatment System in JapanTreatment System in Japan

February, 2013

The 4th WEPA International Workshop

Takatoshi WakoDeputy Director, Water Environment Division

Environment Management Bureau

Ministry of the Environment, Japan

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Today’s PresentationToday’s Presentation

• Water quality and domestic wastewater treatment system in Japantreatment system in Japan

• Johkasou (on‐site domestic wastewater treatment  in Japan)

• Technology

Ministry of the Environment 2

• Cost (Installation and Operation) and effluent quality

• Uniqueness of management framework

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Population Increase, Urbanization and Economic GrowthPopulation Increase, Urbanization and Economic Growth

  140 000 100

ons)

50,000

D)

Population Increase and Urbanization

Economic Growth

  20 000

  40 000

  60 000

  80 000

  100 000

  120 000

20

40

60

80

otal Population (thousands pero

Percentage(%

)

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

GDP per Cap

ita (current USD

Ministry of the Environment 3

0

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

0To

Year

0

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Year

Total Population in Japan

Percentage of Population in Urban Area of Japan

GDP per Capita of Japan(current USD)

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Water Pollution of Tokyo in 1970’sWater Pollution of Tokyo in 1970’s

Ministry of the Environment 4

The Kanda River The Kanda River (Tokyo)(Tokyo)

A river in Tokyo A river in Tokyo Tokyo BayTokyo Bay

Photo Credit : Environmental Bureau of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government 4

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Population Coverage by Type of Domestic Wastewater TreatmentPopulation Coverage by Type of Domestic Wastewater Treatment

Sewerage treatment system (Centralized treatment)

Night soil collection

Ministry of the Environment 5

Johkasou

Historical Change in Water Quality ImprovementHistorical Change in Water Quality Improvement

3.5

4

4.5

D)

(mg/l)

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Water Quality (BOD/COD

Ministry of the Environment 6

0

0.5

1

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Average W

Year

River(BOD) Lake(COD) Marine(COD)

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Legal Framework for JohkasouLegal Framework for Johkasou

Technological Aspect

• Building Standards Act (1950)

• Structural Criteria (1969)• Structural Criteria (1969)

• Japanese Industrial Standards (JISA 3302‐2000)

Management

Ministry of the Environment 7

• Wastes Disposal and Public Cleansing Act (1970)

• Johkasou Act (1982)

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Effect of Environmental Improvement by JohkasouEffect of Environmental Improvement by Johkasou

InflowInflow

BODBOD loadload

4040

OutflowOutflow

BODBOD loadload

44

JohkasouJohkasouBOD removal rate BOD removal rate 

90904040g/Cap/Dayg/Cap/Day

Grey WaterGrey Water27 g27 g

44g/Cap/Dayg/Cap/Day9090%%

Ministry of the Environment 8

Black WaterBlack Water13 g13 g Clean WaterClean Water

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Treatment Types of JohkasouTreatment Types of Johkasou

Separation – Contact Aeration Process  (87,312 Facilities) 

Denitrification Type Anaerobic Filter ‐Contact Aeration Process(1,238 Facilities) 

9393 %%

Anaerobic Filter  Anaerobic Filter  ‐‐ Contact Aeration ProcessContact Aeration Process ‐‐

Ministry of the Environment 9

Contact Aeration Process  Contact Aeration Process  (1,153,199 Facilities) (1,153,199 Facilities) 

Treatment Types of Individual Johkasou Treatment Types of Individual Johkasou (5(5‐‐50 PE: Population Equivalent) as of 201150 PE: Population Equivalent) as of 2011

Anaerobic Filter Anaerobic Filter ‐‐ Contact Aeration ProcessContact Aeration Process ‐‐

• Wastewater is broken down biochemically by the catabolism of microorganisms such as bacteria and metazoan organism

Ministry of the Environment 10

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Cost for Installation and Operation/MaintenanceCost for Installation and Operation/Maintenance

An Example of Installation and Maintenance Cost for a JohkasouAn Example of Installation and Maintenance Cost for a Johkasou(5PE: Population Equivalent)(5PE: Population Equivalent)

ItemsCost(US$)

Installation 9,061

Operation and Maintenance (Annual) 701

Maintenance  227

Desludging 280

Ministry of the Environment 11

Desludging 280

Electricity 140

Inspection 54

Exchange rate: 1 USD Exchange rate: 1 USD ≒≒ 92.7JPY92.7JPY

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0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000

x≦5

5＜x≦10

Number of Samples

)

The Quality of Effluent  from JohkasouThe Quality of Effluent  from Johkasou

10＜x≦15

15＜x≦20

20＜x≦30

30＜x≦40

40＜x≦50

50＜x≦60

60＜x≦90

90＜x≦120OD level o

f Effluent(mg/l)

85 %85 %<20mg/l<20mg/l

Ministry of the Environment 12

90＜x≦120

120＜x≦160

160＜x

BO

Results of Annual Inspection for Johkasou as of 2011Results of Annual Inspection for Johkasou as of 2011

20mg/l20mg/l(Effluent Standard)(Effluent Standard)

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Treatment Methodology of Johkasou SludgeTreatment Methodology of Johkasou Sludge

Septage treatment facility

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000

Septage treatment facility

Sewerage treatment facility

Volume of Treted Sludge(thousands kl/year)Treatment 

Methodologies

Composting facility

9393 %%884

13760

Ministry of the Environment

Composting facility

Methanation facilities

Agricultural land as fertilizer

Others

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93 93 %%Septage Septage treatment treatment facilityfacility

13

60

59

12

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Uniqueness of Johkasou Management FrameworkUniqueness of Johkasou Management Framework

Governmental Support for Technological Standardization

Subsidy System for Installation 

Outsourcing System for I t ll ti d O ti

$

Ministry of the Environment 14

Installation and Operation

Monitoring System

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Governmental Support for Technological Standardization  Governmental Support for Technological Standardization  

• Outline of structural standards for Johkasou

Ministry of the Environment 1515

Governmental Support for Technological Standardization  Governmental Support for Technological Standardization  

Ministry of the Environment 1616

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Subsidy Subsidy SystemSystem for Johkasou Installationfor Johkasou Installation

Percentage of SubsidyPercentage of Subsidy

Ministry of the Environment

Percentage of SubsidyPercentage of Subsidy

4040 %% (Johkasou Installation Promotion Program)(Johkasou Installation Promotion Program)

9090 %% (Municipal Johkasou Installation Program)(Municipal Johkasou Installation Program)

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Basis for the Calculation of the PercentageBasis for the Calculation of the Percentage

33%Black water4343%%

Total BODTotal BOD 4040g/Cap/Dayg/Cap/Day

20%

4343%%Grey Water Grey Water (Others)(Others)

Ministry of the Environment

Pollutant Load (BOD) of Domestic WastewaterPollutant Load (BOD) of Domestic Wastewater

20%Grey Water (Pollutant load reduction possible with user’s effort)

5%Grey Water (Effluent)

SubsidySubsidy

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2 000 000

2,500,000

3,000,000

20

25

30

ties

lionyen)

National Budget for Johkasou SubsidyNational Budget for Johkasou Subsidy

National Budget for National Budget for Johkaso S bsidJohkaso S bsid

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

0

5

10

15

20

Number of Facilit

Budget for Subsidy(bil Johkasou SubsidyJohkasou Subsidy

Number of FacilitiesNumber of Facilities

Ministry of the Environment

Year

Historical Change of National Budget for Johkasou Subsidy and Historical Change of National Budget for Johkasou Subsidy and Number of Facilities  Number of Facilities  

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Outsourcing System for Installation and Management Outsourcing System for Installation and Management 

Installation Installation Installation WorkerWorker

33,593 33,593 CompaniesCompanies

83,20583,205 PersonsPersons

6565 InstitutionsInstitutionsPerformance Inspection

Operation/Maintenance

InspectorInspector

OperatorOperator

6565 InstitutionsInstitutions

1,210 1,210 PersonsPersons

12,871 12,871 CompaniesCompanies

72,521 72,521 PersonsPersons

Ministry of the Environment 20

Desludging

Annual Inspection

DesludgingDesludgingExpertExpert

InspectorInspector

5,3755,375 CompaniesCompanies

15,11715,117 PersonsPersons

6565 InstitutionsInstitutions

1,210 1,210 PersonsPersons

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80%

100%cilities Performance

Inspection

Percentage of Inspected FacilitiesPercentage of Inspected Facilities

8787‐‐93 93 %%

20%

40%

60%

rcentage

 of Inspected fac Annual

Inspection

4545‐‐50 50 %%

Ministry of the Environment

0%

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Per

Year

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Historical Change of Inspected Johkasou in JapanHistorical Change of Inspected Johkasou in Japan

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ConclusionConclusion

•Johkasou system is an effective approach for on‐site domestic wastewater treatment 

• In order to encourage proper installation and operation, regulations alone are not sufficient.  

Governmental support in the respect of technological standardization, financing and 

Ministry of the Environment 22

outsourcing is needed.

• Periodical Monitoring is required for 

sustainable management of Johkasou system.22

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Thank you for your attention

Ministry of the Environment 23

Contact: TAKATOSHI_WAKO@env.go.jp