o ne of the most populated and wealthy countries in a frica, n igeria got independence from b ritain...

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STRUGGLES FOR DEMOCRACY CHAPTER 35 – SECTIONS 2-5 1945-PRESENT

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Page 1: O NE OF THE MOST POPULATED AND WEALTHY COUNTRIES IN A FRICA, N IGERIA GOT INDEPENDENCE FROM B RITAIN IN 1960 O NE OF THE MOST POPULATED AND WEALTHY

STRUGGLES FOR DEMOCRACYCHAPTER 35 – SECTIONS 2-5

1945-PRESENT

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THE CHALLENGE OF DEMOCRACY IN AFRICA

CHAPTER 35 - SECTION 2

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EUROPEAN COLONIZATION

• COLONIALISM’S LEGACY IN AFRICA HAS LIMITED DEMOCRACY• BOUNDARIES ESTABLISHED BY

EUROPEANS IGNORED ETHNIC/CULTURAL DIFFERENCES

• FOCUS ON ONE OR TWO CASH CROPS IGNORED LOCAL NEEDS

• LACK MANUFACTURING

• ECONOMIC POLICIES RESULTED IN NO MIDDLE CLASS (ESSENTIAL TO DEMOCRACY)

• WHEN EUROPEANS LEFT, MILITARY DICTATORSHIPS OFTEN REPLACED THEM

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NIGERIAN CIVIL WAR

• ONE OF THE MOST POPULATED AND WEALTHY COUNTRIES IN AFRICA, NIGERIA GOT INDEPENDENCE FROM BRITAIN IN 1960

• THREE MAJOR ETHNIC GROUPS (HAUSA-FULANI, YORUBA, AND IGBO) WILL DIVIDE CONTROL INTO A FEDERAL SYSTEM WITH 3 SEPARATE STATES

• DISTRUST AND MINORITY HOSTILITIES EVENTUALLY LED TO OVERTHROWS AND MARTIAL LAW (TEMPORARY MILITARY CONTROL OF A REGION)

• INDEPENDENCE/SECESSION LED TO CIVIL WAR (1967-70)• EVENTUALLY UNITED THE COUNTRY BUT

MILLIONS DIED IN THE PROCESS

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NIGERIAN NATION BUILDING

• AFTER THE CIVIL WAR, NIGERIA WENT BACK TO REBUILDING

• THE MILITARY MAINTAINED CONTROL WITH THE IDEA OF EVENTUALLY BECOMING A DEMOCRACY (ATTEMPT IN 1979 FAILED BY 1983)

• ANOTHER ELECTION IN 1993 WAS DECLARED INVALID AND THE MILITARY MAINTAINED CONTROL• JAILED DISSIDENTS (OPPOSITION)

• IN 1999, THEY ELECTED THEIR FIRST CIVILIAN PRESIDENT (OBASANJO)

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APARTHEID IN SOUTH AFRICA

• SOUTH AFRICA HAD BEEN DIVIDED DURING COLONIAL RULE

• GRANTED SELF-RULE IN 1910• DENIED POWER TO BLACK

MAJORITY

• IN 1948, S. AFRICA IMPLEMENTED APARTHEID (COMPLETE SEPARATION OF RACES)• SCHOOLS, HOSPITALS,

NEIGHBORHOODS, ETC.

• 75% OF THE POPULATION WAS LEFT WITH 13% OF THE LAND (THE WORST LAND)

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PROTESTS

• IN 1912, THE BLACK MAJORITY FORMED THE AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS• ORGANIZED STRIKES AND BOYCOTTS

• GOVERNMENT BANNED THE PARTY AND IMPRISONED MANY OF ITS LEADERS IN 1960 (MOST FAMOUS OF WHICH WAS NELSON MANDELA)

• 1976 – RIOTS ABOUT SCHOOL POLICIES BROKE OUT, LEAVING 600 STUDENTS DEAD

• IN THE 1980S, SOUTH AFRICAN LEADERS CALLED FOR INTERNATIONAL SANCTIONS• STOPPED BUYING S. AFRICAN GOODS

AND BANNED THEM FROM THE OLYMPICS

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STRUGGLE FOR DEMOCRACY

• IN 1989, S. AFRICA VOTED FOR A PROGRESSIVE (F.W. DE KLERK).• LEGALIZED THE ANC AND

RELEASED NELSON MANDELA

• REPEALED APARTHEID LAWS

• IN APRIL 1994, S. AFRICA HAD ITS FIRST UNIVERSAL ELECTIONS (ALLOWED EVERYONE TO VOTE)• NELSON MANDELA WON THE

PRESIDENCY AND THE ANC WON 63% OF THE PARLIAMENT

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QUICK CHANGES

• A NEW CONSTITUTION WAS CREATED IN 1996• BASED ON EQUAL RIGHTS

AND A BILL OF RIGHTS

• SUCCESSFULLY TRANSITIONED POWER IN 1999 BUT STILL HAS MAJOR PROBLEMS• CRIME RATES

• UNEMPLOYMENT

• POVERTY

• AIDS

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THE COLLAPSE OF THE SOVIET UNION

SECTION 3

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SOVIET SHIFTS IN POLICY

• THE SOVIET UNION IN THE 60’S AND 70’S WAS TOUGH ON THEIR PEOPLE• BREZHNEV AND THE POLITBURO

(THE RULING COMMITTEE FOR THE COMMUNISTS) PUNISH ALL OPPOSITION

• BREZHNEV DIES IN 1982

• EVENTUALLY THE POLITBURO WILL CHOOSE MIKHAIL GORBACHEV TO BECOME THEIR LEADER• YOUNG, ENERGETIC, AND

POLITICALLY SMART

• WANTED TO PURSUE NEW GOALS

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GORBACHEV’S POLICIES

• SOVIET SOCIETY HAD BECOME STAGNATE (UNCHANGING) BECAUSE IT PUNISHED INDIVIDUALITY

• GORBACHEV IMPLEMENTED GLASNOST (OPENNESS) IN 1985, ENCOURAGING THE FREE FLOW OF NEW IDEAS• CHURCHES WERE OPENED,

DISSIDENTS WERE RELEASED, BOOKS WERE PUBLISHED, REPORTERS INVESTIGATED

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RESTRUCTURING THE ECONOMY

• OPEN CRITICISM LED TO PEOPLE COMPLAINING ABOUT THE ECONOMY

• GORBACHEV BLAMED THE COMMAND ECONOMY• SOLVED THIS PROBLEM

WITH PERESTROIKA (RESTRUCTURING)

• INDIVIDUALS GAINED AUTHORITY IN LARGE FACTORIES AND FARMS AND SMALL BUSINESSES WERE ALLOWED TO BE PRIVATE

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OPENING GOVERNMENT

• RECOGNIZING THE LINK BETWEEN DEMOCRACY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH, GORBACHEV CALLS FOR DEMOCRATIZATION• ELECTED A NEW

LEGISLATIVE BODY BASED ON FREE CHOICE

• GORBACHEV WILL ALSO SIGN A TREATY (INF TREATY) WITH REAGAN TO LIMIT GOVERNMENT SPENDING ON THE MILITARY

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TURMOIL IN THE USSR

• GORBACHEV’S REFORMS WILL EVENTUALLY LEAD TO OVERWHELMING CALLS FOR MORE REFORM• ESPECIALLY IN THE SATELLITES

• THE BALTIC STATES WERE THE FIRST TO DECLARE INDEPENDENCE (LITHUANIA IN 1990)• GORBACHEV WILL ATTEMPT TO

USE ECONOMIC SANCTIONS BUT FEAR OF LOOSING CONTROL LED TO MILITARY USE IN 1991

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YELTSIN’S RISE TO POWER

• LITHUANIA + SLOW ECONOMIC PROGRESS HURT GORBACHEV

• BORIS YELTSIN WAS HIS GREATEST OPPONENT

• IN 1991, YELTSIN WAS VOTED IN AS THE RUSSIAN REPUBLIC’S FIRST PRESIDENT

• DESPITE THEIR ATTEMPTS TO TAKE BACK CONTROL, GORBACHEV AND YELTSIN DEFEATED THE “OLD GUARD” OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY

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FALL OF THE SOVIET UNION

• THE ATTEMPT TO OVERTHROW GORBACHEV AND YELTSIN LED TO THE DOWNFALL OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY• WITHIN MONTHS, ALL 15 SOVIET

SATELLITES HAD DECLARED INDEPENDENCE

• RUSSIA WILL CALL FOR THE CIS (COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES) TO LOOSELY UNITE THEM IN A FEDERATION• DEC 25, 1991 – GORBACHEV

RESIGNS AS LEADER OF A COUNTRY THAT DOES NOT EXIST

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YELTSIN’S REFORMS

• TO REFORM THE ECONOMY, YELTSIN IMPLEMENTED A PLAN KNOWN AS “SHOCK THERAPY”• LIKE PULLING OFF A BAND-AID

BUT WITH CAPITALISM

• LOWERED TRADE BARRIERS, TOOK AWAY PRICE CONTROLS, AND ENDED SUBSIDIES

• INITIALLY THE PLAN DESTROYED THE ECONOMY• PRICES SOARED, FACTORIES

CLOSED, UNEMPLOYMENT EXPLODED

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YELTSIN’S STRUGGLE LEADS TO PUTIN

• WAR WITH CHECHEN SECESSIONISTS TOOK ITS TOLL ON YELTSIN

• IN 1999, HE HANDED POWER TO VLADIMIR PUTIN

• PUTIN WAS MUCH MORE FORCEFUL THAN YELTSIN, MAKING HIM POPULAR IN RUSSIA

• RUSSIA HAS, SINCE 1992, BEEN STRUGGLING TO ADAPT TO THE FREE MARKET SYSTEM

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CHANGES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE

CHAPTER 35 - SECTION 4

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LEADERS

• WITH THE FALL OF THE SOVIET UNION, EASTERN/CENTRAL EUROPE STARTED TO EXPERIMENT WITH FREEDOM

• WORKERS IN POLAND WERE THE FIRST TO UNITE.• SOLIDARITY (SHIPPING UNION) WENT

ON STRIKE IN 1980. THEIR POPULARITY LED TO THE GOVERNMENT GIVING IN

• IN 1989, THEY ELECTED NEW LEADERSHIP THAT REFORMED THE COUNTRY• LED TO UNEMPLOYMENT AND

INFLATION

• DESPITE SHOWING SIGNS OF REBOUNDING, THEY ELECTED A FORMER COMMUNIST IN 1995

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HUNGARY FOLLOWS

• HUNGARY, HAVING SEEN THE IMPROVEMENTS IN POLAND, FOLLOWED THEIR EXAMPLE• PRIVATE ENTERPRISE

• STOCK MARKET

• MULTIPLE PARTIES

• SINCE 1989, THE PARTIES HAVE GONE BACK AND FORTH FOR CONTROL

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REUNIFICATION OF GERMANY

• IN 1989, EAST GERMANS BEGAN TO “ESCAPE” TO THE WEST• THE EAST RESPONDS BY CLOSING

ITS BORDERS, WHICH LED TO HUGE PROTESTS CALLING FOR FREE MOVEMENT AND DEMOCRACY

• NOV. 9, 1989, THE BERLIN WALL CAME DOWN

• THE PLAN TO STABILIZE FAILED AND THE COMMUNIST PARTY WAS VOTED OUT

• WITHOUT COMMUNISM, PEOPLE CONSIDERED REUNIFICATION OF GERMANY

• ONE YEAR LATER (1990), GERMANY WAY OFFICIALLY REUNITED IN ONE GOVERNMENT

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NEW CHALLENGES

• EAST GERMANY HAD BEEN RAVAGED BY 40 YEARS OF COMMUNIST RULE• ATTEMPTS TO HEAL THE EAST

INITIALLY LED TO UNEMPLOYMENT

• IN 1998, THEY VOTED FOR A SOCIALIST • WHILE GERMANY HAD THE 3RD

LARGEST ECONOMY IN THE WORLD, ITS GROWTH WAS SLOW

• IN 2005, THEY REPLACED THE SOCIALIST SCHRODER WITH ANGELA MERKEL, A CAPITALIST

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CZECHOSLOVAKIA

• BY 1989, THERE WERE MASS PROTESTS IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA CALLING FOR DEMOCRACY• BY THE END OF THE YEAR, THE

COMMUNISTS RESIGNED AND ELECTIONS WERE HELD

• IN 1993, INABILITY TO WORK TOGETHER CAUSED THE TWO REGIONS TO SPLIT (CZECH REPUBLIC AND SLOVAKIA)• BOTH REGIONS IMPLEMENTED

CAPITALIST REFORMS THAT HELPED THEM GROW RAPIDLY

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ROMANIA

• COMMUNIST LEADER CEAUSESCU ATTEMPTED TO MAINTAIN ORDER WITH AN IRON FIST• PROTESTS GREW MORE

WIDESPREAD

• DEC 25, 1989, HE AND HIS WIFE WERE TRIED AND EXECUTED• DEMOCRATIC ELECTIONS

FOLLOWED

• SLOW GROWTH HAS OCCURRED BECAUSE MUCH OF THE ECONOMY IS STILL STATE CONTROLLED

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YUGOSLAVIA

• PLAGUED BY A VARIETY OF ETHNICITIES, YUGOSLAVIANS HAVE LONG DISTRUSTED EACH OTHER• COMMUNIST CONTROL HAD HELD

THE COUNTRY TOGETHER DURING THE COLD WAR

• WHEN SLOVENIA AND CROATIA DECLARED THEIR INDEPENDENCE IN 1991, THE YUGOSLAV ARMY (MOSTLY SERBS) INVADED• INDEPENDENCE WAS EVENTUALLY

WON

• BOSNIA WOULD THEN DECLARE ITS INDEPENDENCE (1992)

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ETHNIC CLEANSING IN BOSNIA

• BOSNIA WAS THE MOST MIXED REGION

• WHEN THEY DECLARE INDEPENDENCE, THE BOSNIAN SERBS BEGIN TO TARGET BOSNIAN MUSLIMS FOR ETHNIC CLEANSING (EXTERMINATION OF AN ENTIRE ETHNIC GROUP)• AN AGREEMENT

EVENTUALLY CREATED A THREE PERSON PRESIDENCY (1996)

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MODERN PROBLEMS

• IN 1998, THE KOSOVO REGION DEMANDED INDEPENDENCE• THE CONFLICT BECAME

INCREASINGLY BLOODY

• IN 1999, AFTER HEAVY NATO BOMBING, SERBIA PULLED OUT OF KOSOVO

• THE MIXED POPULATION STILL LEADS TO POLITICAL CONFLICTS• MONTENEGRO VOTED 55-45 FOR

INDEPENDENCE IN 2008, KOSOVO IS RECOGNIZED BY ½ THE WORLD

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CHINA: REFORM AND REACTIONCHAPTER 35-SECTION 5

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LEGACY OF MAO

• MAO’S ATTEMPT TO CREATE EQUALITY DAMAGED THE ECONOMY IN GENERAL

• WHEN THE NATION MOVED TOWARDS CAPITALISM, MAO INSPIRED THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION IN 1966• INSTEAD OF INCREASING

RADICAL COMMUNISM, MANY TURNED AGAINST IT

• ZHOU ENLAI WILL LEAD A PERIOD OF MODERNIZATION IN THE 1970S

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RELATIONS WITH THE WEST

• WORRIED ABOUT THEIR ISOLATION, ZHOU BRINGS THE US TO CHINA IN 1971• FIRST THE TABLE-TENNIS

TEAM AND THEN PRESIDENT NIXON

• BOTH ZHOU AND MAO DIE IN 1976• THE PARTY WILL BECOME

MORE MODERATE.

• IN 1980, DENG XIAOPING BECAME THE NEW LEADER

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FOUR MODERNIZATIONS

• DESPITE BEING COMMUNIST, DENG WANTED TO USE CAPITALIST IDEAS TO PROMOTE THE ECONOMY.

• HIS NEW GOALS BECAME KNOWN AS THE FOUR MODERNIZATIONS• GOAL: IMPROVE AGRICULTURE,

INDUSTRY, DEFENSE, AND SCIENCE/TECHNOLOGY

• LAND WAS LEASED TO FARMERS

• FOREIGN INVESTMENT IMPROVED

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TIANANMEN SQUARE

• WITH THE GOODS, WESTERN IDEAS ALSO MOVED INTO CHINA, INCLUDING DEMOCRACY

• IN 1989, 100,000 STUDENTS PROTESTED FOR DEMOCRACY IN TIANANMEN SQUARE• DENG RESPONDS WITH MARTIAL

LAW AND ORDERS THE MILITARY IN

• HUNDREDS ARE KILLED, THOUSANDS INJURED. THE GOVERNMENT CRACKED DOWN EVEN HARDER, USING MEDIA TO REPORT THAT THE MASSACRE HAD NEVER HAPPENED

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RECENT CHANGES

• DENG CONTINUED REFORM BUT KEPT A TIGHT HOLD• JIANG ZEMIN TAKES CONTROL

AFTER DENG’S DEATH IN 1997

• WHILE CHINA HAS CONTINUED TO BECOME MORE ECONOMICALLY FREE, THEY CONTINUE TO REPRESS DISSENT

• WHILE THE ECONOMY SLOWED IN THE 2000S IN MOST OF THE WORLD, CHINA’S CONTINUED TO GROW.