oceanography timeline surface exploration undersea exploration timeline surface exploration undersea...
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OCEANOGRAPHYOCEANOGRAPHYTimeline
Surface ExplorationUndersea Exploration
Timeline Surface ExplorationUndersea Exploration
Surface ExplorationSurface Exploration600 B.C.
Phoenicians “Hug the Coast”Near-shore environs
600 B.C.
Phoenicians “Hug the Coast”Near-shore environs
Surface ExplorationSurface Exploration500-700 A.D.
PolynesiansElaborate navigation system
in the South Pacific10 million square milesUsed sun, planets, tides,
currents as “landmarks”
500-700 A.D.
PolynesiansElaborate navigation system
in the South Pacific10 million square milesUsed sun, planets, tides,
currents as “landmarks”
Surface ExplorationSurface Exploration900
VikingsNorth Atlantic
Greenland, Iceland, Newfoundland
Use North Star for guidance
900
VikingsNorth Atlantic
Greenland, Iceland, Newfoundland
Use North Star for guidance
Surface ExplorationSurface Exploration1000
ChineseInvent the compassNo more than
magnetized needle in bowl of water
Reduced fear
1000
ChineseInvent the compassNo more than
magnetized needle in bowl of water
Reduced fear
Surface ExplorationSurface Exploration1519
Ferdinand Megallan1st round-the-world
sailing voyageTakes 2 years
1519
Ferdinand Megallan1st round-the-world
sailing voyageTakes 2 years
Surface ExplorationSurface Exploration1768
James CookMaps the Pacific
OceanDefines LongitudeVoyage solely for
Scientific Investigation
1768
James CookMaps the Pacific
OceanDefines LongitudeVoyage solely for
Scientific Investigation
Surface ExplorationSurface Exploration1825
Charles DarwinThe HMS BeagleMarine life on/near
Galapagos Islands
1825
Charles DarwinThe HMS BeagleMarine life on/near
Galapagos Islands
Surface ExplorationSurface Exploration1853
U.S. Navy Lieutenant Matthew Maury
1st Atlas, collected info from around the world
Sailing directions, sea conditions
1853
U.S. Navy Lieutenant Matthew Maury
1st Atlas, collected info from around the world
Sailing directions, sea conditions
Surface ExplorationSurface Exploration1872-1875
Challenger Expedition1st Fully scientific
oceanographic expeditionSalinity, temp of seawaterGives birth to OceanographyPhysical, chemical, biological
and geological studies
1872-1875
Challenger Expedition1st Fully scientific
oceanographic expeditionSalinity, temp of seawaterGives birth to OceanographyPhysical, chemical, biological
and geological studies
Surface ExplorationSurface Exploration1950
Big Gov’t $$$ for Ocean Science
Follows WW II
1950
Big Gov’t $$$ for Ocean Science
Follows WW II $$$
Surface ExplorationSurface Exploration1957
Russians develop Sputnik, 1st man-made satellite
Arms race w/USA
$$$ even moreCreates NSF – National
Science Foundation
1957
Russians develop Sputnik, 1st man-made satellite
Arms race w/USA
$$$ even moreCreates NSF – National
Science Foundation
Surface ExplorationSurface Exploration1968
Deep-sea Drilling Program started
The Glomar Challenger
Takes bottom “core” samples
1968
Deep-sea Drilling Program started
The Glomar Challenger
Takes bottom “core” samples
Surface ExplorationSurface Exploration1978
US Satellites give color photos
Reflective properties of ocean surface
Today’s SeaWiFs satellites
1978
US Satellites give color photos
Reflective properties of ocean surface
Today’s SeaWiFs satellites
Surface ExplorationSurface Exploration1990
John Martin’s “Iron Hypothesis”Inc. Fe Inc. PhytoPlanktonDec. CO2 Dec. Earth Temp.Influence of Iron levels in Ocean habitats
1990
John Martin’s “Iron Hypothesis”Inc. Fe Inc. PhytoPlanktonDec. CO2 Dec. Earth Temp.Influence of Iron levels in Ocean habitats
Surface ExplorationSurface ExplorationThe Future
2000 – Creation of “Ocean US” and
IOOS: Integrated Ocean Observing System
Weather forecasting, marine preservation
The Future
2000 – Creation of “Ocean US” and
IOOS: Integrated Ocean Observing System
Weather forecasting, marine preservation
Marine GeophysicsMarine Geophysics
Study of rock structure in the ocean basin, properties of rocks such as magnetism,
occurrence of earthquakes.
Study of rock structure in the ocean basin, properties of rocks such as magnetism,
occurrence of earthquakes.
Dec 26, 20049.0 Eq, Sumatra
Dec 26, 20049.0 Eq, Sumatra
275,950 killed275,950 killed
Image courtesy of BBC
Undersea ExplorationUndersea Exploration1535
The Diving Bell
Worn on the shouldersStay under ~ 1 hour
1535
The Diving Bell
Worn on the shouldersStay under ~ 1 hour
Undersea ExplorationUndersea Exploration1825
William James (UK) Develops SCUBA equipment*Compressed air containers worn on
a belt
Many were involved in SCUBA SELF CONTAINED UNDERWATER BREATHING APPARATUS
1825
William James (UK) Develops SCUBA equipment*Compressed air containers worn on
a belt
Many were involved in SCUBA SELF CONTAINED UNDERWATER BREATHING APPARATUS
Undersea ExplorationUndersea Exploration1934
William Beebe & Otis Barton conduct first deep-sea dive
Crude steel ball, ½ mi. downGenerates much interest in
the vitality & natural resources of the ocean
1934
William Beebe & Otis Barton conduct first deep-sea dive
Crude steel ball, ½ mi. downGenerates much interest in
the vitality & natural resources of the ocean O2 tanks inside, circulated by
hand-held fans, CO2 absorbed by chemicals
Undersea ExplorationUndersea Exploration1943
Jacques CousteauAquaLungInc. SafetyInc. Time belowStill used today (with
some improvements)
1943
Jacques CousteauAquaLungInc. SafetyInc. Time belowStill used today (with
some improvements)
Undersea ExplorationUndersea Exploration1951
Mariana TrenchChallenger II (UK)Used soundwaves7 miles below ocean
surface
1951
Mariana TrenchChallenger II (UK)Used soundwaves7 miles below ocean
surface
Undersea ExplorationUndersea Exploration1964
Alvin is launched
Avoid the crushing pressure, darkness, temperature of deep sea exploration
1964
Alvin is launched
Avoid the crushing pressure, darkness, temperature of deep sea exploration
Undersea ExplorationUndersea Exploration1976
Hydrothermal Vents
Cracks in ocean floorExtreme environsNot much known
1976
Hydrothermal Vents
Cracks in ocean floorExtreme environsNot much known
Undersea ExplorationUndersea Exploration1979
Marine Biologist Sylvie Earl invents
The Jim SuitPressurizedWalk on ocean floor,1,250 feet down
1979
Marine Biologist Sylvie Earl invents
The Jim SuitPressurizedWalk on ocean floor,1,250 feet down
Undersea ExplorationUndersea ExplorationToday
LEOLong-term EcosystemObservatory
Today
LEOLong-term EcosystemObservatory
