Activity 1.4Of Models, Theories, and Laws

Needed:

computer with internet access

Procedure:

1.) Surf the internet for different models, theories and laws. List them below and provide a brief description of it.

Model Theory LawStandard Model

The Standard Model of particle physics is a theory concerning the electromagnetic, weak, and strong nuclear interactions, which mediate the dynamics of the known subatomic particles.

Aristotle’s Theory of Motion-The natural motion of object is their movement when they return of their natural places.

Newton’s Law of Motion Law of Inertia

-Every object continues to remain at rest or in uniform motion unless an unbalanced forced acts on it.

Law of Interaction-For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Law of Acceleration-The acceleration of a body is directly proportionalAnd is in the same direction as the net force applied to it and is inversely proportional to the mass of the body.

Galileo’s Theory of Motion-All objects on earth in the absence of air or other resistance would fall with the same constant acceleration due to gravity.

Law of conservation of momentum-The total momentum in an isolated system is constant.

Quantum Theory-A theory describing the behavior and interaction of elementary particle or energy states based on the assumptions that energy subdivided into discrete amount and that matter possesses waves properties.

Hooke’s Law-States that, within the elastic limit, the stress applied to an object is directly proportional to the strain experienced by it.

The Ising model, named after the physicist Ernst Ising, is a mathematical model of ferromagnetism in statistical mechanics. The model consists of discrete variables that represent magnetic dipole moments of atomic spins that can be in one of two states (+1 or −1). The spins are arranged in a graph, usually, a lattice, allowing each spin to interact with its neighbors. The model allows the identification of phase transitions, as a simplified model of reality.

Theory of Everything is a putative theory of theoretical physics that fully explains and links together all known physical phenomena, and predicts the outcome of any experiment that could be carried out in principle.

Law of Reflection-It states that waves are reflected from boundary of the medium at the same angle at which they approach.

Electromagnetic theory of light Light consists of electromagnetic oscillations perpendicular to the direction of travel of the wave motion.

Coulumb’s Law-Deals with the electric force that exists between like or unlike electrostatic charges.

Models of the UniverseAccording to the widely accepted theory of the big bang, the universe originated about 14 billion years ago and has been expanding ever since. Astronomers recognize four models of possible futures for the universe. According to the closed model, many billions of years from now expansion will slow, stop, and the universe will contract

The theory of relativity, developed primarily by German American physicist Albert Einstein, is the basis for later demonstration by physicists of the essential unity of matter and energy, of space and time, and of the forces of gravity and acceleration,.

Ohm’s Law-The current flowing through a circuit is directly proportional to the electromotive force and inversely proportional to the resistance of the circuit.

back in upon itself. In the flat model, the universe will not collapse upon itself, but expansion will slow and the universe will approach a stable size. According to the open model, the universe will continue expanding forever. In the accelerating expansion model, the universe will expand faster and faster until even the particles in normal matter are torn away from each other. Astronomers currently favor the accelerating expansion model.

The nuclear shell model is a model of the atomic nucleus which uses the Pauli exclusion principle to describe the structure of the nucleus in terms of energy levels.

Electron Theory of Matter Electron theory states all matter is comprised of molecules, which in turn are comprised of atoms, which are again comprised of protons, neutrons and electrons. A molecule is the smallest part of matter which can exist by itself and contains one or more atoms.

Newton’s law of gravitation-Any two bodies in the universe attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of the masses of the two bodies and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Copernican ModelIn the 16th century Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus proposed that the Sun was at the center of the universe instead of the Earth. This heliocentric (Sun-centered) model challenged assumptions held since the 2nd century when astronomer Ptolemy proposed a geocentric (Earth-centered) model of the universe that was used by astronomers and religious thinkers for many centuries. The Copernican model gradually gained acceptance because it provided better explanations for observed astronomical phenomena.

Theory of electricity The fluid theory of electricity is a now defunct theory that postulated an electrical fluid which was responsible for many electrical phenomena. Although he was not the first proponent, Benjamin Franklin worked to develop the theory. The Leyden jar was seen as a confirming case for this theory since it appeared to be a jar capable of holding the electric fluid.

Lenz’s Law-An induced emf always gives rise to a current whose magnetic field opposes the original change in flux.