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Inflation 1983-2001 (Monthly Broad National Consumer Price Index - IPCA )
14%
20%
37%
82%
21%
26%
47%
10%
Jun-
83
Jun-
84
Jun-
85
Jun-
86
Jun-
87
Jun-
88
Jun-
89
Jun-
90
Jun-
91
Jun-
92
Jun-
93
Jun-
94
Jun-
95
Jun-
96
Jun-
97
Jun-
98
Jun-
99
Jun-
00
Jun-
01
Source: IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics)
Inflation 1994-2001 (Monthly Broad National Consumer Price Index - IPCA)
1.6%1.2%
6.8%
1.3%1.6%
1.1%
2.7%
Jul-
94
Oct
-94
Jan-
95
Apr
-95
Jul-
95
Oct
-95
Jan-
96
Apr
-96
Jul-
96
Oct
-96
Jan-
97
Apr
-97
Jul-
97
Oct
-97
Jan-
98
Apr
-98
Jul-
98
Oct
-98
Jan-
99
Apr
-99
Jul-
99
Oct
-99
Jan-
00
Apr
-00
Jul-
00
Oct
-00
Jan-
01
Apr
-01
Jul-
01
Oct
-01
Source: IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics)
Household Income per capita (R$ for 1999)
211
269
245
307
1981-84 1985-89 1990-94* 1995-00
Source: IPEA (Institute of Applied Economic Research) on the basis of PNAD (National Sample Household Survey)
Employment average monthly yield (R$ for December 2001)
674
610
680
723
800
858876 872
824 819
788
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Source: IPEA (Institute of Applied Economic Research) on the basis of PNAD (National Sample Household Survey)
Minimum salary/basic basket ratio
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
Jun-
94
Jun-
95
Jun-
96
Jun-
97
Jun-
98
Jun-
99
Jun-
00
Jun-
01Source: DIEESE (Inter-Trade Union Department of Statistics and Socio-economic Studies)
Minimum salary (annual averages, deflated by Consumer Price Index - FIPE,Economic Research Institute, in R$ for April 2000)
160.79
117.33
170.48
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1940
1942
1944
1946
1948
1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
Source: IPEA (Institute of Applied Economic Research), Discussion papers n. 839. Miguel N. Foguel, Lauro Ramos and Francisco Carneiro. Updated to include 2001.
Population below the poverty line (millions)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Source: IPEA (Institute of Applied Economic Research) on the basis of PNAD. 1991, 1994 and 2000, estimate DISOC/IPEA
Poor Destitute
Share of the population below the poverty line (%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Source: IPEA (Institute of Applied Economic Research) on the basis of PNAD. 1991, 1994 and 2000: estimate DISOC/IPEA
Poor Destitute
Food production (growth1994-2000)
Fisheries 5%Beef 35%Poltry 86%Pork 57%Cheese 41%Beer 75%Soft drinks 106%Yogurt 82%Cookies 51%
Source: ABIA
Consumption of Portland cement (millions of tons)
27
2425 25
28
35
38
40 4039
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Source: Sinduscon (S. Paulo State Civil Construction Trade Union)
Availability of household goods
18%
12%
24%
74%
72%
85%
95%
38%
20%
33%
88%
83%
90%
97%
Telephone
Freezer
Washing machine
Television
Fridge
Radio
Cooker
Source: IPEA (Institute of Applied Economic Research), PNAD
1992 1999
Schooling services by age group
65%
89%92%
97%
95%
89%85%
69%
78%
59%
66%
48%
33%
27%22%
20%
19
80
19
81
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
Source: INEP (National Review of Secondary Education)
7 to 10 11 to 14 15 to 17 18 to 24
Net Educational Services
65%
78%82%
89%
30%
44%
61%
50%
14%19%
34%
23%
6% 5% 6% 8%
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Source: INEP (National Review of Secondary Education)
1st to 4th grade 5th to 8th grade Secondary School Higher Education
Illiteracy
16% 16%13%11%
20%
17%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Source: IPEA (Institute of Applied Economic Research) on the basis of PNAD
15 year olds + 10 to 14 year olds
Schooling services for 7 to 14 year olds by fifth of income
93%
75%
83%
94%
87%
97%
93%
97%99%
1992 1999
Source INEP (National Review of Secondary Education)
1st fifth 2nd fifth 3rd fifth 4th fifth 5th fifth
Schooling services for 7 to14 year olds by race
99%98%
97%
91%
95%
83%
93%
79%
87%
77%
1992 1999
Source: INEP (National Review of Secondary Education)
Yellow White Dusky Black Indigenous
Schooling services for 7 to 14 years olds of the first fifth of income by region
94%
82%
79%
93%
83%
78%
92%
71%
1992 1999
Source INEP (National Reviwe of Secondary Education). (*) Excluding the rural population.
Southeast Sourth Centre-West Northeast North*
Infant mortality (per thousand babies born alive)
41
60
52
33
24 20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Source: IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics)
Brazil Northeast North Southeast Centre-West South
AIDS mortality (deaths per 100,000 inhabitants)
4.49
3.13
1.67
6.99
5.10
6.20
7.09
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1994
1995
Source: Ministry for Health
Deaths by external causes (thousands)
115
60
75
90
105
120
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
*200
0
Source:
Life expectancy at birth (years)
67.2
66.3
68.6
62.0
64.2
63.1
65.8
57.9
69.8
69.1
71.0
65.1
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Source: IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics)
Brazil North Northeast Sourtheast South Centre-West
Human Development Index (HDI)
0.676
0.690
0.710
0.734
0.750
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Source: UNDP
Gross Domestic Product Variation
-0.5%
1.4%
-0.14%
2.6%
1.9%
3.3%
3.1%
3.0%
GDP per capita
GDP
Industry
Farming and Cattle-Raising
Source: PNAD
81-92 93-00
Grain production (millions of tons)
59
69 69
77
82
74
7877
82 83
98101
1990
/91
1991
/92
1992
/93
1993
/94
1994
/95
1995
/96
1996
/97
1997
/98
1998
/99
1999
/00
2000
/01
2001
/02
Source: IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), CONAB (National Victual Company). 2001/2002 estimate
Meat production (millions of tons)
9.2
9.8
11.2
11.8 11.912.3
13.6
14.5
15.5
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Source: CONAB (National Victual Company)
Colour TVs production (millions)
2.4 2.3
3.4
5.0
6.1
8.5
7.8
5.8
4.0
5.3
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Source: ABINEE (Brazilian Electric and Electronic Industry Association) and ELETROS
Vehicle production (millions)
1.0
1.1
1.4
1.61.6
1.8
2.1
1.6
1.4
1.7
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Source: ANFAVEA (National Association of Vehicle Manufacture)
Foreign Tourists arrivals (millions)
1.92.0
2.72.8
4.8
5.15.3
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Source: Embratur (Brazilian Tourist Office)
Domestic Flight Passengers (millions)
13.2
16.8
19.5
21.3
26.5 26.7
28.5
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Source: Embratur (Brazilian Tourist Office)
Investiments (average annual variation)
3.5%
2.9%
4.5%
-0.5%
-0.7%
0.0%
Gross formation of fixedcapital
Civil Construction
Machiney and equipment
Source: IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), National Accounts
Average 94-00 Average 91-93
Importations/Consumption of Machinery and equipment
21%
25% 24% 25%
31%
35%
41% 41%
46%
43%
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
*200
0Source: IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), National Accounts
Investment in industry (1991=1 index)
1.00.9
1.0
1.3
1.6
1.8
2.4
2.2
1.92.0
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Source: IPEA (Institute of Applied Economic Research)
_
Direct Inward Investment (US$ billions)
8.1
13.7
22.719.8
26.1
21.6
6.72.6
5.2 6.18.8
1.1
1.12.1 1.3 2.1
4.4
10.8
19.0
28.9 28.6
32.8
22.6
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
*
Source: Central Bank of Brazil. (*) Jan./nov.
Privatisation The Rest
Brazilian participation in the world direct investment flow
0.6%
1.0%
0.5%
0.8%
1.3%
2.8%
4.0%4.2%
2.7% 2.6%
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Source: UNCTAD
Foreign Trade (US$ billions)
15
35
55
75
95
115
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Source: SECEX (Foreign Trade Secretariat)/MDIC (Ministry for Development, Industry and Foreign Trade)
Total Flow Exports Imports
Importation by modality (US$ billions)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Source: SECEX (Foreign Trade Secretariat)/MDIC (Ministry for Development, Industry and Foreign Trade)
Intermediary goods Capital goods Consumer goods Fuel
Exports by class of product (US$ millions)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Source: SECEX (Foreign Trade Secretariat)/MDIC (Ministry for Development, Industry and Foreign Trade)
Manufactured Basic Semi-manufactured
Export by intensity factor
245
190
170
142
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Source: Roberto Iglesias, Brazilian Magazine of Foreign Trade, FUNCEX (Foundation-Centre of Foreign Trade) n. 67, june 2001
Technology Manpower Natural resources Capital
Employment productivity in the economy (annual variables)
-0.4%
-1.2%
2.6%2.2%
0.4%
5.2%
2.4%2.2% 2.3%
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Source: IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), National Accounts. Prepared by IBQP-PR (Brazilian Institute For Quality and Productivity - Parana State)
Grain Productivity (1980/81=100 index)
100
120
140
160
180
200
1990
/91
1991
/92
1992
/93
1993
/94
1994
/95
1995
/96
1996
/97
1997
/98
1998
/99
1999
/00
2000
/01
Source: SPE (Economic Policy Secretariat)/Ministry of Finance based on the CONAB data
Physical productivity of employment in industry (1991=100 index)
131
203
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Source: IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), Monthly Industrial Survey, Physical Production
ISO 9000 Certificate Issues
18
17
61
129
370
353
636
892
1236
1573
1302
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000*
Source: ABNT (Brazilian Association of Technical Standards)/Inmetro
Population in employment in the metropolitan regions (millions)
15.1 15.015.2
15.516.0
16.3 16.4 16.3 16.4
17.1 17.2
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
*
Source: IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), Monthly Employment Survey
Unemployment rates in the metropolitan regions
4.8%
5.7%
5.3%5.1%
4.6%
5.4%5.7%
7.6% 7.6%
7.1%
6.2%
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
*
Source: IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), Monthly Employment Survey
Employment schooling degrees in the metropolitan regions (% of total)
23%
39%
26%26%
33%
21%
19%
14%
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Source: IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), Monthly Employment Survey
0-4 5-8 9-11 >=12
Internet users in Brazil (millions)
0
3
6
9
12
Jan-
96
May
-96
Sep
-96
Jan-
97
May
-97
Sep
-97
Jan-
98
May
-98
Sep
-98
Jan-
99
May
-99
Sep
-99
Jan-
00
May
-00
Sep
-00
Jan-
01
May
-01
Sep
-01
Source: various surveys. Prepared by www.e-commerce.org.br
Enrolments in Higher Education
584 690833
934971
1,5451,5191,661
2,378
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Source: INEP (National Review of Secondary Education)
State Private
Average annual growth in higher education enrolments
1.1%1.8%
7.4%
1.9%
3.4%3.8%
0.6% 0.8%
9.7%
1980/89 1989/94 1994/99
Fonte: INEP
Total State Private
Brazilian articles in scientific journals
3.9
4.6 4.54.8
5.56.1
6.7
7.9
8.99.5
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Source: Statistics and Indicators Co-ordinating Body/Ministry for Science and Technology on the basis of data of the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), National Science Indicators
Federal expenditure in social programs (% of GDP)
11.1%
11.9%
12.4%
11.3%
9.3%
11.2%
9.7%
10.7%
12.3%
13.1%13.3%
13.9%14.2%14.1%14.0%
11.4%11.3%
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Source: 1980-89: IPEA/DISOC. Fabrício Oliveira, Discussion papers n. 649, 1999.Data for 1990-92 unavailable. 1993-99: IPEA/DISOC, based on the monthly data of SIAFI/SIDOR.
Federal expenditure in social programs (R$ billion December 1999)
93.3
98.6
120.0
124.6
132.1
137.6 137.5
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Source: IPEA / DISOC, based on the monthly data provided by SIAFI / SIDOR
Federal expenditure in social programs(R$ billion June 2001)
31
81
107108
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Source: SPE/MF. Deflator: IPCA
Federal expenditure on social programs by budget area, not including salaries (anual averages in R$ billion for June 2001)
Social Security Health Care Education Labour benefits
Housing and Urban
Development
Total expenditure on social programs
Total federal expenditure
1990-1994 28.4 7.1 4.3 4.5 0.1 44.5 72.4
1995-1999 62.6 15.6 9.0 5.8 0.4 93.4 139.6
Growth + 120% + 118% + 112% + 28% + 208% + 110% + 93%
Source: Finance Ministry