OE vocabularyOE - relatively few borrowings; most words

were native (i.e. Germanic);Many words - almost identical:

hand, winter, under;Some words - similar form, but different meaning:

brēad (piece), drēam (joy), sellan (give), winnan (fight);Some words - limited context

(fixed expressions/collocatins/idioms): bridegroom, werewolf, Yuletide;

Many OE words did not survive: blīcan (shine), here (army), racu (explanation);

OE - borrowingsLatin:

before OE (Romans Germanic tribes):trade: Lat vīnum OE wīnmilitary: Lat vallum OE weall

OE (Anglo-Saxons): learned loanwords: Lat scrīnium OE scrīn,

Lat schola OE scōlCeltic:

place names: Avon, Dover, LondonLat Celtic OE: -ceaster, -coln

OE - borrowingsOld Norse

Most ON words in OE were unwritten until MEMany loanwords = cognates:

substitution OE sweoster/ON systir bifurcation OE scyrte/ON skirta

other examples; call take give they – them – their vind + auga (window)

ME lexicon - borrowingsLatin (often via Fr)

religion: pulpit, scripture, law: conviction, commit, legitimateeducation: library, index, scribescience: medicine, equal, recipe

Greekvia Lat: chaos, historyvia Fr: chronicle, dragon,

ME lexicon - borrowingsFrench (esp. 1250 – 1400)

administration: government, country, royallaw: crime, court, judgereligion: preach, saintmilitary: castle, captain, soldierfood: beef, fry, fruiteducation: literature, letter…

Eng nobiles used many Fr words while speaking

Eng

ModE - borrowingsLatin (science, geography, medicine):

peninsula, library, delirium…Greek:

many words via Lat & Fr: rhythm, barbarous, machine…

French (social life, art):ModE: cigarette, police, camouflage, cliché…ME vs. ModE: chief vs. chef

ModE - borrowingsSpanish & Portuguese (trade, nature):

alligator, chocolate, embargo, potato, tornado…Italian (art, food, social life):

piano, opera, balloon, casino, fresco,influenza, broccoli…

Dutch (trade, navy):deck, iceberg, smuggle, booze,

Br colonies:jungle (Hindu), bazaar (Persian), tea (Chinese),

rattan (Malay), boomerang (Austr), banana (W Afr)