Why Object-Oriented DBMS?• Abstract data types • Interface with host programming language (the impedance mismatch).

• Object identity:• (peter, 40, {(john, 15, {})})• (susan, 41, {(john, 15, {})})

– Same son? Maybe, maybe not.• Managing large number of objects:

– Encapsulation, reusability, modularity, protection, less distinction between program and data, type extensibility

• Semantic networks: the world is actually a complex hierarchy (types versus classes).

SQL Doesn’t Work in ScotlandSelect nameFrom EmployeeWhere name > “Mc” and name < “Md”OrderBy name

Doesn’t work for the McAndish clan: (they’re all the same!)

McAndish MacAndish M’Andish

Comparison based on ASCII

Other countries are even more problematic.

Programs with SQL

Host language + Embedded SQL

Preprocessor

Host Language + function calls

Host language compiler

Host language program

Preprocessor

Host language compiler

CursorsEXEC SQL DECLARE cursorName CURSOR FOR SELECT …. FROM …. WHERE …. ;

EXEC SQL OPEN cursorName;

while (true) {

EXEC SQL FETCH FROM cursorName INTO :variables;

if (NO_MORE_TUPLES) break;

/* do something with values */ } EXEC SQL CLOSE cursorName;

Two Approaches to OO1. Build object-oriented database systems:

• ODMG standard: --> Object Query Language.• Products are mainly object storage systems. • Only O2 supports OQL (and is not doing that well).

2. Object-relational systems:• Add OO features to SQL (in SQL3)• Row types and abstract data types. • Various subsets are supported my most relational vendors.

The difference: • How important is a relation to you?• How important is SQL to you?

Object Definition Language

• Resembles C++ (and Smalltalk).• Basic design paradigm in ODL:

– Model objects and their properties.• For abstraction purposes:

– Group objects into classes.• What qualifies as a good class?

– Objects should have common properties.

ODL Class Declarations

Interface <name> {

attributes: <type> <name>;

relationships <range type> <name>;

methods (in, out, exceptions)

}

Example InterfaceInterface Movie {

attribute string title;relationship Set <Star> stars inverse Star::starredIn;

float lengthInHours raises(noLengthFound);

starNames (out Set <String>);

otherMovies (in Star, out Set<Movie> raises (noSuchStar));

}Note: defining signature, not implementation. Overloading allowed.

Type System

Basic types: Atomic types (e.g., string, integer, …) Enumeration types (Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday….)

Constructors: can be applied without limitations. Set: (1, 5, 6) Bag: (1, 1, 5, 6, 6 ) List: (1, 5, 6, 1, 6 ) Collection types Array: Integer[17] Struct: (name: string, address: string) struct( name: “John”, childrenAges: bag (1,1,2,2))

Declaring types for objects

OQL: Object Query Language

SELECT can construct new objects, arbitrary structures

FROM tuple variables can range over any collection; may have subqueries.

WHERE pretty much the same as in SQL

Path ExpressionsPath expressions are needed in order to access componentsof objects.

Attributes: a.p is the value of the attribute a of p.

Relationships: a.p is the object or collection of objects related to a by p.

Methods: a.p is the result of applying p to a (perhaps with a parameter).

Also possible to have longer expressions: a.father.wife.child.father.wife….

Select-From-Where in OQL

(simple) Example:

SELECT s.name FROM Movies m, m.stars s WHERE m.title = “Sleepless in Seattle”

Note: this looks a lot more procedural than SQL.

Complications in the FROM Clause

SELECT a.phoneNumber FROM Movies m, (SELECT m.address FROM m.stars WHERE m.city=“Los Angeles”) AS a WHERE m.title = “Sleepless in Seattle”

The FROM clause can contain arbitrary subqueries that returncollections.

Complex Output TypesThe SELECT clause can create complex structures:

SELECT Struct: (address: a, phoneNumber: a.phoneNumber) FROM Movies m, (SELECT m.address FROM m.stars WHERE m.city=“Los Angeles”) AS a WHERE m.title = “Sleepless in Seattle”

Interface with Host Language OQL is much more tightly integrated with the host language.

OQL produces objects (of various types). One can simply assignthe objects as values to variables with the appropriate types.

No need for special interface.

ELEMENT: turns a bag of one element into the single element:

var1 = ELEMENT (SELECT m FROM Movies m WHERE title=“sleepless in Seattle”);

Row Types in SQL-3Row types define types for tuples, and they can be nested.

CREATE ROW TYPE AddressType{ street CHAR(50), city CHAR(25), zipcode CHAR(10) }

CREATE ROW TYPE PersonType{ name CHAR(30), address AddressType, phone phoneNumberType}

Relations as Row TypesCREATE TABLE Person OF TYPE PersonType;

Recall: row types can be nested!

Accessing components of a row type: (double dots)

SELECT Person.name, Person.address..city

FROM Person

WHERE Person.address..street LIKE ‘%Mountain%’

ReferencesWe can define attributes of a row type to reference objects of otherrow types:

CREATE ROW TYPE Company( name char(30), address addressType, president REF(PersonType));Following references:

SELECT president->name FROM Company WHERE president->address..city=“Seattle”

Abstract Data Types in SQL3• Row types provide a lot of the functionality of objects:

• allow us to modify objects (unlike OQL), but• do not provide encapsulation.

• We can modify objects arbitrarily using SQL3 commands.• In OQL: we can query, but not modify only via methods.

• Abstract data types: are used as components of tuples.

CREATE TYPE <type name> ( list of attributes and their types optional declaration of the comparison functions: =, < declaration of methods for the type );

Address ADTCREATE TYPE AddressADT ( street CHAR(50), city CHAR(20), EQUALS addrEq, LESS THAN addrLT

FUNCTION fullAddr (a: AddressADT) RETURNS CHAR(100); :z CHAR(10); BEGIN :z = findZip(:a.street, :a.city); RETURN (….) END;DECLARE EXTERNAL findZip CHAR(50) CHAR(20) RETURNS CHAR(10) LANGUAGE C; );Encapsulation is obtained by making methods public/private

Differences Between OODB Approaches

• Programming environment: much more closely coupled in OQL/ODL than in SQL3.

• Changes to objects are done via the programming language in OQL, and via SQL statements in SQL3.

• Role of relations: still prominent in SQL 3• Row types are really tuples, ADT’s describe attributes.• In OQL: sets, bags and structures are fundamental.

• Encapsulation: exists in OQL; not really supported by row types in SQL3, but are supported by ADT’s.