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  • 5/20/2018 Old Celtic Lenguages - Celtic in Northern Italy.pdf

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    David Stifter Old Celtic Languages Spring 2012

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    II. CELTIC IN NORTHERN ITALY: LEPONTIC AND CISALPINE GAULISH

    1. GENERAL INFORMATION

    Ill. 1.1.: Distribution of Lepontic () and CisalpineGaulish () inscriptions (from: RIG II.1, 5; outdated)

    Ill. 1.2.: Places with finds from the Golasecca culture (from: DEMARINIS 1991: 93).

    From Northern Italy, from the Northern Italian lake region and from a wider area north of the RiverPo, stem appr. 350 objects bearing slightly more Celtic inscriptions. These texts are usually ascribed totwo different languages, Lepontic and Cisalpine Gaulish, but there are divergent opinions. For some,all inscriptions belong to a single language with only dialectal/chronological differences. Lepontic isconsidered by some to be only a dialect or chronologically early variant of Gaulish. Here, the main-stream view is followed which distinguishes between two different, albeit (closely?) related languages.Since almost all texts are extremely short and since the languages are so similar, it is often impossibleto make a certain ascription of a given text to a language. As a rule of thumb, those inscriptions found

    in the Alpine valleys within a radius of 50 km around the Swiss town of Lugano are usually consid-ered Lepontic. Celtic inscriptions from outside this area are considered Cisalpine Gaulish.The Lepontians are one of many peoples who in the first millenium B.C. inhabited the valleys of the

    Southern Alps. The Valle Leventinain Cn. Ticino/Tessin (Switzerland) still bears their name. Leponticinscriptions date from the period of ca. the beginning of the 6thc. B.C. until shortly after Christs birth,making Lepontic the oldest attested Celtic language. The Early Lepontic phase coincides with the finaltwo periods of the archaeological Golasecca culture. With the Gaulish invasion in Northern Italy in the5thc. B.C., the La-Tne style arrived in the Lepontic area. It is difficult to say whether this invasionmeant only a cultural or also a linguistic gallicisation of the area. In any case, the so-called CisalpineGaulish inscriptions from Northern Italy are considered to be a consequence of this Gaulish invasion.

    The language is known almost exclusively from the ca. 350 inscriptions found to this day. Onomas-tic material in foreign transmission has been only inscufficiently studied. The inscriptions are written

    in a special alphabet called Lepontic (older: Lugano) alphabet, one of the several variants of the NorthEtruscan script. Texts are found on worked and crude stones and on pottery (vases, urns, often pot-sherds). The script is preponderantly sinistroverse. In most cases the dating depends on the archaeo-

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    logical context. As regards the contents of the texts, tombstones, possessor and producer notes and de-dicatory inscriptions are found. The texts are extremely short. Only few contain more than two words,the longest has seven words. Almost exclusively names are attested, many of these in fragments.

    Golasecca II A beg. 6thc.525Golasecca culture since 9thc.,without break since 12thc.[cont. G I A-C (9th7thc.)Proto-Golasecca (12th10thc.) Canegrate (13th12thc.)

    Early LeponticGolasecca II B 525480/75Golasecca III A 1 480/75450/40

    Golasecca III A 2 450/40400

    Golasecca III A 3 400375

    La Tne A = G III A 23 450375

    Gaul. invasion of Po Valley,ca. 400

    Middle Lepontic,few texts, mostlyfrom Kn. Ticino/Tessin

    La Tne B 1 375end 4thc.

    La Tne B 2 1sthalf of 3rdc.

    La Tne C 1 2ndhalf of 3rdc.

    La Tne C 2 2nd

    c. Roman conquest of CisalpineGauls, 225/191

    Late Leponticmostly south of Kn.Ticino/Tessin

    La Tne D 1 end 2ndc.beg. 1stc.

    La Tne D 2 remainder of 1stc.

    Ill. 1.3.: Lepontic language periods and archaeological periods (after UHLICH1999) .

    Be careful: Much of the information given in this chapter (e.g. illustrations, charts, tables) is takenfrom older publications which are based on obsolete data. It is nevertheless reproduced here since nostudies based on more recent data have been produced yet.

    2. LITERATURE ABOUT LEPONTIC

    LEXLEP David Stifter, Martin Braun, Michela Vignoli et al., Lexicon Leponticum, at: http://www.uni-vie.ac.at/lexlep, 2009.

    2.1. Linguistic surveys, editions, studies:

    UHLICH2007 Jrgen Uhlich, More on the linguistic classification of Lepontic, in: Gaulois et celtique continental.tudes runies par Pierre-Yves Lambert et Georges-Jean Pinault [= cole pratique des hautes tudes.Sciences historiques et philologiques. III. Hautes tudes du monde grco-romain 39], Genve:Librairie Droz S.A. 2007, 373411.

    AGOSTINETTI2004 Paola Piana Agostinetti, Celti dItalia. Tomo I. Archeologia, lingua e scrittura dei Celti dItalia di

    Paolo Piana Agostinetti [= Popoli e Civilt dellItalia Antica 12.I], Roma: Spazio Tre 2004.MORANDI2004 Alessandro Morandi, Celti dItalia. Tomo II. Epigrafia e lingua dei Celti dItalia di Alessandro

    Morandi [= Popoli e Civilt dellItalia Antica 12.II], Roma: Spazio Tre 2004.

    MOTTA2000 Filippo Motta, La documentazione epigrafica e linguistica, in: I Leponti tra mito e realt , raccoltadi saggi in occasione della mostraa cura di Raffaele C. de Marinis e Simonetta Biaggio Simona. Vol.II, Locarno: Gruppo Archeologia Ticino 2000, 181222.

    MEID1999 Wolfgang Meid, Altkeltische Sprachen II,Kratylos44 (1999), 1119.

    UHLICH1999 Jrgen Uhlich, Zur sprachlichen Einordnung des Lepontischen, in:Akten des zweiten deutschen Kel-tologensymposiums (Bonn, 2.4. April 1997).Herausgegeben von Stefan Zimmer, Rolf Kdderitzschund Arndt Wigger, Tbingen: Niemeyer 1999, 277304 [repr. as: 62. On the linguistic classificationof Lepontic, in: The Celtic World. Critical Concepts in Historical Studies. Edited by Raimund Karl

    and David Stifter. Volume IV. Celtic Linguistics, LondonNew York: Routledge 2007, 4573].ESKA1998 Joseph F. Eska, The linguistic position of Lepontic, in: Proceedings of the 24thAnnual Meeting of

    the Berkeley Linguistic Society. Vol. 2. Special session on Indo-European subgrouping and internal

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    relations (February 14, 1998). Ed. B. K. Bergin, M. C. Plauch, and A. C. Bailey, Berkeley: BerkeleyLinguistics Society 1998, 211.

    TIBILETTI BRUNO1997 Maria Grazia Tibiletti Bruno, A proposito di una nuova iscrizione in grafia leponzia (et repetitaiuvant), in: Scrbthair a ainm n-ogaim. Scritti in Memoria de Enrico Campanilea cura di RiccardoAmbrosini, Maria Patrizia Bologna, Filippo Motta, Chatia Orlandi. 2 voll., Pisa: Pacini Editore 1997,10031022.

    SOLINAS1995 Patrizia Solinas, Il celtico in Italia, Studi Etruschi60 (1995), 311408.

    ESKA &EVANS1993 Joseph F. Eska and D. Ellis Evans, Continental Celtic, in: The Celtic Languages, edited by Martin J.Ball with James Fife, LondonNew York: Routledge 1993, 4346.

    SOLINAS1992/3 Patrizia Solinas, Il leponzio. Da Biondello e Mommsen ai nostri giorni, in: Atti dellIstituto Venetodi Scienze, Lettere ed Arti151 (1992/3), 12371335.

    TIBILETTI BRUNO1981 Maria Grazia Tibiletti Bruno, Le iscrizioni celtiche dItalia, in: I Celti dItalia. A cura di EnricoCampanile, Pisa: Giardini 1981, 157207.

    LEJEUNE1971 Michel Lejeune,Lepontica, Paris: Les belles lettres 1971 [= C12 (196871), 337500].

    KRAHE1936 Hans Krahe, Ligurisch und Indogermanisch, in: Germanen und Indogermanen.Festschrift fr Her-mann Hirt,bd. II, hrsg. H. Arntz, Heidelberg: Winter 1936, 241255.

    RHS1913 Sir John Rhs, The Celtic inscriptions of Cisalpine Gaul, Proceedings of the British Academy 6(1913) [repr. in: Celtic Inscriptions, Osnabrck: Biblio Verlag 1977].

    CIL V Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, Pars V: Gallia Cisalpina, Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften.

    UNTERMANN1959 Jrgen Untermann, Namenlandschaften im alten Oberitalien, Beitrge zur Namenforschung 10(1959), 74108, 121159.

    UNTERMANN1960 Jrgen Untermann, Namenlandschaften im alten Oberitalien (Fortsetzung), Beitrge zur Namen-forschung11 (1960), 273318.

    UNTERMANN1961 Jrgen Untermann, Namenlandschaften im alten Oberitalien (Fortsetzung), Beitrge zur Namen-forschung12 (1961), 130.

    2.2. Historical, archaeological:

    ARSLAN2001 Ermanno Arslan, Leponti tra mito e realt. Atti del convegno Locarno-Verbania 9/11 Novembre2000, CD-ROM, Comune di Verbania 2001.

    CANEVASCINI2001 Simona Canecascini et al.,Die Lepontier. Grabschtze eines mythischen Alpenvolkes zwischen Keltenund Etruskern, Zrich: Schweizerisches Landesmuseum 2001.

    DE MARINIS &BIAGGIO SIMONA2000 Raffaele de Marinis e Simonetta Biaggio Simona,I Leponti tra mito e realt. 2 Vols.,Locarno: Gruppo Archeologia Ticino 2000.

    FREY1995 Otto Hermann Frey, The Celts in Italy, in: The Celtic World. Ed. Miranda Jane Green, London New York: Routledge 1995, 515532.

    DE MARINIS1991 Raffaele de Marinis, I Celti golasecchiani, in: I Celti. Direzione scientifica Sabatino Moscati et al.,Milano: Bompiani 1991, 93102 [also English].

    DE MARINIS1988 Raffaele de Marinis, Liguri e Celto-Liguri. I. La cultura di Golasecca: Insubri, Orobi e Leponzi, in:Italia omnium terrarum alumna. Ed. A. M. Chieco Bianchi et al., Milano: Libri Scheiwiller 1988,159247.

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    3. THE LEPONTIC (LUGANO)ALPHABET

    Ill. 3.1.: The distribution of variants ofthe North Etruscan (North Italian)alphabets (from LEJEUNE1971: 365).

    Note: The language of Sondrio is nowcalled Camunian, that of Magr andBolzano Raetic, that of Este Venetic,

    and that of Lugano Lepontic.

    Ill. 3.2.: The Lepontic (older: Lugano) alphabet (left column: 6th5thc.;right: column 3rd2ndc. B.C.; from DE MARINIS1991: 94). See also:http://www.obib.de/Schriften/AlteSchriften/alte_schriften. php?ita-lisch/lepontisch.html~Text

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    4. THE LINGUISTIC POSITION OF LEPONTIC

    4.1.LEPONTIC =AN INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE

    sg. -decl. o-decl. n-decl.

    nom. -a< *-eh2 -os< *-os -u< *-(n)

    gen. -i[-oiso< *-os o]

    dat. -ai< *-eh2e -ui< *- -onei[-oni] < *-one

    acc. -am< *-eh2m -om< *-om

    Ill. 4.1.: IE morphological traits in Lepontic (after KRAHE1936: 243)

    4.2.LEPONTICA CELTIC LANGUAGE

    Lepontic shares isoglosses (i.e. sound changes) with other Celtic languages (after KRAHE 1936:244247; LEJEUNE1971: 472477).

    1. PIE *-(C)#> -(C)#: nom. sg. -u, dat. sg. -ui2. PIE *g> b: *g i(h3) o->piuo-( biu o-/) living3. PIE *p> (>) 0: *up mo-> uvamo-highest4. PIE *> : *sd->sit-( sd-/) to sit5. PIE *st> ts: *ghostis> -kozisguest, *istos> ios6. lexicon: * indo-white in alkouinos(cp. Gaul.Alcouindo)7. PIE *i> *e: *-onibhos> -onepos(but not general in Celtic!)

    4.3.LEPONTIC:ASEPARATE CELTIC LANGUAGE OR AN ARCHAIC GAULISH DIALECT?

    4.3.1. Lepontic Transalpine Gaulish (after LEJEUNE1971)

    1. *nd> nn: * indos> -uinos(vs. Gaul. uindo-, ambi-, cingo-) (only graphic?)2. *NT > NT: * g i(h3) o-nt- > piuot, piuotialui (vs. Gaul. canto-, tanco-) (only graphic? (cp.

    piuonta!))3. * > en(?): *sds>site?, *dgh eh2> -teguaios(vs. Gaul. > an: ande-, brigant-)4. *s>s(s):sasamos, esopnio(vs. Gaul. Sax(s)amus, Ex(s)obno-) (only graphic?)5. *ad-s- (?): akoneti, amina (vs. Gaul. Adgonna, Adgonetius, Adminio) (unlikely: probably

    represents /d/)

    6. word formation: patronymics in -al(o/a)-(vs. Gaul. patronymics in -ikno/a-)

    4.3.2. Lepontic compared to Cisalpine Gaulish

    a. common features ( Transalpine Gaulish) (after UHLICH1999 and 2007):1. *nd> nn: *ande-> -ane-, *and(e)-are-> an-are-, ?*and-o-kom-> ano-ko-(but see above!)2. *NT > NT: *kom-bog(i) os > -ko-pokios, Quintus kuitos, *arganto- > arkato-, *longam >

    lokan(but see above!)3. *s>s(s): *egs-> *es-> es-in es-anekoti, es-opnos(but see above!)

    b. differences between Cisalpine Gaulish and Lepontic:1. *-m# > -n#: teuotonion, lokanvs. Lep.pruiam,palam, uinom natom(but also Cis-Gaul. atom)

    2. word formation: ending of 3. sg./pl. preterite in -u, cp. karnitu(s) (Gaul. karnitou), vs. Lep.karite, kalite

    3. patronymics in -ikno/a-vs. Lep. -alo-, -ala-, -al (but also mixed in Late (?) Lepontic)

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    5. LEPONTIC INSCRIPTIONS

    left: Ill. 5.3-4.: inscription from Davesco (TI36.1, 2)(photo from: MOTTA2000: 201)

    Ill. 5.2.: inscription from Vergiate (VA6); from:Alessandro Morandi,Epigrafia Italica, Roma:Bretschneider 1982, 190

    right:

    slaniai;

    uerkalai:pala

    le

    ft:

    tisiui;

    piuotialui;

    pala

    right: Ill. 5.4.: drawing of the inscription from Davesco A(TI36.1, 2); source unknown (EICHNERSS 1999)

    transcription:pelkui ;pruiam ;teu ;karite ;io (;ka)ite ;pala

    Ill. 5.1.: the oldest Lepontic inscription (ca. 575 BC) from Castelletto Ticino (NO1), containing the name cosioiso(from: F. M. Gambari, G. Colonna, Il bicchiere con iscrizione arcaica da Castelletto Ticino e ladozione dellascrittura nellItalia nord-occidentale, Studi Etruschi54 (1986), 130).

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    transcription: uvamokozis ;plialeu ;uvltiauiopos ;ariuonepos ;site ;tetu

    transcription: latumarui ;sapsutai : pe uinom ;natom (not: naom!)

    left: Ill. 5.5.: inscription from Prestino (CO48; from: AlessandroMorandi,Epigrafia Italica, Roma: Bretschneider 1982, 188)

    above: Ill. 5.6.: inscription from Ornavasso (VB3.1) (from: Michel

    Lejeune, Le vase de Latumaros,Latomus46 (1987), 498)

    right: Ill. 5.7.:sekezos, inscription from Prestino(Como; CO57) (from: MOTTA2000: 207)

    Ill. 5.10.:z v ooris(Casate, CO62)

    Ill. 5.9.:]tioiso [? (Rondineto, CO11)

    Ill. 5.8.:]miu[or ]ti[? (Casate, CO51)

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    6. DATED LEPONTIC TEXTS

    From UHLICH 1999, using his readings; datings based on information in SOLINAS 1995 (unreli-able!). Key: inscriptions are basically sinistroverse, unless marked dextroverse; G Golasecca,LT = La Tne; letters with underdots are uncertain.

    6.1. Early Lepontic (6thbeg. 4thc., Golasecca IIIII A, pre-Gaulish period)1.osioiso, Castelletto Ticino (Varese), G II A, 2ndquarter 6thc., NO12. uvamokozis :plialeu : uvltiauiopos : ariuonepos : site : tetu, Prestino (Como), 6thor beg. 5thc.,

    CO483.pelkui ;pruiam ;teu ;karite ;ios ;kalite ;pala, Vergiate (Varese), G II, beg. 5thc., VA64. kuaoni : pala : te/ialui, Mezzovico (Ticino), G III A, TI27.15. takos, Brescia, 5thc. (?), BS56.piuot, Parre (Bergamo), 5thc., BG187. alios, Civiglio (Como), G III A 1, CO738.plioiso, Rondineto (Como), G III A 12, CO69.plioiso, S. Fermo della Battaglia (Como), G III A 12, CO72

    10.]nialui : pala, Banco (Ticino), G III A, TI3311. [ ]ni(?) : metalui pal[a], Davesco B (Ticino), G III A , TI36.312. a/ui : pala, Tesserete Aa (Ticino), G III A, TI34.113. teromui : kualui, Vira Gambarogna (Ticino), G III A, TI2614. kiraki /?ka? [], Casate (Como), G III A?, CO64

    furthermore (summarily):15. (G II, 6thc.)a; e;pa? a? [],u/t; ie? [];p16. (G III A, ca. 5thc.) ]ume[?; [---]oi[o]; -]iso; aev;

    [---?]nri;pe;sapst[? [];pok ru;prn17. (5th4thc.?)]tioiso[;]ek[];]ias[; ev[; as[?;pe[;

    evor ea[];]- : sulokei[?;]akur[;]ouki[; ?]kl[; tr-[;s[;]a[; a-[[]; nap[ / ot-[;]rkimu[; /;]ais[;]rpia[?];?]lu[?;peaoder vea;st[; ?]paei- /a[; ?]u oder ?]u; al

    6.2. Middle Lepontic (beg. 4th3rdc., La Tne B 1/2C 1, Gaulish period)

    18.slaniai : uerkalai : pala / tisiui : puotialui : pala, Davesco A (Ticino), LT B/C, TI36.1, .219.setupokios, Solduno (Ticino), 3rdc., TI2320. anteilu, Solduno (Ticino), 3rdc., TI2521. A: iakir; B: koi, Giubasco (Ticino), LT B 1, TI1822.plai[-]p, Giubasco (Ticino), LT C 1, TI14? 23. anarekartos, coin A 2, at latest 3rdc., NM2

    ? 24.seeu, coin A 6, at latest 3rd

    c., NM6

    6.3. Middle until/or Late Lepontic (La Tne B/C)

    25. A: ]aniui : p[ / ]kionei : p[ / .o[; B: ]mationa[?; C: ]soni : la[; D: ]ala[, Aranno(Ticino), TI29

    26. minuku : komoneos, San Pietro di Stabio (Ticino), TI4227.]rkomui : pala, Tesserete B (Ticino), TI34.228.sunalei : mako[, Viganello (Ticino), TI37

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    6.4. Selection from Late Lepontic (2.1. jh. La Tne C 2D 1/2, Roman period)

    29.asamos, Ornavasso (Novara), beg. 2ndc.1stquarter 1stc., VB130. oletu amailu, Ornavasso (Novara), beg. 2ndc.1stquarter 1stc., VB231. latumarui ;sapsutai : pe uinom ;naom[recte: natom] Ornavasso, LT D, VB3.1

    32. ualaunal / raneni[], Mesocco (Ticino), LT D 1, GR133. alkouinos / akoneti[], San Pietro di Stabio (Ticino), LT D 1, TI4134. tunal / koimila, Levo (Novara), 1stc., VB2635. namu / esopnio[], Levo (Novara), 1stc., VB2836.piuonta,Coccaglio (Brescia), LT D 2 (?), BS1

    7.5. undated, e.g.:

    37. metelui : maeilalui : uenia : metelikna : amina : krasanikna[], Carcegna (Novara), NO1838.]ones : m[ / ]na / [ ], San Ferma della Battaglia (Como), CO71

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    7. CISALPINE GAULISH

    The Cisalpine Gaulish inscriptions are frequently combined with the Lepontic inscriptions underthe term Celtic language remains in Italy (see above point 2.for some of the literature). As the name

    reveals, linguistically these texts seem to go together with the Gaulish language known from Trans-alpine Gaul. While it is possible that the Lepontians were autochthonous to northern Italy since theend of the 2ndmill. B.C., it is well-known that the Gauls invaded the regions north of the river Po in se-veral waves since the 5th c. B.C. They apparently took over the art of writing from the Lepontians,including some of the orthographic peculiarities. In the handbooks on Gaulish, only about half a dozenCisalpine Gaulish inscriptions are mentioned, three of which are longerthan just one or two words.In fact, however, the number must be vastly higher, even though the vast majority of the material con-tains only fragmentary forms. The inscriptions basically stem from the area south of the Lepontians.The bilingual inscription from Todi/Umbria is an exception and must be due to an emigrant.

    8. LITERATURE ABOUT CISALPINE GAULISH

    LAMBERT2003 Pierre-Yves Lambert, Chapitre VI. pigraphie gallo-trusque, in:La langue gauloise, Paris: Errance2003, 7381.

    MEID1992 Wolfgang Meid, Gaulish Inscriptions. Their interpretation in the light of archaeological evidence andtheir value as a source of linguistic and sociological information[= Archaeolingua. Series Minor 1],Budapest: Archaeolingua 1992.

    RIGII.1 Michel Lejeune, Recueil des inscriptions gauloises (R.I.G.) sous la direction de Paul-Marie Duval.Volume IIfascicule 1. Textes gallo-trusques. Textes gallo-latins sur pierre , Paris: ditions du Cen-tre National de la Recherche Scientifique 1988, 154.

    9. CISALPINE GAULISH INSCRIPTIONS

    Ill. 9.1.: The bilingual text from Todi (Umbria),face A (PG1.12, from: MEID1992: 14).

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    Ill. 9.3.: The bilingual text from Todi (Umbria),face B (PG1.34; from: MEID1992: 15).

    Ill. 9.2.: Drawing and transcription of the bilingual text from Todi, face A (PG1.1-2; from: RIG II.1, 4551).

    Ill. 9.4.: Drawing and transcription of the bilingual text from Todi, face B (PG1.34; from: RIG II.1, 4551).

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    Ill. 9.6.: The inscription from Briona (NO21; from: RIG II.1, 15).

    Ill. 9.5.: drawing and transcription of the bilingual text from Vercelli (VC112;from: RIG II.1, 2937).

    transcription:

    left: takos toutas[]

    right top:]n[]k[]tesasopoka

    main text:tanotaliknoikuitoslekatosanokopokios

    setupokiosesanekotianareuieostanotaloskarnitus

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    transcription:a) meiolano

    b) miliariosc) ultllor lutuud) [p?]ossito [?]iue) oieipluor oiespluf)urog) u[r?]ii[?]rkiu kuor u[r?]I.[?]rkiu kuh) [ ]rkiu

    Ill. 10.7.: the mural graffiti from Milan (MI10; from: Maria Grazia Tibiletti

    Bruno, Nuove iscrizioni epicoriche a Milano, in: Scritti in ricordo di Graziellaassari Gaballo e di Umberto Tocchetti Pollini, Milano 1986, 100)

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    10. ITALO-CELTIC ONOMASTIC FORMULAS

    Isolated individual names reveal nothing about onomastic formulas, since we may be looking at in-formal short names. The typical basic structure of the Lepontic and Cisalpine Gaulish onomasticformulas is individual name + patronymic. The name of the father can be expressed in various ways.A development in the expression of the patronymics can be observed, probably under influence from

    Gaulish. It must be kept in mind, however, that the linguistic ascription of many of these texts isuncertain. The patronymic suffix in -alis probably a loan from Etruscan.

    individual name alone:Early Lep.: e.g.osioiso,plioiso, takos, pelkuiMiddle Lep.: e.g.setupokios, anteilu, seeu, anarekartosLate Lep.: e.g.sasamos, latumarui,sapsutai, piuonta

    individual name + patronymic in -al-:Early Lep.: kuaoni te/ialui, teromui kualuiMiddle Lep.:slaniai uerkalai, tisiui piuotialui

    Late Lep.: metelui maeilalui, kiketu talosunclear dating:piuonei tekialui

    individual name + further element (?):Early Lep.: uvamokozis plialeuLate Lep.: akonetio pianu

    individual name + patronymic in -i o-?:Middle Lep.: minuku komoneosLate Lep.: namu esopnio, komoneos uarsileos

    individual name + name of father in genitiv:

    Late Lep.: ualaunal raneni, alkouinos akoneti, atekua aouni

    individual name + patronymic in -il-?:Late Lep.: oletu amailu,tunal koimila

    individual name + patronymic in -ikno-:Late Lep.: uenia metelikna, amina krasanikna

    Cisalpine Gaulish:

    individual name + name of father in genitiv:esopnos kepi, esanekoti anareuieostanotalos(two individual names + preposed patronymic!)

    individual name + patronymic in -ikno-:sola nimonikna, tanotaliknoi, ateknati trutikni, koisis trutiknos

    individual name + further element:akisios arkatokomaterekos