Oceanographic HistoryOceanographic History

Part 2Part 2

The Middle AgesThe Middle Ages

VikingsVikings Westward exploration Westward exploration

began in the 9began in the 9thth century century Discovered Iceland and Discovered Iceland and

GreenlandGreenland Leif Eriksson landed in Leif Eriksson landed in

North America at North America at Newfoundland, CanadaNewfoundland, Canada

ChineseChinese Invented the first compass Invented the first compass

in 1000 A.D.in 1000 A.D. Built ships with central Built ships with central

rudders and watertight rudders and watertight compartmentscompartments

European Voyages of DiscoveryEuropean Voyages of Discovery1400-17001400-1700

Needed a route around Africa for tradeNeeded a route around Africa for trade Prince Henry the Navigator of PortugalPrince Henry the Navigator of Portugal

Mapped the African west coast Mapped the African west coast Bartholomeu DiasBartholomeu Dias

Completed the first voyage around the Cape Completed the first voyage around the Cape of Good Hope in 1487of Good Hope in 1487

Vasco da GamaVasco da Gama Led the first expedition around the Cape of Led the first expedition around the Cape of

Good Hope to India in 1497Good Hope to India in 1497

Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus

Was seeking a route to Asia for tradeWas seeking a route to Asia for trade Landed in the CaribbeanLanded in the Caribbean

Ferdinand MagellanFerdinand Magellan

In 1519, he set sail to circumnavigate the In 1519, he set sail to circumnavigate the world.world.

Left with 5 ships and 260 menLeft with 5 ships and 260 men 1 ship returned in 1522 with 18 men1 ship returned in 1522 with 18 men Magellan diedMagellan died on the voyage in the on the voyage in the

PhilippinesPhilippines

Francis DrakeFrancis Drake

Completed the second circumnavigation of Completed the second circumnavigation of the world.the world.

Birth of Marine ScienceBirth of Marine Science1700-19001700-1900

Cook’s ExpeditionsCook’s Expeditions Different from other Different from other

expeditions because expeditions because they were launched they were launched with science and with science and exploration goalsexploration goals

In 1735, Cook In 1735, Cook invented the invented the chronometer.chronometer.

• An accurate clock the An accurate clock the allowed the allowed the determination of determination of longitude at sea.longitude at sea.

Cook’s DiscoveriesCook’s Discoveries

He was sent to He was sent to discover the unknown discover the unknown southern continent.southern continent.

Found islands and Found islands and explored Australia.explored Australia.

Never found Never found Antarctica but knew it Antarctica but knew it existed.existed.

United States ExplorationUnited States Exploration

Congress authorized 5 ships to explore Congress authorized 5 ships to explore southern oceans in 1836.southern oceans in 1836.

Found AntarcticaFound Antarctica

Matthew MauryMatthew Maury

Father of Physical Father of Physical OceanographyOceanography

In 1855, he published In 1855, he published the first textbook on the first textbook on modern physical modern physical oceanography, oceanography, The The Physical Geography Physical Geography of the Seaof the Sea

Darwin and the H.M.S. BeagleDarwin and the H.M.S. Beagle

5 year voyage during which he made 5 year voyage during which he made observations about coral reefsobservations about coral reefs Stated that coral reefs grow as the seafloor Stated that coral reefs grow as the seafloor

sinkssinks In the Galapagos Islands his observations In the Galapagos Islands his observations

led him to create his theories on natural led him to create his theories on natural selection and evolution.selection and evolution.

The Challenger ExpeditionThe Challenger Expedition

Launched in 1872Launched in 1872 First voyage launched solely for marine First voyage launched solely for marine

sciencescience Discovered the Marianas Trench and the Discovered the Marianas Trench and the

Mid-Atlantic RidgeMid-Atlantic Ridge Made the first soundings over 4000m deepMade the first soundings over 4000m deep Identified 715 new genera and 4717 new Identified 715 new genera and 4717 new

speciesspecies

2020thth Century Marine Science Century Marine Science

3 expeditions3 expeditions The MeteorThe Meteor

• Crossed the Atlantic 14 times in 2 years beginning Crossed the Atlantic 14 times in 2 years beginning in 1925in 1925

• Established patterns of circulation in the AtlanticEstablished patterns of circulation in the Atlantic• Made the first detailed ocean floor mapMade the first detailed ocean floor map

The AtlantisThe Atlantis• First ship specifically designed and built for ocean First ship specifically designed and built for ocean

studiesstudies

2020thth Century Marine Science Century Marine Science

The Challenger IIThe Challenger II• Launched in 1951Launched in 1951• Located the Challenger DeepLocated the Challenger Deep

Deepest known spot in the oceanDeepest known spot in the ocean In the Marianas TrenchIn the Marianas Trench 10,838m (35,558 ft) deep10,838m (35,558 ft) deep

Types of SubmersiblesTypes of Submersibles

3 types used for underwater research3 types used for underwater research BathyspheresBathyspheres

• Simple sealed spheres suspended by a cableSimple sealed spheres suspended by a cable• No longer usedNo longer used

BathyscapesBathyscapes• Untethered craft that function like an underwater Untethered craft that function like an underwater

blimpblimp• TriesteTrieste is the only vessel to visit the bottom of the is the only vessel to visit the bottom of the

Challenger DeepChallenger Deep Deep diving submersiblesDeep diving submersibles

ROVs and AUVsROVs and AUVs

ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle)ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) Small unmanned submarine with propellers, Small unmanned submarine with propellers,

video camera and chord to the surfacevideo camera and chord to the surface AUV (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)AUV (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle)

Untethered robotic devices propelled through Untethered robotic devices propelled through the water by self-contained power systems.the water by self-contained power systems.

Piloted by an onboard computerPiloted by an onboard computer

SatellitesSatellites

LORAN-CLORAN-C Long range navigationLong range navigation Used land based transmitters along the coastUsed land based transmitters along the coast Accuracy varies with distanceAccuracy varies with distance

SatellitesSatellites Assist with global observations of the oceanAssist with global observations of the ocean Assist in understanding oceanic effects on Assist in understanding oceanic effects on

global climate systemsglobal climate systems Help to validate computer modelsHelp to validate computer models