Nutrient Management 2010 ND Feedlot School

Chris AugustinCarrington Research Extension Center

Nutrient Management Specialist701-652-2951

Chris.augustin@ndsu.eduwww.ndsu.edu/nm

AFO Rules

• Animal Feeding Operation (AFO) Definition– Animals have been, are, or will be stabled or

confined and fed or maintained for a total of 45 days or more in any 12-month period, and

– Crops, vegetation, forage growth, or post-harvest residues are not sustained in the normal growing season over any portion of the lot or facility.

AFO Rules• Number of Animals–CAFO• >1,000 Cattle

–Medium AFO• 300-999

– Small AFO• <300

Compliance Concerns

• Permits– CAFO—Yes, NDPDES permit – Medium AFO—Permit if• The facility is within ¼ mile of surface water• Or impacting waters of the state.

– Small AFO—if state determines impacting waters of the state

Compliance Concerns

• Nutrient Management Plan–CAFO—Yes. Submit to NDDoH–Medium or Small AFO• Yes, if permit required and manure is

applied daily or to frozen ground; soil test levels reveal high P levels or NDDoH requests a copy

Compliance Concerns

• Recordkeeping Requirements– CAFO—Retained for 5 years • Weekly inspection of water pollution control

structures and liquid level of liquid manure storage structures• Daily inspection of water lines• Mortality management• Copy of manure storage structure designs• Date, time and volume of any overflows

Compliance Concerns

• Permits are good for 5 years• 180 days before expiration, renewal shall be

submitted• A permit may be transferred with proper

notification to the NDDoH.

NMPs Need• Manure transfer in last year• Acres available for land application• Summary of discharges in previous years• Type of livestock• # of days/year on site• Estimate of manure production• Duration of manure storage• Map of application and mark sensitive areas• Crop rotation• Soil/manure test results• Recommended fertilizer rates

• North Dakota Livestock Program Design Manual

Acreage Requirements

• The more cattle, the more the acres needed but not a magic cows/acre number

• Crop rotation and soil test levels have huge impact on acres needed and future use of those fields for manure

• Corn performs well on manure fertilized fields

Manure Nutrient Balancing• Type of livestock– 700 Finishing Beef

• # of days/year on site– 365

• Estimate of manure production – Beef Feeding Operation Siting and Design Basics (NM-1155)

– 64 lbs/day = 8,176 tons/year– 16 lbs N/ton = 130,816 lbs N/year – 7.1 lbs P/ton = 58,050 lbs P/year – 14.5 lbs K/ton = 118,882 lbs K/year

• 145lbs N/14 ton Corn Silage =452 acres– 18 tons/acre, 128lbs P/acre

Prioritizing Fields• Soil fertility– Apply N for crop needs– Monitor PI– Do not apply manure on fields 125 ≥ ppm P

• Crop sequence• Proximity to neighbors– Be courteous about timing– Incorporate w/in 24 hours of application

• Proximity to surface waters– At least 100ft away from surface waters unless 35ft

buffer strip or if buffer is deemed not necessary

Map of Application and Sensitive Areas

Livestock Unit

Map

of A

pplic

ation

Field 1

Field 2

Field 3

Field 4

Field 21

Field 22

Field 23

Field 24

Field 11

Field 12

Field 13

Field 14a

Field 14b

15

19

18

17

16 20

Butts

Field 7

Field 6

Field 5

8

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8

P9 P10

Q1 Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7A Q7B Q7C

Q8

Q9Y

Q9A

Q9B

Q9C

Q9D

Q9E

Q9F

Q9H

Q9G

NCREC

Livestock Unit

Livestock Unit

CREC

Field 1

Field 17 & 16

Field 14a

Fie

ld 14b

N

Map

of A

pplic

ation

N

1,176ft

1,000ft

750ft

1,140ft Flag 1= 3 field lengths/load

Flag 3= 4 field lengths/load

2 field lengths/load for longest field length

CREC Livestock Unit

Record Keeping -24 Hours

Before Application-

-During Application-

-After Application-

Date Applied

Acres Applied

Field ID

Rate (t/ac)

Manure

Type

Total Manur

e N

(lbs/t)

Total

Manure

P (lbs/

t)

Total N

Applied

(lbs/ac)

Total P

Applied (lbs/ac)

Wind Directi

on and

Speed

Mean Temp

Wind Direction

and Speed

Mean

Temp

Wind Directi

on and

Speed

Mean

Temp

10/26/2009

35.0

Southern

2/3rds of

Field 1

39.7Bedded

Beef Feedlot

11.8 8.4 468.9 33.8

310O 5.1 41 202O 9.1 41 169O 8.3 43

10/27/2009 169O 8.3 43 279O

5.5 40

10/28/2009 279O 5.5 40 352O 8.9 36

11/2/2009

22.0

14b/East Half of

14a

15.0Composted Beef Feedlot

8.0 14.0 120.0 210.0

302O 10.7 38 299O 9.9 33 172O

7.7 32

11/3/2009 172O 7.7 32 278O

7.7 32

Soil Test TrendsLong-term issue of N and P

management– Crops need 3 units of N for every

unit of P– Manure has near 1:1 ratio of N:P

--------------------lbs/ton--------------------Solid Manure Type Total N P2O5 K2O NH4 NO3

Beef (142 Samples) 16.0 7.1 14.5 0.8 0.6Beef Range 6.7 - 64.8 1 - 21.6 0.9 - 63.2

Data collected from NDSU Soil Testing Lab.

Typical Manure Analysis --------------------lbs/ton--------------------Solid Manure Type Total N P2O5 K2O NH4 NO3

Beef (142 Samples) 16.0 7.1 14.5 0.8 0.6Beef Range 6.7 - 64.8 1 - 21.6 0.9 - 63.2Composted Beef (10 Samples) 16.6 13.0 14.3Composted Beef Range 8- 36 5 - 20.2 9 - 19.8Sheep (3 Samples) 22.0 14.2 40.8Turkey (92 Samples) 44.3 41.6 27.4Equine (5 Samples) 9.4 9.9 24.9 ----------------lbs/1000gallons----------------Liquid Manure Type Total N P2O5 K2O NH4 NO3

Swine (17 Samples) 21.9 12.5 13.2 12.8 1.5Swine Range 10.6 - 41.1 1.2 - 85.5 5 - 23.5Dairy (19 Samples) 19.5 6.7 12.5 9.6 0.1

Dairy Range 8 - 40 0.2 - 14.2 1.7 - 24.2

Beef Containment Pond (7 Samples) 2.3 1.7 11.2 0.3 0.1Swine Containment Pond (3 Samples) 4.7 1.1 8.0Dairy Containment Pond (2 Samples) 3.3 0.5 3.3 Data collected from NDSU Soil Testing Lab.

• 50% Total N Mineralized1st Year• 80% Total P Mineralized 1st Year• 90% Total K Mineralized 1st Year

• 20% Total N Mineralized1st Year• 30% Total P Mineralized 1st Year• 30% Total K Mineralized 1st Year

Manure Compost

Sampling Manure

•Collect 10-15 subsamples•Mix •Package•Account for differences•Animals, Storage Facilities, Age

•Keep samples cool/freeze

Manure/Soil TestersNDSU Soil Science Department

http://www.soilsci.ndsu.nodak.edu/services/Testing/soiltesting/soiltesting.html701-231-9589

Agvisehttp://www.agviselabs.com/701-587-6010

DHIAhttp://www.stearnsdhialab.com/800.369.2697    

Manure Test Cost $22-50Soil Test Cost $10-40

lbs of Manure on Sheet x 21.8Plastic Sheet ft2

Sheet Method

Tons/acre=

•8’ x 2’ 8.75”•7’ x 3’ 1.25”•6’ x 3’ 7.5”•5’ x 4’ 4.25”

Materials•Bucket, Scale, Sheet

•Weigh empty bucket and sheet•Lay out the sheet

•Anchor sheet

•Measure square feet of sheet

•Record tractor gear, engine RPM, and spreader settings•Apply the manure

•Weigh the manure covered sheet in the bucket

Pen Surface Management• Pen Surface Management often overlooked– Muddy pens can decrease gains by 10%

• From an odor and manure mgt. standpoint the most important

• Scrape the pens and stockpile manure in convenient location

• If maximizing pen space—scrape pen surface at least every 10 days

Pen Surface ManagementIf it is not practical to scrape every 10 days, the operator should consider a higher frequency of scraping under these conditions:•when wet lot conditions are anticipated (i.e. in spring) reduces odor •when dry lot conditions are anticipated (i.e. mid- to late summer) reduces dust•Scrape manure accumulation areas (i.e. waters and feed bunks)•Scraping pens periodically can save 50% of the N

Spring Thaw Maintenance

• Monitor system.• Review Operations and

Maintenance.• Notify NDDoH if there is a

spill.

Spring Thaw Maintenance

• Pump containment pond in the fall.

• Pile snow outside containment area.

• Clear snow and ice frozen pipes, culverts, and solid separator.

Containment Pond Management• Monitor pond levels• Pull water from the middle.• Direct discharge in areas

where environmental impact is minimal.

• Spread water over large grass/hay land area.

Containment Pond Management• Pull water from the middle.• Direct discharge in areas

where environmental impact is minimal.

• Spread water over large grass/hay land area.

Mortality Management

• NDCC 36-14-19• Animals are considered to die of a

contagious disease until another cause of death is apparent.

• Must be managed w/in 36 hours

• Rendering• Incineration• Burial• Composting• Consult NDDoH

Mortality Management

Mortality Management Burial

• Deeper than 4ft• At least 4ft above water table• 200ft from water• In fine textured soils• Mound soil to shed precipitation

Mortality Management Composting

• Area that drains, but into water of the state• Area not prone to leaching• Natural decomposition• Does not attract rodents• End result is a pathogen free, soil like

product with bones that shatter

Mortality Management Composting

•Surround dead animal with >12 inches of bulking agent (straw or sawdust)•Maintain moisture content of bulking agent•Aerobic microbes work on carcass•Odorous gases diffuse into bulking agent where aerobic composting takes over

Managing Microorganisms•Indigenous populations of fungi and bacteria will start to decompose the carcass.

•Its YOUR job to take care of microorganisms.• Maintain ~50% water• Aerobic Conditions• Hot Temperatures

Selecting Bulking Material•Rich in Carbon•Airy material•Won’t blow away

C:N Ratios of Composting Materials

Rynk et al., 1992

Material C:N Ratio Material C:N Ratio

Cattle Manure 19:1 Poultry Carcass 4:1

Cattle Carcass 10:1 Sawdust 442:1

Corn Silage 40:1 Sheep Manure 16:1

Corn Stalk 68:1 Swine Carcass 14:1

Dairy Manure 20:1 Swine Manure 12:1

Grass Clippings 17:1 Turkey Litter 16:1

Horse Manure 30:1 Wheat Straw 127:1

Leaves 54:1 Wood Chips 600:1

Dept. of Agricultural & Biosytems Engineering, Iowa State University

Laying Carcasses

•Lay bulking material on pad floor

•Lay carcass on bulking material

•Cover carcass with more bulking material

•Monitor pile temperatures and moisture

6/10/2

009

6/13/2

009

6/16/2

009

6/19/2

009

6/22/2

009

6/25/2

009

6/28/2

009

7/1/2

009

7/4/2

009

7/7/2

009

7/10/2

009

7/13/2

009

7/16/2

009

7/19/2

009

7/22/2

009

7/25/2

009

7/28/2

009

7/31/2

009

8/3/2

009

8/6/2

009

8/9/2

009

8/12/2

009

8/15/2

009

8/18/2

00940

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160Temps of Calf Composting

Tem

pera

ture

OF

•Turn piles once temps 120OF•Continue monitoring piles•Turn again

Cost Analysis of Manure Fertilizer

•46-0-0 = $415/ton•82-0-0 = $470/ton•11-52-0 = $500/ton•0-0-60 = $465/ton•$64/25 tons Manure•Manure Analysis •7-7-10/ton

46-0-0 (N)82-0-0 (N)

11-52-0 (P)0-0-60 (K)

Manure (N)Manure (P)

Manure (K)0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

Cost of Various Fertilizers

Nutrient Source

Dol

lars

per

Pou

nd o

f Nut

rient

Spring Wheat Response of Fall vs. Spring Applied Manure

•2008 and 2009•Applied 150lbs of N from manure (50%

mineralization) and urea•Conventional Till•Spring and Fall application

Check UreaFall Manure

Spring Manure0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

30 c

48 a45 ab

40 b

Wheat Yield Over 2 YearsBu

shel

s

Check UreaFall Manure

Spring Manure13

13.5

14

14.5

15

15.5

13.9 b

15.3 a

14.5 b

14.1 b

Wheat Kernel Protein Over 2 Years%

Pro

tein

•Yield = Urea (a) > Fall Manure (ab) > Spring Manure (b) > Check (c)

•Protein = Urea (a) > Fall Manure (b) > Spring Manure (b) > Check (b)

•Both growing season were not ideal for microbial action

•50% N mineralization should be adjusted for high N demands during early growth

Spring Wheat Response of Fall vs. Spring Applied Manure

Did the Manure Make Me Money?

•$4.20 Base Price•15.3% Protein = $5.70/bu •14.5% Protein = $5.40/bu•14.1% Protein = $4.95/bu•13.9% Protein =$4.80/bu

Check Urea Fall ManureSpring

ManureYield (Bu/ac) 30 48 45 40Fertilizer Cost ($N/lb) 0.00 67.50 16.50 16.50

$/bu 4.80 5.70 5.40 4.85

Gross ($) 141.00 273.60 243.00 198.00

Net ($) 141.00 206.1 226.50 181.50$ Gained ($ Treatment – $ Check)

0.00 62.10 82.50 37.50

More Info

• Nutrient Management News• www.ndsu.edu/nm • www.ag.ndsu.edu/extension• www.manure.umn.edu• www.health.state.nd.us/WQ/

AnimalFeedingOperations/AFOProgram.htm • http://ndawn.ndsu.nodak.edu/

Conclusion• Follow NMP and ground truth soil and manure.• Calibrate spreader.• Maintain records.• Plan ahead.• Maintain your facility.• Manure is good for the soil, cost effective, and can

make you money.

Questions?