oecd, 2nd task force meeting on charting illicit trade - kristiina kangaspunta
DESCRIPTION
This presentation by ristiina Kangaspunta was made at the 2nd Task Force Meeting on Charting Illicit Trade held on 5-7 March 2014. www.oecd.org/gov/risk/charting-illicit-trade-second-task-force-meeting.htmTRANSCRIPT
Trafficking in persons Kristiina Kangaspunta
Definition of trafficking in persons - three elements – Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
Different types of trafficking in persons Categorized by: 1. Form of exploitation
2. Profile of victims
3. Type of countries
Distribution of victims detected globally, by form of exploitation, 2010
Sexual exploitation
58%
Forced labour
36%
Organs removal
0.2%
Other forms of trafficking in persons
6%
Source: UNODC elaboration on national data
Other forms: • Forced marriage • Body parts removal for rituals, • Pornography, • Begging and petty crimes, • Child soldiers, • Baby selling and illegal adoption
Gender and age profile of victims detected globally, 2009
Source: UNODC elaboration on national data
Boys10%
Girls17%
Women59%
Men14%
Countries of origin, transit and destination • No clear types – many countries are mixed types Figure: Selected European countries according to their consideration of being
an origin, transit or destination for trafficking in persons
Domestic, regional and transregional flows, shares of the total number of trafficking flows, 2007-2010
-Trancontinental - Victims traff icked across different
regions24%
- Regional - Victims traff icked from the nearby
subregion 4%
- Regional - Victims traff icked w ithin the same
subregion (cross-border)
45%
-Domestic- Victims traff icked w ithin the same
country 27%
Shares of detected victims who were trafficked within or from outside the region, 2007-2010
Countries of origin of victims detected in Western and Central Europe, 2007-2010: victims of 112 different nationalities were detected in the region
Countries where East Asian victims were detected, 2007-2010: East Asian victims were detected in 64 countries worldwide
Impact of trafficking
• Individual level: – Physical and mental health impact, substance abuse, stigma, social
exclusion and marginalization • Political implications:
– Shaping policies including on migration, labour, prostitution, border control • Impact on the rule of law:
– Linkages to corruption and other crimes, reduces the accountability of authorities and their possibility for impartial policymaking
• Impact on human and national security: – Links to organized crime together with significant human rights, economic,
social, and political impacts endanger human as well as national security in some regions
Economic impact
• Receipt of little or no income for individuals
• Redirection of the profits from legitimate employers to the criminals
• Reductions in revenue since trafficking generates no tax revenues, and it can be linked to tax evasion and money-laundering
• Transnational trafficking: loss of migrant remittances
Global turnover from trafficking in persons
Difficult to estimate • Hidden nature:
– Difficult to estimate the prevalence of human trafficking
– Difficult to measure the profits made out of the business of
human trafficking
Proceeds of transnational crime
Criminalization of trafficking in persons with a specific offence as of November 2008 and August 2012
83%(134)60%
(98)
12% (19)
18%(29)
5% (9)22%(35)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
November 2008 August 2012Covers most/all forms PartialNo specific offence
162 countries and territories Source: UNODC elaboration on national data
Number of convictions recorded per year, percentage of countries, 2007-2010
No data available,18% of countries
covered
No convictions,16% of countries
covered
1 to 10 convictions,
23%of countries
covered
More than 50 convictions,
18%of countries
covered
11 to 50 convictions,
25% of countries covered
Source: UNODC elaboration on national data
Countries with the best rating in 2010 in the 3P Anti-trafficking Policy Index
Nexus with Transnational Organised Crime and Evidence of Convergence with different forms of trafficking
• More than 30% of organized crime groups active in Europe are involved in more than one crime (Europol)
• Poly-crime groups involved in trafficking in persons are often linked to drug trafficking
• Other links: fishing industry, environmental crimes in the form of marine living resource crimes, arms trafficking, maritime piracy, alcohol smuggling, corruption.
WWW.UNODC.ORG
Photo: Tina Imbriano