OX A NEW RATRACHIAN GEYUS. 587

26. On a new Genus of the Family Engystomaticla (Rdrachia). By c: . 12. NARATSN RAO, M.A., and B. S. R.AMASNA, R.Sc. (1)epartment of Zoology, Central College, Bangalore) *.

[Received January 13, 1925 : Read Ilaucli 17, 1925.1

(Text-figures 1-9.) CORTENTS.

Page (1) Introdriction and Description of tlie Geiius and Species.

(C. R. N. R,ao) ................................................... 587 (2) Abrief account of the Habits of tlie Species, Ramanella

symhiotica ......................................................... 584

(4) Literature ......................................................... 697 (3) Geiittral Aiiatoniy .............................

(1) INTRODUCTION. While looking for niaterial of Engystoniatida locally, we met

with a Frog which mas identified as representing a new genus of t h a t group. On forwarding two specimens t o Miss J. 6. l’rocter, who w a s then i n charge Qf t h e SEeptile Ilepartnient in t h e R ~ i t i s h Museum, for t h e purpose of comparison with t h e series of collections in t h a t institution, she informed us very kindly t h a t t h e examples sent t o her were really a, new genus, a n d added t h a t they were also exa.miiied by Dr. Houlsnger, who Iinppened to be there at the time. I take this opportunity of t h n k i n g Miss Procter for t h e numerous acts of kindness a.nd courtesy I have received from her from t ime to tinie, and also Ur. Uoulenger for confirming t h e identificatioii.

Family E N G Y 8 T O 3 f q T I U B.

Genus RAMANELLA, nov. Pupil vertical ; tongrie oblong, notrhed behind : the palatine

hones fol ni a slight ridge, only occasioiinlly deriticnlnte, across the p l a t e i n f ront of the trsopllagus. No otlLer folds are present on tlie roof of the buccal cavity ; tgniparirini hidden ; fingers and toes free ; tips of fingerb dilated ; those of toes h l~ in t , not dilated ; outer metatarsal uuited ; no pie-coracoitl ; 1 1 0 omosterniini ; di.tpopliyses of sacral vertebra broadly d1l;tted. Terininal phalanges triangular.

I have n s s x i a t d this genus with t h e name of my old pupil, €3. s. Kamanna, who has shown great zeal in collecting

* Commui~~cattd hy Jl1-s J. €3. PRocrEB, F.Z.S. Y R O C . ZOOL. SOU.--1!)25, s o . yxx1x. 39

588 MESSRS. C. R. N. RAO AND R . S. RANANNA ON

research material for cytological and enlbryo1ogic:d work. Of the three genera of EagystomatidE recorded from S. India, Callcsla approaches this genus far more closely, as is evidenced by the anatomical and osteological characters.

RAMANELLA SYNBIOITCA, gen. e t sp. nov. Head far broader than long j snout short, obtuse, Ionger than

the diameter of the eye, projecting beyond the mouth and obliquely truncated ; interorbital space perfectly flat, twice as broad as t.he upper eyelid ; loreal region oblique, slightly coa- cave; nostrils nearer to the t ip of the mont than to tbe eye.

Fingers rather long, with moderately-developed termina.1 discs : first shorter than the second ; second equals the width of inter- o rb ih l space, but only slightly shorter than the fourth ; snb- articular tubercles moderate, proiriiiient ; two large, fleshy, ovitl prominences at the base of the first and fourth fingers. The fore-limb (without manus) is slightly less tha.n three-fomths the length of the hind-limb (without foot). Upper-arm as long as the fore-arm.

Hind-limb short, the tibio-tarsal articnlation reaching the axilla or only slightly beyond it ; the heels just tonch each other when the limbs are folded at right angles to the body; tibia slightly more than twice a s long as ant1 about a. qiiarter of the length from snout to vent and longer t1ia.n the fore-arm byabout a third. Toes perfectly free, slender, with blunt tips, which are not dilated into discs. Two metatarsal tubercles : the outer very small, conical ; the inner comparatively larger, oval, about hn.lf the length of the 2nd or 5th toe and slightly lesrr than the 1st. Sab-articular tubercles feebly prominent.

Skin on both surfaces smooth. Colour on the dorsal surface brown with yellow marbling. On the sides yellow dots. The upper surfaces of limbs marbled. Ventral surface white, immaculate.

Male with R median bronze-coloured vocal sac. Hrcbitnt. Rangalore (Mysore), 3000 ft., s. India. Remarks. Only eight specimens were obtained, and the type-

specimen ha.s had to be anntoinicdly dealt with for the purpose of studying the structure of the brain, in consequence of the distribution at an earlier date of some of the specimens to the British Museum and Natural History Massniii, Barigkok, Siniii, while others have been used for the preparation of tlie skeleton.

iYeasurements in millimetres. From snout to vent .............................. 34 Length of hea,d .................................... 5;

snout ................................................ 3 Width of head (across tympanic region) ...... 8.9

%ye ................................................... 2

A SEW UdTRACIlIAX CERGS. 589

1nterorhit:a 1 wid t l i ................................. Upper eyelid ....................................... Arm ................................................... Fore-arm ............................................. Firs t finger ......................................... Second finger ....................................... Third finger ....................................... Fourth finger ...................................... Length of thigh .................................... Lerigtli of tibia ................................... First toe (free portion) ........................... Second toe ......................................... l h i r d toe ............................................. Fourth toe .......................................... Fif th toe ............................................. Tar,sals.. .............................................. Inter-metata.isa1 tubercle ........................

I ?

4 2 6$

3 G $

4 5& 43 11 83 2 3

7 14

(2) THE HABITS OF THE SPECIES. This little Engystornat.id Frog is an extremely intei.esting

species, both froni ttie na tuml history arid anatoiuical points of view. It affects practically dry situations, sharing tlie hurrows of the Black Scorpions (f’ciZunz?zeus fitlvipes) under heavy stones and boulders. W h e n uncovered it reniains quietly unt i l clis- turbed, when it runs about brislrly, toppling over the scorpions unmolested. W h e n the scorpions crawl over the Frog, t h e latter crouches flat on the ground, absolutely motionless. I n ca.ptivity, which it stands for inontlis, i t burrows if given soft earth. It remains in the burrow with tlie snout projecting over t h e surface, a n d does not appear t o be such a deep digger a s Cucopus. Termites are the sta.ple food and sinall beetles a re not refused. W h e n t h e pot or t m y containing the ear th in which t h e speci- inens hacl burrowed mas irltroduced into a glass :Lquarium, strringe t,o say the Frogs left t h e t m y a.nd reinn.inecl in wat,er aniorig stories whicli were lieaped roiind the \,essel. If driven t o t h e tleeper parts of t h e water, t h e Frog! a.ssume a chemcteristic vertical posture, while under similar circnmstances their aquatic congenerawould float perfectly horizonta.lly on t h e surface. For weeks, extending alniost t o months, t h e Frogs would rema.in in t h e watei’, squatting on t h e stones which they, however, leave and enter the tray on tile introduction of termites, wliich they greedily sm:~Ilow. When the males are held under the axillx, they show no syniptoins of alarni nor u t te r ally cries, a.nd when allowed to sit 011 the palm of one’s hand, they would remain perfectly quiet without struggling t o jump of f . W e have not succeeded i n inducing these Frogs t o breed in t h e aquarium, elid their breeding-habits lnrist doubtless be very interesting. O n irritation the skin pours o u t H, thick milky secretion, which also exudes when the ariinials are cliloroformed. The poison dissolves

39*

590 MESSHS. C. R. N. RAO AND B. S. RAMANKA OS

in nothing except boiling water, which dissolves it only slightly. This habit of throwing out a dense mass of poison when killed is common among most members of Eiigystoniatiti~e like Cacopus and Callzcla, and is meagre only in ilficrohylcc. This cutaneous secretion-which in colour and consistency resembles bufonin-gives tlie Frog a measure of immunity, which i t enjoys i n the midst of the pugnacious scorpions. The Frog is capable of climbing the vertical glass surfaces, and on two occasions oiie of the specimens was found to have escaped from the glass bell-jar, and on looking round was discovered squatting under the tap in the laboratory.

(3) REMARKS ON THE GENERAL Axmonfu. The anatomical characters of tliis little Erlgystomatid are

peculiar in certain respects, and a few brief remarks are worthy of putting on record.

Wele ton . The Vertebral Columit.--In the case of the vertebral coliimn

there is a very niarked overlap of each ne iml arch dorsally upon tha t iinniediately posterior to it, so that the centm are not

Text-figure 1 .

Vertebral column showing the inibricetr nature of the neural arcliee.--ep., epiphyses of sa( r r l dinpophyses j tell., teiidiiious exteiiaioii of epiylij ses meeting the coccyx behind.

visible from this aspect. This character the present species shares with the other members of the Engystornatidze, such as cacopus, ivicroh?jla, and C'rClliclc6. which have also been exiiinined. I n this imbricate condition of tlie vertebral column-clue t o the cvimtra being slightly sliorter than the neiirwl nrche\-the Engjstomatids retain a pi,iniitive character which is met with in the families Iliscoglossidre and Pelobatid:~. I n addition to the longer nrnral arches, the h-oxder wrticiilar snrfaces, pie- nnd post-zygapophyses, contribute to shnt out the view of the centra

A SEW BATRACHIAN QENUS. 591

from t h e dorsal aspect. Though t h e centra are very feebly developed, being orily almost as thick a s tlie arches themselves, t h e vertebrlt: are not acentrous. Tlie spinous processes a re &lost obsolete throughout d i e vertebral axis. The transverse process of tlie tliird veltebra, slightly directed headwards, is nearly 1% tinies broader than the one mter ior and twice t h a t posterior t o it. Those belonging t o ver tebra 5-8 are progressively shorter, and are directed anteriorly as i n lliscoglosstes and Pe'elobates, and in this respect they differ from Ranidz, in which family t h e diapophyses are perfectly horizontal. The only pair of trans- verse processes wliicli a re directed i n some measure posteriorly are those belongiiig to t h e 4th vertebra, and n o doubt t h e anterior deflwtion of the transverse processes of t h e t r u n k vertebrse must be considered one of the many archaic characters presented by the vertebml column of this and other members of Engystoniatitla?. Tlie sitcral diapophyses are broad and winglike, aiicl t h e marginal epipliysial cartihge, so noticeable in Cucopz~s, is reduced in this species, but produced i n a filamentous form posteriorly t o a considerable length, becoming a.ttached to t h e coccyx. "lie nrostyle is cylindrical, and equals t h e length of t h e last seven ver tebrz in this species, bu t is shorter in the otlier genera, a i d the terminal ca,rtilwge is less broad than i n C'ctcops. l l i e traurverse processes are tt.bsent, hut the canals (Ccmdis ver- tebralis, (,'m~ffiZis coccylyei) a.re well developed. The absence of tlie tlorsal ridge or 1)l;i.de from the iirostyle siiggests t h e pi,obleni \vliet,lier tlie c:~ud;xl vertebral elements in the fairlily Engysto- niat,itlLr :we hoilloioyous with t h e t runk v e r t e b r a This subject is still uuder in\Testigation.

, 1

7 7 I.est-figures 2 and 3.

r l l l i e dornal and ventral aspects of the eraninm.--E.z., esoccipital ; F.P., fronto-

pariehl ; n., nas:il ; op., opistliotic region; sp'., bonJ processes of tlie spl~euetlniioid unclerlj ing tlie nitsals.

I'., pro-otic ; sp., epllenetlioioid;

Skxbl.-The comparative shortness of t h e skull of this species is a ch:Lra,cter which i t shares with t,he otlier members of Engystonmtidte, and t h e narrow mouth is accounted for-as i n Cacopus, in wliich this pa.tticular feature has already been lioticed-by tlie forward deffeciion and the greatly reduced nature

592 MESSRS. G. R. I?. RAO AND B. S. RAMANNA ON

of t h e pterygoitls, qiiadrato-jugals, and squrtmosal. The zygomatic process of the latter is wmting. The fronto-parietals a re per- fectly oval, and their length equds their wirltli across the middle line. The pro-ot,ic is conipletely nricovered, and t h e suture between i t and t h e exoccipitals is distinct and intimate. On account of the shortness of the frorito-p;trietals, t h e sphen- etlirnoid is exposell, : ~ n d i ts anterior lateral mnrgiiis are proiluced in to two l m r t l j - o d i e t i processes, which in /Znwcc rermin perfect,ly cn,rt,ilngirions nntl form the oiiIcr wall of t h e nasal ctiamber. The posterior limb of t h e pi-nsptierioid is perfectly non-existent owing t o the transverse arms arising froin tlie hindelmost extremity of this bone. I n f ront of tlie tra.nsverse amis a.nd partly covered by them aye ossified regions which a re distinct from tlie pro-otic elements, probably representing the opisthotic. Such ossified regions m e not present in Cucopus and Knnu ha:ra- dactgla. The other palnt,e bones are incompletely ossified, and- are soonest affected by the process of maceration.

I~~yoid.--The ~mter ior cornn of t h e liyoid on each side bears on i ts :interior border an accessory bar of cni.til:ige meeting ni i t l - ventrally, tliese are supposed to be " extrahyxls," b u t are better

Text-figure 4.

termed '' nriterior processes" in conformity with t h e tei.minology of . / 2 a z n . Ilide\\-ootl has worked out,, in the case of PeZod?ytes p i ~ c t s t w n z , the tleve!opment of tliese anter ior processes and how, after furion with tlie cernt,oliyn.ls, the:- touch one ariotlier in t h e n.ntero-medim line so a.3 t o convert t h e 1iyoglossa.l sinus into a foiilmen. A ~ i t ~ i l i t r fusion of the anterior liyoitl processes with t,tie anterior cornna. Iras been noticed by 13edd;ird in Breciceps i i i i d

Ife?nistw, and in t,liese gei1ei.n tlie anterior rorniia meet so t l i n t t,lie 1ijoglossus muscle a.ct~:illy pa.sses tliroiigh n foixinen. Ih. I)evanesen, in his papei- on Ccicopzrs, rel'ers t o the broadly- expanded riatiire of t h e :mtel,ior hyoitl processes, wliic*li, I i o ~ v e ~ e r , (10 not meet ; conseqneiit,ly tlie Iiyoglossn~l siniis remains broiitl ant1 deep. This condition tias h e n noticed liy the preseiit

A S E W BATRACHIAN aEPr'U.9. 593

writers i n Microhylcc rzchrcc and ill. ornata and Calltelcc ohsczcra. Brit tlie features of tlie hyoid skeleton of R. s?ymbiotica would, however, appear to depart widely from these genera and approxi- mate inore nearly the condition of f'elodytes ra ther tlian Breviceps and Uenzisits.

Pectoml C i d e and Anterior Lin~ik-As in t h e case of all t h e nieniherb of Engyatom:itidw, the place of t h e sternnni is taken by a plate of mec1i;in cartilage which i n tLis species is less broad tlian i n C'ucaps. The supra5caprila is ossified only OKL the

Text-figure 5 .

Text-figures 6 and 7

Pectoral girdles of the new Frog, the suprascapula of Cncopus, and the lied of the tien Flog.--cart., heel cartilage ; s.s., suprascapula showing t h e ossification it1 tlie anterioi and posterior liordws, the dotted portion represeutiiig tile cartilage; t . , tendon wliich perhaps represents the clavicle.

anterior margin, while i n the lat ter genus only the central poition remains cnrtilaginoris. There is a slencler ligiirnent con- necting the scapnla and t h e median anterior border of the cordcoid, representing peiltaps the veLtiges of clavicles.

I n the :intcrioi~ limb t h e terniiiial phalangeal bone is Y-shaped, and t h e number of carpalis is normal with os capitato-hamatum as t h e largest.

Pelvic Gi/& civd the K7id-Linzh.-Tlie ilia a re cylindrical, a n d anteriorly hear two ligamentoris processes which extend Iieyoutl the tli:>1qilipes of t h e sacral vei tebra on to tliose of t h e eighth. Both IJirbis a r i d iscliin are ossified. There is a n ide, oval

594 MESSRS. C. R . N. RAO AND B. 8 . RAMAKXA ON

cartilnginous flap over the cruro-metatarsal joint, ant1 the aatra- galus arid calcaiienm exhibit imperfect fusion at t h e epiiihysial

Text-figure 8.

The sacral vertebra an(1 the pelvic pir(lle, showiiip tlic ctirtilngino~is bars in front of tlie ilia extending t o tlie traiisverse process of tlie eight11 vertebra.

points where they touch one another. tarsal bones, arid the terrninal phalangeal bones a re pointed.

There a re only three other

Jficscles. I n his paper on t h e ana.tomy of C c m p i s Dr. Devacesen has

given a detailed description of it,s ninscnlar system. There a re a few points i n which the musculature of the present species ditfers from t,l)at of this Toad. Practically in all t h e Indian Ei igys tonia t id~ t h e subhyoicleu- (Reddard) is clibtinctly larger than its anterior division, szrbmasillaris ; and in some measure t h e t w o muscles by their powerful contraction press t h e soft food (termites) against the convex surface of t h e pamsphenoid, though no doubt t h e former mnscle in t h e case of male examples must help in the expansion of t h e single gn1a.r sac.

The muscles of t h e abdomen are extremely delicate, and the fibyes a re so sparsely disposeti t h a t without much teasing they ca,n be microscopically examined for t h e details of their structure. The recttcs a6donzini.s muscles arise by two tendons from t h e posterior border of tlie pubes, and in t h e pelvic region divide into an inner and outer division. The inner ranius of t h e t,endon iminerlia.tely expands into t h e inner portion of the rectirs nbdonri?ris, which, on acaou~it of t h e extreme thinness, does not develop t,lio imcriptio tendi i tea to any degree. T'he outer portion of the rrctii,s muscle is more st]rongly developed, arid att,ached to the skin along a. grent,er part of i ts coiirse, passing a.nteriorly into the poidio c ~ b d ~ , i ~ i d k of the pectwnlis niuscle. There is

A SEW BATRACHIAN GENUS. 595

thus produced a considerable lymphatic space between t h e external and internal divisions of t h e wctzes abdon?inis on t h e one hand, and on t h e other t h e lateral borderb of the obliqicus clbrlonzinis exttmiss muscle. This space, v.-liich is fairly wide, is lirnited both above and below by special connections between the muscles referred to. A similar arrangemerit of parts is met with in .lfiwo?t?ylie, ~vliile in lhno bveuiceps the external divisions of t h e recties ctbdorizir&- are more strongly developed, a d are at tdiecl

Text-figure 9.

The muscles of t.lie aldoineir, clieat, a i d throat of tlic new Fuog.-I, submentalis ; 2, submaxillnris ; 3, subligoideus ; 4, petrohgoidri ; 5, hyoglosslls a d geaiollgoiileus ; 6, all tlie three ~teIiioli.~oidei ; 7, .sterno-radialia ; 8, 9, 10, 11, the anterior a i d posterior abdoiuiilal Fortioils to pectoralis ; 12, 13, external a i d interim1 dirivioiis of tlie rcctus abdoiniilis ; 14, 1yupI1- space betwesii 12 a i d 13.

t o the skin from the souroe of their origin almost over half t h e abdominal length. On account of the excessive thickness of both t h e divisions of t h e i.ectzts ccbdonzinis, t h e lyinpliatic space described in the members of Engystoinatirls does riot occur i n t'liis species of Rn?ra, but t h e proportionately hrge developriient of p o h o abdonainis of t h e pectoral muscle is a noticeable feature iii trlijs burrowing IL'iina..

In the present species of Engystoiriatidz tlie czctu~ze~cs pectoris muscles are reniw,rlr:ihly th in i d transparent, anti may be mis- taken for pectoral septurii. Each is more or leas triangular and, arising fIoni t h e erterii:il obliqiic mriscle, is :tt8ta.chetl t o t i l e skin.

L)orsally the o b l i y ~ ~ i i s ea:teriLus iuuscle extoids as far as t h e

596 MESSRS. C. R. N. RAO AND B. S. RAMAKNA ON

shoulder-blade, and t h e portio oino-abdonvina7is is not recognimble as a separate muscle. Both form a continuous muscular sheet. In R. breuiceps tlie muscles i n tlie region of t h e clorsum and axilla a re so heavily lontled wi th fat t h a t it is no t easy t o make o u t whether t h e portio o7no-ubdonzii~alis is or is not distinct. Hut in species like IZCC~LCG t i g r * i i u i t is a small s t r ip of muscle from t h e hi iider mitrgiri of tlie scapiiln, and becomes continuous with t h e la192 obligitzrs externus near the nxilln.

W e have a.Ire-tdy drawn attention t o the fact t h a t t h e cartilage complex of the Ciyoitl 2Lpproaches the condition met with in Pelodytes and Brevicel)s, owing t o the conversion of tlie hyoglossus siiius into a foramen by tlie fusion of tlie processes of t h e nnterior cornua. The rriusculatnre of tlie hyoid presents certain fmtures whidh reseinble those of Breviceps and Cacoptrs, botli d6scribed :~ l re :~dy i n greitter detail. The gei~ioh2/oitZe~us muscle di,es not differ from I~?CGIKL tigrina except for tlie fact tha t i n li~ioaa.iellffi, i n conimoii with iVicrohylffi and C&~la, t h e two iiirier tlivisioiis fuse together so :LS t o liide the h!/ogloss7cs more iiiwlredly. The p s t e r i o r offdioots of yeiziohyoidei~s referred t o by Dr. Devaneseu also occur, 1i:tviiig siriiilar iiisertions.

The sternohyoid is in two pwrts its in Cfficopzrs and i n other genera like JilicroJLyIcd :md Cnl l t tb , xricl the fibits of hyoglossus are con?p:irativrly co:wse arid :aggregated over the body of t h e ti yoid. Home of t h e new niriscles jcoi-,itztoidei~s poslerior. and stemo- cor,t,icoideris) mliicli Dr. Uevmiesen lixs recorded i n C'cccopzrs :ire not m,i.t-le ou t in the present species, wliose niusculature is in goner;il fei:bly developed.

tlleir insertions on t h e tliyroiiyal biir are precisely as lias been described to occiir iu Crrcopzts.

n.nc1 even portio ster)znlis-rriaterior and p o ~ t i o c r b d o m i i ~ a l i s exhi l i t a, similar tendency. The deltoidezcs muscle is practically degene- rate in this species. brit fairly coixpicuous i n 12. hrsuiceps.

I , l l i e petrohyoirl iniiscles are present i n normal number, and

r 1 Llie muscles of the cliest are generally feeble i n this species,

'l'kiepuscles of t,he hind-liinb resenible those of Cacopzcs. r i I he ;temporal muscle is compact, more 01- less wedge-shaped,

and, situated iinmedi;ttely behiiid t h e eyes, mises from the lower bortier of the ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ t o - ~ ~ c ~ ~ * i e t n Z s . It receives fibiw from tlie anterior border of t h e a n n t ~ l ~ i ~ s tyntpi i ic im, but none from t h e squainosa1, whose anterior coi-nil is suppressed in this and other Engystoni:ttitl Frogs. N o fibres wise even froin t h e iiiferior COl'll7l of t h e S<l1~anlOsid to be inserted into the tendon of tlie tempor:d muscle, which converges towards t h e colnual process of the mandible.

hyiqiJiatic Spsteiiz. T h e out,stnnrling facts of the lynipha.tic syst'eni of this Frog and

Cnccllws :ire t1i:r.t trte septa1 siiiiises of tlie pectora.1 a.nd 1ster:r.l :;efit,:L aril ~ n I : i , i ~ p l :iritl sep:ir;ite. The tlorsal arid veiitr:rl seyta are coxlesceiit, a i i c l tlie Ititt,er is idiiicst 1atcr:tl iii poait,ioii,

A WEW BATRACIIIAN QEXUS. 597

and therefore s e p r a t e s t h e dorsal and ventral sulxxitaneoiis spnces. On the dorsal aspect t h e inguiiial septum gives off a slip, to which t h e superior xiid intermediate femoral septa me attached. Thus R secontlary sithcutaneous space, very spacious in Cff icops, is prodncetl on t h e doi.snl surface of the root, of tlie tliigli. The lateral septum does not join t h e i n g o i n d as in Ziana, but stops short posteriorly at t h e inguinal level, thus perniittiirg a wide commiinication between the dorsal R I I ~ v e n t ~ i l lymph-spaces.

Tlre decitleiily splierical shape of Cfficops, arid of a similxr teiitlency to obesity on the put of’ the Eirgystoma.tidx in genei.>il, nitist tie due t o these cwses. ‘l’he sut)ciitii.iieoiis lymph in the trin.ngular spnce on tlie tlousnl surface of the root of tlie thigh, and t h e very broid ca,vity i n t h e region cornmiiriic:tting t h e dorsal and veiiti.nl lympl-1-chanil~ers. will cause R general biilgiiig orrt of t h e skin in t.lrese regiotrs, thus producing :i shortness of at’pearniice of tlie thighs, wliich, on exposnre of these cavities, sliow a proportion of par ts common among tlie otlier rel:c.ted b.1 tracliia..

Anteriorly t h e confliience of the cloi.sxl a.nd ventral lymph- c1ra.mbers in tlie snpeiior a.xillnry legion gives rise to a secoritlwy s”a,ce which perh:i.ps represents t h e remnins of tlie lit.trrxl Iyniph- siince, which vent j idly opens by a. l)ro:d sinns into the t,lroi ticic lymph-cavities, :in ;trr:inpenicnt of arrn.toniica.1 p i t s which gives rise t o t h e roiiiitluess of t h e body in tlris region :&o.

l‘he ventral septrini does not extend over tlie arm dorsally as in Kancc.

(4) LTTERATURE. HOULEXQER, G. A.-Fa.nnn Brit. Intl., Bn.tz-acliia. NICHOLLS, G . E.-“ A Kote on tlie Urostyle of t h e Anurous

WIEDEI<SIIEIX, It., aiid PARKER, W. N.-Comp. Anat., Vert.

GADOW, 13.-Camb. Ntlt. Hist.., Arnphibia Rept. 1909. I ~ ~ A S E ~ E N , I).--“ Notes on the Anatonly of ~ ‘ C K O ~ Y L ~ S sysloma.”

P. z. s. 1924. BEDDARD. F. E.--“ On t h e Musculat,nre mid other Points in the

Anatomy of tlie Engptoinat i t l Frog, Hwviceps ‘ ~ e w t ~ c o s i ~ s . ” P. Z . S. 1908.

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