objectives learn how people lived in ancient sparta learn how people lived in ancient sparta...
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OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
• Learn how people lived in Ancient Learn how people lived in Ancient SpartaSparta
• Discover some results of the Persian Discover some results of the Persian invasion of Greeceinvasion of Greece
• Understand the conflicts that the Understand the conflicts that the Athenian empire facedAthenian empire faced
KEY TERMSKEY TERMS• SpartaSparta – a city state in ancient Greece – a city state in ancient Greece
• HelotsHelots – in ancient Sparta, the term for slaves – in ancient Sparta, the term for slaves who were owned by the statewho were owned by the state
• Peloponnesian WarPeloponnesian War – war fought between Athens – war fought between Athens and Sparta in ancient Greece; almost every other and Sparta in ancient Greece; almost every other Greek city-state was involved in the warGreek city-state was involved in the war
• PlaguePlague – a wide-spread disease – a wide-spread disease
• BlockageBlockage – an action take to isolate the enemy – an action take to isolate the enemy and cut off its suppliesand cut off its supplies
EARLY SPARTAEARLY SPARTA• In early days, Sparta similar to other Greek In early days, Sparta similar to other Greek
citiescities
• In 600 B.C. wars inside/outside of the city In 600 B.C. wars inside/outside of the city led to changes in government and lifeled to changes in government and life
• Changed Sparta into powerful war machineChanged Sparta into powerful war machine
• Established one rule – Always put city’s Established one rule – Always put city’s needs above your ownneeds above your own
LIVING IN SPARTALIVING IN SPARTA
•Life in Athens free and openLife in Athens free and open•Life for citizens of Sparta the Life for citizens of Sparta the
opposite - opposite - harsh, cruelharsh, cruel•Spartans tough, silent, grimSpartans tough, silent, grim•Only area in which Sparta Only area in which Sparta
matched Athens was in army, matched Athens was in army, military realmsmilitary realms
EARLY SPARTAEARLY SPARTA• Early in history, Spartans conquered Early in history, Spartans conquered
land around their cityland around their city
• Turned the conquered people into Turned the conquered people into helotshelots – slaves owned by the city- – slaves owned by the city-statesstates
• Helots farmed all Spartan landHelots farmed all Spartan land
• Spartans free to wage warSpartans free to wage war
• However, helots far outnumbered However, helots far outnumbered SpartansSpartans
EARLY SPARTAEARLY SPARTA• However, helots far outnumbered However, helots far outnumbered
SpartansSpartans
• In fear of revolt, Spartans turned city In fear of revolt, Spartans turned city into armed camp and treated helots into armed camp and treated helots harshlyharshly
GROWING UP IN SPARTAGROWING UP IN SPARTA
• Life at the hands of the governmentLife at the hands of the government
• Only healthy children raisedOnly healthy children raised
• Wanted only healthy adults in societyWanted only healthy adults in society
The Glory of Ancient GreeceThe Glory of Ancient Greece
Athens and SpartaAthens and SpartaChapter 7 – Section 2Chapter 7 – Section 2
GROWING UP MALEGROWING UP MALE
• At age 7, boys left home to live in barracks At age 7, boys left home to live in barracks with other boys and begin military trainingwith other boys and begin military training
• Training continued for next 13 yearsTraining continued for next 13 years
• By age 12, boys had spent long hours By age 12, boys had spent long hours practicing with swords/spearspracticing with swords/spears
• Owned one cloak and slept on thin matOwned one cloak and slept on thin mat
GROWING UP MALEGROWING UP MALE
• Through rigid discipline, boys Through rigid discipline, boys became superior soldiersbecame superior soldiers
• When 20 years old, young men When 20 years old, young men officially became soldiers and officially became soldiers and remained soldiers until 60 years oldremained soldiers until 60 years old
GROWING UP MALEGROWING UP MALE
• At age 30, men took place in At age 30, men took place in assembly – council consisting of all assembly – council consisting of all male citizens born in Spartamale citizens born in Sparta
• Council approved decisions made by Council approved decisions made by the council of elders, who, in turn, the council of elders, who, in turn, acted as advisors to the kingacted as advisors to the king
GROWING UP FEMALEGROWING UP FEMALE
• Girls also trained and competed in Girls also trained and competed in wrestling/spear throwingwrestling/spear throwing
• Girls not expected to become soldiersGirls not expected to become soldiers
• However, Spartans believed that However, Spartans believed that strong/healthy girls would grow into strong/healthy girls would grow into strong/healthy women who would bore strong/healthy women who would bore strong/healthy childrenstrong/healthy children
• So, unlike other Greek women, Spartan So, unlike other Greek women, Spartan women trained to exercise and build up women trained to exercise and build up strengthstrength
GROWING UP FEMALEGROWING UP FEMALE
• Spartan women had somewhat Spartan women had somewhat better life than other Greek city-state better life than other Greek city-state womenwomen
• Allowed to own land, take part in Allowed to own land, take part in businessbusiness
• However, like Athenian women, had However, like Athenian women, had to obey males (fathers, husbands, to obey males (fathers, husbands, brothers)brothers)
• Because men busy at war, women Because men busy at war, women took on running farms & estatestook on running farms & estates
SPARTAN ATTITUDESSPARTAN ATTITUDES• Spartans did not mingle with other Spartans did not mingle with other
GreeksGreeks
• Not permitted to travelNot permitted to travel
• Looked down upon those desiring Looked down upon those desiring wealth/engaged in tradewealth/engaged in trade
• Lacked interest in artsLacked interest in arts
• However, Spartan warriors known for However, Spartan warriors known for skill & braveryskill & bravery
SPARTAN ATTITUDESSPARTAN ATTITUDES
• However, Spartan warriors known for However, Spartan warriors known for skill & braveryskill & bravery
• Spartan fighting force played key Spartan fighting force played key role in Greek wars against Persians role in Greek wars against Persians who lived across Aegean Sea, east of who lived across Aegean Sea, east of GreeceGreece
SPARTAN WARRIORSSPARTAN WARRIORS
THE PERSIANS INVADETHE PERSIANS INVADE
• Most Greek history tell of wars Most Greek history tell of wars Greeks fought amongst themselvesGreeks fought amongst themselves
• However in 400 B.C., Greeks put However in 400 B.C., Greeks put aside their differences, joined forces aside their differences, joined forces to defend their peninsula against to defend their peninsula against Persia.Persia.
EXPANDING PERSIAN EMPIREEXPANDING PERSIAN EMPIRE
• Cyrus the Great had founded the Cyrus the Great had founded the Persian Empire in the mid-500s B.C.Persian Empire in the mid-500s B.C.
• Cyrus and the rulers who followed Cyrus and the rulers who followed him extended the original empirehim extended the original empire
• By 520 B.C., Persians had gained By 520 B.C., Persians had gained control of Greeks colonies on the control of Greeks colonies on the west coast of Asia Minorwest coast of Asia Minor
BATTLE AT MARATHONBATTLE AT MARATHON
• In 490 B.C, force including thousands of In 490 B.C, force including thousands of Persians landed in GreecePersians landed in Greece
• Persian soldiers gathered at Marathon Persian soldiers gathered at Marathon about 25 miles north of Athensabout 25 miles north of Athens
• The Athenians hastily put together small The Athenians hastily put together small army but Persians outnumbered them 2:1army but Persians outnumbered them 2:1
• For several days, armies stared tensely at For several days, armies stared tensely at each across the plain of Marathoneach across the plain of Marathon
BATTLE AT MARATHONBATTLE AT MARATHON• Without warning, Athenians rushed Persian Without warning, Athenians rushed Persian
who were overwhelmed at furiouswho were overwhelmed at furiousunexpected attackunexpected attack
• By one (probably exaggerated) account, By one (probably exaggerated) account, 6,400 Persians and 192 Athenians were 6,400 Persians and 192 Athenians were killed killed
• However, true that in short time, this time However, true that in short time, this time this tiny state had defeated the giant that this tiny state had defeated the giant that had come to destroy ithad come to destroy it
LEGEND OF MARATHONLEGEND OF MARATHON
• Stories say that after battle at marathon, Stories say that after battle at marathon, Athenians sent fastest runner to tell people Athenians sent fastest runner to tell people of Athenian’s victory.of Athenian’s victory.
• With chest heaving runner covered the With chest heaving runner covered the distance to the city and shouted to the distance to the city and shouted to the people “Rejoice! We have won.”people “Rejoice! We have won.”
• Then, he dropped deadThen, he dropped dead
• Actual distance from marathon to Athens Actual distance from marathon to Athens 25 miles; today’s marathons 26 miles in 25 miles; today’s marathons 26 miles in honor of legendhonor of legend
CONFLICT & ATHENIAN EMPIRECONFLICT & ATHENIAN EMPIRE
• More battles with Persian followedMore battles with Persian followed
• As common enemy, Persia distracted As common enemy, Persia distracted Greek city-states from fighting one Greek city-states from fighting one anotheranother
• Briefly united, Greece drove away Briefly united, Greece drove away PersiansPersians
CONFLICT & ATHENIAN EMPIRECONFLICT & ATHENIAN EMPIRE
• Victory over Persians increased Victory over Persians increased Greeks’ sense of own importanceGreeks’ sense of own importance
• Thought gods favored themThought gods favored them
• Athens emerged from war as move Athens emerged from war as move powerful city-statepowerful city-state
• Influence spread over eastern Influence spread over eastern Greece.Greece.
CONFLICT & ATHENIAN EMPIRECONFLICT & ATHENIAN EMPIRE
• Athens joined other city-states in Athens joined other city-states in Delian League (name after island of Delian League (name after island of Delos, where leagues treasury kept)Delos, where leagues treasury kept)
• In time, these cities treated more as In time, these cities treated more as subordinates to Athens and not like subordinates to Athens and not like alliesallies
• Athens came to dominate league and Athens came to dominate league and used it to create its own empireused it to create its own empire
CONFLICT & ATHENIAN EMPIRECONFLICT & ATHENIAN EMPIRE
• Ironically, while Athens expanding Ironically, while Athens expanding empire and forcing other city-states empire and forcing other city-states to bow to its will, Athens came to to bow to its will, Athens came to champion political freedom at homechampion political freedom at home
• Athens did support democratic Athens did support democratic groups within other city-states, but groups within other city-states, but focus on freedom for its peoplefocus on freedom for its people
• Years following Perisan Wars were Years following Perisan Wars were Golden Age of Athens - Chapter 6Golden Age of Athens - Chapter 6
SPARTA AND ATHENS AT WARSPARTA AND ATHENS AT WAR
• Athens may have been democracy at Athens may have been democracy at home but it began to act unfairly toward home but it began to act unfairly toward other city-states. other city-states.
• Early on allies paid tribute to Athens to Early on allies paid tribute to Athens to protect them if Persia caused more troubleprotect them if Persia caused more trouble
• Later, Athens moved treasure from Delos Later, Athens moved treasure from Delos to Athens and used money intended to to Athens and used money intended to defend allies, to build Parthenon and defend allies, to build Parthenon and finance other projects.finance other projects.
PELOPONNESIAN WARPELOPONNESIAN WAR• People began to fear & resent People began to fear & resent
Athen’s powerAthen’s power• Looked to Sparta, who had not joined Looked to Sparta, who had not joined
alliance for protectionalliance for protection• To counter Delian League, Sparta To counter Delian League, Sparta
formed Peloponnesian League, formed Peloponnesian League, named after Peloponnesus, the named after Peloponnesus, the southern Greek peninsula where southern Greek peninsula where Sparta locatedSparta located
• Sparta and allies fought Athens and Sparta and allies fought Athens and alliesallies
Thus began the Peloponnesian War which Thus began the Peloponnesian War which lasted for 27 yearslasted for 27 years
PELOPONNESIAN WARPELOPONNESIAN WAR
• Athens at great disadvantage in warAthens at great disadvantage in war
• Sparta, located inland, could not be Sparta, located inland, could not be attacked from the seaattacked from the sea
• Spartans had to march north to Spartans had to march north to
attack Athens by landattack Athens by land
PELOPONNESIAN WARPELOPONNESIAN WAR
• When Sparta invaded Athens, Pericles let When Sparta invaded Athens, Pericles let people from surrounding countryside people from surrounding countryside move inside city wallsmove inside city walls
• Overcrowded conditions led to plagueOvercrowded conditions led to plague• Plague lasted 5 years and killed 1/3 of the Plague lasted 5 years and killed 1/3 of the
people, including Periclespeople, including Pericles• Power struggle of those who sought to Power struggle of those who sought to
take Pericles’ place resulted in further take Pericles’ place resulted in further destabilization of the government.destabilization of the government.
THE FALL OF ATHENSTHE FALL OF ATHENS
• Athens never recovered from its Athens never recovered from its loses during the plagueloses during the plague
• Worse yet, Sparta allied with PersiaWorse yet, Sparta allied with Persia• In 405 B.C, Spartans and Persians In 405 B.C, Spartans and Persians
staged blockade to cut off Athens's staged blockade to cut off Athens's suppliessupplies
• Spartans but off harbor for food Spartans but off harbor for food shipmentsshipments
• Athenians, starved and decimated, Athenians, starved and decimated, surrendered in 404 B.C.surrendered in 404 B.C.
THE FALL OF ATHENSTHE FALL OF ATHENS• Athenians, starved and decimated, Athenians, starved and decimated,
surrendered in 404 B.C.surrendered in 404 B.C.
• Victorious Spartans knocked down wall of Victorious Spartans knocked down wall of AthensAthens
• Destroyed navy and empireDestroyed navy and empire
• Athens never dominated Greek world Athens never dominated Greek world againagain
THE SPREAD OF GREEK THE SPREAD OF GREEK CULTURECULTURE
Chapter 7Chapter 7
Section 3Section 3
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
• Learn how King Philip of Macedonia Learn how King Philip of Macedonia came to power and how Alexander came to power and how Alexander the Great built his empirethe Great built his empire
• Understand what role the conquests Understand what role the conquests of Alexander the Great played in of Alexander the Great played in spreading Greek culturespreading Greek culture
Key TermsKey Terms• BarbarianBarbarian – person who belongs to a group that – person who belongs to a group that
others consider wildothers consider wild
• Assassinate – to murder for political reasonsAssassinate – to murder for political reasons
• Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great – king of Macedonia; – king of Macedonia; conquered Persia and Egypt and invaded Indiaconquered Persia and Egypt and invaded India
• HellenisticHellenistic – describing Greek history or culture – describing Greek history or culture after the death of Alexander the Great, including after the death of Alexander the Great, including the three main kingdoms formed by the breakup the three main kingdoms formed by the breakup of Alexander’s empireof Alexander’s empire
YOUNG ALEXANDERYOUNG ALEXANDER
• Son of King Philip of MacedoniaSon of King Philip of Macedonia
• Fine and eager student who wanted Fine and eager student who wanted to learn as much as he could, to learn as much as he could, especially about ideas and deeds of especially about ideas and deeds of GreeksGreeks
• Alexander thought of himself as Alexander thought of himself as Greek and spoke Greek languageGreek and spoke Greek language
• However, people to the south did not However, people to the south did not accept Macedonian’s as Greeksaccept Macedonian’s as Greeks
YOUNG ALEXANDERYOUNG ALEXANDER
• Alexander’s tutor was Greek philosopher Alexander’s tutor was Greek philosopher AristotleAristotle
• Aristotle taught Alexander Greek Aristotle taught Alexander Greek literature, philosophy, scienceliterature, philosophy, science
• Aristotle passed on strong feelings that Aristotle passed on strong feelings that Greeks were superior people who Greeks were superior people who deserved to ruledeserved to rule
• Alexander’s role model was Achilles, hero Alexander’s role model was Achilles, hero of Homer’s Iliadof Homer’s Iliad
• Alexander vowed to visit site of ancient Alexander vowed to visit site of ancient Troy and lay wreath on tomb of his heroTroy and lay wreath on tomb of his hero
PHILIP COMES TO POWERPHILIP COMES TO POWER• Before Philip came to power, Before Philip came to power,
Macedonia week & dividedMacedonia week & divided• Philip united Macedonia, formed Philip united Macedonia, formed
alliances with Greek city-states by alliances with Greek city-states by bribing…or threatening thembribing…or threatening them
• Built army even stronger than Built army even stronger than Sparta’sSparta’s
• With this, Philip captured one city-With this, Philip captured one city-state after anotherstate after another
PHILIP COMES TO POWERPHILIP COMES TO POWER
• Demosthens (dih MAHS thus neez), Demosthens (dih MAHS thus neez), who was master of elocutions (art of who was master of elocutions (art of public speaking) tried to warm public speaking) tried to warm Athenians of danger to the northAthenians of danger to the north
““He is always taking in more, everywhere He is always taking in more, everywhere casting his net round us, while we sit casting his net round us, while we sit idle and do nothing. When, Athenians, idle and do nothing. When, Athenians, will you take the necessary action? What will you take the necessary action? What are you waiting for”are you waiting for”
PHILIP COMES TO POWERPHILIP COMES TO POWER
• In 338 B.C, Athens and Thebes at last In 338 B.C, Athens and Thebes at last joined forces to try to stop Philip, joined forces to try to stop Philip, however they were too latehowever they were too late
• Philip gained control of all of GreecePhilip gained control of all of Greece
PHILIP COMES TO POWERPHILIP COMES TO POWER
• Like predecessors, Philip considered Like predecessors, Philip considered himself Greekhimself Greek
• Philip dreamed of conquering rich Philip dreamed of conquering rich city-states of Greececity-states of Greece
• Accomplished this with combination Accomplished this with combination of diplomacy & military forceof diplomacy & military force
Alexander Builds an EmpireAlexander Builds an Empire• After conquering After conquering
Greece, Philip Greece, Philip planned to attack planned to attack Persia but was Persia but was instead assassinated instead assassinated by a rivalby a rival
• At age 20, Alexander At age 20, Alexander becomes kingbecomes king
Alexander’s ConquestsAlexander’s Conquests
• Although young, Alexander already Although young, Alexander already experienced soliderexperienced solider
• First invaded Persian Empire First invaded Persian Empire
• Forged ahead to Asia Minor, Judea, Forged ahead to Asia Minor, Judea, Egypt, Babylon & Persian Empire Egypt, Babylon & Persian Empire then crossed Indus River into India then crossed Indus River into India
Alexander’s ConquestsAlexander’s Conquests
• All this happened within 11 yearsAll this happened within 11 years
• Established cities wherever he wentEstablished cities wherever he went
• Named many after himself Named many after himself (Alexandria, Alexandropoulos, etc.) (Alexandria, Alexandropoulos, etc.)
Alexander’s Last BattleAlexander’s Last Battle• Alexander’s troops battle weary and Alexander’s troops battle weary and
refused to go further than Indus refused to go further than Indus RiverRiver
• Alexander not happy, but agreed to Alexander not happy, but agreed to turn backturn back
• Got as far as Babylon and died of Got as far as Babylon and died of fever in 323 B.C at age of 33fever in 323 B.C at age of 33
• His many conquests spread Greek His many conquests spread Greek culture far and wideculture far and wide
Greek Culture SpreadsGreek Culture Spreads
• Death of Alexander = Death of Death of Alexander = Death of EmpireEmpire
• 50 years & disorder resulted in split 50 years & disorder resulted in split of kingdoms with one commander in of kingdoms with one commander in charge of eachcharge of each– 1 Greece & Macedonia1 Greece & Macedonia– 2 Egypt2 Egypt– 3 Persia3 Persia
Greek Culture SpreadsGreek Culture Spreads
• 100 years of fighting amongst 100 years of fighting amongst themselves and their descendants themselves and their descendants followedfollowed
• All attempting to amalgamate (ding-All attempting to amalgamate (ding-ding) and take over Alexander’s ding) and take over Alexander’s previous empireprevious empire
Greek Culture SpreadsGreek Culture Spreads
• Many Greek soldiers remained in new Many Greek soldiers remained in new kingdomskingdoms
• Traders, artisans followed, further Traders, artisans followed, further spreading culturespreading culture
Hellenistic KingdomsHellenistic Kingdoms• HellenisticHellenistic
– Comes from Comes from word Hellas, word Hellas, name Greek’s name Greek’s gave their landgave their land
– Describes Greek Describes Greek history & culture history & culture after earth of after earth of Alexander the Alexander the GreatGreat
The Hellenistic KingdomsThe Hellenistic Kingdoms• Alexander left defeated cultures in tactAlexander left defeated cultures in tact
• Hoped local culture would mix with GreekHoped local culture would mix with Greek
• Did not happen in Hellenistic kingdomsDid not happen in Hellenistic kingdoms
• Cities of Hellenistic Kingdoms modeled Cities of Hellenistic Kingdoms modeled after Greek citiesafter Greek cities– Greek kings, Greek leaders, Greek agoras, Greek kings, Greek leaders, Greek agoras,
Greek temples, Greek theater, Greek Greek temples, Greek theater, Greek language etc.language etc.
Greek Culture in EgyptGreek Culture in Egypt
• Greatest of Hellenistic cities Greatest of Hellenistic cities Alexandria in Egypt founded 332 B.CAlexandria in Egypt founded 332 B.C
• Alexandria became capital of Egypt, Alexandria became capital of Egypt, grew famous for trade & businessgrew famous for trade & business
Learning Capital of Greek Learning Capital of Greek WorldWorld
• Alexandria boasted largest library in Alexandria boasted largest library in world, with half million scrollsworld, with half million scrolls
• Scholars and writers from all over Scholars and writers from all over traveled to use library traveled to use library
Math & ScienceMath & Science• Math & Science flourished in AlexandriaMath & Science flourished in Alexandria
• Branch of math called Branch of math called GeometryGeometry developed by mathematician name developed by mathematician name EuclidEuclid
• Started with basic mathematical laws Started with basic mathematical laws then wrote step by step proofs of then wrote step by step proofs of additional principles to help explain additional principles to help explain qualities of figures including squares, qualities of figures including squares, cubes, angles, triangle's conescubes, angles, triangle's cones
EratosthenesEratosthenes• Many Hellenistic Many Hellenistic
scientists knew Earth scientists knew Earth was roundwas round
• Scientist named Scientist named Eratosthenes even Eratosthenes even calculated distance calculated distance around earth and around earth and came up with result came up with result very close to today’s very close to today’s estimationestimation
AristarchusAristarchus• Scientist who rejected idea that is Scientist who rejected idea that is
Earth center of universeEarth center of universe
• Believed sun center and earth Believed sun center and earth revolved around itrevolved around it
• Idea did not catch on Idea did not catch on
and scientists continuedand scientists continued
with Earth-centered with Earth-centered
universe until A.D. 1500suniverse until A.D. 1500s
ArchimedesArchimedes
• Discovered concept Discovered concept of pulleys & levers to of pulleys & levers to lift heavy objects lift heavy objects
• Boasted “Boasted “Give me a Give me a lever long enough lever long enough and a place to stand and a place to stand on, and I will move on, and I will move the Earth.”the Earth.”