of Kalyanpura Watershed, Bhilwara, Rajasthan

Anais Daverat

STUDIES

Registered under the Societies Registration Act XXI 1860, the Foundation for Ecological Security was set up in 2001 to reinforce the massive and critical task of ecological restoration in the country.

The crux of our efforts lies in locating forests and other natural resources within the prevailing economic, social and ecological dynamics in rural landscapes and in intertwining principles of conservation and local self governance for the protection of the natural surroundings and improvement in the living conditions of the poor.

By working on systemic issues that can bring about a multiplier change, we strive for a future where the local communities determine and move towards desirable land use that is based on principles of conservation and social justice.

A REPORT ON LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT OF KALYANPURA

WATERSHED,BHILWARA,RAJASTHAN

by Anais Daverat – ISTOM- 2007

FOUNDATION FOR ECOLOGICAL SECURITY (FES)

Introduction Chapter-1

1.a. Area profile, Topography and Watershed Details

The studied area, Kalyanpura Watershed, which lies within the Mej river

catchments, is situated between 75˚ 09’ to 75˚15 ‘ E longitude and 25˚16’ 40” to

25˚ 23’40 ” N latitude. It is then divided into 11 Micro-Watersheds.

It is characterized with an undulated topography ranging from a maximum height

of 510 m above MSL (Mean Sea Level) to a minimum of 330 m below the MSL,

and extends over a total area of 5175 ha.

It is located in the district of Bhilwara, in Mandalgarh tehsil. 16 villages come into

the watershed boundaries. These are: Jassuji ka Khera, Keriya, Nathji ka Khera,

Amli, Devipura, Salampura, Chawandiya, Bakhatpura, Devgarh, Takhatji Ka

Khera, Dhudaji Ka Khera, Madhopuriya, Rajpura, Jhanjola, Achlaji ka Khera and

Mala ka Khera.

1.b. Climate and Rainfall

The watershed area, falling in the semi-arid region, has an average annual

rainfall of 700 mm, which is below the Tehsil averages. Thus, we can qualify it as

a drought prone area, receiving a low average rainfall, and very dependant on

the monsoon rainfalls: When a depression reaches the area, it gets abundant

rains; otherwise, it is subject to a prolonged drought. The monsoon depressions

can be said to be the single factor that controls the distribution of rainfall,

affecting both irrigation & agriculture. Prolonged breaks in monsoons are likely to

occur during the mid-monsoon month, i.e. August. When a long break occurs

during July at the beginning of the cropping season, its effect on the growing

crops is quite harmful.

Sources of Irrigation in Kalyanpura Watershed

653

10

22

% Area irrigated by wells

% Area irrigated by tubewells

% Area irrigated by tanks

% Area irrigated by canals

1.c. Agriculture Major livelihood source of people is rain fed agriculture and animal husbandry. A

large part of the villages’ population is composed of small and marginal farmers,

with subsistence agriculture, mainly for self sufficiency. The extensive agriculture

fields is intensively manipulated as well as managed by individual owners.

The agriculture is alternated between two seasons of Kharif and Rabi.

Major kharif crops are coarse grain, like Maize and Jowar, which are in addition

to being hardy are also less water demanding, and also Urad, Moong, cotton, till

and Soya been are cultivated. These are based on the typical food habits of dry

land areas, and their leaves make very good fodder and succulent stems.

The Rabi crops are wheat, mustard and jeera.

The bulk of fodder requirement is fulfilled from the common lands.

1.d. Irrigation

Predominantly rain fed, around 68% (1478 ha) of the arable land of the area is

un-irrigated.

479 ha is irrigated area, and most

of the water requirements are met

from groundwater sources so that

the area has to face some

groundwater exploitation

problems. These problems are

known as Aquifer

Overexploitation, which leads to

persistent falls in groundwater

levels so that the rate of withdrawal is more than the average annual

replenishment rate and Groundwater mining, where the aquifer is mostly a non-

renewable resources and the reduction in aquifer reserves is essentially

permanent.

As a consequence, irrigation is not sufficient & the water balance is precarious.

The agricultural potential of these dry tracts can be increased in the near future

only by adopting a suitable package of practices aimed at the optimum utilization

of available moisture potential through improved soil-and-water management by

combining both strategies of “Planned exploitation and depletion” and “Planned

exploitation and recovery” in this project of Kalyanpura watershed management.

1.e. Drainage Through this map, we can see that the stream flows and water recharge

infiltration are going toward

different areas, There are

maximum 4th order stream

have been identified. All the

streams are ultimately going to

Mej river. The drainage

analysis has been done and is

attached in the following

section. The priority in northern

part of the watershed should be

given to the immediate use of

the water for common daily use

such as washing purpose,

cattle drinking, as far as the

water is waste by flowing out

and is not infiltrating through

the rocks in any way.

StreamOrder

No of Stream

Lengthof

StreamBifurcation

RatioDrainage

Frequency(/sqkm)Drainage

Density(m/sqkm) Area

(Hectare)1 41 30824 3.15 0.729 0.548 5627 2 13 22907 4.33 0.659 1.161 1973 3 3 12246 3.00 0.213 0.869 1409 4 1 1464 NA 1.000 1.464 100

1.f. Comments

A watershed is the area covering all the land that contributes runoff water to a

common point. It is a natural physiographic and ecologic unit composed of

interrelated parts and functions, so that its management is quite complex. This

unit drains to a common point on a natural drainage system.

The possibility of combining data of different types in a Geographic Information

System (GIS) aims at increasing the use of the project in terms of hydrological,

geological applications, but also by combining all these pieces of information with

the ecological and institutional aspects of the area, in order to facilitate the

planning of this landscape management.

Institutional processes operated in Landscape ManagementKalyanpura Watershed Chapter-2

For simplifying the systems and procedures are divided into the following

stages/sections: The Panchayat shall implement the projects under the overall

supervision and guidance of the PIA (Panchayat Samiti –Mandalgarh), therefore

the systems and procedures which are part of the MoU between the PMC and

the PIA shall be applicable to the Panchayat for the implementation of

Kalyanpura watershed.

Planning stage:

1. Community mobilization and preparation of a comprehensive community

based watershed development plans: The involvement of the community at

the level of planning and implementation is crucial for the realization of

ownership of the community to the project activities and the regenerated

resources. To ensure that the access of the community to decision making

and resources we need to organize community at the habitation level as

village institutions (to be recognized as sub committees for the concerned

Panchayat), which federate at the level of the Panchayat and thereby

support the Panchayat in the implementation of the project. These

habitation level institutions will prepare the organize meeting at habitation

level for mapping the community needs and arrive at the village

developments plans which clubbed at the level of watershed will form the

watershed development plans.

2. Decision-making: The process of strengthening of the Panchayat should be

initiated at the level of decision-making at the Panchayat and habitation level

with effective participation of all caste and class. For this monthly meeting at

the habitation level and quarterly meetings at Panchayat level are to be

organized to review the progress of work, resolve conflicts and plans for

future. Annual meetings for sharing of the works at the Panchayat samiti

level need to be organized to generate wider acceptance and garner support

for the work at block and district level.

Assessment of the Change in the Kalyanpura Watershed area: An

Ecological Characterization - This provides a detailed description of

landscape-level ecological conditions of the Kalyanpura watershed, analyzes

and evaluates land use and land cover, hydrology and biological diversity.

Applying principles of landscape ecology to assess the cumulative effects of

human development activities on natural resources is the central concept of

this report. Several indicators of landscape ecological integrity will be

evaluated. They include: (1) forest and native vegetation loss, (2) forest

patch pattern, (3) stream-edge habitat condition, (4) water quality and

quantity in the streams, (5) stability of stream hydrology, (6) balanced native

populations of animals and natural areas. A synthesis of findings from the

study as well as recommendations for improving ecological conditions in the

Kalyanpura Watershed will also be provided. .

Implementation stage: Base documents:

a. No Objection and land ownership: Before carrying out any physical

construction work a No Objection Certificate is to be obtained from the

owner of the land, if the construction is carried out on Private land, and

from the appropriate Government authority, if the construction is done

on public land.

b. In case of Private land, proof of ownership of land, like a copy of Land

Patta or authentication from any government authority, must be

obtained and kept for verification.

c. An undertaking shall be obtained from the owner of the Private land

and the group that the project shall not be responsible for any liability

whatsoever arising out of the construction of water-harvesting

structures.

Methodology & Analysis Procedure of Landscape Management with the data in GIS. Chapter-3

Primary and Secondary data used:GPS data, from the fields

Cadastral maps

Remote sensing imageries (LISS

3 & PAN)

Toposheet

Census data (Govt)

FES database

Landscape planning and Watershed Management, through ARCGIS:

- With ARCMap, Scan and Digitization of the cadastral maps on Kalyanpura Watershed Area (11 micro watersheds, 2 macro watersheds, 16 villages).

- Geo-referencing by going in the field using Global Position System (GPS) so that all the pieces of information from the cadastral maps are geographically referenced� Real World Coordinates Localization with the help of villagers, by Identification of given points such as open wells to get more accuracy regarding the maps.

- Data collected and entered in the database of ARCInfo, in the attribute table. Information on every aspects of land according to it cadastral number (Land no, land use, land cover, land owner, private/common land) Doct collected from the Block Development Office

- With ARCMap and ARC ToolBox, from the digitized form of the topographic sheet (45-O/3) of the area (contour lines and streams) we build a Digital Elevation Model which give us the slopes on the area.

Through this coverage we made a new one, decomposing the watershed area in 7 different categories of slopes:

Category (1) = 0%-1% slope Category (2) = 1%-3%Category (3) = 3%-5%Category (4) = 5%-10% Category (5) = 10%-25% Category (6) = 25%-50% Category (7) = >50%

Same procedure, depending on the water recharge potentials from FES works, 3 different categories:

(1) =High recharge potential (2) =Moderate (3) =Low

Using Remote Sensing Imageries (LISS-3 and PAN), and digitization, we got a coverage showing the different areas according to their land use, 3 categories:

(1) = Agricultural land (2) = Non agricultural land (3) = Waterbody (Recharge potential map)

Combination of each coverage, giving a new coverage (land use combined with slope and then combine with recharging potential)�60 different combinations for this coverage.

Creation of new fields in the attribute table, referring to some codes identifying every different polygon regarding their combinations

Example: (1) for Agricultural, without any combination

(12) for Agricultural land and a slope between 1-3%, 1st combination

�20 combinations (3 categories of land use*7 categories of slope, minus one impossible scenario of 35-50%slope on a water body)

(1203) for Agricultural land, slope between 1-3% and Low recharge potential, 2nd combination

�20*3 categories of recharge potential = 60 combinations

Regarding these 60 combinations, particular types of interventions are being defined.

As the area has simultaneously been digitized in its cadastral form, we can then easily identify who are the people concerned, which we have to address and advise them on the kind of interventions which should be done to improve the use of land, regarding the watershed development activities

In addition to these geo-hydrological aspects, ecological and institutional aspects have to be considered as well, so that a greater number of interventions will be defined.

Land use & Land cover and their uses in Landscape Management Chapter-4

Definition of Land use and Land cover

Land use is the human modification of natural environment or wilderness into

built environment such as fields, pastures, and settlements. More recent

significant effects of land use include urban sprawl, soil erosion, soil degradation,

salinization, and desertification.

The land use is mainly divided into:

- Cultivation area,

- Culturable waste land

- Non cultivation area

- Forest land

Sometimes these categories might be more precise, so we can find them as :

- Forests

- Land put to non-agricultural uses

- Barren & non-culturable land

- Permanent pastures & other grazing lands

- Miscellaneous tree crops & groves, not included in the net area sown

- Culturable waste

- Fallow land, other than current fallows

- Current fallows

- Net area sown

Land use and land management practices have a major impact on natural

resources including water, soil, nutrients, plants and animals. Land use

information can be used to develop solutions for natural resource management

issues such as salinity and water quality. For instance, water bodies in a region

that has been deforested or having erosion will have different water quality than

those in areas that are forested.

As a consequence of absence of any land use planning, the result has often

been misery for large segments of the local population and destruction of

valuable ecosystems. Such narrow approaches should be replaced by a

technique for the planning and management of land resources that is integrated

and holistic and where land users are central. This will ensure the long-term

quality of the land for human use, the prevention or resolution of social conflicts

related to land use, and the conservation of ecosystems of high biodiversity

value.

Land cover is the physical material at the surface of the earth. Land covers

include grass, asphalt, trees, bare ground, water, etc. There are two primary

methods for capturing information on land cover: field survey and through

analysis of remotely sensed imagery.

Land cover is distinct from land use despite the two terms often being used

interchangeably. Land use is a description of how people utilize the land and

socio-economic activity - urban and agricultural land uses are two of the most

commonly recognized high-level classes of use. At any one point or place, there

may be multiple and alternate land uses, the specification of which may have a

political dimension.

Land use pattern in Kalyanpura watershed

On the following maps and graphs, land use pattern is divided into the main

categories: Cultivation area / Non cultivation area / Culturable Waste land / Water

body / Forest.

Change in land use in last few years

On average terms around 27% of the area in Kalyanpura watershed is used for

agricultural purpose and the other areas constitute mainly common property land

resources, used for livestock grazing and fuel wood collection. However

significant variation can be seen within the watershed area in terms of land use.

These trends in land use have been mapped to give a better picture. Satellite

imageries have also been analyzed to look into the changes and the character of

the landscape component.

Land Use of the project area derived from satellite Imageries (1989).

Land Use of the project area derived from satellite Imageries (1999).

Land Use percentage Distribution Map of the Project Area

Geology and its uses in Landscape Management Chapter-5

Geology is the branch of sciences which deals with the processes of formation

and evolution of earth and its different systems through time.

The geology of Kalyanpura watershed represents the structure in term of the

rocks, minerals, and physical aspect of the soil in this area.

Rock types, Soil types and Stratigraphy

This is a part of the sedimentary basin with evidences of minor and low grade

metamorphism (Upper Vindhyan Super Group around the age of late proterozoic

and early Cambrian). The area consisting of the shale, slate, phyllite and

quartzite with minor inclusions of local quartz veins which resemblance the

Bhander group. General trend of the bedding planes and foliations along NE-SW

direction, dipping towards NW with lots of local variations. Due to structural

disturbances and physical processes operated on the area, the rocks are highly

fractured and these fractures extended up to a greater depth (as observed in

different open wells).

Water resources and its Distribution (surface and subsurface)

Water resources are divisible into 2 distinct categories : the surface-water

resources & the ground-water resources. Each of these categories is a part of

the earth's water circulatory system, called the hydrologic cycle, and is derived

from rainfall in the case of Kalyanpura watershed area. These 2 categories are

interdependent and frequently the loss of one is the gain of the other.

The rainfall which comes upon the land is the ultimate source for both the

categories of water resources and can be then dispersed in several ways. A

sizeable portion is intercepted by the vegetal cover or temporarily detained in

surface depressions. Most of it is later lost through evaporation. When the

available interception or the depression storage are completely exhausted and

when the rainfall intensity at the soil surface exceeds the infiltration capacity of

the soils, the overland flow begins and reaches a stream channel which is called

surface run-off.

Through the fractures in the rocks, there is a phenomenon of percolation of the

water which gives to the area a good capacity of water recharging.

The compaction of shale and slate does not leave any porous spaces within the

rock but enormous fractures through out the area made the path to move water

drops towards the ground water table. Therefore it may not hold water within the

rock itself due to absence of pore spaces but it can hold water in the

interconnected fracture zones for the upper unconfined aquifer. Simultaneously,

water can also percolate to a greater depth through these fractures in many

places to recharge the deeper confined and semi confined aquifer slowly.

Ecology and its uses in Landscape Management Chapter-5

Vegetation & Species

Species diversity: The flora and fauna are particularly endemic to the arid regions

and are specially adapted biologically to survive in the dry, waterless regions.

Although Dhok or Dhokara (Anogeissus pendula) is the predominant species for

Mandalgarh Tehsiland is thus being present in the Kalyanpura watershed area,

the predominant species of the area are Acacia leucophloea (Arunja/Ronj),

Acacia catechu (Khair), Acacia nilotica (Desi babool), and Azadiracta indica

(Neem). The area has also got a shrub cover, which largely comprises of Casia

auriculata (Puad). The area is characterized by the grass species Aristda

species, signifying depleted water table and a state of degradation.

Ecosystems of the area and interactions with the landscape

These ecosystems can be broadly classified into 2 categories:

- Natural Ecosystem:

- Terrestrial Ecosystem = Forest, Grassland - Aquatic Ecosystem = Fresh water, Lentic ie standing water like ponds/lakes/Reservoirs), Lotic ie running water of non perennial rivers

- Man-engineered Ecosystems:

- Cropland ecosystem:

- Farmland ecosystem

- Agro forestry /Orchard ecosystem

The natural ecosystem of Mandalgarh area have been reduced to a few isolated

pockets, like gorge, reserve forest, banni (forest ecosystem) or sacred grooves,

community owned and protected grazing plots, numerous water bodies such as

ponds, pools, lakes and dams.

They are constantly prone to severe manipulation and interference by human

and livestock population. The other important component in the landscape is the

extensive agriculture fields which is intensively manipulated as well as managed

by individual owners.

However there exists a general spatial, functional, temporal and complex

interdependence among these ecosystems. Most of the forest land / Banni

(forest ecosystem), gorge (Lotic ecosystem) and community owned and

protected plots (Protected & Managed grassland ecosystems) are found in upper

ridges of the hill ranges, while other ecosystem like ponds/lakes /reservoirs

(Lentic ecosystems), agricultural land orchards (cropland ecosystem) occurs in

the low lying flat land or valleys in the area.

Though the forests are highly degraded, they provide such benefits to local

people as fuel wood, fodder, fruits apart from ecological services like interception

of surface run-off, etc. Thus ensuring moisture conservation, ground water

recharge, alleviation of moisture cutting & loss, and minimizing siltation in the

reservoirs in the down streams. As a cascading effect the water availability in

streams, ponds & agriculture fields is enhanced and prolonged. During

precipitation and storm, some of nutrients reach the valley area through the

flowing water. Consequently, the fertility of agriculture land is increased, which in

turn pushes up the agricultural land productivity.

Output of Integrated and Analyzed Data Chapter-6

These 2 maps are highlighting the different zones where specific conservation

measures should be implemented after analysis of the land, given its land use

and its geo-hydrology (slope and water recharge potential).

Each color represents a specific intervention, and 14 kinds of interventions have

been established. As detailed before, 60 combinations (of land use-slope-

recharge potential) are found out from ARC GIS. So that one intervention might

be standing for different combinations which are representing same kinds of

situation in term of land behavior and interest.

For example,

With a Land Use-code = 1, which means Agricultural Land, we can find 5

specific intervention, depending on the following combinations of Slope and

Recharge potential. All the combinations with a slope-code of 1 or 2 and a

recharge potential of 1 or 2, are standing for the same intervention�Maintenance of bunds, supply of fertilizers and goods for irrigation.

The 14 interventions defined are gathered in the following table, regarding the

combinations corresponding:

COMPOSITION CLASS CODE LUSE-

CODE SLOPE RECHARGE POTENTIAL

CONSERVATION MEASURE

1 1 1,2 1,2 Maintenance of bunds, supply of fertilizers and good for irrigation

2 1 1,2 3 Grassland development, construction of farm pond 3 1 3,4,5 1,2,3 Cultivation with terracing and agroforestry 4 1 6,7 1,2 Increase of time for surface water availibility for recharge by structures

5 1 6,7 3 Surface storage structure for soil moisture, irrigation and domestic uses

6 2 1,2 1,2 Afforestation with suitable species

7 2 1,2 3 Bunding, terracing shallow rooted low water requirement short duration crops

8 2 3,4,5 1 Afforestation with contour trenching 9 2 3,4,5 2,3 Bunding, shallow rooted crops with irrigation facilities 10 2 6,7 1 Afforestation with contour trenching

11 2 6,7 2,3 Spot planting in crevizes of rocks having soil

12 3 1,2,3,4,5 1,2 Construction of new wells near by the waterbody (after checking the GW flow path)

13 3 1,2 3 Plantation of trees surround the waterbody to low down the evaporation 14 3 3,4,5 3 Construction of WHS at the outlet to maximize the storage

The 2nd map is representing a more precise area of the watershed, which has

been digitized. It is including the 6 villages of Chawandiya, Salampura, Keriya,

Bakhatpura, Amli and Jassuji Ka Khera.

Thus, the information on the type of interventions to be implemented is now

coupled with the cadastral numbers of the lands, which is helpful through the

related database: It becomes easier to identify the land owner whom we have to

address to, in order to implement the intervention.

There, we can find 6 out of the 14 interventions defined.

Problems faced during work:

- Much time was required to travel the distance from Bhilwara to the watershed area so that we could not collect in a day as much data as we would like, as far as it was taking also some time to identify enough precise and interesting points corresponding on the map and in the field.

- Digitized cadastral maps need some reprocessing:Rectifications in the geo referencing, because there are some problems of

correspondence between villages boundaries or roads.

- Confusions for some cadastral numbers, some lands’ numbers are confused, some numbers are missing, or in some cases several different numbers are standing for a single land.

- Categories between land cover and land use from the Patawari data are not clear. Moreover the problem related to language (hindi writing) makes it more difficult.

- Problems related to the capacity of the computer which was insufficient for software such as ARC MAP, which really slow down the work, and required very much patience!

References:

� Detailed Project Report of Kalyanpura watershed from Fondation for

Ecological Security.

� Watershed Development Policy Challenges & Recommendations, The

India Context by Wilson, V., 1 Amezaga J., 1 Gosain, A., 2 Gupta, R.3and

Saigal, S, August, 2003

� “Preparing the Next Generation of Watershed Management Programmes”

11th - 13th September, 2003, Kathmandu, Nepal

� Map India Conference 2003, GIS development.net, Ashish Pandey, V.M

Chowdary, B.C Mal and P.P Dabral

Websites:

� www.Krishiworld.com

� envfor.nic.in/unccd/chap-3.pdf

� www.indianchild.com/panchayats_system_india.htm

� www.google.co.in

Annexure:

StreamOrder

No of Stream

Lengthof

Stream(m)

Bifurcation Ratio

Drainage Frequency(/

sqkm)

Drainage Density(m/sqk

m)

Area(Hectare

)Watershed no

1 18 7464 6.00 2.835 1.175 635 6,32 3 3255 #REF! 0.472 0.513 635 1 4 2700 2.00 0.618 0.417 647 6,42 2 3292 2.00 0.309 0.509 647 3 1 476 #REF! 0.155 0.074 647 1 5 2759 5.00 1.089 0.601 459 6;4,22 1 1286 #REF! 0.218 0.280 459 1 27 9998 3.86 3.729 1.381 724 6,52 7 3475 1.75 0.967 0.480 724 3 4 4612 1.33 0.552 0.637 724 4 3 284 #REF! 0.414 0.039 724 1 12 5987 6.00 3.704 1.848 324 7,12 2 1972 2.00 0.617 0.609 324 3 1 1105 #REF! 0.309 0.341 324 1 17 9291 8.50 2.652 1.449 641 7,32 2 1282 2.00 0.312 0.200 641 3 1 3651 #REF! 0.156 0.570 641 1 24 8795 6.00 5.172 1.895 464 7,42 4 1465 2.00 0.862 0.316 464 3 2 3466 2.00 0.431 0.747 464 4 1 121 #REF! 0.216 0.026 464 1 2 1356 2.00 2.041 1.384 98 7,52 1 837 #REF! 1.020 0.854 98 1 34 12912 5.67 4.722 1.793 720 7,62 6 6336 6.00 0.833 0.880 720 3 1 2526 #REF! 0.139 0.351 720 1 3 1172 1.00 4.167 1.628 72 7,72 3 469 3.00 4.167 0.651 72 3 1 1529 #REF! 1.389 2.124 72 1 7 1149 7.00 8.750 1.436 80 7,82 1 63 0.33 1.250 0.079 80 3 3 672 1.00 3.750 0.840 80 4 3 2799 #REF! 3.750 3.499 80 1 7 1149 7.00 3.483 0.572 201 7,92 1 63 0.50 0.498 0.031 201 4 2 672 #DIV/0! 0.995 0.334 201

Drainage Analysis of different micro watershed in Kalyanpura watershed.

Village %C.A_91 %C.A_01 %CWL_91 %CWL_01 %NCA_91 %NCA_01 %FL_91 %FL_01

Rajpura 46.0 30.7 0.8 36.2 52.8 33.0 0.0 0.0

Madhu Puriya 43.6 52.7 31.8 25.5 24.5 21.8 0.0 0.0

Deopuriya 39.6 23.1 13.8 26.4 47.3 50.5 0.0 0.0

Keriya 19.0 22.8 27.8 35.4 53.2 41.8 0.0 0.0

Salampura 38.1 16.5 22.3 46.0 39.6 37.4 0.0 0.0

Achala Ji Ka Khera 16.9 12.6 18.9 21.2 63.6 66.2 0.0 0.0

Jasuji Ka Khera 25.0 24.7 29.7 25.3 45.3 50.0 0.0 0.0

Chawandiya 44.0 47.3 35.8 32.5 20.2 20.2 0.0 0.0

Bakhatpura 13.9 17.8 22.0 18.8 64.1 63.4 0.0 0.0

Nathji Ka Khera 11.7 7.2 8.6 11.9 79.7 80.9 0.0 0.0

Amli 49.9 41.0 21.8 32.6 28.1 26.4 0.0 0.0

Jhanjhola 15.3 9.3 28.1 33.6 36.4 37.0 20.1 20.1

Mala Ka Khera 24.6 26.9 23.1 26.2 7.7 46.9 45.4 45.4

Deogarh 5.6 3.6 14.8 9.5 77.0 84.7 2.3 2.3

Takhatji Ka Khera 9.8 14.6 38.3 23.3 52.0 62.0 0.0 0.0

Dudaji Ka Khera 19.7 37.9 66.7 24.2 14.8 37.9 0.0 0.0

Landuse in Kalyanpura watershed according to Census.

Village

%Agricultural

Area

% Non agricultural

area %Waterbody

area Jhanjola 57.4 38.8 3.8

Jasssu ji ka khera 42.1 57.9 0.0

Dudaji ka khera 7.8 92.2 0.0 Takhatji ka khera 18.9 81.1 0.0

salampura 83.7 12.0 4.3 Deopuriya 65.5 33.6 0.8

Rajpura 77.0 23.0 0.0 deogarh 30.1 69.5 0.4

Nathji ka khera 26.9 68.7 4.4 Chavandiya 55.8 42.9 1.3

Mala ka khera 7.2 86.5 6.3 Bhakatpura 47.7 30.2 22.1

Amli 52.3 35.3 12.4 Achlaji ka khera 64.6 35.4 0.0

Madhupuriya 73.6 26.4 0.0 Keriya 82.0 6.4 11.6

Landuse Classification according to Remote sensing Images

List of the abbreviations used in the cadastral maps’ land classification:

AK=Alkaline land BA=Barren land CE=Cemetery CW=Community Well CWL=Culturable Waste Land D=Dry land E=Enclosure H=habitationG=Grazing landHR=Hills and Roads (not for pasture land) ID=Irrigation Department MP=Meeting Place NC=Non Cultivable land NCD=Non Cultivable Drain land NCE=Non Cultivable Enclosure NCSA=Non Cultivable Saline land NCWL=Non Culturable Waste Land R=RoadRCP=Reserved for Common Purpose RD=Rivers and Drains RH=R=Rocks and Hills (for pasture land) RWL=Revenue Waste Land SA=Saline land ST=Stony land V=Village land W=WellsWHS=Waste Harvesting Structure=WL(WaterLogged)

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