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Oceans

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Page 1: Oceans. Ocean-Atmosphere Links Exchange of water, carbon dioxide and heat. Surface ocean currents are driven by atmospheric circulation. Oceans and atmosphere

Oceans

Page 2: Oceans. Ocean-Atmosphere Links Exchange of water, carbon dioxide and heat. Surface ocean currents are driven by atmospheric circulation. Oceans and atmosphere

Ocean-Atmosphere Links

Exchange of water, carbon dioxide and heat.

Surface ocean currents are driven by atmospheric circulation.

Oceans and atmosphere control climate.

Page 3: Oceans. Ocean-Atmosphere Links Exchange of water, carbon dioxide and heat. Surface ocean currents are driven by atmospheric circulation. Oceans and atmosphere

Ocean-Atmosphere Links

Gasesand Dust

Fig. 9.9

Page 4: Oceans. Ocean-Atmosphere Links Exchange of water, carbon dioxide and heat. Surface ocean currents are driven by atmospheric circulation. Oceans and atmosphere

Atmospheric Water SourceAround equator – precip. exceeds evap.

Around 30o N/S lat. – evap. exceeds precip.

Fig. 9.9

Page 5: Oceans. Ocean-Atmosphere Links Exchange of water, carbon dioxide and heat. Surface ocean currents are driven by atmospheric circulation. Oceans and atmosphere

Oceans and Climate

Q. Why is the climate in England mild even though it's at 55o N latitude?

Page 6: Oceans. Ocean-Atmosphere Links Exchange of water, carbon dioxide and heat. Surface ocean currents are driven by atmospheric circulation. Oceans and atmosphere

Oceans and Climate

A. The Gulf Stream current carries heat to Northern Europe.

Fig. 9.14

Page 7: Oceans. Ocean-Atmosphere Links Exchange of water, carbon dioxide and heat. Surface ocean currents are driven by atmospheric circulation. Oceans and atmosphere

Dissolved Ions in Ocean Water

Major ions:•Sodium (Na)•Chloride (Cl)•85%

Minor ions:•Sulfate (SO4)•Magnesium (Mg)•Calcium (Ca)

Page 8: Oceans. Ocean-Atmosphere Links Exchange of water, carbon dioxide and heat. Surface ocean currents are driven by atmospheric circulation. Oceans and atmosphere

Daily Questions

Q. Where do all the dissolved ions in ocean water come from?

A. Chemical weathering of rocks and minerals.

Q. Why are the oceans so much saltier than rivers and lakes?

A. Rivers deliver water and dissolved ions to oceans, only water leaves oceans as evaporation.

Page 9: Oceans. Ocean-Atmosphere Links Exchange of water, carbon dioxide and heat. Surface ocean currents are driven by atmospheric circulation. Oceans and atmosphere

Salinity and Latitude

Figure13.9

Page 10: Oceans. Ocean-Atmosphere Links Exchange of water, carbon dioxide and heat. Surface ocean currents are driven by atmospheric circulation. Oceans and atmosphere

Salinity and Depth

Figure 13.10

Page 11: Oceans. Ocean-Atmosphere Links Exchange of water, carbon dioxide and heat. Surface ocean currents are driven by atmospheric circulation. Oceans and atmosphere

13.11

Page 12: Oceans. Ocean-Atmosphere Links Exchange of water, carbon dioxide and heat. Surface ocean currents are driven by atmospheric circulation. Oceans and atmosphere

Ocean Temperature vs. Depth

13.13

Figure 13.13

Page 13: Oceans. Ocean-Atmosphere Links Exchange of water, carbon dioxide and heat. Surface ocean currents are driven by atmospheric circulation. Oceans and atmosphere

Density versus Depth• Density a function of

• Temperature (generally, as T ↓ density↑ )

• Salinity (as Sal ↑ density ↑)

• Density differences divided ocean column into 3

• Shallow

• Middle

• Bottom

Fig. 13.14

Page 14: Oceans. Ocean-Atmosphere Links Exchange of water, carbon dioxide and heat. Surface ocean currents are driven by atmospheric circulation. Oceans and atmosphere

Layers of the Ocean

Surface Layer:

•2% of water

•warm, well mixed

• biologically productive

Fig. 9.10

Page 15: Oceans. Ocean-Atmosphere Links Exchange of water, carbon dioxide and heat. Surface ocean currents are driven by atmospheric circulation. Oceans and atmosphere

Layers of the Ocean

Deep Zone:

•98% of water

•cold, uniform temperature• isolated from the

atmosphere

• nutrient rich

Fig. 9.10