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OakIslandTreasure:
TheTriumphofHopeoverReason
PeterFortune,Ph.D.
ThereisanislandintheNorthAtlanticwherepeoplehavebeenlookingforanincredibletreasureforover200years.Sofar,theyhavefoundbitsofgoldchain,astoneslabwithstrangesymbolscarvedintoit,evena17thcenturySpanishcoin.Todate,sixmenhavediedtryingtosolvethemystery.And,accordingtolegend,onemorewillhavetodiebeforethetreasurecanbefound.--LeadertoepisodesofTheCurseofOakIsland,HistoryChannelHumanstendtoseepatternswhen,infact,resultsarecompletelyrandom.--RichardA.Muller,psychologistTheTruthisOutThere!--FoxMulder,characterinthetelevisionseriesTheXFiles
2016
ii
iii
ContentsIntroduction 1OakIslandOverview 7TheOakIslandTreasureHunt 11ExploringSurfaceStoneFormations 33NaturalTheoriesofOakIsland 37Appendix1:TheEconomicsofOakIsland 47Appendix2:MonetaryWeightsandMeasures 51References 53
iv
Introduction
Inthelate1980smywifeandIwereonadrivingtriptoNovaScotia.We
stayedattheOakIslandInn1—aresorthotelinthetownofWesternShoreon
MahoneBay,nearthetownofChester.Thehotelwasnamedforanearbyisland,a
nametowhichIpaidnoattentionuntilitdawnedonmethattheeponymousisland
wastheOakIsland.IhadrecentlyreadanarticleinSmithsonianMagazineaboutthe
OakIslandtreasurehunt.2Thatarticlewasbasedona1965Reader’sDigestarticle3
thatwasitselfacondensationofanarticleinanissueofTheRotarianinthatyear.
AndsoitgoesonOakIsland.
TheLegend
TheReader’sDigestarticlehasbeenaninspirationtogenerationsofOak
Islandtreasurehunters,aspreviousarticleswereinspirationstoearlier
generations.Allofthistracesbacktoatreasurehuntdatingfrom1795when,oral
historysays,DanielMcGinnis,aboyfromWesternShoreorChester,reportedseeing
strangelightsonnearbyOakIsland.McGinnisrowedovertoinvestigateandfound
anareawhereoaktreeshadbeencutbutonetreewasleftstanding.Fromalimbof
thattreehunganoldblockandtackle,andthegroundbelowitwasdepressedasifa
holeabouteightfeetindiameterhadbeendug,thenfilledin—somethingmusthave
beenhiddenunderground!
ThenextdayMcGinnisreturnedwithtwoyoungfriends,AnthonyVaughan
andJohnSmith,toexcavatethehole.Afterdiggingdownforonlyafewfeetthey
foundalayerofflagstones.Ataten-footdepththeyencounteredaplatformofoak
logs.Afteranothertenfeettheyfoundanothersetofoaklogs,andyetanothersetat
thethirty-footdepth.Clearlytherehadbeenaminingoperationatthesiteandthe
1NowtheinnisnamedtheAtlanticaOakIslandInnandResort.2See[A7]3See[A5]
2
marksoroakplatformswereintendedtomarkdepthsand,perhaps,toprovide
stabilitytothepit’swalls.
Afterthirtyfeettheboysgaveup,realizingthatwhile“somethingwas
there”—thelitanyofOakIsland—amoreorganizedexplorationwasrequired.
Explorationwouldbeginagainin1803,andforwellover200yearstreasure
hunterswouldtrytodetermine“whatisthere.”Todateithascostsixlivesand
perhaps$25million(seeAppendix).
TheLegend’sFragility
LikethegameofTelephone,startfromsimpleobservationsandgrowinto
complexandgarbledstorieswithsubsequentretelling.EvenattheoutsetthisOak
Islandlegenderrsinseveralways.DanielMcGinnis(1758-1827)wasactually
Donald(Daniel?)McInnes,aformerBritishofficerduringtheAmericanRevolution
whoin1783,aftertheRevolution,movedfromNorthCarolinatoNovaScotia;we
willsticktotraditionandcallhim“DanielMcGinnis”untilheobjects.
In1788McGinnismovedtoOakIslandandboughtLot28.Thereafterhe
boughtLot23in1790,Lot27in1791,andLot1in1794.McGinniswaslistedasa
“farmer”inboththe1791and1794polltaxlistingsforLunenburgCounty’s“heads
ofhouseholds.”In1795—theyeartheMoneyPitwaslocated—McGinnismarrieda
localwomanfromWesternShore.HediedonOakIslandin1827atage69,hiswife
predeceasinghim,leavingawillindicatingninechildren.Hisageatdeathwould
placehimatage25whenheleftthearmyandmovedtoNovaScotia,atage30when
hecametoOakIsland,andatage37whentheMoneyPitwasfirstinvestigated.4
DuncanSmith,fatherofJohnSmith(1775-1857),isrecordedassellingOak
IslandLot24in1785whenJohnwasage10,thendyingsoonafter.John’smother
remarriedtoanOakIslandernamedNealMcMullen,butJohnSmithwaslistedon
the1794LunenburgCountypolltaxlistasafarmeronOakIsland,thereforea“head
ofhousehold.”HeisrecordedaspurchasingtheMoneyPit’sLot18in1795,theyear
4See[I1/archives/03-2016:22].
3
thePitwasfound.5SmithfamilyrecordsindicatethatinlateryearsheownedLots
16-21.JohnSmithwasage20whenthepitwasfoundonhissoon-to-beOakIsland
property.
AnthonyVaughanwasalsoonthe1794taxrecordasanOakIslandfarmer.
SomegenealogicalscoutingrevealsthatOakIslandhadtwoAnthonyVaughans,a
fatherandson.LikeDanielMcGinnis,AnthonyVaughanSr.(1750-1835)wasa
Britishofficer.Hewasage31whenheboughtLot14in1781,afterwhichhebought
Lots15and16in1785.6ThefathersoldsomeofhisOakIslandpropertyin1804.7
AtthetimetheMoneyPitwaslocatedAnthonyVaughanSr.wouldhavebeen45.
AnthonyVaughanJr.(1782-1860)wasbornonOakIslandandwasage13at
thetimeoftheOakIslandpit’sdiscoveryin1795.ItseemsprobablethatAnthony
VaughanSr.wasoneofthethreewhodiscoveredtheMoneyPit.Inthatcasenoneof
thethreediscovererswere“boys.”
Furthermore,therewasnoneedforthethree“boys”torowovertoOak
Islandtoinvestigate;theyalreadylivedontheisland.
Allofthisearlyhistorydemonstratesthateventhefoundationstoryofthe
MoneyPitisquestionable.Thisraisesafundamentalquestion:ifthefoundation
legendofOakIslandisinerror,howcrediblearethedetailsofthesubsequentOak
Islandtreasurehunt?Havetheybeengarbled,asthemetaphorofTelephone
suggests,orhavetheybeenintentionallyalteredbygreed—thesaltingoftreasure
sites,thehypingofinvestmentprospects8—orshouldtheybetakenatfacevalue?
Thisdocumentacceptsthedetailspasseddownthroughhistoryas“fact”
unlessreasonsforrevisionareclear.ButthereisextremelylittleintheOakIsland
storythatisrecorded.Reader,Beware!
5See[I1/archives/02-2016:117,119].6Thesourceforthe1785datesaysthelotswerepurchasedin1765.Giventhedifficultyinreadinglegalmanuscriptsofthe18thcentury,thiswasprobably1785,whichfitswithVaughan’sbirthyear.7See[I1/archives/01-2016].8ItmightnotbeacoincidencethattwoperiodsofintensetreasurehuntactivityonOakIslandwere1849-53,whentheCaliforniagoldrushwason,and1861-66,whenaNoviaScotiagoldfeverwasunderway.Investorsduringthoseepisodesweremoreeasilyfoundthangold.
4
WhatIstheOakIslandMystery?
IsOakIslandahoax,orisitanaturalphenomenonblownoutofproportion
byoveractiveimaginations,orisittheresultofamultigenerationalgameof
Telephonewithstoriesincreasinglygarbledastheyareretold,orisitaman-made
arearelatedtosomeactivityotherthantreasure,orisitacompletelynatural
phenomenonwithnohumanintervention,orisitatreasuresite,orisitallofthe
above?Ifitisatreasuresite,wasitcreatedbypirates,bymembersofsecret
societiesliketheRosicrucians,9theKnightsTemplar,10ortheFreemasons,orbythe
EnglishpolymathFrancisBacon—Shakespeare’scontemporaryand,somebelieve,
Shakespearehimself—tohidehisShakespearianmanuscripts,orbyPizzaro’smen
whentheyreturnedtoSpainwithIncantreasure,orbyFrenchRoyaliststohidethe
FrenchCrown’sjewels.OrbyCaptainKiddwhowasreportedtohavelefttwo
millionpoundsburiedonaremoteNewWorldisland?
Orisit,asIhavecometobelieve,justanexampleoftheall-too-human
triumphofhopeoverreason—atwo-centuryeffortguidedbyamateurswhowanted
tobelieveand,intheireagerness,trashedtheveryevidencethatmightgivethem
answers.LikeFoxMulder,theywantedtobelievethat“TheTruthisOutThere.”Oak
Islandmightsimplybeproofoftheadagethat“denialisnotjustariverinEgypt.”
Forme,thefascinationoftheOakIslandstoryisnotitspotentialfinancial
value,thoughatreasurehuntdidattractmyinitialinterest.Itisthatsomething
occurredatOakIslandtoleavearesidueofitemsbehind,andthatwestilldon’t
knowwhatthatsomethingwas.ItisalsothatOakIslandisataleabouttheabilityof
otherwiseintelligentpeopletofillintheblanks,makingacoherentstoryoutofwhat
isreallyasimplecollectionoflargelyundocumentedobservations—thatis,our9TheRosicrucians—the“OrderoftheRosyCross”—wereasecretsocietyformedduringthe17thcenturyEnlightenment.Theyespousedanesotericdoctrinebased,amongotherthings,onancientmysticism,includingtheJewishKaballah.SirFrancisBaconwassaidtobeamember.10TheKnightsTemplar,formallycalledtheOrderofthePoor-FellowSoldiersofChristandtheTempleofSolomon,wasanorderofwarrior-monksformedin1120afterthefirstcrusadefortheprotectionofpilgrimstoJerusalem,andtoprovidetransportationandtransit-relatedservices.ItdevelopedanextensivebankingandtransportationsystemintheLevant.Itwasviolentlysquelchedin1307anditstreasurewas,legendsays,transportedtoahidingplaceinitsships.Theorder’ssurvivorsmayhavefledtoScotland.
5
abilitytodeceiveourselvesbyfindingpatternswherenostructureexists.Wewill
seethatfromapossiblebuthighlyimprobablebeginning,OakIslandhaselicitedthe
zaniestoftheoriestoexplainaholeintheground—aholewhoseoriginsthemselves
mightwellbeapocryphal.
IhavevisitedOakIslandtwicesincemyinitialvisitinthelate1980s.Thelast
visitwasin2014whenIvisitedHalifaxonaboatwithmywifeandtwogood
friends.AtthattimeIhadthepleasureofmeetingsomeoftheprincipals:Dan
Blankenship,DaveBlankenship,CharlesBarkhouse,andRickLagina(“Lageena”).
Theseareverywelcoming,interesting,andlikablefolks,saneandstraightforward,
whosimplybelievethatsomethingofmajorarcheological,historic,orfinancial
importancewasburiedontheisland.Theyaretruebelieverswhohavedevoted
muchoftheirlivesandtreasuretotheOakIslandMystery.Myheartiswiththem,
andIwishtheywouldberewardedfortheirefforts;butIbelievethattheywon’t.
Toestablishmybonafidesasaone-timehopefulamongOakIslanddevotees
Iattachacopyofaduplicateofmystockcertificateinthenow-defunctOakIsland
ExplorationCompany.Theshareswerepurchasedintheearly1990sfor$2,500.
Thecertificateisnowemployedinitshighest-valueuse—framedandsittingonmy
officewall.
6
OvertheyearsIhavereadmanyoften-conflictingbooksandarticlesonOak
Island.VirtuallyallweknowaboutOakIslandistertiaryevidence—someone
repeatingwhatsomeoneelserepeatedfromwhatsomeoneelsesaidorread;both
disputesininterpretationandfactualerrorsareapartofthatterritory.Butin
preparingthisdocumentIcameacrossanextremelyusefulsource,identifiedinthe
Referencesectionas[I1].Icommenditforitsinvestigativestyle,itsdiscoveryof
newinformation,anditsimpartiality;itistheFoxNewsofOakIsland—“Fairand
Balanced.”Theblogseemswellstaffedwithtwoeditors,threeresearchers,andtwo
consultantswellknowninthatfield.
ThecitationmethodusedinthisdocumentisstandardexceptforInternet
sources,wherethereisnostandard.Abriefexplanationofthosecitationsisin
order.Supposeyouseethecitation[I1/archives/04-2016:85].Thisreferstopage85
ofwebsiteI1andsubsite=/archives/04-2016.
7
OakIslandOverview
BriefHistory
Inthe16thcenturyFranceclaimedthehugeregionfromHudsonBaytothe
GulfofMexico,andfromNewfoundlandtotheRockies,as“NewFrance.”Indian
tribes,primarilytheMi’kmaq,populatedwhatwenowcallCanada’sMaritime
ProvincesuntiltheFrencharrivedin1604andclaimedtheregion,callingit
“Acadia.”AcadiawastherefugefortheHuguenots,FrenchProtestantswho
immigratedtoescapeabuseathomebyFrenchCatholics.
In1710theBritishinvadedAcadiaandastrugglebetweenFranceand
BritainforcontroloftheareacontinuedthroughtheFrenchandIndianWar(1754-
1763),endinginaBritishvictoryandthedivisionoftheMaritimeProvinces
betweenFranceandBritain.
TheearliestrecordofOakIslandsettlementisa1753grantofthreeislands
inMahoneBaytotwofishmerchants,JohnGiffordandRichardSmith.11They
establishedaprocessingstationforthefishingindustryontheislandand,atleast
oneresearcherproposes,thiswasthegenesisoftheOakIslandMystery.
In1762,astheMahoneBayareabegansettlementunderBritishcontrol,
LunenburgCountylaidoutaplotplanforOakIslandthatisstillineffect.OakIsland
wasdividedinto32lots,mostofthem4acresinsizeandafewlarger;theaverage
lotsizeis4½acresperlot(seeplotmapbelow).Until1965theislandremained
accessibleonlybywater,butinthatyearRobertDunfield,thetreasurehunterdu
jour,builtacausewayconnectingtheislandtothemainland.Still,residential
developmentoftheislandhasbeenslow,tosaytheleast.Inthe1880stherewere
fivefarmsontheisland;therearenowonlythreeorfourhousesontheisland,all
occupiedbythelatestgenerationsoftreasurehunters.
OakIslandisinthetownofWesternShore,apartofthetownofinChester,
nestledinLunenburgCountyonMahoneBay.Itisasmall140-acredotsittingabout
11See[I3/dennis_king-march-2010.shtml]
8
100yardsoffofthemainlandatthebay’swesternshore;itisabout25mileswest-
south-westofHalifaxand10milesnorthofthecityofLunenburg.Chesteris
perhapsthemostpristinevillageonNovaScotia.Theisland’smaximumelevationis
36feetabovesealevelandtheelevationatthesurfaceoftheMoneyPitis32feet.
Threehundredyearsagotheseelevationsabovesealevelwerethreefeethigher—
thesealevelwasthenthreefeetlower.
OakIsland,NovaScotia
OakIslandLotLayout
9
AtthecausewayendoftheislandaretwohomesoccupiedbyDan
BlankenshipandhissonDavid;DanhasbeenhuntingfortreasureonOakIsland
since1967.AtJoudrey’sCoveonthenortheastsideisFredNolan’s.Nolan,whojust
diedin2016,cametotheislandin1962;heownsthesevenblacked-outlotsinthe
mapbelow;Blankenshipand/orhispartnersowntheother25lots.
DanBlankenshipisnowintohisninetiesbutstillengagedandalert,though
hissonhastakenontheheavylifting.HehasbeenexploringtheoriginalMoneyPit
areawithpartnerssincehisarrival.WhileBlankenshiphasfocusedonsubsurface
excavationattheMoneyPit,FredNolanhasfocusedonsurfaceformationsofrocks
onhisproperty,formationsthathethinksgivemeaningtotheOakIslandmystery.
Fred’sprimaryeffortshavebeenathissevenlots,thoughonoccasionhehasbeen
partneredwithBlankenshiponsubsurfaceexploration.
FredNolanandDanBlankenshipwereoncepartnersinoneofthemost
recentexplorationcompanies—TritonAlliance,Ltd.Tritonhuntedtheisland’s
secretsfromitsformationin1969to2011,whenitfoldedforlackofsubscription
foranissueof$10millioninadditionalshares.Inthe1980stherewasabitter
fallingoutbetweenNolanandBlankenship,possiblytheresultofTritonbringing
suitin1983contestingNolan’sownershipofhissevenOakIslandlots,thoughthat
isn’ttheonlydispute.
Recentlytheislandhasacquiredtwosummeroccupants.RickandMarty
LaginaarenewtreasurehuntersfromMichigan’sUpperPeninsula.TheLagina
brothersbecameinterestedinOakIslandaspre-teenadolescents.Rick,theeldest,
isaretiredpostalworker.Martyisanengineer,lawyer,andentrepreneurwith
energy-relatedbusinesses.In1982heformedTerraEnergy,whichbecame
Michigan’slargestnaturalgasextractor;in1995hesoldTerrafor$62.6millionand
startedacleanenergycompanyspecializinginwindfarms.
TheLaginasconnectedwithDanBlankenshipandformedapartnershipto
pickupwhereTritonAllianceleftoff.ForfundingtheyalliedwithTheHistory
Channeltoproducearealityshow.TheresultisTheCurseofOakIsland,ashowthat
airedin2014andisnowthroughitsfourthseason.TheCurseisaheavilyscripted
10
exampleofthefictionalhistoricalfictiongenreforwhichthechannelisknown.
MartyandRick,thehosts,areperfectfoilsforeachother:Rickistheunabashed
enthusiastwhowillalwaysvoteforthenextstepintheOakIslandtreasurehunt;
Martyistheconservativebrotherwhoisalwaysonthefence—willingtopullthe
plug,butsomehowalwaysagreeingwithhisolderbrothertospendmoremoney
andkeeplooking.
11
TheOakIslandTreasureHunt12
ThestandardworkingtheoryfortheOakIslandexplorationsisthatpirates
constructedtheMoneyPitinthe16thor17thcenturiestohidevaluablescapturedin
oraroundtheCaribbeanorcarriedbymerchantvesselsthattraveledthetrade
routealongtheGulfStreamthatrunsnorthwardalongNorthAmerica’seastcoast,
bendingovertotheOldWorldnearNovaScotia.Thatpirateswereabundantin
MahoneBayseemscertain:“mahone”isFrenchfor“pirate,”localhistoriesinNova
Scotiareferregularlytopirates,particularlyintheLaHavearea,andtheGulfStream
fromFloridabroughtshipsuptoNovaScotia;merchantvessels,Spanishtreasure
shipsfromSouthAmerica,pirates,andmilitaryvesselsreturningfromNorth
America’seastcoast.
TheOnslowCompany:1803-1805
ThefirstexplorationcompanytodigatOakIslandwastheOnslowCompany,
formedin1803byaNovaScotiannamedSimonorSimeonLyndswithOakIsland
residentsMcGinnis,Vaughan,andSmithaspartners.TheOnslowCompanyleftno
records,butJ.B.McCullyreporteddetailsofitsoperationsinan1862lettertoNova
Scotia’sLiverpoolTranscript.13McCullywasanengineerfortheTruroCompanythat
succeededtheOnslowCompanyin1849.
AccordingtoMcCully,theOnslowCompanyduga16-footdiameterpitdown
to93feet,uncovering“marks”describedas“puttyorcharcoal”everytenfeet;there
isnomentionofoakplatforms.Coconutfibers,notindigenoustothearea,were
foundalongtheway.At90feet14alargeflatstoneroughly2-feetwideand1-foot
thickandhavingseveralcharacterscutinit,wasuncovered;thisisthefamous“9012ThischronologyofexplorationonOakIslanddrawsheavilyon[I5].AlistofPolsson’sreferencesourcesisat[I5/refs.html].13See[I3]/diggings.shmtl].14McCall’slettersays“80feet,”anobviouserror.
12
FootStone.”TheOnslowCompanyreachedthe93-footlevelandplumbeddown
witharod,strikingwhattheythoughtwasawoodplatformatthe98-footlevel.This
suggestedafive-footemptyspacebetween93and98feet,justtherightsizefora
treasurechest.15
ThepitquicklyfloodedandtheCompanydugapitparalleltotheMoneyPit
atanunknowndistanceanddirection.Fromitsbottomtheydugsidewaysto
intersecttheMoneyPitattoapointbelow100-footinanefforttoretrievethe
treasurefrombelow;unfortunately,asthesidetunnelnearedtheMoneyPititalso
flooded.Stymiedbywater,theOnslowCompanystoppedoperating.OakIsland
remainedquietuntilthenextexplorationcompanystartedoperatingin1849.
Aphotooftheapocryphal90-footstoneisshownbelow.Thisisa“replica”
andthereisconsiderabledoubtthatthecharactersshownonitarethoseonthe
actualstone,orthatthereeverwerecharactersetchedontheoriginalstone.The
codeshownhasbeendecryptedas“Fortyfeetbelowtwomillionpoundsare
buried.”Thiswouldplacethetreasureatadepthof130feet.Twomillionpounds
sterlingingold(£2,000,000)atthe1795priceof£4.26pertroyouncecomesto
469,483.5troyouncesor20,540common(avoirdupois)pounds.Thiswouldhave
beenaheavytreasurechestindeed,andthechestitselfwouldrequireacapacityofat
least205cubicfeet(roughly14x14feetsquare)ifstoredasingots,moreifincoins!16
The90-FootStone
15See[I1/archives/05-2016].16SeeAppendix2
13
ThestoneisreportedtohavestayedinJohnSmith’spossession,embeddedin
thefireplaceoftheOakIslandhousehebuiltin1795,untilitwasmovedtoa
bookbinder’sshopinHalifaxaround1919,whereitwasusedasasurfaceonwhich
tosoftenleather.Unfortunately,buttypicallyforOakIsland,thestonehas
disappearedandthereisonlyoralhistorytotestifytoitsexistenceortoany
charactersscratchedonit.ScatteredreportsfromthosewhosawitinHalifaxsaid
thatithadnocharactersonit,perhapsbecausethecharactershadbeenrubbedoff.
TheTruroCompany:1849-1853
In1849AnthonyVaughan(probablyAnthonyVaughnJr.asAnthonySr.
wouldbeboth99yearsoldanddead)andJohnSmithjoinedwithnewpartners
fromTruroNStoformtheTruroCompany.ExplorationattheMoneyPitresumed.
J.B.McCully’s1862letter,citedabove,describestheTruroCompany’sactivitiesand
discoveries.
TheCompanybeganoperationsbydrillingthefloodedMoneyPit.At98feet
TheTruroCompanydrillencounteredsixinchesofwood(spruce),justasreported
bytheOnslowCompanyafterplumbingfrom93feetwitharod.Thenthedrill
droppedafootandencounteredfourinchesofoak,thencutthroughtwentyinches
ofloosemetal(judgingfromthesound),theneightinchesofoak,anothertwenty
inchesofloosemetal,andfourinchesofoak.Afterthisweresevenfeetofdisturbed
claybeforesolidclaywasreachedat111feet.Thetwosectionsofoakandmetalbits
from98’6”to104’2”suggestedtwooakchests,each2’9”high,oneontopofthe
other,filledwithloosecoins.
TheTruroCompanydrilledfouradditionalholesaroundtheoriginalMoney
Pit.OneofthosereplicatedthedrillingresultsforthePitbutalsobroughtupa
sectionofoakstave,somepiecesofbirchhoops,andthreelinksofagoldchain.The
staveandhoopsindicatedanoakencask.Thechainlinksweredescribedaspossibly
froman“epulet,”asonamilitaryuniform.Thisholealsorevealedafour-footby
three-footsidetunnelcomingfromtheeast(Smith’sCove)intothePitbelowthe98-
footplatform.OncethistunnelwasexposedwaterfloodedintothePit.
14
TheTruroCompanythenturneditsattentiontoSmith’sCove.17Exploration
thererevealedthatthebeachwas“artificial”—theCovehadbeendeepenedbyhand
andtheshorelinefilledinwithrocksandsand.McCullyreportedfindingevidenceof
anoldcofferdamand,betweenthecofferdamandthebeach,fiveboxdrainslined
withstoneandcoveredwitheelgrassandcoconutfiber,presumablytofilterout
sandandlargeparticlesthatmightclogtheboxdrains.Thecofferdamwasprobably
builttoexposethebeachareasothatthedrainscouldbeconstructed.
Thefiveboxdrainswerelocatedatanelevationbetweenthehighwaterand
lowwatermarksonthebeachsothattheywouldfillataboutmid-tidetohightide
anddrainfrommid-tidetolow.Theywerefirstdiscoveredin1850whenaworker
noticedwaterflowingintoSmith’sCovefromtheshore.Thefivedrainsconvergedto
atunnelthatwenttowardtheMoneyPit;itwasthoughttobeafloodtunnel
enteringthePitatadepthofabout111feet.TheconnectionwiththeMoneyPitwas
verifiedplacingbitsofclayintheSmith’sCovedrainsandobservingthemarriveat
thePit.
FieldSketchofSmith’sCove
17Whilediggingoneofthoseholes,theforemanwasobservedinspectingsomethingthathadcomeupandputtingitintohispocket.Heneverreportedhisfindings,butaclosefriendsoonappliedforhisowntreasure-trovelicenseontheproperty.ItwasdeniedbecauseTrurohadtherightsonthatland.
15
Armedwithevidenceofaman-madetunnelenteringtheMoneyPitata111
foot-depthfromtheeast(Smith’sCove),theTruroCompanyinvestigatedthewest
(SouthShoreCove)sideofthePit.McCullyreportsthattheyfoundanoldpitonthe
westsideoftheMoneyPitanddrilleddown,findingevidenceofatunneltothePit
fromthatdirectionthatintersectedthePitat118feetbelowthePit’sgroundlevel,
thatis,about7feetbelowtheSmith’sCovetunnelandabout20feetbelowthe98-
footwoodplatformfoundbytheOnslowCompanyandrediscoveredbytheTruro
Company.18Theintentofthiswest-sidetunnelmayhavebeentoallowretrievalof
thetreasurefrombelowthefloodedPit,oritmighthavebeenasecond“flood
tunnel’toSouthShoreCove.Thiswest-sidetunnelsooncollapsed.
SoendedtheTruroCompany,whichhadspentanestimated$40,000.The
TruroCompany’sdiscoveryofatunnelbetweenthePitandSmith’sCovesupported
theideathattheMoneyPithadbeenboobytrappedsothatdiggingdirectlydownit
wouldfloodthePit.Iftherewasatreasure,itwasnowclearthatdiggingintothe
MoneyPitwasnotthewaytogetit.Buthowwouldthe“pirates”recapturetheir
treasure?OneideawasthatthePitwasadecoyandthatthetreasurewasreally
buriedinshallowsideshaftsonlytwentyfeetorsobelowgroundlevel,butnosuch
shaftswerereportedbyeithertheOnsloworTrurocompaniesinthecourseoftheir
work,andmassivedigsinlateryearsalsofailedtofindtreasure-ladensideshafts.
Thenotionofadevilishlycleverandexpensivelyengineeredtreasuresite
suggestedthattherereallywassomethingveryvaluablehiddenintheMoneyPit.
Thisexcitedtheanimalspiritsoffuturetreasurehunters.
TheOakIslandAssociation:1861-65
TheOakIslandAssociationhadmanyoftheearlierTruroCompanypartners.
In1861asteam-drivenpumpwasinstalledtodraintheMoneyPit.Unfortunately,
itsboilerblewup,killingaworker.TheAssociationthendugseveraldeepshafts
closetotheoriginalMoneyPit,withtheintentionofinterceptingandblockingthe
18Itispossiblethatthiswest-sidetunnelwasthepitandsidetunneldugbytheOnslowCompanytoretrievethetreasurefrombelow,notanoriginaltunnelliketheeast-sidetunnel.Unfortunately,theOnslowCompanyleftnorecordsofthedirectionfromwhichtheirtunnelapproachedthePit.
16
“floodtunnels,”thendigginghorizontallyintothePit.Nofloodtunnelswerefound
butstillthenewshaftsflooded.BythistimeboththeOnslowCompanyandthe
TruroCompanyhadduglateraltunnelsanditwasimpossibletodistinguish
betweenthoseandtheoriginalfloodtunnels,iftheyeverexisted.19
AneffortwasmadetoblocktheboxdrainsinSmith’sCovewithclaytostop
theflowthroughthefloodtunnels.Thiswaspartiallysuccessful,indicatingthat
Smith’sCovewasasourceoftheflooding,butthesea’sactionclearedthedrainsand
fullwaterflowresumed.
TheOakIslandAssociationceasedoperatingin1865.
TheOakIslandElDorado/HalifaxCompany:1866-1867
TheOakIslandAssociationsolditsrightstotheOakIslandElDorado
Company,soonrenamedtheHalifaxCompany.A12-foothighcofferdamwas
constructedatSmith’sCovetoblockwatertotheMoneyPit.Thedamwasonly
partiallyeffective,andsoonanunusuallyhightidebreachedit.
A110-footshaftwasdug200feetsouthofthePit(towardSmith’sCove)and
atunnelwasdugfromitsbottomtowardthePittolocateanyfloodtunnels.Because
groundlevelslopeddownfromtheMoneyPittoSmith’sCove,thedepthofthis
tunnelwouldhavebeenseveralfeetbelowthe111-footdepthoftheMoneyPit.
ThisrevealedaprevioustunnelenteringthePitfromabove,decliningata22.5°
angle.ItssourcewasverifiedatSmith’sCovebyputtingbitsofclayintotheSmith’s
Coveboxdrainsandobservingtheclayarriveatthenewshaft.
In1867,afterallthediggingovermanyyears,thebottomoftheMoneyPit
collapsedabouttwentyfeet,to118feet.Thiswasinterpretedasthegiving-wayof
theceilingofalargecavernatthe120-footlevel.Alsoin1867aconsultantnamed
JohnBrownsubmittedareporttotheHalifaxCompany.20Browndrilledsomeholes
neartheoriginalMoneyPitandconcludedthattherewasnooakplatformas
reportedbytheTruroCompany,thatthePitwasoriginallyanaturalsinkhole,that
thePitfloodingcamefromwaterpassagethroughanaturallayerofgravelatthe19See[I3/floodtunnels.shtml].20See[I3/johnbrown.shtml].
17
140footlevel,thatifthereeverwasanoriginalfloodtunnelitwouldhavecollapsed
longago,andthattheloosemetalpiecesthroughwhichtheTruroCompanydrilled
wereprobablygravel.Perhapsonthebasisofthisreport,theHalifaxCompany
stoppeditsactivities.
TheCave-InPit:1878
In1878thewifeofanislandfarmerwasplowingafieldbetweentheMoney
PitandSmith’sCovewhenoneofherteamofoxensankintowhattheythoughtwas
asinkhole;theoxwasrescued.Thesinkholewascalled“TheCave-InPit,”andits
significanceemergedwhenitwasrealizedthattheCave-InPitwasonadirectline
betweentheMoneyPitandtheboxdrainsinSmith’sCove,aresultconfirmedin
RobertDunfield’smapshownabove.ThissuggestedthattheCave-InPitwasinitially
thesiteofaventilationshaftforthealready-foundfloodtunnelfromSmith’sCoveto
theMoneyPit.Byimplication,thepitfoundbytheTruroCompanytothewestofthe
MoneyPit,inthedirectionofSouthShoreCove,mighthavebeenaventilationshaft
forthewest-sidetunnelthatTruroreportedfinding.
TheOakIslandTreasureCompany:1893-1906
In1893FrederickBlair,aNovaScotiabusinessman,formedapartnershipto
exploretheMoneyPit,thoughbynowenoughpitsadjacenttotheMoneyPithad
beencuttomaskitsexactlocation.CoresamplesofthePitdownweretakendown
to165feet.At155feetthedrillencounteredcement,oak,metalpiecesincluding
flecksofgold,asmallscrapofparchmentwithtwoletters(“vi,”“ui,”or“wi”)written
inIndiainkwithaquillpen,and,finally,anotherlayerofoak.At165feettheyhitan
impenetrablelayerthoughttobeiron.
In1897TheOakIslandTreasureCompanyfoundafloodtunneltothePit
fromtheeast(Smith’sCove);itwascloggedwithstones.Thiswasthoughttobethe
originalfloodtunnel,butitmightwellhavebeenoneofthesidetunnelsdugbythe
OnslowandTruroCompanies.Fiveshaftsweredugalongthelinethatfloodtunnel
wassupposedtofollowbetweentheMoneyPitandSmith’sCove;thesefivenew
shaftswerefilledwithdynamiteandblownuptoblocktheflowofwaterfrom
18
Smith’sCove.Somuchforsubtlety,andforanymoremeaningfulevidencefrom
aroundtheMoneyPit.
TheCompanyalsoexploredtheareacalledthe“Cave-InPit.”Whenthe
drillingintheCave-InPitreached55feetthepitflooded.Onceagaindynamitewas
usedandafteradditionaldiggingtheCave-InPithasgrownfromox-legwidthtoa
diameterof100feet.Nothinghasbeenfoundthere.
In1898adyetestwasdoneattheMoneyPit.Thedyeemergedinboth
Smith’sCoveandSouthShoreCove.Thiswouldberepeatedinfutureyearswith
mixedsuccess.
ThusfartheOakIslandTreasureCompanyhadspentanestimated$100,000
andonelife—aworkerfellintoashaftin1897.ThiswastheseconddeathofanOak
Islandexplorer,anditledtoamutinyamongthesuperstitiousworkersthatforced
anendtoexploration,atleastforthetimebeing.OveritslifetheCompanyandits
predecessorshaddrivensome20shaftsneartheMoneyPitinordertoidentify
floodtunnels,stopwaterintrusion,andtunnelintothePitfrombelow.Fiveofthose
shaftshadbeenblownuptostopwaterintrusion,withnoeffect.TheentireMoney
Pitareawasashamblesandthelocationoftheoriginalpitwaslost.Moredamage
totheareawastocome.
OakIslandCrossSection
19
AchartoftheMoneyPitareagleanedfromtheseexplorationsisshown
above.21ThefloodtunnelisoftenshownasstraightlinefromSmith’sCove,butthe
shapeshowninthechartisthatfoundbytheHalifaxCompanyin1866:thetunnel
droppeddirectlydownfromtheshorelineatSmith’sCove,thenturnedupwardto
theCave-InPit,thendescendedata22.5°angletothebottomoftheMoneyPitat
about100feet.
In1904Blairreceivedafifty-yeartreasuretrovelicensetotherightstokeep
aportionofanythingofvaluefromexplorationaroundtheMoneyPitarea.Blair
boughtouthisOakIslandTreasureCompanypartnersandsearchedfornew
partnerstoworkthesite.
TheOldGoldSalvageandWreckingCompany:1909
CaptainHarryL.Bowdoin,aminingengineerfromNewYork,formedthis
partnershipwithFrederickBlairandothers.Amongtheinvestorswasayounglaw
studentnamedFranklinDelanoRoosevelt,whoworkedonOakIslandinthe
summerof1909.
TheCompanyexploredforjustoneyear,findingnothingofinterest.After
terminatingoperations,BowdoinwroteanarticleinCollier’sMagazine22reviewing
thehistoryofOakIslandexplorationandconcludingthatthereneverwastreasure
attheMoneyPit,aconclusionvigorouslydisputedbyFrederickBlair.Thetwohad
fallenoutandBlair’ssupportersclaimedthatBowdoinhadwrittentheCollier’s
articleinrevenge,hopingtowarnoffanyinvestorsinBlair’scompany.
Followingthis1911debacle,BlairmaintainedhisrightstoOakIsland
treasureuntilhisdeathin1951.Duringtheinterveningfortyyearsheleasedlandto
anumberofindividuals.
WilliamChappell:1931-32;GilbertHedden:1936-37;MelChappell:1951
1931-32–WilliamChappellofSydneyNSonthenorthcoastofCapeBreton
leasedBlair’srights.Chappellhadworkedatthesitein1897whentheparchment21See[I4],filea01,page16].22See[A2]
20
wasfound.Unfortunately,thepreciselocationofthe1897sitehadbeenlostinthe
interveningyearsofdigging.ChappellandBlairnowdisagreedontheexactlocation
oftheMoneyPit:Chappellthoughtitwasslightlynorthofthe1897drillsite,Blair
thoughtitwastothesouthofthatsite.In1931Chappellduga163-footshaftat
Blair’sselectedlocationsouthwestofthe1897hole.Thisisknownasthe“1931
ChappellShaft”).23
Between116-127feetChappell’sgroupfoundseveralartifactsincludingan
axe,aminer’spick,andananchorfluke.Theyencounteredevidenceofwhatthey
thoughtwasavaultroughly10feethigh(“theChappellVault”).Chappellthendug
sidetunnelstotheMoneyPitfromthe1931Chappellshaftbutfoundnothing.He
thenduga124-footshaftfromhispreferredPitlocation,searchingforthelocation
oftheparchmentandrelateditemsfoundin1897;thissecondshaft—the“1932
Chappellshaft”—revealednothing.In1932,afterspending$30,000andwiththe
Depressionunderway,Chappellgaveup.
1936-37—NextupwasGilbertHedden,aNewJerseymillionaire,whospent
$100,000tobringelectricpowerfromthemainlandtorunsubmersiblepumpsand
drainthePit;allfutureexplorershavebeengrateful.In1937Heddendugashaft
(the“Heddenshaft”)nearthe1931Chappellshaft;otherthanwaternothingwas
found.HethencommissionedasurveybyCharlesRoper,aprovinciallandsurveyor,
oftheeastendoftheislandtoidentifyallpreviousdigsandmarkings.The“Roper
Survey”hasbecomeatoolinallexcavations.AttemptstopumptheHeddenshaft
wereunsuccessful.Heddengaveupin1937.
In1941,neartheendofHedden’ssublease,anothertreasurehunter,Edwin
Hamilton,triedagobut,again,therewerenofinds.Severalothersmalloperators
followedbutallquicklyfellbythewayside.
Blaircontrolledactivityontheislanduntilhisdeathin1951.MelChappell,
William’sson,acquiredBlair’streasure-troverightsin1951.Hespent$25,000on
thePitbeforeleasinghisrightstoRobertRestall.
23The1937RoperSurveywouldlaterfindthe1897shaftandshowthatChappellhadbeencorrect.
21
RobertRestall:1959-65
RobertRestallwasafifty-nineyearoldsteelworkerfromOntariowho,in
earlierdays,hadbeenamotorcycledaredevilwithhiswife,Mildred;theirspecialty
wasridingtwomotorcyclesaroundacircularcagewithoutcrashingorcolliding.
Theyshouldhavestuckwiththatjob.
RestallleasedMelChappell’srightstoexplorein1959andmovedwithhis
wife,Mildred,andtwogrownsonstoOakIsland.Restallbuiltasmalltwo-room
cabinneartheMoneyPitandworkedthesitewithhissonsuntiltragedystruckin
1965.OneofhisdrillerswasLaverneJohnson,aFreemasonwhowroteapamphlet
abouthisexperiencesworkingforRestallonOakIsland.[I4]MoreonJohnsonlater.
AmongotherthingstheRoperSurveyhadmarkedwasanold“Stone
Triangle”ontheedgeofSouthShoreCove.Asshownintheleftpanelbelow,the
triangle’sinnerlineofstonespointstoTrueNorth,butanotherlinecanbemade
fromthecentralstoneinthereararcthroughthetriangle’spoint:thatline,the
“DeclinationLine,”isshownasthedottedline,runsabout7°WestofTrueNorth.
Roperhadalsofoundtwodrillstonesthatwererediscoveredin1959by
LaverneJohnson.TheseareshowninJohnson’schartintheright-handpanelbelow.
TheStoneTriangleXMarkstheSpot
22
JohnsonbelievedthattheMoneyPithadnosignificanceotherthanasthesite
ofthetwoflagstonesfoundjustbelowthesurface.Thus,onhischart(rightpanel)
theMoneyPitsiteiscalled“FlagstonesatTopofShaft.”Inaddition,onedrilled
stone(the“WesterlyDrilledStone”)wasabout50feetnorthoftheMoneyPitonthe
TrueNorthlinefromtheStoneTriangle.Theseconddrilledstone(the“Easterly
DrilledStone”)laytotheeastoftheMoneyPitnearSmith’sCove.
Johnson“decoded”theinformationfromthetwodrilledstonesandthe
flagstonestofindthesiteofthetreasure.Todothistakeastraightlinefromthe
EasterlyDrilledStonetotheFlagstonesattheTopoftheShaft,thentakealinethat
runsnorthwardatrightanglestothefirstline.Wherethatsecondlineandthe
DeclinationLineintersectistherealtreasuresite—Xmarksthespot.
Ifthisseemsbizarretoyou,youhavemyvote.InJohnson’sschemetheonly
functionoftheMoneyPitisservedbytheflagstonesfoundnearthesurfacein
1795—thatiswhereyoutakethe90°rotationtoX.Johnson’sbelievedthatthe
“boys”of1795thought“hole”insteadof“marker”andjustkeptdigging.Hadthey
knownabouttheRoperSurveystones,theywouldhavedecodedtheinformation
anddugatX—andtheywouldhavebecomerich.
ThesearethesortsofcontortionsthatOakIsland’streasurehuntersmadeto
trytoidentifyatreasuresite.IshouldaddthatwhenJohnsonduga30-footpitatX
hefoundnothing.
Backtothemainstory.RobertRestalldugeight27-footholesnearthe
MoneyPittotrytointerceptthefloodtunnels,withnosuccess.In1965,whileinside
oneofthesewater-filledholes,hewasovercomebyfumes,eithercarbonmonoxide
fromthepumpmotoror,morelikely,naturalhydrogen-sulfidefumes,averytoxic
gasassociatedwithorganicmaterialdecomposinginwater.Restalllost
consciousnessandfellintothewater,his30-yearoldsonRobertjumpedintoget
himandhadthesamefate,thentwoworkersjumpedintohelp.Allfourwere
overcomeanddrowned.
23
RobertDunfield:1965-1966
RobertDunfield,ageologistwhohadbeenRestall’spartner,leasedMel
Chappell’srightstocontinueexplorationaftertheRestalloperationendedin
tragedy.Heconstructedacausewaytothemainlandin1965tobringheavy
equipmentontotheisland.Thecausewaycostanestimated$40,000anditremains
inplaceeventhoughitwassupposedtoberemovedafterDunfieldwasfinished.
DunfieldimmediatelyranintoaconflictwithFredNolanbyrefusingtolet
Nolanusethecauseway.Nolanrespondedbymovinghissmallmuseumofartifacts
foundonOakIslandtoalocationthatblockedaccessfromthecausewaytothe
MoneyPit.Stalemate!DunfieldsuedNolan.EventuallyDunfieldwasforcedtolet
Nolanandothersusethecauseway;inreturn,Nolanwasforcedtorestoreaccessto
theMoneyPit.OnceagainmoneywasspentonOakIslandtonoeffect.
InadditiontobulldozingaroundtheMoneyPitlookingforfloodtunnels,
DunfieldandhispartnersexploredtheSmith’sCoveareaandfoundindicationsof
earlyconstructionactivity,amongthemanoldcofferdam,thefiveboxdrains
coveredineelgrassandcoconutfiber,logsfromawharforotherstructure,astone
market“1704,”apairofancientwroughtironscissors.24
Dunfieldspentanestimated$130,000withnoresultexceptthecollapseof
severaltunnelsinarain-soakedseason.Buthehadagreattimeonthatbulldozer
beforehesuspendedoperationsin1966.
TheareaofexcavationatthetimeofDunfield’sworkisshownbelow.Itis
clearthattheunscientificwaythehunthadprogressedovertheyearshad
effectivelymaskedanyoriginalworkdonebythoseubiquitouspiratesor
Rosicrucians.
TritonAllianceLimited/OakIslandExplorationCompany:1967-2011 In1967DanBlankenshiparrivedonOakIslandinpartnershipwithDunfield,
FredNolan,andanewpartner,DavidTobias.Thefollowingisasummaryoftheir
activitiesandfindings.
24See[I5]
24
TheMoneyPitAreain1965
1967—Blankenshipdrilledabout60deepexplorationholesaroundthe
MoneyPit,sometobelowthe180-footbedrock.Theybroughtupsomeman-made
items(brassfragments,wooddatedto1490-1660fromacavitybelowbedrock,
charcoal,fragmentsofchina).
1969—thepartnershipwasformalizedasOakIslandExplorationCompany
underTritonAllianceLimited,withDavidTobiasasitsPresident.Under
Blankenship’sdirection,TritondrilledBorehole10-Xabout160feetfromtheMoney
PitalongthelineoftheallegedtunnelfromtheMoneyPitpasttheCave-InPittothe
Smith’sCoveboxdrains.Borehole10-Xwasinitiallya27-inchdiametershaftdriven
throughthebedrockat180feetandthendownto235feet.Threefive-footcavities
werefound—oneat140feet,oneat180feet,andoneat230feet;thelastwaswell
belowbedrock.Metalfragmentswereretrievedfromthesecondcavity.
Towardtheendof1969Blankenshiptookwhatseemstobeatragicmisstep
inordertoflushtreasureoutofBorehole10-X:hesetoffchargesoftwodynamite
stickseachatfive-footintervalsinthethreecavernsat10-X.25Nothingcameup,but
25See[I1]/archives/2016_4,p.85].
25
theuseofbruteforcesuggestsnownothingwillcomeup.Thechartbelowisa
recordofthisaction.26
Blastingat10-X
1970—Tritonbuiltalarge400-footcofferdamtodrainSmith’sCove.The
remainsofanearliercofferdamwerefound—whetheritwasDunfield’scofferdam
ortheoriginalfoundbytheTruroCompanyisn’tclear.Somemanmadeitemswere
alsofound,allpre-1790:a12-inchruler,nails,spikesandtools.
1971—Borehole10-Xwaswidenedtoaneight-footdiametertoallowdivers
accessdowntothe180-footbedrocklevel;theoriginal27-inchdiameterholethat
runsfrom180feetdownto235feetwasleftuntouched.Diversweresentdownto
bedrockat180feet,butvisibilitywaspoorandnothingwasseen.Acamerawas
sentdowntothecavernat225feetandverygrainyphotosweretaken.Itseems
strangetoexpecttoseeanythingintactinanareayouhavedemolished,but
Blankenshipidentifiedseveralitemsinthephotos:ahumanhand,ahumanbody,a
26Alsoin1969FredNolandrainedthe“swamp”neartheMoneyPitandfoundwhatappearedtobeasectionofthemastofanoldsailingship.
26
pickaxe,chestsandtwosidetunnelsfromthecavern.(Icouldn’tidentifyanyof
thesewhenIsawthephotos.).
1972—GeorgeBates,aNovaScotiahistorian,presentedanewtheoryofOak
IslandatameetingoftheCanadianInstituteofSurveyingandMapping.Histheoryis
thattheoriginalexcavations(theMoneyPit,theeast-sidetunneltoSmith’sCove,
andtheworksinSmith’sCove)weresignsofashipyard.Thisideawillbediscussed
later.
1976—WhileDanBlankenshipwasdivinginBorehole10-Xthesideofthe
metalcasingcollapsedjustbelowhim,closingoffthelowersection.Hebarely
escaped.
1979—InFebruaryfourholesappearedintheiceoverSouthShoreCove.
ThisoccurredafterpumpingactivityinthePit;oncethepumpingstopped,theholes
disappeared.Theice-holesreappearedin1987,againafterapumpingoperation.27
Theholeshavebeenattributedtoairbubblesrelatedtothepumping.
1983—TritonsuedFredNolan,contestingownershipofhissevenlotson
OakIsland.IfNolanlosesthesuit,heloseshisrightsonOakIslandalongwithhis
influenceasamemberofTritonAlliance.Thismightwellhavebeenthesourceof
theenmitybetweenBlankenshipandNolan.Therewasalsolitigationlaterover
Nolanmovingsomepropertymarkerstoenhancehisproperty.
1985—NolanwonandTritonappealed.In1987Tritonlostagainonappeal:
Nolan’sownershipofthesevenlotswasfinallyconfirmed.(Nolanlostonthe
propertylinedispute.)
27See[I1/archives/03-2016:22]
27
1987—Tritonannouncedastockissuetoraise$10milliontodriveatubular
casing80feetincircumference(13-feetindiameter)aroundBorehole10Xdownto
bedrockat180feet,thusclosingoffthewatersourceandallowingdrainageof10-X.
TheOctober1987stockmarketcrashendedtheplanandTritonendedactive
exploration.Ithelditslastannualmeetingin2011andin2014itwasformally
eliminatedfromtheCanadianregisterofcompaniesfornonpaymentofannualfees.
2006—DavidTobiassoldhisfiftypercentshareofTritontotheLagina
Brothers.
2008—Tritonsolditstreasure-trovelicensetoOakIslandTours,Inc.One
estimateofthecosttoTritonofitsactivitiesontheislandis$500,000.28
OakIslandTours,Inc.:2008-Present
OakIslandTours,Inc.wasformedbyDanBlankenshiptopromoteOakIsland
asatouristarea.In2008itpurchasedTritonAlliance’streasure-trovelicense,
allowingittocontinueexplorationsatOakIsland.TheCompany’spartnersinclude
DanandDaveBlankenship,RickandMartyLagina,CharlesBarkhouse,andCraig
Tester.CraigisMarty’sformercollegeroommate,hispartnerinthenewwindfarm
energycompany,andanengineerwithexpertiseinsoilresistivity.Charlesiscurator
oftheOakIslandMuseumandaveryknowledgeablelocalhistorian.
TheLaginasbegannegotiationswiththeHistoryChanneltoseeifitmightbe
interestedinfilminga“realityshow”aboutOakIsland.Itwas,andtheresultisThe
CurseofOakIsland,nowendingitsfourthseason.Everyepisodeispaddedwith
segmentsfrompreviousepisodes,andeachsegmentofanepisodeendswitha
teaserthatbringstheviewerpastthecommercialonlytoletthemdownafterward.
Itisaveryfrustratingshowwithatightstructure:eachepisodehasasegment
filmedinthe“WarRoom,”wheretheprincipalsmeettoplanthenextforay,often
withoutsideadvisorswhohaveoutrageousideasaboutwhat’sthere,whereitis,
andwhodidit.Alsopresentarethedivers,drillers,andotherswhowillexecutethe
plans.AttheendofeachmeetingMartyputsonaseriousfaceandasks,“Shouldwe
28See[A3]
28
dothis?”ThenRick,alsowithhisgamefaceon,says,“Yes,itmightleadtonothing,
but...whatifitdoes!”Theotherprincipalsnodtheirheadssagely,Martypondersa
bit,slapsthetable,andsay,“Let’sdoit!”Thentheyretiretoabar.
Still,anyonewhohasfollowedtheOakIslandsagawillwanttoseeTheCurse
ifonlytoseewhattheLaginasdidandwhattheyfound.Theshortanswersare“a
lot”and“notmuch.”
WhathavetheLaginashaveactuallydoneis“alot.”
†Theyhavedrainedtheswampthreetimes.29(Nolanfirstdraineditin1969).ThefirsttimeallthatwasfoundwasaSpanish8-realemeravedi,acoppercoin,dated1652.ThesecondwasontheadviceofaNorwegiannamedPeterAmundsonwhobelievedthatthesurfacestonesforming“Nolan’sCross”wereactuallypartofalargerformationcalledtheTreeofLife,andthatsomethingwouldbefoundattheTree’s“MercyPoint”locatedintheswamp;instrumentsattheMercyPointlocatednonferrous
metal(perhapsgoldorsilver)butnothingofvaluewasretrieved.Thethirdtimetheydraineditdry,pumpingthebrackishwatertotheCave-InPit,thentheybroughtinabackhoetodiginaspecificareaandfoundalongplanklikefromaship’shullandalargespike,bothassociatedwithearlyshipconstruction,perhapsaSpanishGalleon.
†TheyrepeatedlysentdiversdownBorehole10-XtofindtheobjectsthatBlankenship’scamerarevealedin1971—awoodenchest,abody,ahand,apickaxe,sidetunnels.Onlyonedivermadeitandhefoundnoneofthoseobjects.Inthatdiver’sopinionthecavernisanaturalformation.
†TheyhaveexploredSmith’sCovetosearchfortheboxdrainsfoundbypreviousexpeditions.Theycameupwithmorecoconutfiberandafewwroughtirontoolsdatedpre-1790.
†Theyrepeatedlymetinthewarroomtolistentothedoofusdujourdescribehistheoryofwhodidit,when,andwhy.Noneofthesevisitorshashadcredentialsinhistory,archeology,orgeology.Somearesouncredibleastobeincredible.Mostoftheideasarebizarre,amongthem,
°TheRosicrucians,asecretsocietyformedduringthe17thcenturyEnlightenment.TheRosicrucianswereadherentsofamysticaldoctrinethatincludedtheJewishKaballahanditsTreeofLife.
°SirFrancisBacon,the17thcenturyEnglishpolymathwhosomethinkwasShakespeare,buriedWilliamShakespeare’slostplaysonOakIsland.
29In1969FredNolandrainedtheswampforthefirsttime,findingasectionofanoldship’smast.Thisledtotheideathatanentiretreasureshiphadbeenburiedintheswamp.
29
°TheKnightsTemplar,formallycalledthe“SocietyofthePoorFellow-SoldiersofChristandoftheTempleofSolomon,”buriedtheirtreasureamassedasbankersandtransporterstopilgrimsduringthecrusades—atreasurethatincludestheHolyGrailandtheArkoftheCovenant.TheKnightsTemplarwasformedcirca1120aftertheFirstCrusade,anditwasviolentlydissolvedin1307toexpropriateitswealth.°MarieAntoinette’sfabledjewels,ortheFrenchCrownjewelsburiedbyFrenchRoyalists.°CaptainWilliamKidd’stwo-millionpoundtreasurereportedtohavebeenburiesonasecludednorthernislandinAmerica.
†MartyandsometeammembersflewtoFranceandScotlandtofollowuponthehistoryoftheKnightsTemplar,whowerecenteredinFranceandreportedlyfledtoScotlandwiththeirshipsandtreasureafter1307.Theycamebackwellfedbutnowiser.†Theyinterviewedthreesisters—descendantsofDanielMcGinnes—whoreportedthefamilystorythatthethree“boys”hadactuallyfoundthreetreasurechests;eachhadtakenonechesthome.Ifthisstoryistrue,whateverwasburiedattheMoneyPithasalreadybeenfound.Asevidencetheyshowedabeautifulgoldcrossmadeforanecklace;jewelershaddatedittothe1500s.ThiswastheonlyiteminDanielMcGinnis’chestthatremainsinthefamily.†TheLaginasreturnedtotheMoneyPittopickupwhereTritonleftoffin1987.TheysankalargemetalcaissonaroundasitecalledV3,wheretheythoughttheoriginalPitwaslocated;thiswasdonetostabilizeit,toshutoffwatersources,andtofindwhatisatthebottom.Aclamshellshovelwasloweredbycraneintothetubetoremoveearthandmaterial.At140feettheyfoundsquaretimbers.Thiswasveryexcitinguntiltheynoticedthatthetimbershadmarksfromcircularsaws,whichweren’tinventeduntilthelate18thcenturyandwerenotcommonlyuseduntilthemid-19thcentury;theLaginasconcludedthatthetimberswerecribbingfromanearliersideshaftintothePitdugbyWilliamChappellin1931.†Theydugasecondshaft,calledC1,abouttwentyfeetfromV3withthesametypeofcaissonusedatV3.Thisreachedwhatappearedtobeacavityat170feet.Duringthisdigtheysentacameradownandsawglimpsesofashinyyellowobject.
Inshort,TheLaginabrothersandtheirHistoryChannelbackershave
foundnothingthatwasnotfoundbefore,andtheyhavefailedtofindsome
thingsthathadbeenfoundbefore.Theyalsohaveanindicationthattheir
treasurechest(s)mighthavebeenretrievedcenturiesago.Afterthislastrevelation
30
attheendofthethirdseasontheWarRoommettodiscusswhethertocontinue;
Martyslappedthetableandsaid,“Let’sDoIt!”.
It’sclearthatthereisatleastonehoaxintheOakIslandstory:itistheairing
ofTheCurseonachannelthatmasksfictionashistory.Ofcourse,thatdoesn’tstop
usfromwatchingtheseries—theLaginasaresuchperfecthosts,andtheshowisso
outréandcampy,thatourearsperkupeverytimesomeonesays,“Wow,whatis
this?”beforegoingtocommercial.WeknowthattheLaginasandtheirpartnersare
acting,butstillitsucksusin.
Hopefully,theHistoryChannelhasjumpedthesharkandinthefutureOak
Islandwillbeknownasaplaceratherthanasanadventure.Perhapssomedaywe
willbeatthatpointwhenthefirstquestionapsychiatristasksofapotentially
psychoticpatientis,“DoyoubelieveinOakIsland?”TheOakIslandMysterywill
thenhavereacheditsproperplaceinthepublic’sconsciousness—asasanitytest.
TheFloodTunnels:Digging,Dowsing,andDyeTests AnimportantgoalofexplorationatOakIslandhasbeentoinvestigatethe
networkoffloodtunnelsreputedlycreatedbytheoriginaldiggers.Thishasbeen
doneinthreeways:digging,dowsing,anddyetests.
Digginghasbeentheprimaryapproach.Shaftshavebeendugalloverthesite
tofindtunnels.Thishasbeendiscussedelsewhereinthisdocument,butitbears
repeatingthatbruteforcehasboth“muddiedthewaters”andtornuptheeastern
endoftheisland,alltoachieveinconsistentresults:somediggingfindsflood
tunnels,somediggingfindsnofloodtunnels,andsomesuggeststhatfloodtunnels
newlyfoundareactuallytunnelsdugbyearlierexplorerstoentertheMoneyPit.
Dyetestsareamorescientificapproach.Awater-dyemixispumpedintoa
shaft(usuallytheMoneyPitorBorehole10-X)andtheshorelineiswatchedfor
appearanceofthedye.Theseresultsarealsomixed.Thefirstreporteddyetest,in
1898whendyeporeddownthePit,showedatdyebothSmith’sCoveandSouth
ShoreCove.Thesecondtestwasin1941whenEdwinHamiltonpoureddyeintothe
MoneyPitanditappearedatSouthShoreCove.Thiswastakenasconfirmationofa
31
westwardtunnelfromthePit,perhapsthesametunneldiscoveredbytheTruro
Companycirca1897.
Thethirddyetestwasin1992whenDanBlankenshippoureddyeintothe
MoneyPitandafter3-4hoursitappeared1,155feetawayatthe“oppositesideof
theisland”(nearJoudrey’sCove?).30Thisshouldhavebeentotallyunexpected,but,
amazingly,Blankenshipreportedthathehadidentifiedthatwhollynewtunnelprior
tothedyetestbyusingtheancientmethodofdowsing.Thistunnelisasurprise
becausetherewerenoreportsofearlyexplorerstunnelingfromthePittothe
northeast,andbecauseJoudrey’sCoveissofaraway—overtwo-tenthsofamile.
Inthefourthdyetest,alsoin1992,Blankenshippoureddyedownahole
northofBorehole10-X.ThisdyeshowedatbothSmith’sCoveandatSouthShore
Cove.31TheWoodsHoleOceanographicInstituteperformedafifthdyetestin1995
aspartofalargerstudyofOakIslandhydraulics:WHOIpoureddyeintoBorehole
10-XandreportedthatnodyewasobservedemergingateitherSmith’sCoveor
SouthShoreCove.32Finally,circa2013theLaginasreplicatedthe1995WHOItest
bypouringdyeintoBorehole10-X:onceagain,nodyeappearedontheisland’s
coast.
Ifthesedyetestsindicateanythingatall,itisthatanyconnectionbetween
theMoneyPitareaandMahoneBayiseithernonexistentorverycomplicated:
subsurfacechannelsseemtoappearanddisappearovertime,andtheyseemtobe
foundatsomeholesbutnotatothers.Onewondershowmuchthediggingand
blastingaroundtheareahasclosedofforredirectedwaterchannelsfoundatearlier
dates.
WereferredabovetoBlankenship’suseofdowsing.Accordingtohimitwas
quitesuccessfulwithseveraltunnels,notjustthelongpreviouslyunknown
northeasterlytunneltowardJoudrey’sCove.Whenthisbecamecommonknowledge
itsetoffafloodofInternetdiscussionsabouttheefficacyofdowsing.Thereisno
30See[I1]/did-dowsing-dicoveries-lead-Dan-to-dig-10X:6].31See[I4].MacphiehasdevelopedanumberofexcellentscientificPowerPointpresentationsonOakIsland.32See[A8].
32
scientificbasisforthepractice,yetithasbeenusedforhundredsofyearsasaway
tofindwater,metals,orotherconductiveobjectsbelowground.
MacPhiereportstheresultsfromasmalldowsingtestinEngland.33Two
metalobjectswereburied,oneatthreemeters(26feet)andtheotherateight
meters(43feet).Sixteenstudentsindependentlydousedforthemandelevenfound
atleastoneoftheobjects,9findingboth;thisleftfivestudents(5)withnohits.
Usingstandardstatisticaltests,theprobabilitythat11ormorestudentswouldgeta
hitsimplybychanceis.067(6.7percent).Thisdoesnotquitemeetthestandardof
.05orsmallerthatstatisticianstypicallyusetodetermine“significance,”butitis
closeandwiththesmallsamplesizethereisconsiderablesamplingvariability.Still,
anumberofotherstudieshavealsofoundasuccessratenobetterthanchance.34If
Blankenship’smethodofffindingtunnelsisnobetterthanchance,howdidhefind
that1,155-footlongtunnel?Perhapsheisjustabetterthanaveragedowser.
Apersonalstory.WhileonafamilytriptoEnglandyearsagowevisitedthe
villageofAveburywherearingofstoneslikethoseatStonehenge(butmuch
smaller)hadbeenfoundlongagobydowsing.Somestoneswerestillburied,and
wewereaskedifwewantedtodowseforthem.WhenIpassedovercertainspots
thedowsingrodwasalmostforcedfrommyhand,apalpablehit.Theevidenceof
myownhandsledmetoachoice,eitherdowsingworkedorlargemagnetshadbeen
buriedfortouriststofind.35
33See[I4],filea03,p.5].Elevenofthestudentsidentifiedonlytheshallowobjectwhile9foundthedeeperobject.“Chance”meansa50percentprobabilitythatsomethingisfound,withacorresponding50percentprobabilitythatnothingisfound.34See“Dowsing”onWikipedia.35Myexperiencewithdowsingisanexampleofwhatpsychologistscallideomotoractivity—theentirelyunconscioustranslationofanidea(“thereissomethingburiedhere”)intophysicalaction.
33
ExploringSurfaceStoneFormations
LittlehasbeensaidofFredNolan’sindependentsearchforinformationfrom
surface-levelrockformationsonhisproperty.Thereasonis,ofcourse,thatthese
effortsarefarlessdramaticthantheMoneyPitexplorations.
Perhapsthemostdramaticstoneformationis“Nolan’sCross,”alarge
formationintheshapeofacrossonthenortheastsideiftheisland.Thetopofthe
crosspointseast,itsleftarmpointsnorth,andthecross’srightarmpointstothe
MoneyPit.
Nolan’sCross
Atthecenterofthecross,wherethetwoarmsintersect,Nolanfoundalarge
stonewithwhatlookslikepartofahumanfacecarvedonit.Thoseofusfamiliar
withthenow-collapsed“ManoftheMountain,”aoncefamousnaturalformationofa
humanprofilehangingoffofNewHampshire’sMountWashington,knowthat
humanfacescanbecarvedinstonebynaturalforces,sowemightnotbuythe“man-
made”stonefaceonOakIsland.Nordoweknowwhatotherstoneswereinthearea
ofthecrossfromwhichthesixstonesinthecrossmightbeselectedasameaningful
34
feature.Butthelegendisthatthesesixstonesstandoutinaclearcross,perhapsa
replicaoftheTemplarCross.
Indeed,PetterAmundson,aNorwegianfixatedonOakIslandandoneofthe
outsiderswhopresentedhistheoriestotheWarRoom,hasfoundfouradditional
stonesthatthatcreatealargerformationfromNolan’sCross,aformationthat
matchesasymbolfromtheJewishKaballahcalledthe“TreeofLife.”Themapbelow
overlaysNolan’sCrossonOakIsland,thentheTreeofLifeonNolan’sCross:Nolan’s
CrossisthecentralpillarandmiddlecrossarmoftheredformationcalledtheTree
ofLife.
OakIsland’sTreeofLife
TheTreeofLifehastenpoints,ornodes;asagroupthesepointsarecalled
sephirot(singular:sephirah).AteachOakIslandsephirah,shownasalargereddot,
isastone:sixofthemform“Nolan’sCross”andtheotherfourfoundbyAmundson
completetheTreeofLife.EachsephirahrepresentsanaspectofGod’suniverse:the
leftmostpillarwithitsthreesephirahshowsthethreeaspectsof“God’sMasculine
Side”(Understanding,Justice,Glory),thecentralpillarwithitsfoursephirahshows
35
fouraspectsof“IdealBalance”(DivineCrown,Beauty,Foundation,andGod’s
Presence),andtherightmostpillarwiththreesephirahshowsthreeaspectsofGod’s
FeminineSide(Wisdom,Mercy,Eternity).Amundsonfoundlargestonesatallten
points,allbutoneaboveground.Asmarkedonthephoto,themiddle-rightsephirah
represents“Mercy.”Again,theremighthavebeenaplethoraofstonesinthearea
withAmundsonselectingonlythetenthatfittherelativemeasurementsofaTreeof
Life.
Notetheareamarked“7.”ThisisthetriangularswampthatNolanfirst
drainedin1969.Thesephirahtotheleftof“7”markstheMercyPoint;itisatthe
triangularpointoftheswamp.InaWarRoommeetingAmundsondirectedthe
group’sattentiontotheMercyPoint,claimingexcathedrathatsomethingof
importancewouldbefoundthere.TheLaginasdrainedtheswampandexplored
thatareawithmetal-detectors.Nothingofsignificancewasfound.
TheTreeofLifeandNolan’sCrossarethelargestandmostcomplexofthe
stonefiguresfoundontheisland,butthereareotherstonesthathavebeen
interesting.NearSmith’scoveliesastonewitha“G”clearlycarvedintoit;Gisthe
symbolforGodinFreemasonry.Freemasonrywasarapidlygrowingmovementin
the17thcenturyandisthoughtbysome,withoutevidence,tobedirectlydescended
fromtheKnightsTemplar;itstiestoRosicrucianismaremoredirect.Thisstone
suggeststhatFreemasons—andperhapsKnightsTemplar—wereonOakIsland.
ButthepresenceofFreemasonsisnotsurprisingasitwasaflourishingegalitarian
organizationinBritainwithmembersdrawnfromthearmy,thearistocracy,andthe
growingmiddleclass.DuringtheAmericancolonialperiodFreemasonrywasactive
inAmerica.Indeed,GeorgeWashingtonwasaFreemason.
TheOakIsland“G”Stone
36
PageIntentionallyLeftBlank
37
NaturalExplanationsofOakIsland
Perhapstheonlysolidinformationgainedfrom216yearsofdiggingand
destructionisthattherewashumanactivityofsomesortonOakIslandpredating
the1795discoveryoftheMoneyPit:theSmith’sCoveareahasrevealedtools,
probableboxdrains,coconutfibersandeel-grass,wharf-likelogstructures,and
otherevidenceindicativeofshippingactivity;themanypitsdugontheislandhave
revealedevidenceoftools,nails,anchors,goldlinks,glassandpottery,oldcoins;
isolatedcarvedstoneslikethe“G”stoneandtheapocryphal”90FootStone”were
foundintheMoneyPitarea.36
Butoverthose200yearsmorequestionshavearisenthananswershave
beengiven.Amongthosequestionsis:
•WhatwouldjustifyalloftheengineeringandminingeffortthatOakIslandapparentlyreveals?
•HasthefloodingofthePitandothersitesbeenduetoman-madetunnelstoMahoneBay,orhasitbeentide-drivenflowthroughnaturalchannelsas
arguedbymanystudentsoftheisland.•Whyhave“supernatural”theoriesbeenpreferredto“natural”theoriesofOakIsland’shistory?
Thesequestionsremainunanswered,or,inmanycases,havereceived
conflictinganswers.Whatseemsclearisthatfewinvestigatorshavesought
“natural”solutionstotheOakIslandMystery—solutionsthatderivefromhuman
activityandexperience,nothumanaspirationsormysticism.Instead,OakIslandhas
becomeatreasurehuntdrivenbytheunderlyingsearchphilosophy“IfItIsn’t
Found,ItMustStillBeThere.”
Oncewearecommittedtosaneandscientificanswers,welookforplausible
explanationsforthesefindingsthatdon’trequiretravelingthreethousandmileson
36Allofthisassumesthatwhatisreportedtohavebeenfoundwasactuallyfound—treasuresitesarenotoriousforbeing“seeded”toattractinvestors.
38
potentiallydangerousseastohideextremelyvaluableitemsliketheArkofthe
CovenantorMarieAntoinette’sjewelsina100-footpit.Statedthisway,pirates
seemmoreplausible.
OakIslandhasclearlybeeninhabitedforalongtime,certainlywellbeforeit
waslaidoutin1762.Evenifnotinhabited,ithasbeenavailabletopassingships
boundforEuropesincethediscoveryofAmericabyEuropeans.Wewouldexpectto
findtoolsandsignsofearlylifeandactivityontheisland,thoughwewouldnot
expectthoseartifactstobeasdeepundergroundastheywerefound.Still,thecoins,
tools,nailsandotherindicationsofhumanactivitymightsimplybetheresiduefrom
constructionontheIslandthatisunrelatedtotreasure.
.
Cross-SectionofBorehole10-X
39
ThegeologicalcharacteristicsofOakIslandareaiscertainlyrelevant.Itisa
lowislandwithamaximumelevationofonly36feet,anelevationthathas
decreasedaboutonefootforeachcenturyassealevelsrose.Manyobserversargue
thattheislandrestsonporouslimestoneinwhichnaturaltunnelsandcavernsare
readilycarvedbygroundwaterorseawater.Doesthislimestonefoundationexist,
and,ifso,woulditcreatethefloodtunnelsthathavebeenthesubjectofsomuch
attention?Therearedoubters.
DougHenskee,anOakIslandinvestigatorwhodugBorehole10-Xwith
Blankenshipin1969,isskeptical.In1997HenskeestatedthatwhenBorehole10-X
wasdug,“Weneverfoundanysignificanthorizontalflowofwateratanydepth,
fromthesurfacedowntobedrockat180feet.”Butif10-Xwasandremaineddryfor
alongperiod,whydoesitnowhavewaterinit?Doesthe1971blastingexplainthis?
Thecross-sectionofBorehole10-XshownaboveisdrawnbyHenskee.Note
thattheisland’sbedrockisanhydriterock,whichhasahighlycrystallinestructure
andisveryporous.Whilebedrockcouldbewater-laden,itsabilitytotransmitwater
tohigherlevelsdependsonwhatisontopofthebedrock.Henskee’schartshowsa
layerofsandymaterialat170-180feet,alayerofdrylimestonemarl(150-170feet),
6feetofmixedbutdrylimestone(144-150feet),and4feetofsand(140-144feet).
Abovethis,at100-140feet,is40feetoffirmgrayclay,theresidueofglacialtill;this
isthesweetspotoftheMoneyPit,thetargetareformostofthedigging.The
impermeabilityofthatclaydoesnotbodewellforthetheorythatfloodingcame
fromnaturalchannels.
JohnWonnacott,awell-regardedgeologistrecentlyinterviewedfor[I1],
arguesthattheweshouldexpectnonaturalwatercourseintotheMoneyPitor
Borehole10-X.37Wonnacottnotesthattheisland’sbedrockisat180feetandthat
betweenbedrockandthegroundlevelattheMoneyPitorBorehole10-Xisalayer
37See[I1/archives/02-2016:44].
40
ofglacialtill,acompositeofusuallyfinestoneandheavyclaythatisimperviousto
water.Thus,Wonnacottclaims,anywaterthatfloodedtheMoneyPitduringearly
explorationswouldhavetocomefromman-madetunnels.Thisinformationhasre-
invigoratedthedebateaboutfloodtunnels,butithasleftthepurposeofthem
unexplained.
Still,itisobviousthatOakIslandwasasiteofhumanactivityfromearly
days—peoplelivedandfarmedthere,anditemswerelostonlytoberecoveredwith
theisland’sBigDigs.Thecoins,tools,nailsandotherindicationsofhumanactivity
mightsimplybetheresiduefromlifeontheislandunrelatedtotreasure;thatthey
wereoftenundergroundmightbebecausewellsweresunktoobtainfreshwater
anditemsweredroppedintothem.
Thediscoveryofcoconutfiber—acommoncomponentofship’scaulkingand
regularlyusedasdunnage(packing)forfragileitems—supportstheideathatthe
activitywasrelatedtoOakIsland’spositionintheGulfStreamataturningpointon
themainroutetoEuropeforshipsofalltypes—merchant,military,andpirate.It
wouldbenosurprisethattheislandwouldbeastoppingpointforrefittingand
provisioning,andfreshwater—shipsofthe18thcenturyandearlierrequired
bottomcleaning,hullrepairandcaulking,mastrepair,andothermaintenanceto
makethelongtripoveropenwatertotheOldWorld.Wherebettertodothisthan
anislandinreasonablyprotectedwatersandcoveredwithoaktrees?
OnesimpleexplanationfortheMoneyPitmightbethatitistheresultofan
unsuccessfulsearchforfreshwater.ThatthewaterintheMoneyPitisdescribedas
“brackish”suggestsasourceoffreshwater.Coconutfibersfoundinthepitmightbe
fromattemptstopreventseawaterseepagefromthepitwalls.This,ofcourse,leaves
other“facts”ofOakIslandunexplained—theSmith’sCoveworks,theflood
tunnels—butthosepossiblesignsofexcavationmighthaveindependent
explanations.
Amoreelaboratetheorywasofferedin1972atameetingoftheCanadian
InstituteofSurveyandMappinginDartmouth,NovaScotia.GeorgeT.Bateswasa
Canadiansurveyorwhohadworkedontheislandin1937,andaNovaScotia
historianwhowroteon18thcenturymigrationtoandfromNovaScotia.Bates
41
suggestedatthismeetingthatOakIslandwasusedasanearlyshipyardforpassing
vessels.Thatthiswasnotberecordedmightwellbebecausetherewasno
indigenouspopulationtorecordit,orthatactivitieswerecovertforavarietyof
reasons(smuggling,taxation,fearoftheft).
BatesarguedthatthedesignoftheMoneyPitcumfloodtunnelsmimickeda
knownpre-19thcenturyshipyardintheWestIndies.Regrettably,I’venotseen
Bates’presentationnorhaveIfoundanyreferencesupportingthatclaim.Histheory
wasthatthe“MoneyPit”isactuallyapumpingstationwithawindmillorwindlass
atthesurfacepoweringapumpdeepinthePit.Theschematicshownbelowwashis
creation;Batesoftenpresentedhisvisualdisplaysinablueprint-likeform.Smith’s
Cove,withadrydock,istotheright,withatunnelconnectingittoacavityatthe
bottomoftheMoneyPit.38
SchematicofaShipyardatOakIsland
Thedrydocktheoryworkslikethis:atSmith’sCoveadamisconstructed
withawatergatethroughwhichashipcanenterathightide.TheWatergateis
closedandtheboxdrainsareopenedtodraintheCoveintoacavityatthebottomof
38TheHalifaxCompanyfoundin1867thatthistunnelwasnotstraight,asBatesshows.InsteaditangledupwardfromSmith’sCovetowardapointbelowtheCave-InPit,thenitangleddownwardat22.5°tointersectthebottomoftheMoneyPit.
42
theMoneyPit.ThatcavityisthendrainedintoSouthShoreCovebypumpingitupto
ahigherfloodtunnelinthePitthatrunstothatcove.Attheendoftheoperationthe
shiphassettledintoacradleordry-dock,theSmith’sCoveboxdrainsareclosed,
andthecavityatthebottomofthePitisempty.Whentheshiprepairsaredone,the
outerwatergateisopened,refillingSmith’sCove,theshipdeparts,andrepair
stationisreadyforthenextship.
Thereare,ofcourse,criticismsofthisidea.OnesimplepointisthatBates
reversestherelativedepthofthetwofloodtunnels—theSmith’sCovetunnelwas
reportedas100-feetdeepatthePitwhiletheSouthShoreCovetunnelwas118-feet
deep.PerhapsBateswasshowingamoregenericplanofashipyardoperation,butit
makeslittledifferencetotheoperation.ASouthShoreCovetunnelisn’teven
needed—watercouldflowintothebottomofthePitfromSmith’sCove,thenbe
pumpeddirectlytothesurfacethenpipeddowntoSouthShoreCove.
Asecondcriticismisthatacommonwayofcleaningaship’sbottomsor
makingminorhullrepairswascareening.Theshipwouldbebeachednearhightide,
thetidewouldgoout,exposingthebottom,thebottomwouldbecleanedand
repairsmade,thentheshipwouldberefloatedatthenexthightide.Butwhile
careeningisaperfectlysoundpracticeintheCaribbean,wheretiderangesarelow
andsandybeachesarecommon,inNorthAmerica’snortheasttheshoresand
bottomarefilledwithrockandledgethatcoulddamageacareenedboat.
Furthermore,stormsarefrequentandacareenedboatissubjecttotheirfullfury.39
Anothercriticismisthatnoremnantsofawindmillhavebeenfound,andthat
thesidetunnelsarecontroversial,especiallythetunnelfromthePittoSouthShore
Cove.Butabsenceofawindmill/windlassorapumpcouldbeduetotheirvalue—
whentheshipyardwasfinallyclosedtheseitemswereremovedandeithersoldor
usedelsewhere.Afterall,EarlyOakIslandmapsindicatelocationsof18thcentury
houses,housesthathavealsodisappeared.
Yetanothercriticismisthatwitha30-foottidalrangeattheBayofFundythe
abilitytoworkonashipondrylandwouldbebettertherethanwiththe7-foottide39Infact,acommonpracticeistosendvesselstoseawhenaseriousstormapproaches.Acareenedboatcannotberefloatedquickly—itrequiresahightide—soitremainsexposedtountimelystorms.
43
rangeatOakIsland.WhynotgouptoFundytodorepairs?Thisignoresimportant
characteristicsoftheBayofFundy.Let’ssupposeweareatDigby,abouthalfwayup
theeasternsideoftheBay.Thetiderangethereaveragessome30feet,butitis
highlyvariablebothbytimeofmonthandlocalweather:therangebetweenneap
andspringtidesisfargreaterthantheaveragetiderangeinthatregion,and
unpredictablestormsurgescancreateevengreatertidevariation—northeastwinds
blowwaterout,southeastwindblowitin.
Ifthepointistogainalengthytimeforrepairs,careeningashipatDigby
mightbeabadchoicebecauseitexposestheshiptounpredictableflotationat
inopportunetimes,andtothepowerfulforcesoftidalflowsinthatregion.Addedto
thatisthefactthatgoingtoDigbyforrepairswouldtakeyouwelloutoftheGulf
Streamandaddseveralhundredmilestoyourtrip.Perhapsabetterchoiceisa
shipyardonOakIsland.
NodoubtotherfaultscanbefoundwithBates’idea.Buttothelayman—and
virtuallyeveryoneintheOakIslandgameisalayman—Bates’proposalhasthe
advantageofrestingonanaturalfoundationwithoutresortingtomysticismor
treasure.Anditisconsistentwiththedismalfailureofthetreasurehunttofind
anythingworthfindingotherthantheresidueofhumanactivityapparentlyrelated
toships.Bates’theoryhastheadvantageoftyingtheknownevidencetogether—the
Pit,thefloodtunnels,theboxdrainsatSmith’sCove,
DennisKingoffersanothertheory.40Kingbelieves,withBates,thattheidea
oftreasureistheresultofexcessiveenthusiasm.Tohimthefundamentalquestion
ofOakIslandis,“WhyweretheboxdrainsinSmith’sCoveandtheassociatedtunnel
fromthemconstructed?”Hedoesnotbelievethateitherthetreasurepitortheidea
offloodtunnelstoitholdwater(punintended).
King’sansweris“salt.”Overthecenturiessalthasbeenaveryvaluable
commodity.Saltisessentialasafoodpreservative,asanaidtofood’staste,andasa
sourceofhumanandanimalhealth.Warshavebeenfoughtforit,stateshave
40See[I3/dennis_king_march_2010.shtml]
44
monopolizedtradeinitasarevenuesource,andsocialcustomshavebeenbuilt
aroundit.41
Salthasbeenrecoveredinavarietyofways.TheancientChinese(circa2,700
BCE)drewbrinywaterthroughbamboopipesfrombrinewells,thenboiledthe
wateroffineitheropenpansorinpotsthatleftasolidpot-shapedblockofsalt.
Inhabitantsofareasonceunderseahaverakeditoffofthesurfaceorhaveminedit;
inthatformitisHaliteandcalled“rocksalt.”Infact,attheBayofFundy’snorthern
endisasaltmine4,000feetthickleftfromthelong-agodayswhensealevelswere
hundredsoffeethigher.
Saltisubiquitousinsocialcustoms.Medievalguestsofhighrankwereseated
“abovethesalt”atbanquettables;saltwasassociatedgiventosolidifypeacetreaties
andothertypesofsocialamity;soldierswerepaidinsalt,makingthem“worththeir
salt”(infact,thewords“salary”and“soldier”arebasedontheLatinfor“salt”).
Asnotedabove,thefirstrecordedresidentsofOakIslandwerethefish
merchantsJohnGilbertandRichardSmith,whoreceivedOakIslandina1753land
grant.ThiswouldplaceOakIslandasasiteforoffloadingfreshfishandthebuyers
wouldhaveaparticularinterestinsaltasapreservative.Butsaltwasexpensiveto
transportand,inmanycountries,highlytaxedtoboot.42Whatmorecost-effective
sourcethanaremoteislandnearthefishinggroundbutfarfromthetaxcollector,
especiallyifthetaxmancanbebought.
InNovaScotia’snorthernclimatesaltrecoverybysimplyboilingraw
seawaterwaspossiblebutinefficient:itwasnotonlyfuel-intensive(thoughtrees
wereabundant)butduringthewintertheseawaterwasfrozennearthesurface.
Thekeytocreatingsaltefficientlywastopassseawaterthroughseveralstages,
concentratingthesaltwitheachstage.Attheendofthatconcentrationphase,the
saltcontentoftheremainingwaterwouldbehighandthewatercouldmorerapidly
beboiledofftoleavealargeramountofsaltperBTUofheatrequired.
41See[B1]forasurprisinglycaptivatinghistoryofsalt.42TheFrenchGabellewasasalttaxthathelpedgeneratetheFrenchRevolution.BritishsalttaxeswereasourceofchronicunrestinIndia.TheChineseleviedasalttaxbeforeChrist.Thesesalttaxweresalestaxeslaidontopofthealreadyhighpriceofsaltduetostatemonopolies
45
InKing’stheory,theoriginalcofferdamwasbuilttoallowmanagementofthe
waterlevelinSmith’sCove.Betweenthecofferdamandtheshoreanumberofbox
drainswereconstructedarrayedinawidearccoveringthecentralportionofthe
cofferdamarc,asshowninRobertDunfield’sfieldsketch,(page14,repeated
below).Theboxdrainsconvergedatasinglepointontheshorewhereacommon
drainfedintoatunnelleadingtoawell.
Theboxdrainswerecoveredwithlayersofeelgrassandcoconutfiber,on
topofwhichathicklayerofsandwouldbelaid.Thepurposeofthesandwasto
capturethesaltcontentoftheseawater,leavingbrackishremainstofilterthrough
theeelgrassandcoconutfibersandintotheboxdrains,henceintothewellwhereit
wouldbepumpedout.
RobertDunfield’sFieldSketchofSmithCove
Afterseveralrepeatedtidecyclesthesalt-soakedsandiscartedtotheempty
wellanddumpedin.Pureseawaterwouldthenbeallowedtoenterthewellthrough
theboxdrains.Thisseawaterwouldabsorbthesaltconcentratedinthesand,
addingthattoitsownsalinecontent.Thehigh-salinewaterwouldthenbedrawn
fromthewellandboiledinlargepansuntilevaporationleftonlysaltcrystalstobe
harvested.
46
KingfindsthatseveralfeaturesoftheSmith’sCoveworksfitthisdescription.
First,OakIslandhadtimbertoburnasfuelfortheboiling-offofwater.Second,in
1965RobertDunfieldfoundawellontheshoreneartheboxdrains,butbecauseit
wasonly24-feetdeepanddidn’tconnecttoanyfloodtunnelshedisregardedit.43
Third,itwaswidelyreportedbyseveralexpeditionsthattheboxdrainswere
coveredwitheelgrassandcoconutfiberswiththeprobableintentionoffiltering
watergoingintothem,thoughnobodyunderstoodthattheunderlyingpurposewas
notjusttofilterwatergoinginbuttoleavesaltbehindinthesand.
Finally,in1969Blankenshipfoundanoddpan-shaped“U-shaped”)structure
buriedtwofeetdownabout150feetsouthofthecenterofSmith’sCovebeach.It
wasmadeofstonescementedtogether,itshowedsignsofintenseheat,piecesof
charcoalwerefoundatthesite,andthestoneshadareddishcolor—acharacteristic
ofsimilarstonesaltwater-boilingsitesinEngland.
SowehavetwocompletelynaturalargumentsforthefindingsatOakIsland.
Thefirst—shipyardactivity—isconsistentwiththenauticalnatureofmanyofthe
artifacts,andwiththediscoveryintheswampofitemsapparentlyrelatedtoship
construction.Thisexplanationrequiresapitlikeadeeppit(theMoneyPit?)and
floodtunnels.Thesecondexplanation—saltproduction—requiresneitherpitnor
floodtunnels;itonlyrequirestheartificialsandbeach,boxdrainscoveredwith
sand,ashorttunneltoawell,andapan-likestructureforboilingconcentrated
seawater—allofwhichhavebeenfound.
Takeyourpick,orfindanotherexplanation.
43SeeDunfield’sfieldsketch.ThewelltowhichKingrefersisjustinsidetheshorelineandwellabovehightide.Itislabeledasa“drain”24feetdeep.
47
Appendix1TheEconomicsofOakIsland
ThisAppendixconsidersthecostsandpotentialvalueofOakIsland’streasurehunt—whatmightbethemonetaryvalueofthetreasureshoulditexist?Howmuchhasbeenspentoneffortstofindthetreasure?Theseareallquestionsthathavenofirmanswers—anyanswerdependsontheassumptionsmadeand,mostimportantly,onhowgapsindataarefilledin.
Theeasiestquestionisthevalueofthetreasure.Thecorrectansweris,nothing,unlessitisfound.ButhowmanydollarsmightlieunderthesurfaceofOakIsland.Obviously,thatdependsonwhatisthere—isittheuncountabletreasureoftheKnightsTemplar,theoriginalmanuscriptsofShakespeare,ortheFrenchCrownJewels?Let’ssupposeitiswhatthe90-footstoneispurportedtosay:Twomillionpoundssterlingandthatthe£2,000,000isvaluedatthepriceofgoldintheyear1800.Between1800and2015thesterlingpriceofgoldrose171-fold,from£4.26perounceto£730,sothesterlingvalueofthetreasurein2015wouldbe£342millionor$505millionattheyear-end2015exchangerateof$1.48per£.So,asaroughestimate,theunfoundtreasuremightnowbeworthabouthalfabilliondollars!
HowmuchhasbeenfruitlesslyspentovertheyearstonotfindanOakIslandtreasure?Unfortunatelythisisafarmoredifficultcalculation.Toansweritweneedbothanaccurateyear-by-yearstatementofexpensesandanaccuraterecordofannualpricelevelstoassurethatallcalculationsareindollarsofthesameyear.Tomyknowledge,therehasbeennothoroughinvestigationofthebooksofthevariouscompanies,anditseemsunlikelythatthebookswouldaccuratelymeasurethecosts—uncompensatedworkers(FranklinRoosevelt,RobertDunfieldandRobertRestallcometomind)providedfreeorcontingentservices,expensesmighthavebeeninflatedfortaxadvantages,andequipmentusedmighthavebeenprovidedonacontingencybasis.Wedon’thaveanyyear-by-yearexpenseestimates,nordoweevenknowthegeneralshapeovertimeoftheactualamountsspent.
Yetanotherproblemisthattheamountsspentinanyyearwereinthatyear’sdollarswhileinflationanddeflationchangedthemeaningofadollar.Inthechartbelow,thelineexceeds1.0whenthedollarhasappreciatedvis-à-visthe1800dollar—thatis,whentherehasbeendeflationsince1800;thelineisbelow1.0whentherehasbeendollardepreciation(inflationvis-à-vis1800;inshort:onthechart“up”isdeflation,“down”isinflation.
Fortheentireperiod1800-1919priceswerelowerthanin1800andthedollar’spurchasingpowerappreciated.Forexample,in1896—theyearofWilliamJenningsBryan’sCrossofGoldspeechabouttheGoldStandard’sresponsibilityforchronicdeflation,adollarhadtwicethepurchasingpowerofone1800dollar.Thisreversedafter1945withtheadventofchronicinflationdue,inpart,tofiatmoney.By2015thepurchasingpowerofadollarwaslessthantenpercentofits1800purchasingpower.
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In1966RobertDunfield—themanwiththebulldozerwhoarrivedtowork
withRobertRestallin1965—estimatedthehistoricalcostsofOakIslandexplorationtodateat$1.75million.44Asaroughguess,I’lldoublethattoaccountfortheunquantifiedbutexpansiveworkoftheTritonAlliancefrom1969to2010.
ThisleavestheexpensesoftheBlankenship-LaginaOakIslandTours,Inc.tocompleteaninitialestimateofOakIslandcosts.Thereisnopublicrecordforthoseexpenses,buthavingseenonTheCursethemassiveequipmentthey’veusedliberallyforfourseasons,I’dbesurprisedifthey’vespentlessthan$3million.Solet’stake$6.5millionasaback-of-the-envelopeguessattotalspendingonOakIslandsince1800.
Thenextquestionis,“Howwasthatallocatedamongthe216yearsfrom1800through2015?”Again,wedon’tknow.Butlet’sconsidertwoapproaches.Thefirstisalinearapproach:assumeconstantannualspending—thereforelinearlyincreasingtotalspending.Thishasfatalflaws:theimpliedaverageannualspendingis$30,100,whichmustseriouslyoverstateannualspendingintheearlyyearsandbadlyunderstatespendinginlateryears.Sowhenaninflationadjustmentismade,thiswillseriouslyoverstateexplorationcostsin2015dollars.
Thesecondapproachistoassumethatspendingincreasedexponentiallyfollowingthesimpleequationa0bt2:a0isthefirstyear(1800)costandbisaparametermeasuringtherateofcostacceleration:wecaninterpretbasb=1+r,whereristheannualrateofincreaseincosts.
ToimplementtheexponentialapproachIassumethatyear1800spendingwas$200.i.e.a0=200.ThenIsearchforthevalueofbthatmakesthetotalcostover1800-2015sumto$6.5million,theestimatedtotalcostover1800-2015.The
44See[I6/dunfield-calls-halt-march-22-year-unknown.Dunfieldclaimedthathehadspent$120,000in1965-66.IassumethatwasincludedinDunfield’s$1.75billionestimate.
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resultingvalueofbis1.0328,meaningthatannualdollarspendingincreasedata3.28percentannualrate.Thisisasurprisinglysensibleestimate:theactualaveragerateofannualinflationfrom1800to2015was1.23percent,soa3.28percentaverageannualincreaseindollarspendingimpliesa2.05percentincreaseinrealspendingatOakIsland.
Theannualspendingthuscalculatedisinthedollarsofeachyear,sotoderivetotalspendingin2015dollarswemustadjustthoseannualspendingamountsbypriceinflationbetweentheeachspendingyearand2015.Forexample,if1864spendingis,say,$1,579(asoursimulation“predicts”)wemultiplythatbytheratioofthe2015priceleveltothe1864pricelevel(15.1)toget$23,843for1864spendingin2015dollars.ForthisfinalstepweusehistoricalpricedatafortheConsumerPriceIndexfrom1800-2015,madeavailablebytheFederalReserveBankofMinneapolis.45
Theresult:acrudeestimateoftotalspendingontheOakIslandTreasureHuntfromthebeginningthrough2015is$25,500,000in2016dollars.
45Ofcourse,theCPIdoesn’treallygobackthatfar.ThedatausedforearlyyearsareotherpriceindexesthathavebeensplicedtotheCPIdata.
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Appendix2
MonetaryWeightsandMeasures*
1TroyOunceofGold 31.1034768grams1CommonOunceofGold 28.3495231grams1TroyOunce 1.42857CommonOunces1CommonOunce 0.911458TroyOunces1TroyOunce,Gold CubicInches1CommonOunce,Gold .0897CubicInches1CubicInch,Gold 11.14CommonOunces1TroyOunce,Gold £4.26=$19.39(1800average) £796=$1,170(year-end2015)1PoundSterling $4.55(1800average) $1.47(year-end2015)*Inthistablea“common”unit(forexample,a“commonounce”)istheavoirdupoisunitcommonlyused;thereare0.7commonouncesforonetroyounce.Goldunitsaretypicallymeasuredintroyounces.
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Internet[I1]Hancock,K.andD.Crowell,www.oakislandcompendium.ca/blockhouse-blog/[I2]Johnson,Laverne.1999.“Revealed:TheOakIslandTreasure,”Benell-AtkinsPrinters,Vancouver.Availableatwww.freemasonry.bcy.ca/oakisland.[I3]Joules,Richard.www.criticalenquiry.org/oakisland/[I4]MacPhie,Les.www.oakislandcompendium.ca/les-macphie-archives.html[I5]Polsson,Kenneth.www.compendium.com/oakisland[I6]Troutman,Paul.www.oakislandbook.com/wp-content/uploads