ofa evoc nfpa 1002

Emergency Vehicle Operators CourseFire Apparatus

Part 1The Ohio Fire Academy

and McNeil and Company

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Instructor Information

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Emergency Vehicle OperationsCourse Administration

ExitsRestroomsRegistrationSmoking PolicyBreaksPagers & Cell Phones

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Fire School

Response Safety

Course Goal

For the firefighter/apparatus

operator and crew to be alive on arrival and return from a call.

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Firehouse.com• The Fire Chief of the Glencoe Fire Department remains in critical condition

this evening at University Hospital. Firefighters say Robert 'Bud' Webster was driving one of the department's fire trucks Tuesday when the storms rolled through our area. Police say Chief Webster lost control of the truck on Kentucky 16 in Gallatin County. The vehicle rolled and pinned him underneath. Local 12's Rich Jaffe says the accident is hitting hard in a tiny rural community.

• Glencoe's Assistant Fire Chief Bud Webster was taking inventory Wednesday on the department's damaged fire truck, but his mind was really on other things. His father, Chief Bud Webster, was driving the truck Tuesday, on his way to an accident, when the truck went out of control and rolled twice. Webster was ejected and pinned by the truck.

• "Bud" Webster Jr, Assistant Fire Chief: "Once you leave the roadway in a fire truck, it never usually turns out good

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We Can Pray For Safety

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Response Safety

National Fallen Firefighters MemorialEmmitsburg, Maryland

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Why is Safety Important?

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Emergency Vehicle Operations

This course is designed to help a department meet the NFPA Standards dealing with apparatus response including NFPA 1002, NFPA 1451 and NFPA1500

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Emergency Vehicle OperationsObjectives

The EVO will be able to describe and list the causes of Emergency vehicle accidents.

The EVO will be able to list and describe the appropriate sections of the State Vehicle & Traffic law as it applies to emergency operation

The EVO will be able to define True Emergency, Specific Exemptions, Emergency Mode & Due regard

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Objectives The EVO will be able to describe the elements of an

apparatus operator training program.

The EVO will be able to list and describe typical problems encountered during highway travel and emergency response.

The EVO will understand the concept of RISK Management and be able to apply it to emergency vehicle training & operations.

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Emergency Vehicle OperationsObjectives

The EVO will understand the importance of Training Standards & SOP’s/SOG’s.

The EVO will understand the importance of vehicle maintenance, inspection & records.

The EVO will be able to list the physical forces effecting vehicle operation and their relationship to vehicle speed and size.

The EVO will list three defensive actions or accident avoidance techniques.

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Most Problems are Avoidable

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Some are Very Expensive

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Risk Management

• Taking appropriate precautions before embarking on potentially hazardous assignments

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Risk Management

• The goal is to accurately and prospectively identify potential hazards,

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Risk Management

• The goal is to accurately and prospectively identify potential hazards, prior to their occurrence,

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Risk Management

• The goal is to accurately and prospectively identify potential hazards, prior to their occurrence, and then put reasonable and cost-effective, proactive measures into place.

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Risk Management

• The goal is to accurately and prospectively identify potential hazards, prior to their occurrence, and then put reasonable and cost-effective, proactive measures into place to prevent the hazard from becoming actual occurrences.

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Risk ManagementBasic Principles

• Identify the hazards or potential hazards which face an organization

• Determine means of reducing the identified exposure to risk

• Implement measures for reduction of exposures to risk

• Monitor the effectiveness of the reduction measures and change as necessary.

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Risk Management• Gordon Graham• “There are no new ways to get in trouble”

Zeller 1940’s• “If we study the past we can predict the

future”• “Predictable is Preventable”• “Take the time to be safe”• “Whatever you do…..do it right”

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Prioritizing Risk

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Frequency

R

I

S

K

SEVERITY

Low Risk

Low Frequency

High Risk

High Frequency

Low Risk

High Frequency

High RiskLow Frequency

NDT

DT

Risk ManagementStudent Activity Intro-1

• Group 1 – Intersection Collisions• Group 2 – Rollovers• Group 3 – Personal Vehicle Accidents• Group 4 - Falling or Thrown From Vehicle• Group 5 – Backing Accidents• Group 6 – Rear ending other vehicle

Striking Fixed Objects

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Student Activity Intro-1• 1-List your groups hazard and describe the

task that is occurring.• 2-Determine means of reducing hazard• 3-Procedure for Implementing plan• 4-What will it cost?• 5-How will it be monitored?• 6-What level of success do you expect? • 7- What is the priority?

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Reducing Risks

• Slow Down• Stop at stop signs and red lights• Wear seatbelts• Train drivers on POV response• Train on following distance• Understand vehicle dynamics• Follow SOP’s, State Laws, National Standards

Will we get the Message in Time?

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Emergency Vehicle OperationsUnit I

It Can’t Happen Here…..Can It?

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Unit 1Objective: The apparatus

operator will be able to describe and list the causes of emergency vehicle accidents.

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Total LODD vs. Responding/Returning

020406080

100120140

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Total LODD

LODD inVehicles

Source: Firefighter Fatalities in the United States in 2007, FEMA/USFA, dated June 2008

Why 25% per Year?

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Emergency Vehicle OperationsHighlights from 2007

Two (2) firefighters were killed in falls from fire department vehicles.

Sixteen (16) of the 27 LODD in vehicle accidents were volunteers .

Eleven (11) deaths involved the crash of the firefighter's personal vehicle

Eleven (11) deaths, NO seatbelts in use (others undetermined)

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Emergency Vehicle OperationsIntersection Accident Details

Type of Response Warning Devices Percent Emergency Lights/Siren 68 % Emergency Lights Only 8 % Emergency Neither 2 % Emergency Unknown 1 %

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Causes of Accidents

Improper BackingAccounts for large

portion of all EV accidents.

Most Avoidable accident we have

Easiest to prevent

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Causes of Accidents

Urban/SuburbanIntersections

RacingInattention

Traffic Control DevicesTechnology

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Causes of Accidents

Rural Loss of Vehicle Control Highway

Design/Geometry Speed Apparatus Size

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Causes of AccidentsTanker/Tender Accidents

1990-2001 38 Fatal Incidents

31 Operators/11 Pass. 25 wheels left the road 21 Excessive Speed Over Correction No Seat Belts 31 of 42 deaths 2nd most common type of FD

vehicle accidents resulting in LODD. (2007)

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Causes of Accidents

A Different Animal Weight

1,000 Gals. = 4 Tons Center of Gravity Design

Surge Operator Experience?

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Causes of Accidents

Additional Factors Highway Geometry Road Conditions Level of Training

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Causes of Accidents

Special Considerations

Railroad Grade Crossings

Driver error

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Causes of Accidents

Limited Access Highways

Traffic Volume High Speed Traffic Control Access

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Causes of Accidents

• Private Owned Vehicle (POV’s) Crashes are a primary cause of LODD in vehicle accidents.

Causes of AccidentsPOV

Not an emergency response

Emergency lights 11 LODD’s in 2007

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Causes of Accidents

Driver ErrorInattentionFatigueDistractionEnvironmentInexperience

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Causes of Accidents

Intersections Traffic Volume Right of Way Traffic Control Device Siren Use Pedestrians Dangers of Crosswalks

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Impact of Vehicle Accidents Personnel Injury or Death to Emergency

Responders Peripheral Injury or Death to Others Vehicle and Equipment Loss Long Term Impact What action may have prevented the

incident

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Causes of Accidents Interstate

• Turnabouts• U-Turns• Two-Point turns• Three- Point turns

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Improper U -Turn

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Improper U- Turn

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Emergency Vehicle OperationsCase History

Chicago Fire Department

Lieutenant L. C. Merrell

43 years old with a wife and five children

Assigned to Truck 24

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Emergency Vehicle Operations 1982 Seagraves 100 foot straight,

rear mount ladder

1150 hours, responding to automatic alarm in a residence

Responding with red lights and siren activated

Weather was clear and the roadway dry

Approached a four way stop intersection and did a “rolling stop”

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Summary- The 4 Questions Was the unit responding to a true emergency?

Did the driver exercise due regard for the safety of others?

Did the driver violate any local or state laws or recognized

standards?

What action may have prevented the incident

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Review Unit I

Objective: The apparatus operator will be able to describe and list the causes of emergency vehicle accidents

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Emergency Vehicle OperationsUnit II

You and the Law

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Unit IIObjectives:

The EVO will be able to recognize and describe the appropriate sections of the Vehicle & Traffic law as they apply to emergency operation

The EVO will be able to define True Emergency, Due Regard, Specific Exemption, Emergency Mode

The EVO will be able to describe the elements of an apparatus operator training program

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Legal Considerations• Vehicle & Traffic Law• National Standards• Local Ordinances• Organizational SOP’s

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Three Principles That Govern Emergency Vehicle Operators

Drivers are subject to all traffic laws unless a specific exemption is provided.

Exemptions apply only when the vehicle is responding to a true emergency

Drivers can be found criminally or civilly liable if involved in an accident, even if they are operating under the provisions of an exemption.

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Specific Exemption EV operators are subject to ALL traffic

regulations unless given specific exemption.

See: Ohio Revised Code §RC 4511.041Exceptions to traffic rules for emergency or

public safety vehicles responding to emergency call.

(See Handout: OFA/EVOC, dated 7/2008)

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Specific Exemption

Specific exemption is a statement in your state statute giving the EV operator certain privileges as set forth in the law not ordinarily permitted.

They ALWAYS contain a clause providing for the safety of other motorist.

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The driver of an authorized emergency vehicle may:

• (1) park or stand, notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter;

• (2) proceed past a red or stop signal or stop sign but only after slowing down as may be necessary for safe operation;

• (3) exceed the maximum speed limit if he does not endanger life or property;

• (4) disregard regulations governing direction of movement or turning in specified directions

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True Emergency

• True Emergency: a situation in which there is a high probability of death or serious injury to an individual(s) or significant property loss and actions by the emergency vehicle driver may reduce the seriousness of the situations.

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Emergency Mode

Specific exemption in the state statute refers to an EV only when operating in the

emergency mode. The emergency mode utilizes warning lights and siren during a

response to a true emergency.

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Due Regard

Even when specific exemption is made, you may be held criminally/civilly liable for your actions if you do not exercise due regard for the safety of others.

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Due Regard

Due regard means that while performing similar duties and under similar circumstances, a reasonably careful person would act in the same manner.

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Due Regard

The fire service has a duty to respond with due regard for the safety of others

Requires education, training & evaluation to prevent

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DUE REGARD must be used when SPECIFIC EXEMPTION is taken while responding to a TRUE EMERGENCY

in the EMERGENCY MODE.

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RC 4511.041 Exceptions to traffic rules for emergency or public safety vehicles responding to emergency call.

Sections 4511.12, 4511.13, 4511.131, 4511.132, 4511.14, 4511.15, 4511.202, 4511.21, 4511.211, 4511.22, 4511.23, 4511.25, 4511.26, 4511.27, 4511.28, 4511.29, 4511.30, 4511.31, 4511.32, 4511.33, 4511.34, 4511.35, 4511.36, 4511.37, 4511.38, 4511.39, 4511.40, 4511.41, 4511.42, 4511.43, 4511.431, 4511.432, 4511.44, 4511.441, 4511.57, 4511.58, 4511.59, 4511.60, 4511.61, 4511.62, 4511.66, 4511.68, 4511.681, and 4511.69 of the Revised Code do not apply to the driver of an emergency vehicle or public safety vehicle if the emergency vehicle or public safety vehicle is responding to an emergency call, is equipped with and displaying at least one flashing, rotating, or oscillating light visible under normal atmospheric conditions from a distance of five hundred feet to the front of the vehicle and if the driver of the vehicle is giving an audible signal by siren, exhaust whistle, or bell. This section does not relieve the driver of an emergency vehicle or public safety vehicle from the duty to drive with due regard for the safety of all persons and property upon the highway.

POV Requirements in Ohio

• All POV’s used by volunteer firefighters and/or EMS personnel must meet the following requirements in order to be classified as a “public safety vehicle”.– Must be inspected annually at an inspection site approved by the State

Fire Marshal (local fire department).– Must have a current vehicle decal issued (annually) by the State Fire

Marshal. – If responding on an “emergency” must have lights and sirens.– Must have the State of Ohio minimum insurance limits for bodily injury

and property damage.

Public Safety Vehicle• Maltese decal and year decal must be

displayed in lower right corner of front windshield.

Drivers License Requirementsin Ohio

In Ohio, vehicle drivers of the following vehicles are exempt from obtaining a commercial drivers license:

• Fire equipment for a fire department, volunteer or nonvolunteer fire company, fire district, or joint fire district;

• A public safety vehicle used to provide transportation or emergency medical service for ill or injured persons;

• Reference: RC 4506.03 Commercial driver's license or temporary instruction permit requirements.

School Buses

• Every emergency or public safety vehicle MUST STOP for a stopped school bus when the school bus is picking up or discharging passengers and has its red lights flashing. Do not proceed until the bus resumes motion or until signaled by the school bus driver to proceed.

• (RC 4511.75)

School Buses

MUST STOP FOR STOPPED SCHOOL BUSES WITH LIGHTS FLASHING !

Horns, sirens and warning devicesRC 4513.21 Horns, sirens, and warning devices.(A) Every motor vehicle or trackless trolley when operated upon a highway shall be equipped with a horn which is in good working order and capable of emitting sound audible, under normal conditions, from a distance of not less than two hundred feet.No motor vehicle or trackless trolley shall be equipped with, nor shall any person use upon a vehicle, any siren, whistle, or bell. Any vehicle may be equipped with a theft alarm signal device which shall be so arranged that it cannot be used as an ordinary warning signal. Every emergency vehicle shall be equipped with a siren, whistle, or bell, capable of emitting sound audible under normal conditions from a distance of not less than five hundred feet and of a type approved by the director of public safety. Such equipment shall not be used except when such vehicle is operated in response to an emergency call or is in the immediate pursuit of an actual or suspected violator of the

law, in which case the driver of the emergency vehicle shall sound such equipment when it is necessary to warn pedestrians and other drivers of the approach thereof.

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Drivers License Requirementsin Ohio

• RC 4506.03 is statutory exemption.• Without a drivers training program and good,

enforceable SOP’s you could loose that exemption.

• Several states require firefighters and EMT’s to have a commercial drivers license.

But Wait, I’m the Chief!

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Negligence

Negligence: legal deficiency or wrong which results whenever a person fails to exercise that degree of care which a prudent person would exercise under similar circumstances. The negligence may be slight, ordinary, or gross.

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Elements of Negligence

Duty Breach of Duty Injury or Death Breach of the duty caused injury or death

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Negligent Entrustment

The act of giving an object, such as an automobile or firearm, to another whom the lender knows or should know could use the object to harm others due to such factors as

youth, incompetence, or inexperience


McFarland v. Rone Grain Co.

Minor Injury ($420)

7 moving violations & 2 Accidents in 4 years

Jury awarded $25,000


June 16, 2007Tennessee

While responding to a structure fire in his own vehicle……

Firefighter Struck Another Vehicle

Fire District Charged

“Negligently hired, trained, and/or supervised FF _______ in that they failed to perform a proper background check, to investigate his driving history, to provide him with proper training in regard to safely and prudently responding to a fire, and to provide him with proper supervision, and thereby these defendants failed to comply with the accepted standards, policies and procedures governing the hiring, training, and/or supervision of such firefighters."

NFPA Standards

NFPA 1002-Fire Department Vehicle Driver/Operator Professional Qualifications.

NFPA 1451- Fire Service Vehicle Operations Training Programs

NFPA 1500- Firefighter Occupational and Safety Standard.

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“NFPA Standards are Only Guidelines”

NFPA Standards

TrainingNFPA 1002

Knowledge, Skills & Abilities Classroom Practical Skill Testing Qualification

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NFPA StandardsMedical Evaluation

– 1.4.2 The fire department driver/operator shall be subject to periodic medical evaluation, as required by NFPA 1500, section 10.1, to determine that the driver/operator is medically fit to perform the duties of a fire department vehicle driver/operator.

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NFPA StandardsPreventive Maintenance.

– 4.2.1* Perform routine tests, inspections, and servicing functions on the systems and components specified in the following list, given a fire department vehicle and its manufacturer’s specifications.

– Battery, Braking system, Coolant System, Electrical System, Fuel, Hydraulic fluids, Oil, Tires, Steering system, Belts, Tools, Appliances and Equipment

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NFPA StandardsDriving/Operating.

– 4.3 Operate a fire department vehicle, given a vehicle and a predetermined route on a public way that incorporates the maneuvers and features, specified in the following list, that the driver/operator is expected to encounter during normal operations,

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NFPA Standards 4.3con’t(1) Four left turns and four right turns(2) A straight section of urban business street or a two-lane rural road at

least 1.6 km (1 mile) in length(3) One through-intersection and two intersections where a stop has to be

made(4) One railroad crossing(5) One curve, either left or right(6) A section of limited-access highway that includes a conventional ramp

entrance and exit and a section of road long enough to allow two lane changes

(7) A downgrade steep enough and long enough to require down-shifting and braking

(8) An upgrade steep enough and long enough to require gear changing to maintain speed

(9) One underpass or a low clearance or bridge

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NFPA Standards 4.3con’t(A) Requisite Knowledge. The effects on vehicle control of liquid surge,

braking reaction time, and load factors; effects of high center of gravity on roll-over potential, general steering reactions, speed, and centrifugal force; applicable laws and regulations; principles of skid avoidance, night driving, shifting, and gear patterns; negotiating intersections, railroad crossings, and bridges; weight and height limitations for both roads and bridges; identification and operation of automotive gauges; and operational limits.

(B) Requisite Skills. The ability to operate passenger restraint devices; maintain safe following distances; maintain control of the vehicle while accelerating, decelerating, and turning, given road, weather, and traffic conditions; operate under adverse environmental or driving surface conditions; and use automotive gauges and controls.

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NFPA Standards4.3.3* Maneuver a vehicle around obstructions on a

roadway while moving forward and in reverse, given a fire department vehicle, a spotter for backing, and a roadway with obstructions, so that the vehicle is maneuvered through the obstructions without stopping to change the direction of travel and without striking the obstructions.

(A) Requisite Knowledge. Vehicle dimensions, turning characteristics, the effects of liquid surge, spotter signaling, and principles of safe vehicle operation.

(B) Requisite Skills. The ability to use mirrors and judge vehicle clearance.

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NFPA 1451Operations Training Program 4.2

The fire department shall adopt an official written risk management plan dealing with fire service vehicles.

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Operations Training Program 1451

4.2.1* The fire department shall adopt an official written risk management plan dealing with fire service vehicles.

4.2.1.1 The fire service vehicle risk management plan shall cover administration, facilities, training, vehicle operations, protective clothing and equipment, operations at emergency incidents, operations at non-emergency incidents, and other related activities.

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4.2.1.2* The risk management plan shall include at least the following components:

(1) Risk Identification. Potential problems(2) Risk Evaluation. Likelihood of the occurrence of a given

problem and severity of its consequences(3) Risk Control Techniques. Solutions for the elimination or

mitigation of potential problems and the implementation of the best solution

(4) Risk Management Monitoring. Evaluation of the effectiveness of risk control techniques

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4.2.2 The fire department shall incorporate the provisions of this standard into the vehicle operations training program.

4.2.3 The fire department shall evaluate the effectiveness of its vehicle operations training program at least once every three years.

4.2.4 An audit report of the findings shall be submitted to the fire chief and to the members of the occupational safety and health committee.

4.2.5* The operations training program shall address all types of fire service vehicles from a broad perspective, including risk determination, design, training, maintenance, and record keeping.

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Coordinated Administrative Polices 1451

4.3.7* The authority having jurisdiction shall ensure that all vehicle drivers/operators possess a valid vehicle operator's license

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4.3.1 The fire department shall establish and enforce rules, regulations,

4.3.2* The fire department shall establish written policies for variations from standard ops

4.3.3 The fire department shall establish written standard operating procedures

4.3.4 Procedures for emergency response shall emphasize the safe arrival

4.3.5 The fire department shall establish written standard operating procedures for driving and operating fire department vehicles during a non-emergency response.

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4.3.6 Fire department members shall be trained to operate specific vehicles or classes of vehicles before being authorized to drive or operate such vehicles.

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4.3.6.1 Members shall not be expected to or permitted to drive or operate any vehicles for which they have not received training.

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4.3.6.2 Fire department members shall be reauthorized annually for all vehicles they are expected to operate.

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NFPA 1451 – Training Program

qualified instructors monitored by FD safety officer records maintained emergency response policies accident/injury prevention

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NFPA 1500 Chapter 6

6.2.8-During emergency response, drivers of fire department vehicles shall bring the vehicle to a complete stop for any of the following:

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Emergency Vehicles Must Stop

Directed by a Law Enforcement Officer

Red traffic lights Stop signs Negative right of way

intersections Blind intersectionsStopped school buses

with lights flashing

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Emergency Vehicles Must Stop

Cannot account for all lanes of traffic in an intersection

When other intersection hazards are present

When encountering a stopped school bus with flashing warning lights

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NFPA 1500- Section 6.2.9

Drivers shall proceed through intersections only when the driver can account for all lanes of traffic in the intersection.

Eye Contact Should be made with each driver

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NFPA 1500 Requires a Stop

• Unguarded or activated railroad crossing

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Why Do We Have OSHA or NFPA Standards?

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Firefighters Do Dumb Things Too!

One Dead; One Injured


Case HistoryIntersection IncidentTexas City, TX1 Firefighter killed, 2 Firefighters injuredResponding to a medical call, approached a

four way intersection

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Was the unit responding to a

True Emergency?

Did the driver exercise due

regard for the safety of others?

Did the driver violate any local

or state laws or recognized

standards?

What action may have

prevented the incident

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Group Activity 2.1

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What Happens When a Lawsuit is Filed?

• Publicity-may not be good publicity

• Investigation & Discovery

• Depositions

• Time

• Selecting a Jury

What Happens When a Lawsuit is Filed?

• Opening Statements

• Plaintiff Presents Case (Witnesses)

• Defendant Presents Case (Witnesses)

• Closing Statements

• Jury Deliberation

• Verdict

What happens When a Lawsuit is Filed?

• “Even if you win the case, the effects of such a battle will have a long lasting impact on yourself, your department and the community you are there to protect”

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Unit II Review

Objectives:

The EVO will be able to recognize and describe the appropriate sections of the Vehicle & Traffic law as they apply to emergency operation

The EVO will be able to define True Emergency, Due Regard, Specific Exemption, Emergency Mode

The EVO will be able to describe the elements of an apparatus operator training program

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Emergency Vehicle OperationsUnit III

Response Challenges

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Unit III

Objective: The EVO will be able to list and describe typical problems encountered during highway travel and emergency response

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Beware of Other Drivers

Multiple Decisions Each Minute of Emergency Operation

10 % of other drivers are driving while impaired

80% of all drivers are doing something else

70% of new drivers have an accident in the first year of licensing

Most drivers make short left hand turns.

Road Rage

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Beware of Other Drivers

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Know Your Response Routes

Traffic Patterns & Volume

The IncidentConstructionBridges

Low

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Traffic Patterns & Volume

The IncidentConstructionBridges

LowWeight Restrictions

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Road CharacteristicsRoad ConditionsWeatherTraffic VolumeUnusual Things

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Road CharacteristicsSurfaceShouldersCurvesCrownDipsVegetation

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Road ConditionsFresh Oil and StonePot HolesRubber and Oil Build UpWet LeavesFluids

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WeatherSnowRainFreezingHeatWind

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Traffic VolumeTime of DayTime of YearConstructionIncidentSpecial Events

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Unusual ThingsSchool ZonesParksAnimalsHandicap PersonsBikesDrunk Pedestrians

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Intersections

Traffic controlTraffic volumeControl all lanes of

trafficPedestrians

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Defensive Driving

ScanIdentifyAnticipateDecideExecute

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Scan, Identify, Anticipate, Decide, Execute

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Case History-Highway Environment

RESCUE TRUCK Virginia – December 18,

1999 Responding to a

reported gas leak

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Driver inattention, right side tires dropped off road surface into a ditch.

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Driver attempted to control truck, overcompensated, crossed into oncoming lane and struck oncoming car.

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Just prior to striking car, driver steered back to the right, due to momentum, struck a tree and flipped onto drivers side.

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Case History-Highway Environment True Emergency?

Due regard for the safety of

others?

Did the driver violate any

local or state laws or

recognized standards?

What action may have

prevented the incident

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Unit III Review

Objective: The EVO will be able to list and describe typical problems encountered during highway travel and emergency response

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Emergency Vehicle OperationsUnit IV

Driver Selection

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Emergency Vehicle OperationsUnit IV Objectives

The EVO will understand that the personnel selection procedures is the first steps in developing an effective emergency vehicle operator/driver program.

The EVO will be able to recognize that human aspects of driver selection are an important component of the process

The EVO will be able to recognize that a number of abilities necessary for driving must be acquired.

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Every Crash has Operator Influence

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Apparatus Driver/Operator Selection

IntroductionNot all people have the necessary skill and

abilitiesResponsibility of Command Structure to

assure proper selection of EVO’sUltimately falls back onto governing boardAffects operating budget, insurance costs and

public relations

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HUMAN ASPECTS : The Ingredients of Prospective Driver/Operator Candidates

.

Constituent Parts:AttitudeKnowledgeMental FitnessJudgment

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What Makes a Good Driver?

Physical FitnessAgeHabitsDriving CharacteristicsCommon SenseAre they trainable?

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Are we Managing What we Already Have?

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Vehicle Characteristics -The dynamic partnership with the EVO consists with:

Type of Vehicle- size mattersComponentsOperating outside of engineered ranges can spell

disasterRequires competency based training

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Personnel File

Contains the qualifications of each person within the department

Serves as a means to select driver/operatorsIncludes complete information on each personIncludes accident and near miss reportsMay stand as a legal document Lack of such documentation can be detrimental

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Administrative Process

Driver/Operator Candidate Questions: Physically capable of doing the job? What type of attitude towards organization? What is his/hers past driving record? Training record? Treatment for drug or alcohol abuse?

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Administrative Process

Procedure for selection should include: Interview Written test covering organization guidelines for

driving, knowledge of response area, local and state laws and general vehicle knowledge

Completion of an Emergency Vehicle Operations Course

Driving test

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Health and Safety Committee

• Oversee driver selection• Coordinate training program• Review drivers performance• Conduct a review of all accidents and reported

near misses by any driver• Committee should be in place before an

incident happens

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How do you pick your drivers?

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Unit IV Review

The EVO will understand that the personnel selection procedures is the first steps in developing an effective emergency vehicle operator/driver program.

The EVO will be able to recognize that human aspects of driver selection are an important component of the process

The EVO will be able to recognize that a number of abilities necessary for driving must be acquired.

164

Emergency Vehicle OperationsUnit V

Standard Operating ProceduresStandard Operating Guidelines

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Unit VObjectives

The EVO will understand the importance of Training Standards & SOP’s/SOG’s

The EVO will be able to list the elements of and develop a SOP

The EVO will be able to list SOP’s required for emergency response

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Need for Policy

• What seems obvious after the fact ……

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Need for Policy• …….. Is not always clear at the time

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Note Tanker

Is There a Difference?• SOP- Internally generated and fairly rigid• SOG- Internally generated, a guideline

• Does it really matter what it is called? Wrong is wrong and dead is dead. If it was important enough to write down it should be followed……… whenever possible.

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Standard Operating Procedures

Essential for safe and efficient operationWhat?, Who?, When?, Where?, & How?Same operation , the same way for allIn accordance with state law and NFPA

Standards

170

Typical Department Procedures

2 In/2 Out Turnout Gear Level of Training NIMS Accountability Safety Officer Documentation Fire Fighter Injuries

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Emergency Response Operating Procedures

Drugs and Alcohol Use of warning devices Level of response Maximum speed limit Use of seat belts Backing Driver Selection and Training Scene Placement

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Elements of a Good SOP/SOG

• Must be Clear• Must be up to date• Must be understood• Must be followed• Must be reviewed

regularly

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Elements of a Good SOP/SOG

• Policy Number• Title• Issue Date• Objective or Purpose• Policy• Procedure • Enforcement• Signed by Authority

174

Seatbelt UseFailure to wear seatbelts & being ejected from the vehicle are listed as two major contributing factors in firefighter fatalities during Emergency Vehicle crashes.

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Does your department mandate, through written operating guidelines, seatbelt usage?

Do you have compliance?

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This is what happens when you rollover and why you wear a seatbelt.

CLICK MOVIE SCREEN TO START MOVIE

Does this come in a seatbelt model?

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Many Departments establish driving policies on maximum speed during

emergency response.

Does your department have a similar policy?

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The established maximum speed may not be a safe maximum speed.

REMEMBER

The vehicle must ALWAYS be driven at a speed that allows for

control. Exceeding the posted speed limit for a vehicle during an emergency response SHOULD BE

AVOIDED.

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Volunteers Response in Personal Vehicles

Excessive speed during the initial phase of a response by volunteers in their personal vehicles leads all other types of vehicles involved in fatal firefighter crashes.

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What is your departments policy concerning personal vehicles during a response?

One Volunteer Lieutenant Dies and a Volunteer Fire Fighter is Seriously Injured in a Motor Vehicle Rollover

Incident While En-route to a Trailer Fire - North Carolina

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June 2003, a 30 year old volunteer fire fighter was fatally injured after his POV hydroplaned and struck a billboard signpost. His speed was undetermined. He had passed another motorist who reported she had been traveling at 40 mph. He was not wearing a seatbelt. Wearing a seatbelt may not have prevented this fatality.

He was responding to a ‘high water” emergency.


On the quiet responseSt. Louis Fire Department

February 7, 1995

Goal of program: Reduce the number of accidents involving apparatus

Salt lake City and several other fire departments around the country are now responding “quiet”.

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Emergency or Non Emergency? Automatic Alarms Structure Alarms Natural Gas Leaks Wires Down Calls For Manpower Flush Jobs Lock Outs Smoke Detectors Manual Pull Stations Carbon Monoxide Detectors Plugging Details

Assisting Police Keys In Running Autos Abandoned Drums/ Unknown Odors Rubbish and Weed Fires Move-ups Broken Sprinkler/Water

Pipes Dumpster Fires Removing Doors From

Abandoned Refrigerators

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ResultsDirect reduction of accidents – 17%Increased call volume brings reduction to –

35%Hidden Benefit

Reduced Dumpster Fires by 51% (over a four year period)

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Policy Must be Enforced

All Policies

Emergency Vehicle OperationsUnit VI

Theory and Principals ofVehicle Dynamics

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Unit VI Objectives

The EVO will be able to identify reason why we crash

The EVO will be able to describe the physical forces that influence vehicle handling

The EVO will be able to identify the dynamics and physics behind large vehicle behavior and their relationship to vehicle speed and size

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Why Do We Crash Emergency Vehicles Responding and Returning from Calls?

• Drive too fast• Don’t Stop at Intersections• Don’t wear our seatbelts• Refuse to use spotters• Fail to understand the difference between

these vehicles and personal automobiles

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Vehicle Dynamics

Let’s look at:

194

Physical Forces

Following Distances

Braking Distances

Physical Forces Include:

• Friction• Momentum• Inertia• Centrifugal Force

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IF THEY ARE EXCEEDED, CONTROL IS LOST!

Physical Forces

Always presentUnderstandableNegative effects

196

Physical Force

Function Of: Size (mass) Speed (velocity) Highway Geometry Which do you control??

197

Excessive speed puts the EV driver in theposition of:1. Being unable to negotiate curves2. Being unable to stop before hitting another vehicle3. Being unable to stop before entering an intersection4. Loosing control due to weight shift5. Losing control due to right side wheels leaving road surface6. Losing control from poor road conditions such as pot holes, speed

bumps, wet, icy or snowy road surfaces

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Physical Forces

Inertia- Newton’s 1stMomentum- Newton’s 2ndReaction-Newton’s 3rd

Friction- resistance to motionCenter of gravityVelocity

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Force

Engine = 42,000 lbs.– At 25 MPH = 47,250 lbs..– At 55 MPH = 115,500 lbs..

Ladder Truck= 56,000 lbs.– At 25 MPH = 63,000 lbs..– At 55 MPH = 154,000 lbs..

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EXAMPLES:• Driving too fast for weather, road, or tire

conditions• Accelerating too hard• Braking inappropriately• Changing directions too abruptly

KNOW THE CONDITIONS AND THE LIMITS AT WHICH TO STAY!

201

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Changing directions too abruptly caused this rollover.

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What is What is FrictionFriction??

Friction is the resistance to slipping.Friction is the resistance to slipping.

Friction occurs whenever two surfaces Friction occurs whenever two surfaces rub together.rub together.

Why is friction important for vehicle control?

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It would be impossible to control a vehicle without friction. Friction enables the Emergency Vehicle to

stop, accelerate, and change direction.

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Friction at the BrakesFriction at the BrakesThe brake shoes pressing on the drums The brake shoes pressing on the drums or pads clamping the disc create friction or pads clamping the disc create friction and slow the wheels.and slow the wheels.

The friction at the brake surfaces The friction at the brake surfaces generates heat.generates heat.

Heat due to excessive, hard braking Heat due to excessive, hard braking creates brake fade. creates brake fade. ( scary at best - deadly ( scary at best - deadly at it’s worst.)at it’s worst.)

Coefficient of Friction

• Measures how slippery a road is• Dry asphalt has a value of 0.8 to 0.9• Wet or icy roads drop to 0.2 or 0.3• The lower the value, the longer it takes to

come to a complete stop• Can’t drive the same on warm dry days as you

can on cold rainy days

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The Total Braking Distance =

• Perception Distance• Reaction Distance • Brake Lag Distance• Braking Distance

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Perception Distance - How far the vehicle travels when the need to

brake occurs and the driver recognizes that need.

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Reaction Distance – How far the vehicle travels as the driver reacts

and applies the brake.

(Perception/Reaction Distance based on 1.60 Second Reaction Time)

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Brake Lag Distance – How far the vehicle travels from the time the

brakes are applied and the vehicle begins to slow down.

(Apparatus Equipped with Air Brakes –Air Lag Distance Based on

0.5 Seconds)210

Braking Distance – How far the vehicle travels from the brakes

starting to slow the vehicle and the vehicle coming to a complete stop.

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Total Distance

The total distance includes• Perception Distance• Reaction Distance• Brake Lag Distance• Braking Distance

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Vehicle weight and speed affect stopping distance.

The speed being equal, it will take a large tanker longer to

stop than most pumpers.

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2003 Seagrave Pumper w/Anti-Lock Air BrakesGVW 36,900 lbs.

Speed / Speed / MPHMPH

Reaction Reaction

DistanceDistance

Air LagAir Lag Braking Braking DistanceDistance

TotalTotal

DistanceDistance

1010 23.4723.47 7.347.34 6.546.54 37.3437.34

2020 46.9446.94 14.6714.67 26.1426.14 87.7687.76

3535 82.1582.15 25.6725.67 80.0780.07 187.89187.89

4545 105.62105.62 33.0133.01 132.35132.35 270.98270.98

5555 129.10129.10 40.3440.34 197.71197.71 367.15367.15

This information obtained from: Stephen A. Coulon Fire Service Instructor, Collision Reconstruction Specialist, Adjunct Instructor N.Y. City Fire Department 181 Quinnipiac Ave North Haven, CT 06473 203-773-9829.

Reaction Time: 1.6 Seconds Air Lag Time: 0.5 Seconds

How Far is 367 Feet?

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Stopping DistancePerception DistanceReaction DistanceBraking Distance

Speed, Weight, Road Surface60 MPH = 88ft/sec30 MPH = 44 ft/sec

Variables

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What Happens to this Distance if the Coefficient of Friction drops from 0.8 to 0.2

because of ice?

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Antilock Brakes

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AIR BRAKES

Air brakes have many common applications in vehicles today.

They can be found on school busses, dump trucks, fire trucks and most any vehicle over 15.000 pounds.

Let’s first cover some basic terminology.

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AIR BRAKESAir compressor and governor

The air compressor pumps air into the storage tanks (reservoirs) this compressor can be driven by gears or most common a V-belt

The governor controls the pressure going to the storage tanks. When the air pressure reaches 130 psi depending on the system requirements the governor will shut the compressor off until a pressure loss is detected.

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AIR BRAKES

Air storage tanks

Storage tanks will hold enough air to allow the brakes to be used in the event the compressor stops working

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AIR BRAKES

Safety valve

A safety relief valve is installed in the first air tank (quick build up tank) this protects the braking system from over pressuring. This safety valve in most vehicles will pop off at 150 psi, then reset itself.

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AIR BRAKES

Drain valve

The tank drain valve, when opened, will allow any moisture or water to be drained from the air tank at its lowest point. This valve should be opened at least once a week for 2 to 3 seconds then closed.

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AIR BRAKES

Brake drums, shoes, and linings.

Brake drums are located at the end of each axle and the wheels are bolted to the drums.

The brake shoes and linings are located inside the drums and push against the inside of the drum to provide friction needed for stopping.

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AIR BRAKES

Air chamber

Holds the parking brake spring and applies pressure to a piston that will push on the s-cam. This will put pressure on the slack adjuster then to the brake pads.

Rear air chambers

Front air chamber

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AIR BRAKES

Air supply gauge

All air-braked vehicles have an air supply pressure gauge. This gauge allows the driver to see the pressure in the system at all times. This is also used to check for air leaks when the system is off.

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AIR BRAKES

Low pressure warning buzzer.

This warning device will give the driver an audible warning in the event the system air pressure falls to the danger zone. In most fire trucks this alarm will sound at 60 < psi. Should this buzzer sound when the vehicle is in motion locate a safe location to pull the vehicle to a stop and check the system for damage.

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AIR BRAKE INSPECTION

NFPA 1915-10-3 3.12 THROUGH 3.12.10.10

The breaking system shall be inspected and maintained in accordance with the manufacture’s service recommendations .

If no service recommendation exist the shortest interval recommendation by the braking system manufacture, based on time or mileage, shall be adhered to

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The braking system should be inspected at least once a week. Many full time fire departments require there emergency vehicles to be checked at the start of each shift.

In the volunteer sector emergency response vehicles should be inspected at least once a week. The most important point to remember is to document each inspection and keep the records for not less than 5 years.

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AIR BRAKE INSPECTIONWet dry switch (valve)

This switch (valve) will reduce the braking capacity of the front wheels to about 50% of normal. This will help to control the vehicle on wet or icy roads.

This switch should be in normal mode on dry roads.

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The entire braking system should be inspected by an ASE certified mechanic once a year or every 3000 miles.

There are some simple test that should be completed during all in-house inspections.

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AIR LEAK-DOWN RATE

With a fully-charged air system (typically 125 psi) turn the engine off and the wheels chocked and the barking brake off. Note the pressure and the time.

For single system, unit there should not be more than a 3 psi drop in one minute. If the pressure drop is more than 3 psi the system should be inspected for damage or leaks.

NFPA 1915-10-3.12.10.9

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PARKING BRAKE TEST PROCEDURE.

With the system air pressure in the normal operating range and the driver in the vehicle with seatbelt on and the shifter in natural; the parking brake off, allow the vehicle to roll forward. Apply the parking brake and the vehicle should come to a rapid stop and prevent vehicle movement.

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Compressor system

The compressor system should also be inspected for safe operation. Areas to be inspected will be the drive belt, hose fittings, and mounting brackets.

It should also be noted in the vehicle inspection form the pressure that the low air warning alarm starts and stops.

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BRAKING TECHNIQUES

Air brakes and steep grades (Hills)

If you were faced with a 6% grade that went for a total distance of 6 miles and if you did not use any braking action during your decent.

With a vehicle with a GVW (gorse vehicle weight) of 38,000 pounds your speed would climb to 238 mph this is called terminal velocity. Therefore we must learn how to brake on hills.

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AIR BRAKE OPERATION

Down hill braking

For many years drivers of fire vehicles were taught to apply light steady brake pressure to keep vehicle speed in check during down hill braking.

This method is still taught to this day however after much testing and research this theory has been proven WRONG.

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AIR BRAKE OPERATION

Down hill braking con’t

SNUB braking is now the recommended method for downhill braking.

This method works by allowing the vehicle to speed up to the desired or posted safe speed then applying the brakes and slowing the vehicle down 5 to 10 mph below the posted speed.

Then allowing the speed to pick up and the process is repeated.

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AIR BRAKE OPERATIONDown hill braking con’t

By applying the brakes in this method there is time to allow the brakes and the brake drums to cool to help control heat buildup as well as to reduce the chance of brake fade .

239

AIR BRAKE OPERATION

Applying the parking brake.

Whenever you bring the vehicle to a total stop with the transmission in neutral, you must set the brake. If you are on an incline, turn the steer wheels towards the curb on a decline.

On an incline the wheels should be turned away from the curb.

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Key points to remember

1. Inspect vehicle brake systems not less than once a week.

2. Document each inspection and keep records for 5 years.

3. Have brake systems inspected by an ASE certified mechanic every 3000 miles or once a year.

4. Insure a good driver training program is in place and train all new drivers on air brake systems.

Following DistancesFollowing distance is influenced by:

Reaction Distance =1.6 seconds and is the distance the EV travels from the time the operator recognizes the need to brake until the brake pedal is applied. (ADD .5 seconds for air lag)

Braking Distance =7.02 seconds@55mph for a Pumper. The distance traveled from brakes being applied until the EV comes to a full stop is 367.15 feet.Other factors are the WEIGHT and MECHANICAL CONDITION of the EV.

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Four SECOND RULEFour Second Rule - Keep a separation of at least two seconds between the EV and the vehicle being followed

When to increase following distance:

• 2 Seconds might be adequate for smaller trucks and speeds under 40mph

• 3 seconds should be used if traveling over 40mph• 4 seconds should be used for emergency vehicles. • Greater distance is required under poor road

conditions, overloaded vehicles, etc.

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Following DistanceFollowing Distanceinin

The Emergency ModeThe Emergency ModeMany operator’s reactions and performance Many operator’s reactions and performance get worse under stress.get worse under stress.

Motorist may react in unusual ways to lights Motorist may react in unusual ways to lights and sirens. If they stop abruptly, the EV and sirens. If they stop abruptly, the EV Operator will need as much distance as Operator will need as much distance as possible to respond.possible to respond.

A greater following distance permits the EV A greater following distance permits the EV Operator to get “The Big Picture” of the traffic Operator to get “The Big Picture” of the traffic situation.situation.

Centrifugal Force

The force that tends to make a body move away from the center of rotationPushes a vehicle out of a curveEngine, 500’ radius @ 25 MPH = 4,200 lbs..Same Engine @ 50 MPH = 11,540 lbs..

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246

Centrifugal ForceCentrifugal Force

Centrifugal force is the force that tends to push a Centrifugal force is the force that tends to push a vehicle away from the center of the turning radius.vehicle away from the center of the turning radius.

Is influenced by both speed and the radius of the curve.Is influenced by both speed and the radius of the curve.

The higher the speed, the greater the centrifugal force.The higher the speed, the greater the centrifugal force.

The tighter the curve, the greater the effects of centrifugal force.The tighter the curve, the greater the effects of centrifugal force.

Critical Speed of a Curve• The speed at which the vehicle will loose

control rounding a curve• The experience of the driver does not matter• Need to know the radius of the curve and the

coefficient of friction to figure• If this speed is broken the vehicle will not stay

on the road!

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248

Obey posted speed limits in curves and

exit ramps from highways.

Skid marks should be a clue, others have made this mistake. DON’T REPEAT IT!

CENTRIFUGAL FORCECLICK HERE

250

CENTRIFUGAL FORCE is the force that tends to push a vehicle away from the center of the turning radius.

MOMENTUM is the product of a vehicle’s mass (weight) times its velocity (speed).

251

Centrifugal Force

Not only Effects Us

252

253

CENTRIFUGAL FORCE: Is the force that tends to push a vehicle away from the center of the turning radius. The higher the speed, the greater the centrifugal force. The tighter the curve, the greater the effects of centrifugal force.

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1. This type of signage indicates:

A. Posted speed limit

C. Speed limit for vehicles over 8 ft high.

D. Speed limit for vehicles over 1 ton.

B. Suggested speed limit


Types of ControlVehicle Control/Loss of Control

VelocityChange in position in relation to TimeAcceleration, Deceleration, Braking

DirectionalSteering

255

Big Bang Theory• The bigger it is and the faster it goes:• The BIGGER THE BANG WILL BE

256


ForceEngine = 42,000 lbs.

– At 25 MPH = 47,250 lbs..– At 55 MPH = 115,500 lbs..

Ladder Truck= 56,000 lbs.– At 25 MPH = 63,000 lbs..– At 55 MPH = 154,000 lbs..

257

Center of Gravity

258

Center of Gravity

Center of Gravity

259

Center of Gravity

Community Expectations

260

Center of Gravity

261

Center of Gravity

262

Center of Gravity

263

Center of Gravity

264

When Center of Gravity is Exceeded

265

DRIVING SKILL AND EXPERIENCE

• NFPA Standard 1500, Standard for Fire Department Occupational Health and Safety Program (2002) states: 5.1.2 “The fire department shall provide training and education for all fire department members commensurate with the duties and functions that they are expected to perform. Members shall be provided with training and education appropriate for their duties and responsibilities before being permitted to engage in emergency operations.”

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Know What you are Driving

267

It is important to train EV drivers on the vehicle they will be expected to

operate under emergency conditions.

Unit VI Review

The EVO will be able to identify reason why we crash

The EVO will be able to describe the physical forces that influence vehicle handling

The EVO will be able to identify the dynamics and physics behind large vehicle behavior and their relationship to vehicle speed and size

268

Emergency Vehicle OperationsUnit VII

Vehicle Maintenance, Inspection & Record Keeping

269

Unit VII Objectives

The EVO will understand the importance of vehicle maintenance, inspection & records

The EVO will explain the steps in a proper vehicle maintenance and inspection

270


Ensure Safe UseRoutine Check

Familiarization Maintenance Needs

Readiness Good to Go

Documented History

271


Daily Inspections Recommended

maintenance intervals Pump test Ladder test Preventative

Maintenance 3rd Party Inspections

272


BasicsFluidsBeltsTiresOut of Service is Out of

Service

273


• Tires • A check mark on a sheet does not just mean

they are there• Are they inflated properly?• Are they cracked or split?• Do they have proper tread?

274

√


Manufacture ProblemsConstructionDesignMaintenance

275


• Inspections should include road tests to listen for noise and notice vibration

• What’s the funny noise in the front wheel?

276


• Failure to notice the signs could result in a bad situation, serious crash and even death

277


278


What do you have to lose???

Brakes Control Apparatus Your Life

279


• Proper documentation is a must• Several different people may find and fix a

problem not aware that it happened before• Problems need to be reported to get fixed• “I noticed that last month” is not a good thing

to hear after an accident • Corrective actions must be documented as

well

280

Unit VII Review

The EVO will understand the importance of vehicle maintenance, inspection & records

The EVO will explain the steps in a proper vehicle maintenance and inspection

281

Emergency Vehicle OperationsUnit VIII

Avoiding Accidents

282

Avoiding Accidents

Unit VIII Objectives

The EVO will be able to identify and demonstrate the principles of defensive driving

The EVO will be able to describe and demonstrate the safe operation and driving skills of emergency operation


283

Avoiding Accidents

Get started on a safe response takes work

284

Leaving the Fire House

285

Can Other Drivers See You?

286

Can Other Drivers See You?

287

Accident Avoidance Techniques

During Response Preplanning Routes Response Level Command & Control Enforcement of SOP’s

288

Mental Awareness

Sense of Urgency Can create a false need for speed Speed affects the perception/reaction time of EVO

and performance of apparatus Speed can have adverse physiological affect on

crew Never exceed the speed that is reasonable and

proper for existing conditions

289

Looking for Hazards allows

Time to plan an escape route out of the emergency

Always have a cushion When you see a hazard, think about what you

would do to avoid or minimize any accident Always be prepared to take action based on your

plan

290

Looking for Hazards

291

Dynamics of an Accident

VEHICLE COLLISION 1st Collision

Vehicle vs. Another Object

HUMAN COLLISION 2nd Collision

Occupant vs. Safety System(s) Unbelted Occupant vs. Vehicle Occupant vs. Unsecured Objects

292

Right Side Drops Off Road

293

Correcting a Problem

• Do Not Panic• Always Wear Your seatbelt• Maintain control of the steering wheel• Take your foot off the accelerator, but do not

brake• Allow the Vehicle to slow down on its own

294


• When the vehicle reaches a slow, safe speed, turn the wheel to the left and gently steer back onto the highway

• Do not jerk the wheel• Be careful to not overcorrect

295


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Basic Driving Skills Staying alert for variables

Avoid tunnel vision Always scan surroundings Identify an escape route Maintain a cushion

Emergency warning lights and warning devices Use when responding to an emergency Not all modes of audible devices are the same and have

different effects on motorists

298


Specific driving skillsAttentionDepth perception & ability to maneuverReacting, braking, and stoppingControlling weight transferAdjust to adverse conditions

299


Emergencies Steering to avoid a crash Where to steer

Leaving the road Avoid braking until 20 mph on loose surface Keep one set of wheels on the road Stay on the shoulder Find an escape route

300

Tire Blow Out

301


Skill is demonstrated during driving testsAttitude –Responsibility, interest, attention,

and professionalismAnticipation

Expect other drivers to act one of two ways Do what is expectedDo what is unexpected

EVO will always anticipate the unexpected

302


Reaction by other drivers

Confused or panicky Unexpected behavior by

stopping or swerving into other lanes of traffic

Inattentive drivers Ignore or refuse to give the

right of way

303


INTERSECTIONS Use extreme caution when

traveling through Remove foot from

accelerator and place on brake as approaching

Reduce speed Full & complete stop against

a stop signal If visibility is blocked or

unclear always stop

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305

When traveling Left Of Center

What’s your speed?Where’s your first stop?

What do you see?What DON’T you see?

306

When traveling Left Of Center

Stop at the rear bumper of the first vehicle in the left lane.

308

MAKE EYE CONTACT WITH EVERY DRIVER!

310

Notice of Approach: The driver has to SEE you to give you the Right Of Way.

311

YOURYOUR vehicle speed is the ONLYONLY

difference between continuing through the intersection or being involved in a

collision.

312

STOP

313

STOP

314

STOP

315

STOP


Maneuvering Reduce speed Complete stop behind

blocking traffic Approaching traffic yields

right of way Proceed when safe to do

so Return to normal lane

when safe to do so and as soon as possible.

321


Mental Awareness False sense of power reckless driving Size of apparatus should

not influence your judgment

Responsibility to crew and public for safety

322

IMPROPER BACKING

ALWAYS use a ground guide. Your groundguide should position himself/herself at the left

rear of the tanker. Keep the ground guide visible in your side mirror at all times. Back

slowly. The ground guide should use pronounced hand signals. Both hands should

be at shoulder/head height.

323

Improper Backing

324

GROUND GUIDE PLACEMENT AND HAND SIGNALS

325


Case HistoryMultiple department

responseIntersectionSeat BeltsTechnology

331

Emergency Vehicle OperationsIntersectionTwo apparatus

approaching at the same time

Technology

333

Emergency Vehicle Operations Is the unit responding to a True

Emergency?

Did the driver exercise due regard

for the safety of others?

Did the driver violate any local or

state laws or recognized

standards?

What action may have prevented

the incident

334

As the EVO what is your main objective when approaching the scene:

A. Scene size up.

B. Types of injuries reported.

C. Setting up a safety barrier for the crew.

D. All of the above.

Click here

Vehicle Placement:

20 feet before the accident scene.

wheels turned away from accident scene.

vehicle placed at a 45 degree angle.

rear warning lights illuminated.

Click here

Blocking the Scene

337

When operating at an incident on a roadway, when should the EVO place their vehicle ahead of the scene?

A. When no other units are responding.

B. When you first arrive for scene size-up.

D. Never, always use your vehicle as a barrier.

C. When you are ready to load the patients into the ambulance.

Loading Patients

338

339

When operating on an express highway or other dangerous roadway, you should?

A.

B.Always shut down the entire roadway.

C.Park your vehicles on the side of the road so you don’t obstruct traffic.

D.Illuminate all lighting on all vehicles so other vehicles will avoid you.

A. Always operate with additional units.Click here

Use Additional Vehicles to Block

340

Avoiding Accidents

Unit VIII Objectives

The EVO will be able to identify and demonstrate the principles of defensive driving

The EVO will be able to describe and demonstrate the safe operation and driving skills of emergency operation


341

What Message are we Sending?

342

• Questions and Answers• Written Test• Course Evaluation

Review of Part 2: Where The Rubber Hits The Road

343

Thank You• This course has been made possible by the combined work and knowledge of several

Emergency Services Leaders. The Ohio Fire Academy and the McNeil and Company would like to thank the following for their efforts and hard work to keep our first responders safe.

• Chief David Denniston, Cortlandville Fire Department. Loss Control Training Specialist, McNeil and Company Inc.

• Past Chief William Tricarico, Director of Loss Control, McNeil and Company Inc.• Chief Tom Wutz, New York Office of Fire Prevention and Control, Albany NY• Lt Robert Raheb, FDNY, Chief EVOC Instructor FDNY EMS• Instructor Thomas Champion, IFSAC Instructor III, Indiana• Instructor Stanley Nations, Satsuma, AL• Chief William Goldfeder, firefighterclosecalls.com• Captain Gordon Graham, firefighterclosecalls.com• Firefighter/Lt./ Illustrator Paul Combs, Bryan Oh Fire Department• Firehouse.com • IAFC Health and Safety Section

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EMERGENCY VEHICLE

OPERATIONS

PART 2

OHIO FIRE ACADEMYOHIO DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE- DIVISION OF STATE FIRE MARSHAL

PART 2 Part 2 of the Ohio Fire Academy EVO Program

is designed to be a department or organization directed program that provides specific training on your EVO policies, SOP/SOG’s and apparatus. The goal of this program is to provide a comprehensive, cost effective EVO education program that meets current NFPA Standards.

PREPARATION

Items required to complete Part 2 of the Ohio Fire Academy – Emergency Vehicle Operations Program;

• A copy of IFSTA – Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook

• A copy of your organizations policies or SOP/SOG on emergency vehicle operations

• Manufacturer manuals or details for daily maintenance/inspection for each apparatus used by your staff

PREPARATION

– Copy of the following NFPA Standards for reference purposes;

• NFPA 1451 – Standard for a Fire Service Vehicle Operations Training Program• NFPA 1001 – Standard for Firefighter Professional Qualifications• NFPA 1002 – Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifications• NFPA 1500 – Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety & Health Program

– Copy of Ohio Revised & Administrative Codes detailing Ohio Law for emergency vehicle operations for either professional or volunteer firefighters. (See: Handout)

PREPARATION

– Identify adequate location(s) to conduct the skill & roadway driving exercises (refer to the Competency Evaluation – Evaluator Instructions for specific skill requirements)

Skill• If using a parking lot secure approval from owner prior to using this area• Be sure there are no obstacles/hazards in the evaluation area that interfere with safe operation

of the apparatus

• Secure the area to prevent unauthorized entry from pedestrians and vehicles Roadway• Using a map mark your route of travel and perform a test run to be sure you can meet all

specified objectives within your jurisdiction and to estimate travel time for planning purposes• Remember your route should encompass all of the usual driving conditions found within your

jurisdiction

PREPARATION

– Conduct reviews sessions of all materials outlined previously. Provide copies or make copies available of all materials to each staff member.

– Provide adequate time to prepare for the final evaluation. Remember…practice makes perfect.

PREPARATION – Equipment

• Safety Vest (Evaluator & Spotter)• Traffic Cones• Stop Watch• Clipboard • Apparatus

– Creative approach; surprisingly not everyone is going to be happy about being tested on their driving abilities. EVO is a serious subject but it does not have to be boring and methodical, get everyone involved by developing a friendly competition between shifts/units or stations. Maybe even challenge the Chief to a little driving competition. Use your imagination to battle the naysayer.

Evaluation – It is recommended you evaluate your staff on

both their knowledge of organizational policies, SOP/SOG’s, Ohio Law and their maneuverability skills before conducting your review. This provides a baseline for a before and after training.

– Evaluating staff should be done openly but without criticizing

– Evaluators shall be knowledgeable in EVO and have the responsibility of evaluating staff.

Evaluation – Evaluator(s) should be competent and capable of

providing fair and impartial evaluations.

– A minimal number (1 or 2) of evaluators should be used to maintain consistency and continuity during the evaluation process.

EvaluationEvaluation Instructions:

Each evaluation has its own unique set of instructions for the evaluation process. Some evaluations have time limits while others do not. It is critical to the success of the evaluation process that the evaluator know and understand what each evaluation skill exercise is requiring of your staff.

It is recommended that each staff member receive a copy or at a minimum have a copy available for review well in advance of the evaluation to become familiar with the requirements…set them up for success rather than failure.

Evaluation Process:

The evaluation process should be consistent, fair, but ridged. Integrity should be paramount considering all training and documentation will be used in any future legal proceedings.

EvaluationEvaluation Process: (continued)

Staff shall be evaluated on each different type of apparatus they are expected to operate. If all of your equipment is the same model, year & type you do not need to test over each piece unless there are differences in operation characteristics.

Evaluators and staff should agree on how and when an evaluation starts. Do you say go or is it when the staff member starts or says ok? This step will eliminate confusion and stress on everyone.

Once the staff member has started they cannot stop and ask questions this is to be done prior to the start of the evaluation. Make sure they are clear on what they are to do before they start.

Evaluators shall mark off the appropriate column…they either pass or fail when each step is completed.


Some steps must be completed in a chronological order but not all. Be familiar with the processes before starting the evaluation…do some dry runs to get the feel for how to do the evaluation prior to testing your staff.

Once the exercise is complete have the staff member position the apparatus for the next exercise or back to the start position for the next staff member.

If the staff member fails a critical step; STOP the exercise and move the apparatus back to the start position. It is recommended that the staff member not attempt the exercise immediately after failing but that decision is up to the evaluator or person in charge. It is best to provide a review session (this can be done verbally) before conducting the exercise again. If a staff member fails a second time it is recommended that a formal process be started to offer steps to correct the deficiencies. If the individual is assigned to drive apparatus consideration must be made on whether this staff member should be temporarily reassigned until they pass these exercises.


If during the evaluation the apparatus driver commits an unsafe act or if an unauthorized person or vehicle enters into the exercise area the exercise shall be stopped. Corrective action shall be taken prior to re-starting the exercise. Unsafe acts should be addressed and reviewed against departmental or organizational policies, SOP/SOG’s.

Paperwork:

Skill documents are to be maintained by the department or organization as part of your training records. Do not return the skill evaluations to the OFA.

Sign and return only the Certification of Completion form. This form is to be signed by the Lead Evaluator.

Accurate and neat documentation is crucial to completing the process in a timely manor please ensure that all information is completed and signed prior to returning your paperwork to the OFA.

Competency Course

• Not a Race• It’s for the drivers confidence in the operation

of that vehicle• Anytime a vehicle is in reverse, a spotter must

be in place.• No Lights/Sirens

Practical Driving Exercises• NFPA 1002 specifies driving exercises to be completed before

being certified to drive the apparatus. Staff must be able to perform these exercises with each type of apparatus they are expected to drive.– Alley dock exercise– Serpentine course– Confined space turnaround– Diminishing-clearance– Stopping Exercise– Road Test

Alley Dock Exercise

• Tests the driver/operator’s ability to move the vehicle backward within a restricted area and into an alley, dock, or fire station without striking the walls and to bring the vehicle to a smooth stop close to the rear wall.

• Done in both directions right and left alley dock.

Alley Dock Exercise• Requirements

– Boundary lines for the restricted area 40 feet (12.2 m) wide, similar to curb-to-curb distance

– Simulated area 12 feet (3.66 m) wide and 20 feet (6.1 m) deep along one side and perpendicular

Alley Dock Exercise

• Requirements– Boundary lines for

the restricted area 40 feet (12.2 m) wide, similar to curb-to-curb distance

– Simulated area 12 feet (3.66 m) wide and 20 feet (6.1 m) deep along one side and perpendicular

Alley Dock Exercise

Serpentine Course

• Simulates maneuvering around parked and stopped vehicles and tight corners

• Must be completed in each direction in one continuous motion without touching any of the course markers

(Continued)

Serpentine Course

• Requirements– Cones between 30 and 38 feet (9 m and 12 m)

apart, depending on the size of the apparatus being used

– Adequate space on each side of the markers for the apparatus to move freely

(Continued)

Serpentine Course

Confined Space Turnaround

• Tests the driver/operator’s ability to turn the vehicle 180º within a confined space

• Requirements — An area that is at least 50 feet (15.25 m) wide and 100 feet (30.5 m) long

(Continued)


• Has no limit to the number of direction changes required before the apparatus is turned 180º and driven through the same opening it entered

• Is completed successfully when the apparatus has been turned 180º and driven through the original entrance point with no course markers being struck or without leaving the defined course

Diminishing-Clearance

• Measures a driver/operator’s ability to steer the apparatus in a straight line, to judge distances from wheel to object, and to stop at a finish line

• Requirements — Two rows of stanchions that form a lane 75 feet (23 m) long, narrowing from a width of 9 feet 6 inches (2.9 m) to a diminishing clearance of 8 feet 2 inches (2.5 m)

Diminishing-Clearance

Stopping Exercise

• Tests the driver/operator’s ability to stop the vehicle within 6 to 24 inches of an object (another vehicle or stop sign) while moving forward and within 6 to 24 inches while backing (Into an apparatus bay).

Stopping Exercise

• RequirementsCones to mark the stopping area.

Students are to drive forward and backwards (50 ft) and stop within 6 to 24 inches of cones, without the hitting cones.


Stopping Exercise

Travel distance 50 ft

STOP

Stop within 6” to 24” of stop sign

Road TestsMUST INCLUDE:• Four left and four right turns• A straight section of urban business street or

two-lane rural road at least one mile (1.6 km) in length

• One through intersection and two intersections where a stop must be made

• A railroad crossing• One curve, either left or right

Road Tests Must Include• A section of limited-access highway that includes

an on ramp, off-ramp, and a section of road long enough to allow for at least two lane changes

• A downgrade that is steep enough and long enough to require downshift and braking

• An upgrade that is steep enough and long enough to require gear changing to maintain speed

• One underpass or a low-clearance bridge

Apparatus Inspection

• Performance Standard Section 703-1.01 NFPA 1002 2-2.1, 2-2.2, 3-1.1

The driver/operator shall perform routine test, inspections, and servicing functions required to assure the operational status of fire department engines and shall properly document his/her actions on the provided form (or your department form).

Completion of CoursePaperwork

• Skill documents are to be maintained by the

department or organization as part of your training records. Do not return the skill evaluations to the OFA.

• Accurate and neat documentation is crucial to completing the process in a timely manor please ensure that all information is completed and signed prior to returning your paperwork to the OFA.

• Sign and return only the Certification of Completion form. This form is to be signed by the Lead Evaluator.

Thank You• This course has been made possible by the combined work and knowledge of several

Emergency Services Leaders. The Ohio Fire Academy and the McNeil and Company would like to thank the following for their efforts and hard work to keep our first responders safe.

• Chief David Denniston, Cortlandville Fire Department. Loss Control Training Specialist, McNeil and Company Inc.

• Past Chief William Tricarico, Director of Loss Control, McNeil and Company Inc.• Chief Tom Wutz, New York Office of Fire Prevention and Control, Albany NY• Lt Robert Raheb, FDNY, Chief EVOC Instructor FDNY EMS• Instructor Thomas Champion, IFSAC Instructor III, Indiana• Instructor Stanley Nations, Satsuma, AL• Chief William Goldfeder, firefighterclosecalls.com• Captain Gordon Graham, firefighterclosecalls.com• Firefighter/Lt./ Illustrator Paul Combs, Bryan Oh Fire Department• Firehouse.com • IAFC Health and Safety Section• IFSTA Publications

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