nrv executive summary

81
 Nutrient Reference V alues for Australia and New Zealand Executive Summary Department of Health and Ageing National Health and Medical Research Council carbohydrat calcium sodi water food energy carb calcium sodi water food energy carb calcium sodi water food energy carb calcium sodi water food energy carb calcium sodi water food energy carb calcium sodi water foodp energy carb calcium sodi water food energy carb calcium sodi water food energy carb calcium sodi water foodp energy carb calcium sodi water food energy carb calcium sodi water food energy carb calcium sodi water food energy carb calcium sodi water food energy carb calcium sodi water food energy carb calcium sodi water foodp energy carb calcium sodi water food energy carb calcium sodi water food energy carb calcium sodi water foodp energy carb calcium sodi water food energy carb calcium sodi water food energy carb calcium sodi water foodp energy carb calcium sodi water food energy carb

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Page 1: NRV Executive Summary

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Nutrient Reference Values for

Australia and New Zealand

Executive Summary 

Department of Health and Ageing

National Health and Medical Research Council

carbohydrat

calcium sodi

water food

energy carb

calcium sodi

water food

energy carb

calcium sodi

water food

energy carb

calcium sodi

water foodenergy carb

calcium sodi

water food

energy carb

calcium sodi

water foodp

energy carb

calcium sodi

water food

energy carb

calcium sodi

water foodenergy carb

calcium sodi

water foodp

energy carb

calcium sodi

water food

energy carb

calcium sodi

water food

energy carb

calcium sodi

water foodenergy carb

calcium sodi

water food

energy carb

calcium sodi

water food

energy carb

calcium sodi

water foodp

energy carb

calcium sodi

water foodenergy carb

calcium sodi

water food

energy carb

calcium sodi

water foodp

energy carb

calcium sodi

water food

energy carb

calcium sodi

water foodenergy carb

calcium sodi

water foodp

energy carb

calcium sodi

water food

energy carb

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NutrieNt refereNce Values for

australia aNd New ZealaNd

executive Summary

endorsed by the nhMrC on 9 septeMber 2005

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© Commonwealth o Australia 2006

Paper-based publications This work is copyright. Apart rom any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 , no part may bereproduced by any process without prior written permission rom the Commonwealth available rom

the Attorney-General's Department. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights shouldbe addressed to the Commonwealth Copyright Administration, Attorney General's Department, RobertGarran Oces, National Circuit, Canberra, ACT, 2600 or posted at: http://www.ag.gov.au/cca

ISBN Print 1864962496

Electronic documents This work is copyright. You may download, display, print and reproduce this material in unalteredorm only (retaining this notice) or your personal, non-commercial use or use within your organisation. Apart rom any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved. Requestsor urther authorisation should be directed to the Commonwealth Copyright Administration, Attorney General's Department, Robert Garran Oces, National Circuit, Canberra, ACT, 2600 or posted at:http://www.ag.gov.au/cca

ISBN Online 1864962550

Disclaimer 

This document is a general guide. The recommendations are or healthy people and may not meetthe specic nutritional requirements o all individuals. They are designed to assist nutrition and health

proessionals assess the dietary requirements o individuals and groups and are based on the best

inormation available at the date o compilation.

Copyright permission:

Permission has kindly been granted by the National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. to use sections

o the ollowing Academy o Sciences’ publications in this document:

Food and Nutrition Board: Institute o Medicine. Dietary Reerence Intakes or calcium, phosphorus,

magnesium, vitamin D and uoride . Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1997.

Food and Nutrition Board: Institute o Medicine. Dietary Reerence Intakes or thiamin, riboavin,

niacin, vitamin B6, olate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline . Washington DC, National Academy Press, 1998.

Food and Nutrition Board: Institute o Medicine. Dietary Reerence Intakes. A risk assessment model or 

establishing upper intake level or nutrients . Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1998.

Food and Nutrition Board: Institute o Medicine. Dietary Reerence Intakes or vitamin C, vitamin E,

selenium and carotenoids . Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000.

Food and Nutrition Board: Institute o Medicine. Dietary Reerence Intakes. Applications in dietary 

assessment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000.

Food and Nutrition Board: Institute o Medicine. Dietary Reerence Intakes or vitamin A, vitamin K,arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium 

and zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001.

Food and Nutrition Board: Institute o Medicine. Dietary Reerence Intakes or energy, carbohydrate,

 fber, at, atty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids (macronutrients). Washington, DC: National

 Academy Press, 2002.

Food and Nutrition Board: Institute o Medicine. Dietary Reerence Intakes or water, potassium, sodium,

chloride and sulate. Panel on the dietary reerence intakes or electrolytes and water. Washington, D.C:

National Academy Press, 2004.

To obtain details regarding NHMRC publications contact:

Email: [email protected]: Toll Free 1800 020 103 Extension 9520Internet: http://www.nhmrc.gov.au

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Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

coNteNts

preFACe

IntrodUCtIon 1

  What are Nutrient Reerence Values? 1

The nutrients reviewed 4

Reerence body weights 5

Extrapolation processes 6

Implications 6

sUMMAry tAbles For energy reqUIreMents ACross

Ages And genders 13

Table 1. Estimated Energy Requirements (EERs) o inants and young children 15

Table 2. Estimated Energy Requirements (EERs) or children and adolescents usingBMR predicted rom weight, height and age 16

Table 3. Estimated energy requirements o adults using predicted BMR x PAL 18

sUMMAry oF nUtrIent reqUIreMents ACross

Ages And genders 19

Table 4. Nutrient Reerence Values or Australia and New Zealand: Macronutrients and water 21

Table 5. Nutrient Reerence Values or Australia and New Zealand: B Vitamins 23Table 6. Nutrient Reerence Values or Australia and New Zealand:

  Vitamins A, C, D, E and K and choline 25

Table 7. Nutrient Reerence Values or Australia and New Zealand:Minerals – calcium, phosphorus, zinc and iron 27

Table 8. Nutrient Reerence Values or Australia and New Zealand:Minerals – magnesium, iodine, selenium and molybdenum 29

Table 9. Nutrient Reerence Values or Australia and New Zealand:Minerals – copper, chromium, manganese, fuoride, sodium and potassium 31

tAbles oF reCoMMendAtIons by Age groUp wIth

sUMMAry oF Methods Used 33

Table 10. Inants 0-6 months 35

Table 11. Inants 7-12 months 37

Table 12. Children 1-3 years 39

Table 13. Children 4-8 years 41

Table 14. Children and adolescents 9-13 years 43

Table 15. Adolescents 14-18 years 46

Table 16. Adults 19-30 years 49

Table 17. Adults 31-50 years 52

Table 18. Adults 51-70 years 55

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Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

Table 19. Adults over 70 years 58

Table 20. Pregnancy 61

Table 21. Lactation 65

sUMMAry oF Upper levels oF IntAke 69

Table 22. Upper Levels o Intake 71

sUMMAry oF reCoMMendAtIons to redUCe

ChronIC dIseAse rIsk  73

Table 23. Suggested Dietary Targets (SDT) to reduce chronic disease risk – micronutrients, dietary bre and LC n-3 ats 75

Table 24. Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) or macronutrientsto reduce chronic disease risk whilst still ensuring adequate micronutrient status 77

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Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

Preface

The Australian and New Zealand Governments have been providing nutrition advice to the public ormore than 75 years. This advice has included inormation on ‘Recommended Dietary Intakes’ (RDIs)

or ‘Allowances’, which are the amounts o specic nutrients required on average on a daily basis or

sustenance or avoidance o deciency states. Advice has also been provided in the orm o ‘Dietary Guidelines’, and culturally-relevant ood and dietary patterns that will not only achieve sustenance,but also reduce the risk o chronic disease. The last revision o Recommended Dietary Intakes or 

use in Australia began in 1980 and was published in 1991 (NHMRC 1991). The reviews used as the

source o inormation were published collectively in a book (Truswell et al 1990). The Australianrecommendations were also later ormally adopted by the New Zealand Ministry o Health or use in

New Zealand.

In July 1997, a workshop o invited experts, including representatives rom New Zealand, was held inSydney to discuss the need or a revision o the 1991 NHMRC Recommended Dietary Intakes or use 

in Australia . Under the auspices o the Strategic Inter-governmental Nutrition Alliance (SIGNAL), a

second workshop was held in July 1999 to scope the July 1997 recommendations and dene the project

parameters or the review. Amongst other considerations, it was agreed that:• a joint Australia New Zealand RDI review should proceed as soon as possible;

• a set o reerence values or each nutrient was required and the term 'Nutrient Reerence Values'

(NRVs) would be used to describe the set; and

• the review should build primarily upon concurrent work being undertaken in the United States and

Canada, while also taking into consideration recommendations rom the United Kingdom, Germany 

and the European Union, recent dietary survey data collected in Australia and New Zealand,scientic data and unique Australasian conditions.

 At the time o the 1999 workshop, the joint US and Canadian revision had begun to release its

recommendations as a series o Dietary Reerence Intakes. The revision o most o the major minerals

and vitamins was completed by 2001 and this round o revisions was completed by 2004.Bearing in mind the progress with the joint US:Canada revisions and the high cost and time lines

associated with de novo revisions o this kind, in 2001, the Commonwealth Department o Health and Ageing asked the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) to undertake a scoping study 

in relation to a potential revision o the Australian/New Zealand RDIs. The New Zealand Ministry o 

Health unded some initial work or the review process that provided expert input into the revision o 

the two key nutrients, iodine and selenium. The NHMRC was then commissioned in 2002 to managethe joint Australian/New Zealand revision process. An expert Working Party was appointed to oversee

the process with representation rom both Australia and New Zealand, including end users rom the

clinical and public health nutrition research sector, the ood industry, the dietetics proession, theood legislative sector and the Australian and New Zealand governments. The current publication, its

recommendations and its associated Appendix, are the result o that review process. The understanding

o many aspects o good nutrition is by no means complete. Where expert judgement had to be applied,public health and saety were the priorities.

Consumption o ood not only provides or the physiological needs o human lie, but also contributes

to our social and emotional needs. Consequently, it is possible to prescribe a diet that would meet the

physiological needs o a group yet ail to meet the social or emotional needs o a signicant percentageo that group. Whilst physiological needs are the primary determinant o NRVs, they are developed with

consideration given to the other aspects o ood intake.

Research has shown that a healthy diet containing adequate amounts o the various nutrients neednot be a costly diet. This is discussed in more detail in the NHMRC’s Dietary Guidelines or Australian 

Adults which, together with the Dietary Guidelines or Children and Adolescents in Australia , the

Dietary Guidelines or Older Australians and the New Zealand Food and Nutrition Guidelines or the 

ages and stages o the liecycle , are companion documents to this publication on NRVs. Together with

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Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

the Australian Guides to Healthy Eating, the Dietary Guidelines translate the nutrient recommendations

addressed in the current document into ood and liestyle patterns or the community. Revision o all o these documents is an ongoing process as the various sets o recommendations are closely interrelated.

These recommendations are or healthy people and may not meet the specic nutritional requirements

o individuals with various diseases or conditions, pre-term inants, or people with specic geneticproles. They are designed to assist nutrition and health proessionals assess the dietary requirements

o individuals and groups. They may also be used by public health nutritionists, ood legislators and the

ood industry or dietary modelling and/or ood labelling and ood ormulation.

Katrine Baghurst, June 2005

Chair o the Working Party 

Editor 

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iNtroductioN

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S  

iNtroductioN

What are NutrieNt refereNce valueS?

In the 1991 Recommended Dietary Intakes (RDI) or use in Australia (NHMRC 1991) an RDI value,

sometimes presented as a range, was developed or each nutrient. The RDI was dened as: “the levels 

o intake o essential nutrients considered, in the judgement o the NHMRC, on the basis o available 

scientifc knowledge, to be adequate to meet the known nutritional needs o practically all healthy 

 people…they incorporate generous actors to accommodate variations in absorption and metabolism.

They thereore apply to group needs. RDIs exceed the actual nutrient requirements o practically all 

healthy persons and are not synonymous with requirements.”

Despite the emphasis on the population basis o the RDI, the RDIs were oten misused in assessingdietary adequacy o individuals, or even oods, not only in Australia and New Zealand but also in many 

other countries. To overcome this misuse, many countries have moved to a system o reerence values

that retains the concept o the RDI while attempting to identiy the average requirements needed by 

individuals. In 1991, the UK (Dept Health 1991) became the rst country to develop a set o values oreach nutrient. More recently, the Food and Nutrition Board: Institute o Medicine (FNB:IOM 1997, 1998a,

2000a, 2001, 2002, 2004) adopted a similar approach on behal o the US and Canadian Governments.

 Ater due consideration, the Working Party decided to adopt the approach o the US:Canadian Dietary Reerence Intakes (DRIs) but vary some o the terminology, notably to retain the term ‘Recommended

Dietary Intake’.

Defnitions adapted rom the FNB:IOM DRI process

EAR Estimated Average Requirement

 A daily nutrient level estimated to meet the requirements o hal the healthy individuals in aparticular lie stage and gender group.

RDI Recommended Dietary Intake

The average daily dietary intake level that is sucient to meet the nutrient requirements o 

nearly all (97–98 per cent) healthy individuals in a particular lie stage and gender group.

  AI Adequate Intake (used when an RDI cannot be determined)

The average daily nutrient intake level based on observed or experimentally-determinedapproximations or estimates o nutrient intake by a group (or groups) o apparently healthy 

people that are assumed to be adequate.

EER Estimated Energy Requirement

The average dietary energy intake that is predicted to maintain energy balance in a healthy 

adult o dened age, gender, weight, height and level o physical activity, consistent with goodhealth. In children and pregnant and lactating women, the EER is taken to include the needs

associated with the deposition o tissues or the secretion o milk at rates consistent with good

health.

UL Upper Level o Intake

The highest average daily nutrient intake level likely to pose no adverse health eects

to almost all individuals in the general population. As intake increases above the UL, the

potential risk o adverse eects increases.

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iNtroductioN

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

For each nutrient, an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) was set rom which an RDI could be

derived. (Note that the US: Canadian terminology is ‘Recommended Dietary Allowance’, or ‘RDA’). Whilst the various NRVs are expressed on a per day basis, they should apply to intakes assessed over a

period o about 3 to 4 days. I the standard deviation (SD) o the EAR is available and the requirement

or the nutrient is symmetrically distributed, the RDI is set at 2SD above the EAR. Such that

RDI = EAR +2SDEAR .

I data about variability in requirements are insucient to calculate an SD (which is usually the case), a

coecient o variation (CV) is used. A CV o 10% or the EAR is assumed or nutrients unless availabledata indicate that greater variation is probable. The 10% is based on extensive data on variation in basal

metabolic rate and protein requirements (FAO:WHO:UNA 1985, Garby & Lammert 1984, Elia 1992).

I 10% is assumed to be the CV, then twice that amount added to the EAR is dened as equal to the RDI.Thus or a CV o 10%, the RDI would be 1.2 x EAR; or a CV o 15% it would be 1.3 x EAR and or a CV 

o 20% it would be 1.4 x EAR.

 Where evidence was insucient or too conficting to establish an EAR (and thus an RDI) an Adequate

Intake (AI) was set, either on experimental evidence or by adopting the most recently available

population median intake and assuming that the Australian/New Zealand populations were not decientor that particular nutrient. Both the RDI and AI can be used as a goal or individual intake, but there is

less certainty about the AI value as it depends to a greater degree on judgement. An AI might deviatesignicantly rom and be numerically higher than an RDI i the RDI could be determined. Thus AIs

should be interpreted with greater caution.

 Where AIs were based on median population intakes, these were derived rom a re-analysis o the complete databases o the National Nutrition Surveys o Australia, 1995 (Australian Bureau o 

Statistics 1998) and New Zealand 1991, 1997, 2002 (LINZ Activity and Health Research Unit 1992,

Ministry o Health 1999, 2003) using the appropriate age bands. The two-day adjusted data were

used or the estimates.

For inants o 0 to 6 months, all recommendations are in the orm o Adequate Intakes based on the

composition o breast milk rom healthy mothers, using a standard milk volume. The bioavailability o nutrients in ormulas may vary rom that in breast milk, so ormula-ed babies may need higher nutrientintakes. As ormulas can vary in the chemical orm and source o the nutrients, it is not possible to

develop a single reerence value or all ormula-ed inants.

For energy, an Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) was set or a range o activity levels or individualso a specied age, gender and body size.

For each nutrient, an Upper Level o Intake (UL) was set, which, unless otherwise stated, includes

intake rom all sources including oods, nutrients added to oods, pills, capsules or medicines. The ULis the highest average daily nutrient intake level likely to pose no adverse health eects to almost all

individuals in the general population. In setting the UL, any adverse health eects were considered,

including those on chronic disease status. The UL is not a recommended level o intake. It is based on a

risk assessment o nutrients that involves establishment o a No Observed Adverse Eect Level (NOAEL)and/or a Lowest Observed Adverse Eect Level (LOAEL) and application o an Uncertainty Factor

(UF) related to the evidence base and severity o potential adverse eects. Members o the general

population should be advised not to routinely exceed the UL. Intakes above the UL may be appropriateor some nutrients or investigation in well-controlled clinical trials as long as signed inormed consent

is given and as long as the trials employ appropriate saety monitoring o trial subjects. Readers are

reerred to the relevant FNB:IOM documents and the report o the UK Expert Group on Vitamins andMinerals (2003) or more details about the potential toxicological eects o high intakes o nutrients.

In Australia, vitamin and mineral supplements are regulated under the Therapeutic Goods Act (1989)

that also sets some standards or these products. In New Zealand, dietary supplements are generally 

regulated under the New Zealand Dietary Supplements Regulations (New Zealand Government 1985),but supplements with nutrients at higher/pharmacological doses than the specied maximum daily 

doses need to meet the requirements o the Medicines Regulations (1984).

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iNtroductioN

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S  

Further details o the approach used in setting ULs are given in the FNB:IOM publication Dietary 

Reerence Intakes. A risk assessment model or establishing upper intake levels or nutrients (1998b) andin the relevant nutrient chapters o the DRI publications.

The uses o the various NRVs are summarised in the table below that was adapted rom the FNB:IOM

(2000b) publication, Dietary Reerence Intakes. Applications in Dietary Assessment . This document alsoprovides urther details o potential applications.

Nn rn v f ns: f s:

eima Aa

ruim (eAr)

U xami aii a

uua ia i iaua

U ima ac  

iaua ia ii a u

rcmm dia 

Ia (rdI)

Uua ia a a i a a

aii iauac 

d u a ia

u

Aua Ia (AI) Uua ia a a i a

a aii iauac. w

  AI i a mia ia  

a uai, i am i

ma i cc

Ma uua ia a a i

imi a ac  

iaua ia. w AI i

a mia ia a 

uai, i am i ma

i cc

U l Ia (Ul) Uua ia a i ma ac

a iiiua a i a c

m xci ui ia

U ima ca

uai a ia i 

a c m xci

ui ia

In contrast to the US:Canadian approach, the Working Party agreed to retain the traditional concept

o adequate physiological or metabolic unction and/or avoidance o deciency states as the prime

reerence point or establishing the EAR and RDIs and to deal separately with the issue o chronic

disease prevention. It was elt that assessing nutrient needs or chronic disease prevention in aquantitative manner was still problematical. Research ndings related to chronic disease prevention

oten relate to nutrient mixes or ood intake patterns, rather than the intake o individual nutrients.

To address the issue o chronic disease prevention, two additional sets o reerence values were

developed or selected nutrients or which sucient evidence existed. The set dealing with the

macronutrients was adapted rom the work o the FNB:IOM DRI review o macronutrients (2002) and is

called the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR). The second set o reerence values wastermed Suggested Dietary Targets (SDTs). These related to nutrients or which there was a reasonable

body o evidence o a potential chronic disease preventive eect at levels substantially higher than the

EAR and RDI or AI. As the evidence base or chronic disease prevention is mainly derived rom studiesand health outcomes in adults, these AMDRs and SDTs apply only to adults and adolescents o 14 years

and over.

 AMDR: Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range

The AMDR is an estimate o the range o intake or each macronutrient or individuals (expressed as

per cent contribution to energy), which would allow or an adequate intake o all the other nutrients

 whilst maximising general health outcome.

SDT: Suggested Dietary Target

 A daily average intake rom ood and beverages or certain nutrients that that may help in preventiono chronic disease.

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iNtroductioN

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

the NutrieNtS revieWed

Having considered emerging evidence on the connections between diet and health and the recentrecommendations rom other countries, the preliminary workshops identied more than 40 nutrients

or the Working Party to consider. The document Recommended Dietary Intakes or use in Australia  

(NHMRC 1991), which had also been adopted or use in New Zealand, contained recommendations or19 nutrients and dietary energy. During this review, dietary energy requirements and requirements orthe nutrients were considered. Those or which values were set are listed below:

mnns vns mns & ns

e viami A Cacium

pi tiami Cmium

Fa ( ia ) rifai C  

-6 a aci (iic) niaci Fui

-3 a aci (α-iic) viami b6 Ii

lC -3 a aci (ma-3 viami b12 I

a, dhA, dpA, epA) Fa Maium

Caa ( ia ) paic aci Maa

dia bii Mum

  wa Ci pu

viami C paium

viami d sium

viami e sium

viami k Zic

In addition to the nutrients listed above, the Working Party also reviewed the literature on total at (or

ages and lie stages other than inancy), carbohydrate (or ages and lie stages other than inancy),

cholesterol, arsenic, boron, nickel, silicon and vanadium. For these nutrients or age bands and liestages, it was agreed that there was little or no evidence or their essentiality in humans. This was

generally in line with the ndings o the US:Canadian DRI review recommendations. However, the DRI

reviews set upper limits or some o these nutrients (FNB:IOM 1998, 2001) and the reader is reerred to

these or inormation.The reviews were based on assessment o the applicability o the recently developed US:Canadian

Dietary Reerence Intakes (FNB:IOM 1997, 1998a,b, 2000a,b, 2001, 2002, 2004) to Australia and NewZealand, with reerence to recommendations rom other countries such as the UK (1991, 2003),

Germany:Austria:Switzerland (DACH recommendations 2002) and rom key organisations such as the

FAO:WHO (2001).

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iNtroductioN

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S  

refereNce body WeightS

In developing the recommendations it was necessary to standardise body weights or the various age/gender groups. Assessment o the data on measured body weights and heights or relevant age/gender

categories rom the most recent National Nutrition Survey o Australia, 1995 (ABS 1998) and New

Zealand, 1997 and 2002 (MOH 1999, 2003) showed that the body weights were similar to those usedin the earlier US:Canadian DRI publications. From the 2002 publication onwards, the US:Canadian DRIreview panels changed their standard body weights in response to availability o new data showing

markedly lighter body weights than previously used. As the most recent Australian/New Zealand data

more closely resembled those in the earlier US:Canadian reports, these were adopted or use throughoutthese recommendations.

The standard body weights or all adults were based on that or 19–30 year olds, although body weight

in most western populations tends to increase throughout adulthood because o increasing body at.

gn a rn w

(k)

b 2–6 m 7

b 7–11 m 9

b 1–3 a 13

b 4–8 a 22

Ma 9–13 a 40

14–18 a 64

19+ a 76

Fma 9–13 a 40

14–18 a 57

19+ a 61

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iNtroductioN

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

extrapolatioN proceSSeS

Experimental data are oten only available or a limited age/gender group. The setting o recommendations or other groups may require extrapolation o the data. This is sometimes based on

energy requirements, but more commonly on a metabolic body weight. In extrapolating data rom one

group to another, the processes and ormulae used were those developed by the US:Canadian DRIpanels unless otherwise indicated in the text.

Extrapolations rom adult Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) to children’s requirements were mostly 

done using the ormula:

EAR child = EAR  adult x F

 where F = (Weight child/Weightadult)0.75 x (1 + growth actor).

The growth actors used were 0.3 rom 7 months to 3 years o age and 0.15 or 4–13 years o age or

both genders. For boys aged 14–18 years, the growth actor used was 0.15 but or girls o this age, thegrowth actor was set at zero.

 When extrapolating rom the Adequate Intake (AI) or younger inants aged 0-6 months, to older inantsaged 7-12 months, the ormula used was:

 AI7–12 months = AI0–6 months x F

 where F = (Weight 7–12 months/Weight0–6 months)0.75

 When estimating the Upper Level o Intake or children, the UL was extrapolated down rom the adults

UL using the ormula:

ULchild = ULadult x (Weightchild/Weightadult)0.75

This allows both body mass and metabolic dierences between adults and children to be incorporated

as necessary. More details can be ound in the methodology sections o the US:Canadian FNB:IOM

reports.

implicatioNS

The implications or adoption o these revised NRVs include:

• The need to address ongoing education o both health and ood industry proessionals in the enduse o the various reerence values and related tools or their use.

• The need to update a number o documents and educational tools based on the previous RDIs,

including:

− The NHMRC Core Food Groups analysis (NHMRC 1994)

− The Australian Guide to Healthy Eating and the Dietary Guidelines or Australian Adults , the

Australian Guidelines or Children and Adolescents in Australia and the Dietary Guidelines or 

Older Australians 

− The New Zealand Food and Nutrition Guidelines or the ages and stages o the liecycle .

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In Australia, the Core Food Groups analysis addressed the translation o the nutrient

recommendations into amounts o core oods (eg cereals, ruits and vegetables, meats, sh, poultry,dairy, ats and oils) required to meet these nutrient recommendations in Australia. These in turn

 were used as the basis or the development o the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating and the

Australian Dietary Guidelines or Adults , the Dietary Guidelines or Children and Adolescents in 

Australia and the Dietary Guidelines or Older Australians .

New Zealand has Food and Nutrition Guidelines covering the ages and stages o the liecycle. There

are currently seven in the series including inants and toddlers (0–2 years), children (2–12 years),adolescents, pregnant women, breasteeding women, adults and older people. These publications

include a background paper or health proessionals and an accompanying health education

pamphlet or the public.

The interrelationships between these various recommendations and the underpinning evidence areshown in Figure 1.

• The need or regular monitoring o dietary intake and nutrient status in the population, including the

use o ortied oods and supplements, to underpin the ongoing revisions o the NRVs, notably the

 Adequate Intake values which, by denition, are oten based on population median dietary intakes.• The need or research unds to enable more accurate assessment o requirements or both

sustenance and prevention o chronic disease, including studies on issues such as biomarkers ornutritional status and nutrient bioavailability, and adverse eects o high intakes.

• The need to update and expand existing ood databases or the analysis o national nutrition survey 

data, including inormation on the levels o ortication in oods.

• The need to change computerised dietary analysis programs that use the existing RDI values as

reerence values.

• The need or the redevelopment o relevant standards or the use o NRVs or ood legislativepurposes, including issues such as ood labelling and ood ortication.

• The need to consider the implications o changes in the NRVs or the ood and dietary supplementation industry.

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iNtroductioN

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

figure . iNterrelatioNShipS betWeeN the evideNce baSe, NrvS, core food group aNalySiS, dietaryaNd food guideliNeS aNd healthy eatiNg guideS

Dietary intakes rom

national surveys

Chronic/deciency disease,

Epidemiology/intervention

Dietary Guidelines

or Australians

New Zealand Food and

Nutrition Guidelines

(or various ages

and lie stages)

Public health advice

about the dietary 

practices that canoptimise health and

 well-being in the

community.

Takes into account

existing ood cultures,

cultural diversity,

sustainability, and cost

Nutrient Reerence Values

 Amount o nutrients required on an average daily basis or adequate physiological unction and

prevention o deciency disease (EAR, RDI or AI)

or chronic disease prevention (AMDR or SDT).

Include a UL

NHMRC Core Food Group Analysis

Food types and amounts required based on NRVs – computer simulation using ood databases and

national nutrition survey data

 Australian Guide to Healthy Eating

Practical interpretation o Core Food Group analysis

and graphic display 

Observations o populations

 Animal and humanexperimentation

Extrapolation rom other

populations

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iNtroductioN

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S  

 whAt Are the IMplICAtIons oF ChAnges In reCoMMendAtIons For 

CertAIn nUtrIents?

Consumption o a diet conorming to the NRVs need not, in itsel, be more expensive or the individual

(Baghurst 2003), however addressing the needs or implementation outlined above will involve ongoingcosts that are dicult to quantiy. The nancial expense associated with inadequate nutrition in the

community is likely to ar outweigh that o implementing the necessary changes. Crowley et al (1992)have estimated the economic cost o diet-related disease in Australia in terms o both direct health care

(hospitals, medical expenses, allied health proessional services, pharmaceutical expenses and nursing

homes) attributable to diet and indirect costs (due to sick leave and the net present value o orgoneearnings due to premature death). The estimate o direct costs, excluding consideration o alcohol, was

$1,432 million and that or indirect, $605 million, giving a total o $2,037 million or 1989–1990.

The RDI or some nutrients has substantially increased rom that in the previous edition due to theavailability o new data or changes in the way needs are assessed. In the past, needs at the individual

level were oten assessed in the practical situation by reerence to 70% RDI in the absence o a specic

EAR value. The NHMRC Core Food Group assessment, which is the basis or the Australian Guide 

to Healthy Eating , was also modelled on 70% RDI. In the background papers to the previous RDIs(Truswell et al 1990), gures called Lower Diagnostic Levels were given or some nutrients, but these

 were not ocially adopted. They were used to derive the previous RDIs with ‘generous actors’ to

accommodate variation in absorption and metabolism. They were thereore not used in practice. Theexistence o a specic EAR in the current NRVs overcomes the need to extrapolate rom the RDI when

attempting to assess adequacy o individual diets.

The new RDI or iron in young women o 18 mg/day appears to have increased rom the previousRDI (12–16 mg/day), however the EAR or this group (o 8 mg/day) is actually less than 70% o the

old RDI o 8.4–11.2 mg/day. This refects the very high variability in iron requirements in this group

because o variability in menstrual loss. Thus i 70% RDI had been used in the past as a benchmark or

assessing the needs o individuals, the apparent requirement would likely have decreased somewhat.

For pregnant women, 70% o the old RDI was 15.4–29.0 mg/day whilst the new EAR is 22.0 mg/day.For lactation, 70% o the old RDI was 8.4–11.2 mg/day but the new EAR is 6.5 mg/day.

In the case o zinc, another nutrient known to be borderline or adequacy in the community, theestimate o average needs or men has risen rom 8.4 mg/day (70% old RDI) to 12 mg/day (EAR) but

that or women has allen rom 8.4 mg/day (70% old RDI) to 6.5 mg/day, partly due to recognition that

absorptive capacity or zinc varies across the genders and that men have signicant losses in semen.

The EAR is well above 70% o the previous RDI or other nutrients, including the B vitamins thiamin,

niacin, ribofavin, vitamin B6 and B12, calcium and magnesium, which are all about 50% higher, and

olate, which is about 100% higher, than 70% o the respective old RDIs. The increase in the B vitaminreerence values refects the ways they were set in the earlier version. In the 1981–1989 RDIs, the values

or B vitamins were generally set in relation to energy needs or thiamin, ribofavin and niacin or protein

needs or vitamin B6. Energy and protein needs were, in turn, set on gures recommended at that timeby the FAO:WHO. The EARs or B vitamins in the current reerence values were set using the resultso metabolic studies with specic biochemical endpoints in blood, tissues or urine related to potential

deciency states, or depletion-repletion studies.

For olate, the higher RDI marks a return to the RDI that was in place in Australia beore the 1981–1989revision, when it was lowered rom 400 μg to 200 μg/day on the basis that the amount o absorbed

olate required to treat or ully prevent deciency disease was 100 μg/day, that the average absorption

rom ood was 50% and that average total olate consumption in Britain and North America at that time was about 200 μg/day. Other countries such as the US and Germany had an RDI o 400 μg at that time

(although they later reduced it) as they elt that the availability o olate was between 25% and 50% and

that 100–200 μg absorbed olate/day were needed.

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iNtroductioN

0 Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

The new Australian/NZ RDI or olate is based on the current recommendations rom the US and

Canada and new data on dietary intake in relation to maintenance o plasma olate, erythrocyte olateand homocysteine levels that suggest a need or about 300 μg/day. The olate RDI is expressed in terms

o dietary olate equivalents in recognition o the dierence in bioavailability between ood olate and

olic acid. The latter, which is the orm used or supplements and ortication o oods, is twice as well

absorbed as ood olate.

In relation to calcium, the dierence between the old and new RDIs relates almost entirely to the

recognition that losses through sweat o some 60 mg/day were not accounted or in previous estimates.The additional intake required to account or the decrease in absorption o calcium with increased

intake is 320 mg.

In the case o magnesium, the new EARs and RDIs were based on maintenance o whole body 

magnesium over time rom balance studies mostly published since the last Australian/New ZealandRDIs were set. Recent studies o people on total parenteral nutrition that indicated lower needs than

earlier balance studies were also considered. In the background paper or the earlier magnesium RDI or

 Australia, Dreosti stated “more, conventional magnesium balance studies are necessary at this stage inorder to resolve the question o requirements” (Truswell et al 1990).

Thus, the increased requirements or some nutrients since the previous revision are based on data not

available at the time or on a dierent approach to assessing needs. This outcome may appear to imply that people need to consume more ood at a time when obesity is a major public health problem in

the community. However, achievement o the new RDIs requires the consumption o dierent types o 

oods, not the consumption o more ood. I energy-dense, nutrient-poor oods and drinks are replaced

 with plenty o vegetables, ruits and wholegrain cereals, moderate amounts o lean meats, sh, poultry and reduced at dairy oods and small amounts o polyunsaturated or monounsaturated ats and oils as

 well as plain water, then all the nutrients required can be obtained within energy requirements.

It should be remembered also that increased levels o activity make dietary choices more fexible andhave the benets o assisting in the maintenance o acceptable body weight and reducing a range o 

chronic diseases.

refereNceS

 Australian Bureau o Statistics: Commonwealth Department o Health and Aged Care. National Nutrition 

Survey. Nutrient intakes and physical measurements . Australia, 1995. Canberra: Australian Bureau o Statistics, 1998.

 Australia New Zealand Food Authority. Review o health and related claims. Full assessment report.

Proposal P153 and pilot or management ramework or health claims. Drat enquiry report proposal 

170 . Canberra: ANZFA, 2000.

Baghurst KI. Social status, nutrition and the cost o healthy eating. In eds Baghurst KI, Binns C.

Dietary Guidelines or Australian Adults . Canberra: National Health & Medical Research Council,2003. Pp 265–70.

Codex Alimentarius Commission. Joint FAO:WHO Food Standards Program. Codex Committee on

Nutrition and Foods or Special Dietary Uses. 22nd Session. Discussion paper on the scientifc criteria 

 or health related claims . Berlin, Germany: Codex Alimentarius Commission, 2000.

Crowley SJ, Antioch K, Carter R, Waters AM, Conway L, Mathers C. The cost o diet-related disease in 

Australia. Canberra: AIHW, 1992.

Department o Health. Dietary reerence values or ood energy and nutrients in the United Kingdom. 

Report o the panel on Dietary Reerence Values o the Committee on Medical Aspects o Food

Policy. London: HMSO, 1991.

Elia M. Energy expenditure and the whole body. In Kinney JM, Tucker HM, eds. Energy metabolism:tissue determinants and cellular corollaries . New York; Raven Press,1992. Pp19–59.

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iNtroductioN

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S  

Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals. Sae upper levels or vitamins and minerals. London:

Food Standards Agency, 2003.

FAO:WHO. Human vitamin and mineral requirements . Report o a joint FAO:WHO expert consultation.

Bangkok, Thailand . Rome: FAO, 2001.

Flight I, Baghurst KI. Systematic review o the evidence or calcium nutrient reerence values. A report  prepared or the Australian Nutrition Trust . Adelaide: CSIRO Health Sciences & Nutrition, 2003a.

Flight I, Baghurst KI. Systematic review o the evidence or selenium nutrient reerence values. A report 

 prepared or the Australian Nutrition Trust. Adelaide: CSIRO Health Sciences & Nutrition, 2003b.

Flight I, Baghurst KI. Systematic review o the evidence or vitamin D nutrient reerence values. A report 

 prepared or the Australian Nutrition Trust . Adelaide: CSIRO Health Sciences & Nutrition, 2003c.

Food and Agricultural Organization: World Health Organization: United Nations. Energy and protein 

requirements. Report o a joint FAO/WHO/UMA Expert Consultation . Technical Report Series No. 724.

Geneva:World Health Organization, 1985.

Food and Nutrition Board: Institute o Medicine. Dietary Reerence Intakes or calcium, phosphorus,

magnesium, vitamin D and uoride . Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1997.

Food and Nutrition Board: Institute o Medicine. Dietary Reerence Intakes or Thiamin, Riboavin,

Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline . Washington DC,National Academy Press, 1998a.

Food and Nutrition Board: Institute o Medicine. Dietary Reerence Intakes. A risk assessment model or 

establishing upper intake level or nutrients . Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1998b.

Food and Nutrition Board: Institute o Medicine. Dietary Reerence Intakes or Vitamin C, Vitamin E,

Selenium and Carotenoids . Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000a.

Food and Nutrition Board: Institute o Medicine. Dietary Reerence Intakes. Applications in dietary 

assessment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000b.

Food and Nutrition Board: Institute o Medicine. Dietary Reerence Intakes or Vitamin A, Vitamin 

K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon,

Vanadium and Zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001.

Food and Nutrition Board: Institute o Medicine. Dietary Reerence Intakes or Energy, Carbohydrate,

Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein and Amino Acids (Macronutrients). Washington, DC:

National Academy Press, 2002.

Food and Nutrition Board: Institute o Medicine. Dietary Reerence Intakes or water, potassium, sodium,

chloride and sulate. Panel on the dietary reerence intakes or electrolytes and water. Washington,

D.C: National Academy Press, 2004.

Garby L, Lammert O. Within-subjects and between-days-and-weeks variation in energy expenditure at

rest. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 1984;38:395–7.

German Nutrition Society: Austrian Nutrition Society; Swiss Society or Nutrition Research: SwissNutrition Association. Reerence values or nutrient intake. Frankurt/Main:Umschau/Braus: German

Nutrition Society, 2001.

LINZ Activity and Health Research Unit. Twenty our hour diet recall: nutrient analysis based on 1992 

DSIR database . Dunedin, New Zealand: University o Otago, 1992.

Ministry o Health. NZ ood: NZ People. Key results o the 1997 National Nutrition Survey. Wellington:

Ministry o Health, 1999.

Ministry o Health. NZ Food NZ Children. Key results o the 2002 National Children’s Nutrition Survey . Wellington: Ministry o Health, 2003.

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iNtroductioN

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

National Health and Medical Research Council. A Guide to the Development, Implementation and 

Evaluation o  Clinical Practice Guidelines. Canberra: NHMRC, 1999.

National Health and Medical Research Council. The Core Food Groups. The scientifc basis or developing 

nutrition education tools . Canberra: NHMRC, 1994. Rescinded 22/9/2000

National Health and Medical Research Council. Recommended Dietary Intakes or use in Australia .Canberra: NHMRC, 1991.

New Zealand Government. New Zealand Dietary Supplements Regulations, 198 5. Wellington:

Government Print, 1985.

Therapeutic Goods Administration, Commonwealth Department o Health and Ageing. Therapeutics 

Goods Act . Canberra: Commonwealth Government Department o Health and Ageing, 1989.

Thomson CD, Patterson E. Australian and New Zealand Nutrient reerence values or selenium.

A report prepared or the Ministry o Health. Dunedin: University o Otago, 2001.

Thomson CD. Australian and New Zealand Nutrient Reerence Values or iodine. A report prepared or 

the Ministry o Health . Dunedin: University o Otago, 2002.

Truswell A. Levels and kinds o evidence or public-health nutrition. Lancet 2001;357:1061–2.

Truswell AS, Dreosti IE, English RM, Rutishauser IHE, Palmer N, eds. Recommended Nutrient Intakes.

Australian papers . Sydney: Australian Proessional Publications, 1990.

United States Food and Drug Administration. Food Advisory Committee Working Group. Interpretation 

o signifcant scientifc agreement in the review o health claims . Washington, DC: US FDA, 1999.

Note: All the FNB:IOM Dietary Reerence Intake publications can be accessed on line through the website 

o the National Academy Press at http://www.nap.edu 

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summary tables for eNergy requiremeNts

across ages aNd geNders

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S  

table . eStimated eNergy requiremeNtS (eers) of iNfaNtS aNd youNg childreN

a

(ns)

rn w

(k)

eer

(kJ/)

bs gs bs gs

1 4.4 4.2 2,000 1,800

2 5.3 4.9 2,400 2,100

3 6.0 5.5 2,400 2,200

4 6.7 6.1 2,400 2,200

5 7.3 6.7 2,500 2,300

6 7.9 7.2 2,700 2,500

7 8.4 7.7 2,800 2,500

8 8.9 8.1 3,000 2,700

9 9.3 8.5 3,100 2,800

10 9.7 8.9 3,300 3,000

11 10.0 9.2 3,400 3,100

12 10.3 9.5 3,500 3,200

15 11.1 10.3 3,800 3,500

18 11.7 11.0 4,000 3,800

21 12.2 11.6 4,200 4,000

24 12.7 12.1 4,400 4,200

Aa m Fnb:IoM (2002). rc i m kuczmai a (2000)

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

table . eStimated eNergy requiremeNtS (eers) for childreN aNd adoleSceNtS uSiNg bmr

predicted from Weight, height aNd age

a

g

ys

rn

w

k

rn

bmr

mJ/

pal

.

b

s

pal

.

v

sn

pal

.

l

pal

.

m

pal

.0

h

pal

.

vs

bs

3 14.3 0.95 3.4 4.2 4.9 5.6 6.3 6.9 7.6

4 16.2 1.02 3.6 4.4 5.2 5.9 6.6 7.3 8.1

5 18.4 1.09 3.8 4.7 5.5 6.2 7.0 7.8 8.5

6 20.7 1.15 4.1 5.0 5.8 6.6 7.4 8.2 9.0

7 23.1 1.22 4.3 5.2 6.1 7.0 7.8 8.7 9.5

8 25.6 1.28 4.5 5.5 6.4 7.3 8.2 9.2 10.1

9 28.6 1.34 4.8 5.9 6.8 7.8 8.8 9.7 10.7

10 31.9 1.39 5.1 6.3 7.3 8.3 9.3 10.4 11.4

11 35.9 1.44 5.4 6.6 7.7 8.8 9.9 11.0 12.0

12 40.5 1.49 5.8 7.0 8.2 9.3 10.5 11.6 12.8

13 45.6 1.56 6.2 7.5 8.7 10.0 11.2 12.4 13.6

14 51.0 1.64 6.6 8.0 9.3 10.6 11.9 13.2 14.6

15 56.3 1.70 7.0 8.5 9.9 11.2 12.6 14.0 15.4

16 60.9 1.74 7.3 8.9 10.3 11.8 13.2 14.7 16.2

17 64.6 1.75 7.6 9.2 10.7 12.2 13.7 15.2 16.7

18 67.2 1.76 7.7 9.4 10.9 12.5 14.0 15.6 17.1

  (Ciu)

a t i a/ i a ai ma i ma i m ic u. I i ca, i bMI i i acca a, i u m a u i a mai ui cu

rc i m kuczmai a (2000). s a Fnb:IoM (2002)

c eima ui sc (1985) uai i, i a a u 3–10, 10–18.

pAl (pica Acii l) ica a ac a

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S  

table . (coNt’d) eStimated eNergy requiremeNtS (eers) for childreN aNd adoleSceNtS uSiNg

bmr predicted from Weight, height aNd age

a

g

ys

rn

w

k

rn

bmr

mJ/

pal

.

b

s

pal

.

v

sn

pal

.

l

pal

.

m

pal

.0

h

pal

.

vs

gs

3 13.9 0.94 3.2 3.9 4.5 5.3 5.8 6.4 7.1

4 15.8 1.01 3.4 4.1 4.8 5.5 6.1 6.8 7.5

5 17.9 1.08 3.6 4.4 5.1 5.7 6.5 7.2 7.9

6 20.2 1.15 3.8 4.6 5.4 6.1 6.9 7.6 8.4

7 22.8 1.21 4.0 4.9 5.7 6.5 7.3 8.1 8.9

8 25.6 1.28 4.2 5.2 6.0 6.9 7.7 8.6 9.4

9 29.0 1.33 4.5 5.5 6.4 7.3 8.2 9.1 10.0

10 32.9 1.38 4.7 5.7 6.7 7.6 8.5 9.5 10.4

11 37.2 1.44 4.9 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0

12 41.6 1.51 5.2 6.4 7.4 8.5 9.5 10.6 11.6

13 45.8 1.57 5.5 6.7 7.8 8.9 10.0 11.1 12.2

14 49.4 1.60 5.7 6.9 8.1 9.2 10.3 11.5 12.6

15 52.0 1.62 5.8 7.1 8.2 9.4 10.6 11.7 12.9

16 53.9 1.63 5.9 7.2 8.4 9.5 10.7 11.9 13.1

17 55.1 1.63 5.9 7.2 8.4 9.6 10.8 12.0 13.2

18 56.2 1.63 6.0 7.3 8.5 9.7 10.9 12.1 13.3

 

a t i a/ i a ai ma i ma i m ic u. I i ca, i bMI i i acca a, i u m a u i a mai ui cu

rc i m kuczmai a (2000). s a Fnb:IoM (2002)

c eima ui sc (1985) uai i, i a a u 3–10, 10–18.

pAl (pica Acii l) ica a ac a

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

table . eStimated eNergy requiremeNtS of adultS uSiNg predicted bmr x pal

a

bmi =

.0

bmr

mJ/

ps (pal)

ms

mJ/

bmr

mJ/

ps (pal)

fs

mJ/h

()

W

(k)

m . . . . .0 . f . . . . .0 .

-

0

1.5 49.5  – – – – – – – 5.2 6.1 7.1 8.2 9.2 10.2 11.2

1.6 56.3 6.4 7.7 9.0 10.3 11.6 12.9 14.2 5.6 6.6 7.7 8.8 9.9 11.1 12.2

1.7 63.6 6.9 8.3 9.7 11.0 12.4 13.8 15.2 6.0 7.2 8.4 9.6 10.8 12.0 13.2

1.8 71.3 7.4 8.9 10.3 11.8 13.3 14.8 16.3 6.5 7.7 9.0 10.3 11.6 12.9 14.2

1.9 79.4 7.9 9.5 11.1 12.6 14.2 15.8 17.4 7.0 8.4 9.7 11.1 12.5 13.9 15.3

2.0 88.0 8.4 10.1 11.8 13.5 15.2 16.9 18.6 – – – – – – –  

-

0

1.5 49.5 – – – – – – – 5.2 6.3 7.3 8.4 9.4 10.4 11.5

1.6 56.3 6.4 7.6 8.9 10.2 11.4 12.7 14.0 5.5 6.5 7.6 8.7 9.8 10.9 12.0

1.7 63.6 6.7 8.0 9.4 10.7 12.1 13.4 14.8 5.7 6.8 8.0 9.1 10.3 11.4 12.5

1.8 71.3 7.1 8.5 9.9 11.3 12.7 14.2 15.6 6.0 7.2 8.3 9.5 10.7 11.9 13.1

1.9 79.4 7.5 9.0 10.4 11.9 13.4 14.9 16.4 6.2 7.5 8.7 10.0 11.2 12.5 13.7

2.0 88.0 7.9 9.5 11.0 12.6 14.2 15.8 17.3 _ _ _ – – – –  

-

0

1.5 49.5 – – – – – – – 4.9 6.0 6.9 7.9 8.9 9.8 10.9

1.6 56.3 5.8 7.0 8.2 9.3 10.4 11.5 12.7 5.2 6.2 7.3 8.3 9.3 10.4 11.4

1.7 63.6 6.1 7.3 8.6 9.8 11.1 12.3 13.6 5.4 6.5 7.6 8.7 9.8 10.7 12.0

1.8 71.3 6.5 7.8 9.1 10.4 11.7 13.1 14.4 5.7 6.9 8.0 9.1 10.3 11.4 12.6

1.9 79.4 6.9 8.3 9.6 11.1 12.4 13.8 15.2 6.0 7.2 8.4 9.6 10.8 12.0 13.2

2.0 88.0 7.3 8.8 10.2 11.7 13.2 14.7 16.1 – – – – – – –  

>0 1.5 49.5 – – – – – – – 4.6 5.6 6.5 7.4 8.3 9.3 10.2

1.6 56.3 5.2 6.3 7.3 8.3 9.4 10.4 11.5 4.9 5.9 6.9 7.8 8.8 9.8 10.8

1.7 63.6 5.6 6.7 7.8 8.9 10.0 11.2 12.3 5.2 6.2 7.2 8.3 9.3 10.3 11.4

1.8 71.3 6.0 7.1 8.3 9.5 10.7 11.9 13.1 5.5 6.6 7.7 8.7 9.8 10.9 12.0

1.9 79.4 6.4 7.6 8.9 10.2 11.4 12.7 14.0 5.8 6.9 8.1 9.2 10.4 11.5 12.7

2.0 88.0 6.8 8.1 9.5 10.8 12.2 13.5 14.9 – – – – – – –  

 

a A bMI 22.0 i axima mi i who (1998) a i a (bMI 18.5–24.9)

pica acii (pAl) 1.2 ( ) 2.2 ( aci a ccuaia ).

pAl 1.75 a a a ci i a. pAl 1.4 a cmai i mi au ai a ii.pAl a 2.5 a icu maiai i.

n: iia sc uai m ic a i (sc 1985) u 60+ a a u a ca.F a 51–70 a, ima i aai u (19–30 a) a (>70 a) au.

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S  

summary of NutrieNt requiremeNts

across ages aNd geNders

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S  

   t   a   b   l

   e    .   N   u   t   r   i   e   N   t   r   e      e   r   e   N   c   e   v   a   l   u   e   S

      o   r   a   u   S   t   r   a   l   i   a   a   N   d   N   e   W    Z

   e   a   l   a   N   d  :   m   a   c   r   o   N   u   t   r   i   e   N   t   S   a   N   d   W   a   t   e   r

   a                 &      n       

   p             n

      /   

    

   d

                      s  

   c                         

      /       

   d             

            

     /       

   t  

         w           

   (                n            k      s

     s   f                    n    n  

    n        )

   l   /       

   l     n            

   (  n -      )

     /       

    α

 -        n         n     

   (  n -      )

      /       

   l   c  n -   

   (   d   h   a   /   e   p   a   /   d   p   a   )

       /       

   A   I

   U   L

   A   I

   U   L

   A   I

   U   L

   A   I

   U   L

   A   I

   U   L

   A   I

   U   L

   A

   I

   U   L

   i  n     

  n    s  

 

   0  –       

   1   0

   b   M

   4 .   4

   b   M

   0 .   5

  a

   b   M

 –

   n   p

   6   0

   b   M

   n   p

   n   p

   0 .   7   (

   0 .   7   )

   n   p

     –          

   1   4

   b   F

   4 .   6

   b   F

   0 .   5

  a

   b   F

 –

   n   p

   9   5

   b   F

   n   p

   n   p

   0 .   8   (

   0 .   6   )

   n   p

   E   A   R

   R   D

   I

   U   L

   c                  n

     –       

   1   2

   1   4

   n   p

   5

   n   p

   0 .   5

   n   p

   4   0

   3 ,   0   0   0

   n

   o    A

   I    o   r   U   l

   s   e   t   F   o   r

   o   t   h   e   r   A   g   e   s

   A   s   d   A   t   A   o   n

   e

   s   s   e   n   t   I   A   l   I   t   y

   A   r   e

   I   n   s   U   F   F   I   C   I   e   n   t

   1   4

   n   p

   1 .   4   (

   1 .   0   )

   n   p

     –       

   1   6

   2   0

   n   p

   8

   n   p

   0 .   8

   n   p

   5   5

   3 ,   0   0   0

   1   8

   n   p

   1 .   6   (

   1 .   2   )

   n   p

   b      s

     –          

   3   1

   4   0

   n   p

   1   0

   n   p

   1 .   0

   n   p

   7   0

   3 ,   0   0   0

   2   4

   n   p

   2 .   2   (

   1 .   6   )

   n   p

        –          

   4   9

   6   5

   n   p

   1   2

   n   p

   1 .   2

   n   p

   1   2   5

   3 ,   0   0   0

   2   8

   n   p

   2 .   7   (

   1 .   9   )

   n   p

   g     

     s

     –          

   2   4

   3   5

   n   p

   8

   n   p

   0 .   8

   n   p

   7   0

   3 ,   0   0   0

   2   0

   n   p

   1 .   9   (

   1 .   4   )

   n   p

        –          

   3   5

   4   5

   n   p

   8

   n   p

   0 .   8

   n   p

   8   5

   3 ,   0   0   0

   2   2

   n   p

   2 .   2   (

   1 .   6   )

   n   p

   (   C          i    u        )

   A          

  v   i  a      i        :    A

   I  a       q  u  a        i       a   k    ;    b   M ,   a  m    u             m  a              c     i  v              m

         a       m   i      k  ;    b   /   F ,   a  m    u        i           a       m   i      k  a                 ;    e   A   r ,           i  m  a          a  v      a          q  u

   i      m         ;    r   d   I ,       c    m  m                  i       a       i       a   k    ;    n   p ,                   i                    

 –  m  a  

        i      u        c   i           v   i         c            c       a         v               a   

  v                    c       ;    U   l ,    U           l    v              I       a   k  

  a

    r

    c    m  m         a      i                     a       -   6  a               a       -   3  ;           a         a      A   I  a                a      3   0 –   3   1     /     a            i       a       

   

    t       a      w  a          i    c     u         w  a                m

              a        f  u   i     

  c

    A

          c    m  m         a      i                i       a         a         a             a  m

    u          i           a       m   i      k

   

   I  

   2       a        3             i  m                      

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

   t   a   b   l

   e    .   (   c   o   N   t   ’   d   )   N   u   t   r   i   e   N   t   r   e      e   r   e   N   c   e   v   a   l   u   e   S      o   r   a   u   S   t   r   a   l   i   a   a   N   d   N   e   W

    Z   e   a   l   a   N   d  :   m   a   c   r   o   N   u   t   r   i   e   N   t   S   a   N   d

   W   a   t   e   r

   a                 &      n       

   p             n

      /       

   d                      s  

   c                         

      /       

   d             

            

     /       

   t           w           

   (                n            k      s

     s   f                    n    n  

    n        )

   l   /       

   l     n            

   (  n -      )

     /       

    α -        n         n     

   (  n -      )

     /       

   l   c  n -   

   (   d   h   a   /   e   p   a   /   d   p   a   )

       /       

   E   A   R

   R   D   I

   U   L

   A   I

   U   L

   A   I

   U   L

   A   I

   U   L

   A   I   U   L

   A   I

   U   L

   A

   I

   U   L

   m    n

        –      0    

   5   2

   6   4

   n   p

   1   3

   n   p

   1 .   3

   n   p

   1   6   0

   3 ,   0   0   0

   n   o    A

   I    o   r   U   l

   s   e   t   F   o   r

   o   t   h   e   r   A   g   e   s

   A   s   d   A   t   A   o   n

   e   s   s   e   n   t   I   A   l   I   t   y

   A   r   e

   I   n   s   U   F   F   I   C   I   e   n   t

   3   0

   n   p

   3 .   4   (   2 .   6   )

   n   p

        –      0    

   5   2

   6   4

   n   p

   1   3

   n   p

   1 .   3

   n   p

   1   6   0

   3 ,   0   0   0

   3   0

   n   p

   3 .   4   (   2 .   6   )

   n   p

        –      0    

   5   2

   6   4

   n   p

   1   3

   n   p

   1 .   3

   n   p

   1   6   0

   3 ,   0   0   0

   3   0

   n   p

   3 .   4   (   2 .   6   )

   n   p

   >      0    

   6   5

   8   1

   n   p

   1   3

   n   p

   1 .   3

   n   p

   1   6   0

   3 ,   0   0   0

   3   0

   n   p

   3 .   4   (   2 .   6   )

   n   p

   W  

      n

        –      0    

   3   7

   4   6

   n   p

   8

   n   p

   0 .   8

   n   p

   9   0

   3 ,   0   0   0

   2   5

   n   p

   2 .   8   (   2 .   1   )

   n   p

        –      0    

   3   7

   4   6

   n   p

   8

   n   p

   0 .   8

   n   p

   9   0

   3 ,   0   0   0

   2   5

   n   p

   2 .   8   (   2 .   1   )

   n   p

        –      0    

   3   7

   4   6

   n   p

   8

   n   p

   0 .   8

   n   p

   9   0

   3 ,   0   0   0

   2   5

   n   p

   2 .   8   (   2 .   1   )

   n   p

   >      0    

   4   6

   5   7

   n   p

   8

   n   p

   0 .   8

   n   p

   9   0

   3 ,   0   0   0

   2   5

   n   p

   2 .   8   (   2 .   1   )

   n   p

   p    

    n    n    

        –          

   4   7   

   5   8   

   n   p

   1   0

   n   p

   1 .   0

   n   p

   1   1   0

   3 ,   0   0   0

   2   5

   n   p

   2 .   4   (   1 .   8   )

   n   p

        –      0    

   4   9   

   6   0   

   n   p

   1   0

   n   p

   1 .   0

   n   p

   1   1   5

   3 ,   0   0   0

   2   8

   n   p

   3 .   1   (   2 .   3   )

   n   p

        –      0    

   4   9   

   6   0   

   n   p

   1   0

   n   p

   1 .   0

   n   p

   1   1   5

   3 ,   0   0   0

   2   8

   n   p

   3 .   1   (   2 .   3   )

   n   p

   l    

             n

        –          

   5   1

   6   3

   n   p

   1   2

   n   p

   1 .   2

   n   p

   1   4   0

   3 ,   0   0   0

   2   7

   n   p

   2 .   9   (   2 .   3   )

   n   p

        –      0    

   5   4

   6   7

   n   p

   1   2

   n   p

   1 .   2

   n   p

   1   4   5

   3 ,   0   0   0

   3   0

   n   p

   3 .   5   (   2 .   6   )

   n   p

        –      0    

   5   4

   6   7

   n   p

   1   2

   n   p

   1 .   2

   n   p

   1   4   5

   3 ,   0   0   0

   3   0

   n   p

   3 .   5   (   2 .   6   )

   n   p

   A          

  v   i  a      i        :    A

   I  a       q  u  a        i       a   k    ;    b   M ,   a  m    u             m  a              c     i  v              m

         a       m   i      k  ;    b   /   F ,   a  m    u        i           a       m   i      k  a                 ;    e   A   r ,           i  m  a          a  v      a          q  u

   i      m         ;    r   d   I ,       c    m  m                  i       a    

   i       a   k  

  ;    n   p ,                   i                     –  m  a          i      u        c   i           v

   i         c            c       a         v               a     v                    c       ;    U   l ,    U           l    v              I       a   k  

    a

    r

    c    m  m         a      i                     a       -   6  a               a       -   3  ;           a         a      A   I  a                a      3   0 –   3   1     /     a            i       a       

   

   t       a      w  a          i    c     u         w  a                m

              a    w           a  

   f  u   i     

  c

   A

          c    m  m         a      i                i       a         a         a             a  m

    u          i           a       m   i      k

    

   I  

   2       a        3             i  m                      

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S  

   t   a   b   l

   e    .   N   u   t   r   i   e   N   t   r   e      e   r   e   N   c   e   v   a   l   u   e   S      o   r   a   u   S   t   r   a   l   i   a   a   N   d   N   e   W    Z

   e   a   l   a   N   d

  :   b   v   i   t   a   m   i   N   S

   a                 &      n       

   t               n

 

       /       

   r           f         n

 

       /       

   N            n   

       /         n            n

    q                n    s

   v              n   b   

 

       /       

   v              n   b      

   μ     /       

                      s

                              

    q         s  

  μ     /       

   p    n             n     

            

       /       

   b            n

   μ     /       

   A   I

   U   L

   A   I

   U   L

   A   I

   U   L

   A   I

   U   L  c

   A   I

   U

   L

   A   I

   U   L

   A   I

   U   L

   A   I

   U   L

   i  n       n    s   

   0  –        .

   0 .   2

   n   p

   0 .   3

   b   M

   2

   b

   M

   0 .   1

   b   M

   0 .   4

   b

   M

   6   5

   b   M

   1 .   7

   b   M

   5

   b   M

     –           .

   0 .   3

   n   p

   0 .   4

   b   /   F

   4

   b

   /   F

   0 .   3

   b   /   F

   0 .   5

   b

   /   F

   8   0

   b   /   F

   2 .   2

   b   /   F

   6

   b   /   F

   E   A   R

   R   D   I

   U   L

   E   A   R

   R   D   I

   U   L

   E   A   R

   R   D   I

   U   L

   E   A   R

   R   D   I

   U   L

   E   A   R

   R   D   I

   U

   L

   E   A   R

   R   D   I

    U   L

   A   I

   U   L

   A   I

   U   L

   c                  n

     –       

   0 .   4

   0 .   5

   n   p

   0 .   4

   0 .   5

   n   p

   5

   6

   1   0

   0 .   4

   0 .   5

   1   5

   0 .   7

   0 .   9

   n

   p

   1   2   0

   1   5   0

   3   0   0

   3 .   5

   n   p

   8

   n   p

     –       

   0 .   5

   0 .   6

   n   p

   0 .   5

   0 .   6

   n   p

   6

   8

   1   5

   0 .   5

   0 .   6

   2   0

   1 .   0

   1 .   2

   n

   p

   1   6   0

   2   0   0

   4   0   0

   4 .   0

   n   p

   1   2

   n   p

   b      s

     –          

   0 .   7

   0 .   9

   n   p

   0 .   8

   0 .   9

   n   p

   9

   1   2

   2   0

   0 .   8

   1 .   0

   3   0

   1 .   5

   1 .   8

   n

   p

   2   5   0

   3   0   0

   6   0   0

   5 .   0

   n   p

   2   0

   n   p

        –          

   1 .   0

   1 .   2

   n   p

   1 .   1

   1 .   3

   n   p

   1   2

   1   6

   3   0

   1 .   1

   1 .   3

   4   0

   2 .   0

   2 .   4

   n

   p

   3   3   0

   4   0   0

   8   0   0

   6 .   0

   n   p

   3   0

   n   p

   g     

     s

     –          

   0 .   7

   0 .   9

   n   p

   0 .   8

   0 .   9

   n   p

   9

   1   2

   2   0

   0 .   8

   1 .   0

   3   0

   1 .   5

   1 .   8

   n

   p

   2   5   0

   3   0   0

   6   0   0

   4 .   0

   n   p

   2   0

   n   p

        –          

   0 .   9

   1 .   1

   n   p

   0 .   9

   1 .   1

   n   p

   1   1

   1   4

   3   0

   1 .   0

   1 .   2

   4   0

   2 .   0

   2 .   4

   n

   p

   3   3   0

   4   0   0

   8   0   0

   4 .   0

   n   p

   2   5

   n   p

   (   C          i    u        )

   A          

  v   i  a      i        :    A

   I  a       q  u  a        i       a   k    ;    b   M ,   a  m    u             m  a              c     i  v              m

         a       m   i      k  ;    b   /   F ,   a  m    u        i           a       m   i      k  a                 ;    e   A   r ,           i  m  a          a  v      a          q  u

   i      m         ;    r   d   I ,       c    m  m                  i       a    

   i       a   k  

  ;    n   p ,                   i                     –  m  a          i      u        c   i           v

   i         c            c       a         v               a     v                    c       ;    U   l ,   u               v              i       a   k  

  a

    t

        U   l            i  a  c   i                         i  c        i     i  c  a  c   i    .    F        u  

         m         a         i  c        i    a  m   i      ,            U   l   i     9   0   0  m     /     a           m      a            -            a       w    m     ,    1   5   0  m     /     a  

          1 –   3     -           ,    2

   5   0  m     /     a            4 –   8     -            ;    5

   0   0

  m

     /     a            9 –   1   3     -            a        7   5   0  m     /     a            1   4 –

   1   8     -           .    I

      i                    i                      a   U   l            i  c  

      i    a  m   i               i       a    c     (   i       a   k           u                             a       m   i      k ,          m  u     a                   )                a    c    a          a  c     a      i    

   (      u    c           u                                 )

   

   F              a      ,            U   l   i            i       a   k           m

             i                      a         u           m           a             i  c  a  c   i   

  c

   F      v   i     a  m   i     b   6 ,            U   l   i                         i       x   i    

    

   A

          i       a        A   I    a         a             m   i      k  c      c           a      i         i  

       a             w    m      a       a  v      a      v       u  m    

   

   t

      i     i               i       a       i       a   k   .    F                a       w    m     ,    i   

                   i    c     u               a         i      i      a        u           m         a               i  c  a  c   i         q  u   i                    v             u    a         u                 c     

Page 29: NRV Executive Summary

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

   t   a   b   l

   e    .   (   c   o   N   t   ’   d   )   N   u   t   r   i   e   N   t   r   e      e   r   e   N   c   e   v   a   l   u   e   S      o   r   a   u   S   t   r   a   l   i   a   a   N   d   N   e   W

    Z   e   a   l   a   N   d  :   b   v   i   t   a   m   i   N   S

   a    

             &      n       

   t               n

 

       /       

   r           f         n

 

       /       

   N            n   

       /         n            n

    q                n    s

   v              n   b   

 

       /       

   v              n   b      

   μ     /       

                      s                

                  q         s

   μ     /       

   p    n             n               

 

       /       

   b            n

   μ     /       

   E   A   R

   R   D   I

   U   L

   E   A   R

   R   D   I

   U   L

   E   A   R

   R   D   I

   U   L

   E   A   R

   R   D   I

   U   L

   E   A   R

   R   D   I

   U   L

   E   A   R  e

   R   D   I  e

    U   L

   A   I

   U   L

   A   I

   U   L

   m    n

        –      0    

   1 .   0

   1 .   2

   n   p

   1 .   1

   1 .   3

   n   p

   1   2

   1   6

   3   5

   1 .   1

   1 .   3

   5   0

   2 .   0

   2 .   4

   n   p

   3   2   0

   4   0   0

   1 ,   0   0   0

   6 .   0

   n   p

   3   0

   n   p

        –      0    

   1 .   0

   1 .   2

   n   p

   1 .   1

   1 .   3

   n   p

   1   2

   1   6

   3   5

   1 .   1

   1 .   3

   5   0

   2 .   0

   2 .   4

   n   p

   3   2   0

   4   0   0

   1 ,   0   0   0

   6 .   0

   n   p

   3   0

   n   p

        –      0    

   1 .   0

   1 .   2

   n   p

   1 .   1

   1 .   3

   n   p

   1   2

   1   6

   3   5

   1 .   4

   1 .   7

   5   0

   2 .   0

   2 .   4

   n   p

   3   2   0

   4   0   0

   1 ,   0   0   0

   6 .   0

   n   p

   3   0

   n   p

   >      0    

   1 .   0

   1 .   2

   n   p

   1 .   3

   1 .   6

   n   p

   1   2

   1   6

   3   5

   1 .   4

   1 .   7

   5   0

   2 .   0

   2 .   4

   n   p

   3   2   0

   4   0   0

   1 ,   0   0   0

   6 .   0

   n   p

   3   0

   n   p

   W        n

        –      0    

   0 .   9

   1 .   1

   n   p

   0 .   9

   1 .   1

   n   p

   1   1

   1   4

   3   5

   1 .   1

   1 .   3

   5   0

   2 .   0

   2 .   4

   n   p

   3   2   0

   4   0   0

   1 ,   0   0   0

   4 .   0

   n   p

   2   5

   n   p

        –      0    

   0 .   9

   1 .   1

   n   p

   0 .   9

   1 .   1

   n   p

   1   1

   1   4

   3   5

   1 .   1

   1 .   3

   5   0

   2 .   0

   2 .   4

   n   p

   3   2   0

   4   0   0

   1 ,   0   0   0

   4 .   0

   n   p

   2   5

   n   p

        –      0    

   0 .   9

   1 .   1

   n   p

   0 .   9

   1 .   1

   n   p

   1   1

   1   4

   3   5

   1 .   3

   1 .   5

   5   0

   2 .   0

   2 .   4

   n   p

   3   2   0

   4   0   0

   1 ,   0   0   0

   4 .   0

   n   p

   2   5

   n   p

   >      0    

   0 .   9

   1 .   1

   n   p

   1 .   1

   1 .   3

   n   p

   1   1

   1   4

   3   5

   1 .   3

   1 .   5

   5   0

   2 .   0

   2 .   4

   n   p

   3   2   0

   4   0   0

   1 ,   0   0   0

   4 .   0

   n   p

   2   5

   n   p

   p        n    n    

        –          

   1 .   2

   1 .   4

   n   p

   1 .   2

   1 .   4

   n   p

   1   4

   1   8

   3   0

   1 .   6

   1 .   9

   4   0

   2 .   2

   2 .   6

   n   p

   5   2   0

   6   0   0

   8   0   0

   5 .   0

   n   p

   3   0

   n   p

        –      0    

   1 .   2

   1 .   4

   n   p

   1 .   2

   1 .   4

   n   p

   1   4

   1   8

   3   5

   1 .   6

   1 .   9

   5   0

   2 .   2

   2 .   6

   n   p

   5   2   0

   6   0   0

   1 ,   0   0   0

   5 .   0

   n   p

   3   0

   n   p

        –      0    

   1 .   2

   1 .   4

   n   p

   1 .   2

   1 .   4

   n   p

   1   4

   1   8

   3   5

   1 .   6

   1 .   9

   5   0

   2 .   2

   2 .   6

   n   p

   5   2   0

   6   0   0

   1 ,   0   0   0

   5 .   0

   n   p

   3   0

   n   p

   l                 n

       -          

   1 .   2

   1 .   4

   n   p

   1 .   3

   1 .   6

   n   p

   1   3

   1   7

   3   0

   1 .   7

   2 .   0

   4   0

   2 .   4

   2 .   8

   n   p

   4   5   0

   5   0   0

   8   0   0

   6 .   0

   n   p

   3   5

   n   p

       -      0    

   1 .   2

   1 .   4

   n   p

   1 .   3

   1 .   6

   n   p

   1   3

   1   7

   3   5

   1 .   7

   2 .   0

   5   0

   2 .   4

   2 .   8

   n   p

   4   5   0

   5   0   0

   1 ,   0   0   0

   6 .   0

   n   p

   3   5

   n   p

       -      0    

   1 .   2

   1 .   4

   n   p

   1 .   3

   1 .   6

   n   p

   1   3

   1   7

   3   5

   1 .   7

   2 .   0

   5   0

   2 .   4

   2 .   8

   n   p

   4   5   0

   5   0   0

   1 ,   0   0   0

   6 .   0

   n   p

   3   5

   n   p

    A          

  v   i  a      i        :    A

   I  a       q  u  a        i       a   k    ;    b   M ,   a  m    u             m  a              c     i  v              m

         a       m   i      k  ;    b   /   F ,   a  m    u        i           a       m   i      k  a                 ;    e   A   r ,           i  m  a          a  v      a          q  u

   i      m         ;    r   d   I ,       c    m  m                  i       a    

   i       a   k  

  ;    n   p ,                   i                     –  m  a          i      u        c   i           v

   i         c            c       a         v               a     v                    c       ;    U   l ,   u               v              i       a   k  

    a

    t

        U   l            i  a  c   i                         i  c        i     i  c  a  c   i    .    F        u  

         m         a         i  c        i    a  m   i      ,            U   l   i     9   0   0  m     /     a           m      a            -            a       w    m     ,    1   5   0  m     /     a  

          1 –   3     -           ,    2

   5   0  m     /     a            4 –   8     -            ;    5

   0   0

  m     /     a            9 –   1   3

     -            a        7   5   0  m     /     a            1   4 –   1   8     -           .    I

      i      

              i                      a   U   l            i  c        i    a  m   i               i       a  

  c     (   i       a   k           u                             a       m   i      k ,          m  u     a  

                 )                a    c    a          a  c     a      i       (      u    c           u                                 )

   

   F              a      ,            U   l   i            i       a   k           m

             i                      a         u           m           a             i  c  a  c   i   

  c

   F      v   i     a  m   i     b   6 ,            U   l   i                         i       x   i    

    

   A

          i       a        A   I    a         a             m   i      k  c      c           a      i         i  

       a             w    m      a       a  v      a      v       u  m    

   

   t

      i     i               i       a       i       a   k   .    F                a       w    m     ,    i   

                   i    c     u               a         i      i      a        u           m         a               i  c  a  c   i         q  u   i                    v             u    a         u                 c     

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S  

   t   a   b   l

   e    .   N   u   t   r   i   e   N   t   r   e      e   r   e   N   c   e   v   a   l   u   e   S      o   r   a   u   S   t   r   a   l   i   a   a   N   d   N   e   W    Z

   e   a   l   a   N   d

  :   v   i   t   a   m   i   N   S   a ,   c ,   d ,   e   a   N   d   K   a   N   d   c   h   o   l   i   N   e

   a                 &      n       

   v              n   a

   (           n         q                n    s   )

  μ     /   

    

   v              n   c

 

       /       

   v              n   d

   μ     /       

   v         

     n   e

   (    α -                      

    q                n    s     )

       /   

    

   v              n   K

   μ     /       

   c             n  

 

       /       

   A   I

   U   L   b

   A   I

    U

   L  c

   A   I

   U   L

   A   I

   U   L

   A   I

   U   L

   A   I

   U   L

   i  n     

  n    s   

   0  –        .

   2   5   0   (  a            i        

   )

   6   0   0

   2   5

   b

   M

   5

   2   5

   4

   b   M

   2 .   0

   b   M

   1   2   5

   b   M

     –           .

   4   3   0

   6   0   0

   3   0

   b

   /   F

   5

   2   5

   5

   b   /   F

   2 .   5

   b   /   F

   1   5   0

   b   /   F

   E   A   R

   R   D   I

   U   L

    E   A   R

   R   D   I

   U

   L

   A   I

   U   L

   A   I

   U   L

   A   I

   U   L

   A   I

   U   L

   c                  n

     –       

   2   1   0

   3   0   0

   6   0   0

   2   5

   3   5

   n

   p

   5

   8   0

   5

   7   0

   2   5

   n   p

   2   0   0

   1 ,   0   0   0

     –       

   2   7   5

   4   0   0

   9   0   0

   2   5

   3   5

   n

   p

   5

   8   0

   6

   1   0   0

   3   5

   n   p

   2   5   0

   1 ,   0   0   0

   b      s

     –          

   4   4   5

   6   0   0

   1 ,   7   0   0

   2   8

   4   0

   n

   p

   5

   8   0

   9

   1   8   0

   4   5

   n   p

   3   7   5

   1 ,   0   0   0

        –          

   6   3   0

   9   0   0

   2 ,   8   0   0

   2   8

   4   0

   n

   p

   5

   8   0

   1   0

   2   5   0

   5   5

   n   p

   5   5   0

   3 ,   0   0   0

   g     

     s

     –          

   4   2   0

   6   0   0

   1 ,   7   0   0

   2   8

   4   0

   n

   p

   5

   8   0

   8

   1   8   0

   4   5

   n   p

   3   7   5

   1 ,   0   0   0

        –          

   4   8   5

   7   0   0

   2 ,   8   0   0

   2   8

   4   0

   n

   p

   5

   8   0

   8

   2   5   0

   5   5

   n   p

   4   0   0

   3 ,   0   0   0

   (   C          i    u        )

   A          

  v   i  a      i        :    A

   I ,   a       q  u  a        i       a   k    ;    b   M ,   a  m    u             m  a              c     i  v              m

         a       m   i      k  ;    b   /   F ,   a  m    u        i           a       m   i      k  a                 ;    e   A   r ,           i  m  a          a  v      a          q  u

   i      m         ;    r   d   I ,       c    m  m                  i       a    

   i       a   k  

  ;    n   p ,                   i                     –  m  a          i      u        c   i           v

   i         c            c       a         v               a     v                    c       ;    U   l ,   u               v              i       a   k  

  a

    o

        α -       c                     q  u   i  v  a             i      q  u  a            1  m     r

   r   r    α -   (           d

     -    α -   )       c                 ,    2  m        β -       c                 ,    1

   0  m      γ       c                        3  m      α -       c          i          .    t     

           v  a            u                               i  c  a       -    a  c -    α -       c             

        (       d       l     -    α -

       c                   )   i     1   4  m  

   

   A

   U   l  c  a                       a         i                     u           m         a          β -  c  a               u      a        i               q  u   i                          u    

  c

   n

                i                      a         i       a   U   l         v   i     a  m   i     C         m

  a  v  a   i     a             a     a ,      u      1 ,   0   0   0  m     /     a    w    u             a  

    u                i  m   i   

    

   A

          i       a        A   I    a         a             m   i      k  c      c           a      i         i  

       a             w    m      a       a  v      a      v       u  m    

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

   t   a   b   l

   e    .   (   c   o   N   t   ’   d   )   N   u   t   r   i   e   N   t   r   e      e   r   e   N   c   e   v   a   l   u   e   S      o   r   a   u   S   t   r   a   l   i   a   a   N   d   N   e   W

    Z   e   a   l   a   N   d  :   v   i   t   a   m   i   N   S   a ,   c ,   d ,   e   a   N   d   K   a   N   d   c   h   o   l   i   N   e

   a                 &      n       

   v              n   a

   (           n         q                n    s   )

 

  μ     /       

   v              n   c

 

       /       

   v              n   d

   μ     /       

   v              n   e

   (    α -    

                  

    q                n    s     )

  

     /       

   v              n   K

   μ     /       

   c             n  

 

       /       

   E   A   R

   R   D   I

   U   L

    E   A   R

   R   D   I

   U   L

   A   I

   U   L

   A   I

   U   L

   A   I

   U   L

   A   I

   U   L

   m    n

        –      0    

   6   2   5

   9   0   0

   3 ,   0   0   0

   3   0

   4   5

   n   p

   5

   8   0

   1   0

   3   0   0

   7   0

   n   p

   5   5

   0

   3 ,   5   0   0

        –      0    

   6   2   5

   9   0   0

   3 ,   0   0   0

   3   0

   4   5

   n   p

   5

   8   0

   1   0

   3   0   0

   7   0

   n   p

   5   5

   0

   3 ,   5   0   0

        –      0    

   6   2   5

   9   0   0

   3 ,   0   0   0

   3   0

   4   5

   n   p

   1   0

   8   0

   1   0

   3   0   0

   7   0

   n   p

   5   5

   0

   3 ,   5   0   0

   >      0    

   6   2   5

   9   0   0

   3 ,   0   0   0

   3   0

   4   5

   n   p

   1   5

   8   0

   1   0

   3   0   0

   7   0

   n   p

   5   5

   0

   3 ,   5   0   0

   W  

      n

        –      0    

   5   0   0

   7   0   0

   3 ,   0   0   0

   3   0

   4   5

   n   p

   5

   8   0

   7

   3   0   0

   6   0

   n   p

   4   2

   5

   3 ,   5   0   0

        –      0    

   5   0   0

   7   0   0

   3 ,   0   0   0

   3   0

   4   5

   n   p

   5

   8   0

   7

   3   0   0

   6   0

   n   p

   4   2

   5

   3 ,   5   0   0

        –      0    

   5   0   0

   7   0   0

   3 ,   0   0   0

   3   0

   4   5

   n   p

   1   0

   8   0

   7

   3   0   0

   6   0

   n   p

   4   2

   5

   3 ,   5   0   0

   >      0    

   5   0   0

   7   0   0

   3 ,   0   0   0

   3   0

   4   5

   n   p

   1   5

   8   0

   7

   3   0   0

   6   0

   n   p

   4   2

   5

   3 ,   5   0   0

   p    

    n    n    

        –          

   5   3   0

   7   0   0

   2 ,   8   0   0

   3   8

   5   5

   n   p

   5

   8   0

   8

   3   0   0

   6   0

   n   p

   4   1

   5

   3 ,   0   0   0

        –      0    

   5   5   0

   8   0   0

   3 ,   0   0   0

   4   0

   6   0

   n   p

   5

   8   0

   7

   3   0   0

   6   0

   n   p

   4   4

   0

   3 ,   5   0   0

        –      0    

   5   5   0

   8   0   0

   3 ,   0   0   0

   4   0

   6   0

   n   p

   5

   8   0

   7

   3   0   0

   6   0

   n   p

   4   4

   0

   3 ,   5   0   0

   l    

             n

        –          

   7   8   0

   1

 ,   1   0   0

   2 ,   8   0   0

   5   8

   8   0

   n   p

   5

   8   0

   1   2

   3   0   0

   6   0

   n   p

   5   2

   5

   3 ,   0   0   0

        –      0    

   8   0   0

   1

 ,   1   0   0

   3 ,   0   0   0

   6   0

   8   5

   n   p

   5

   8   0

   1   1

   3   0   0

   6   0

   n   p

   5   5

   0

   3 ,   5   0   0

        –      0    

   8   0   0

   1

 ,   1   0   0

   3 ,   0   0   0

   6   0

   8   5

   n   p

   5

   8   0

   1   1

   3   0   0

   6   0

   n   p

   5   5

   0

   3 ,   5   0   0

    A          

  v   i  a      i        :    A

   I ,   a       q  u  a        i       a   k    ;    b   M ,   a  m    u             m  a              c     i  v              m

         a       m   i      k  ;    b   /   F ,   a  m    u        i           a       m   i      k  a                 ;    e   A   r ,           i  m  a          a  v      a          q  u

   i      m         ;    r   d   I ,       c    m  m                  i       a       i       a   k    ;    n   p ,                   i                    

 –  m  a  

        i      u        c   i           v   i         c            c       a         v               a   

  v                    c       ;    U   l ,   u               v              i       a   k  

  a

    o

        α -       c                     q  u   i  v  a             i      q  u  a            1  m     r

   r   r    α -   (        -    α -   )       c                 ,    2  m        β -       c             

    ,    1   0  m      γ       c                        3  m      α -       c          i          .    t                v  a            u                               i  c  a       -    a  c -    α -       c         

         

   (       -    α -       c                   )   i     1   4  m  

   

   A

   U   l  c  a                       a         i                     u           m         a              a -  c  a               u      a        i               q  u   i                          u    

  c

   n

                i                      a         i       a   U   l         v   i     a  m   i     C         m

  a  v  a   i     a             a     a ,      u      1 ,   0   0   0  m     /     a    w    u             a  

    u                i  m   i   

    

   A

          i       a        A   I    a         a             m   i      k  c      c           a      i         i  

       a             w    m      a       a  v      a      v       u  m    

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S  

   t   a   b   l

   e    .   N   u   t   r   i   e   N   t   r   e      e   r   e   N   c   e   v   a   l   u   e   S      o   r   a   u   S   t   r   a   l   i   a   a   N   d   N   e   W    Z

   e   a   l   a   N   d

  :   m   i   N   e   r   a   l   S  –   c   a   l   c   i   u   m ,   p   h   o   S   p   h   o   r   u   S ,   Z   i   N   c   a   N   d   i   r   o   N

   a                 &      n       

   c                

       /       

   p     

  s             s

  

     /       

   Z     n  

       /

       

   i      n

       /       

   A   I

   U   L

   A   I

   U   L

   A   I

   U   L

   A   I

   U   L

   i  n     

  n    s

   0  –        .

     –           .

   2   1   0

   b   M

   1   0   0

   b   M

   2 .   0

   4

   0 .   2

   2   0

   2   7   0

   b   /   F

   2   7   5

   b   /   F

   E   A   R

   R   D

   I

   U   L

   E   A   R

   R   D   I

   U   L

   2 .   5

   3 .   0

   5

   7

   1   1 .   0

   2   0

   E   A   R

   R   D   I

   U   L

   E   A   R

   R   D   I

   U   L

   E   A   R

   R   D

   I

   U   L

   E   A   R

   R   D   I

   U   L

   c                  n

     –       

   3   6   0

   5   0   0

   2 ,   5   0   0

   3   8   0

   4   6   0

   3 ,   0   0   0

   2 .   5

   3

   7

   4

   9

   2   0

     –       

   5   2   0

   7   0   0

   2 ,   5   0   0

   4   0   5

   5   0   0

   3 ,   0   0   0

   3 .   0

   4

   1   2

   4

   1   0

   4   0

   b      s

     –          

   8   0   0 –

   1 ,   0   5   0

   1 ,   0   0   0 –

   1 ,   3   0   0

   2 ,   5   0   0

   1 ,   0   5   5

   1 ,   2   5   0

   4 ,   0   0   0

   5 .   0

   6

   2   5

   6

   8

   4   0

        –          

   1 ,   0   5   0

   1 ,   3   0   0

   2 ,   5   0   0

   1 ,   0   5   5

   1 ,   2   5   0

   4 ,   0   0   0

   1   1 .   0

   1   3

   3   5

   8

   1   1

   4   5

   g     

     s

     –          

   8   0   0 –

   1 ,   0   5   0

   1 ,   0   0   0 –

   1 ,   3   0   0

   2 ,   5   0   0

   1 ,   0   5   5

   1 ,   2   5   0

   4 ,   0   0   0

   5 .   0

   6

   2   5

   6

   8

   4   0

        –          

   1 ,   0   5   0

   1 ,   3   0   0

   2 ,   5   0   0

   1 ,   0   5   5

   1 ,   2   5   0

   4 ,   0   0   0

   6 .   0

   7

   3   5

   8

   1   5

   4   5

   (   C          i    u        )

   A          

  v   i  a      i        :    A

   I ,   a       q  u  a        i       a   k    ;    b   M ,   a  m    u             m  a              c     i  v              m

         a       m   i      k  ;    b   /   F ,   a  m    u        i           a       m   i      k  a                 ;    e   A   r ,           i  m  a          a  v      a          q  u

   i      m         ;    r   d   I ,       c    m  m                  i       a       i       a   k    ;    n   p ,                   i                    

 –  m  a  

        i      u        c   i           v   i         c            c       a         v               a   

  v                    c       ;    U   l ,   u               v              i       a   k  

    a

    F      c  a     c   i  u  m ,               a            a    a           c    m  m         a      i    

           c      i              a          9 –   1   1      a      a        1   2 –   1   3      a           c  a  u                 w                  .    9 –   1   1      a   -            w     

  a            w   i      a       m  a     u     i      a     m  u  c           a           a     

          a    a  v      a      m  a  

  

                  i       a   k          c    m  m                      1   2 –   1   3      a   -          

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

   t   a   b   l

   e    .   (   c   o   N   t   ’   d   )   N   u   t   r   i   e   N   t   r   e      e   r   e   N   c   e   v   a   l   u   e   S      o   r   a   u   S   t   r   a   l   i   a   a   N   d   N   e   W

    Z   e   a   l   a   N   d  :   m   i   N   e   r   a   l   S  –   c   a   l   c   i   u   m ,   p   h   o   S   p   h   o   r   u   S ,   Z   i   N   c   a   N   d   i   r   o   N

   a                 &      n       

   c                

       /       

   p     

  s             s

  

     /       

   Z     n  

    

   /       

   i      n       /       

   E   A   R

   R   D   I

   U   L

   E   A   R

   R   D   I

   U   L

   E   A   R

   R

   D   I

   U   L

   E   A   R

   R   D   I

   U   L

   m    n

        –      0    

   8   4   0

   1 ,   0   0   0

   2 ,   5   0   0

   5   8   0

   1 ,   0   0   0

   4 ,   0   0   0

   1   2 .   0

   1

   4

   4   0

   6

   8

   4   5

        –      0    

   8   4   0

   1 ,   0   0   0

   2 ,   5   0   0

   5   8   0

   1 ,   0   0   0

   4 ,   0   0   0

   1   2 .   0

   1

   4

   4   0

   6

   8

   4   5

        –      0    

   8   4   0

   1 ,   0   0   0

   2 ,   5   0   0

   5   8   0

   1 ,   0   0   0

   4 ,   0   0   0

   1   2 .   0

   1

   4

   4   0

   6

   8

   4   5

   >      0    

   1 ,   1   0   0

   1 ,   3   0   0

   2 ,   5   0   0

   5   8   0

   1 ,   0   0   0

   3 ,   0   0   0

   1   2 .   0

   1

   4

   4   0

   6

   8

   4   5

   W  

      n

        –      0    

   8   4   0

   1 ,   0   0   0

   2 ,   5   0   0

   5   8   0

   1 ,   0   0   0

   4 ,   0   0   0

   6 .   5

   8

   4   0

   8

   1   8

   4   5

        –      0    

   8   4   0

   1 ,   0   0   0

   2 ,   5   0   0

   5   8   0

   1 ,   0   0   0

   4 ,   0   0   0

   6 .   5

   8

   4   0

   8

   1   8

   4   5

        –      0    

   1 ,   1   0   0

   1 ,   3   0   0

   2 ,   5   0   0

   5   8   0

   1 ,   0   0   0

   4 ,   0   0   0

   6 .   5

   8

   4   0

   5

   8

   4   5

   >      0    

   1 ,   1   0   0

   1 ,   3   0   0

   2 ,   5   0   0

   5   8   0

   1 ,   0   0   0

   3 ,   0   0   0

   6 .   5

   8

   4   0

   5

   8

   4   5

   p    

    n    n    

        –          

   1 ,   0   5   0

   1 ,   3   0   0

   2 ,   5   0   0

   1 ,   0   5   5

   1 ,   2   5   0

   3 ,   5   0   0

   8 .   5

   1

   0

   3   5

   2   3

   2   7

   4   5

        –      0    

   8   4   0

   1 ,   0   0   0

   2 ,   5   0   0

   5   8   0

   1 ,   0   0   0

   3 ,   5   0   0

   9 .   0

   1

   1

   4   0

   2   2

   2   7

   4   5

        –      0    

   8   4   0

   1 ,   0   0   0

   2 ,   5   0   0

   5   8   0

   1 ,   0   0   0

   3 ,   5   0   0

   9 .   0

   1

   1

   4   0

   2   2

   2   7

   4   5

   l    

             n

        –          

   1 ,   0   5   0

   1 ,   3   0   0

   2 ,   5   0   0

   1 ,   0   5   5

   1 ,   2   5   0

   4 ,   0   0   0

   9 .   0

   1

   1

   3   5

   7

   1   0

   4   5

        –      0    

   8   4   0

   1 ,   0   0   0

   2 ,   5   0   0

   5   8   0

   1 ,   0   0   0

   4 ,   0   0   0

   1   0 .   0

   1

   2

   4   0

   6 .   5

   9

   4   5

        –      0    

   8   4   0

   1 ,   0   0   0

   2 ,   5   0   0

   5   8   0

   1 ,   0   0   0

   4 ,   0   0   0

   1   0 .   0

   1

   2

   4   0

   6 .   5

   9

   4   5

    A          

  v   i  a      i        :    A

   I ,   a       q  u  a        i       a   k    ;    b   M ,   a  m    u             m  a              c     i  v              m

         a       m   i      k  ;    b   /   F ,   a  m    u        i           a       m   i      k  a                 ;    e   A   r ,           i  m  a          a  v      a          q  u

   i      m         ;    r   d   I ,       c    m  m                  i       a    

   i       a   k  

  ;    n   p ,                   i                     –  m  a          i      u        c   i           v

   i         c            c       a         v               a     v                    c       ;    U   l ,   u               v              i       a   k  

    a

    F      c  a     c   i  u  m ,               a            a    a           c    m  m         a      i    

           c      i              a          9 –   1   1      a      a        1   2 –   1   3      a           c  a  u                 w                  .    9 –   1   1      a   -            w       a            w   i      a       m  a     u     i      a     m  u  c           a           a               a    a  v      a      m  a  

  

                  i       a   k          c    m  m                      1   2 –   1   3      a   -          

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S  

   t   a   b   l

   e    .   N   u   t   r   i   e   N   t   r   e      e   r   e   N   c   e   v   a   l   u   e   S      o   r   a   u   S   t   r   a   l   i   a   a   N   d   N   e   W    Z

   e   a   l   a   N   d

  :   m   i   N   e   r   a   l   S  –   m   a   g   N   e   S   i   u   m ,   i   o   d   i   N   e ,   S

   e   l   e   N   i   u   m   a   N   d   m   o   l   y   b   d   e   N   u   m

   a    

             &      n       

   m

      n    s       

       /       

   i          n  

  μ     /       

   S         n

       

  μ     /       

   m                 n

    

  μ     /       

   A   I

   U   l  a

   A   I

   U   l

   A   I

   U   l

   A   I

   U   l

    i  n       n    s

   0  –        .

   3   0

   b   M

   9   0

   b   M

   1   2

   4   5

   2

   b   M

     –           .

   7   5

   b   /   F

   1   1   0

   b   /   F

   1   5

   6   0

   3

   b   /   F

   E   A   R

   R   D   I

   U   L

   E   A   R

   R   D   I

   U   L

   E   A   R

   R   D

   I

   U   L

   E   A   R

   R   D   I

   U   L

   c                  n

     –       

   6   5

   8   0

   6   5

   6   5

   9   0

   2   0   0

   2   0

   2   5

   9   0

   1   3

   1   7

   3   0   0

     –       

   1   1   0

   1   3   0

   1   1   0

   6   5

   9   0

   3   0   0

   2   5

   3   0

   1   5   0

   1   7

   2   2

   6   0   0

   b    

  s

     –          

   2   0   0

   2   4   0

   3   5   0

   7   5

   1   2   0

   6   0   0

   4   0

   5   0

   2   8   0

   2   6

   3   4

   1 ,   1   0   0

        –          

   3   4   0

   4   1   0

   3   5   0

   9   5

   1   5   0

   9   0   0

   6   0

   7   0

   4   0   0

   3   3

   4   3

   1 ,   7   0   0

   g          s

     –          

   2   0   0

   2   4   0

   3   5   0

   7   5

   1   2   0

   6   0   0

   4   0

   5   0

   2   8   0

   2   6

   3   4

   1 ,   1   0   0

        –          

   3   0   0

   3   6   0

   3   5   0

   9   5

   1   5   0

   9   0   0

   5   0

   6   0

   4   0   0

   3   3

   4   3

   1 ,   7   0   0

   (   C          i    u        )

   A          

  v   i  a      i        :    A

   I ,   a       q  u  a        i       a   k    ;    b   M ,   a  m    u             m  a              c     i  v              m

         a       m   i      k  ;    b   /   F ,   a  m    u        i           a       m   i      k  a                 ;    e   A   r ,           i  m  a          a  v      a          q  u

   i      m         ;    r   d   I ,       c    m  m                  i       a       i       a   k    ;    n   p ,                   i                    

 –  m  a  

        i      u        c   i           v   i         c            c       a         v               a   

  v                    c       ;    U   l ,   u               v              i       a   k  

    a

   n

               a     a                       U   l        i                   m  a           i  u  m

       

             u           m         

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Summary tableS

0 Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

   t   a   b   l   e    .   (   c   o   N   t   ’   d   )   N   u   t   r   i   e   N   t   r   e      e   r   e   N   c

   e   v   a   l   u   e   S      o   r   a   u   S   t   r   a   l   i   a   a   N   d   N   e   W

    Z   e   a   l   a   N   d  :   m   i   N   e   r   a   l   S  –   m   a   g   N   e   S   i   u   m

 ,   i   o   d   i   N   e ,   S   e   l   e   N   i   u   m   a   N   d   m   o   l   y   b   d   e   N

   u   m

   a    

             &      n       

   m

      n    s       

       /       

   i          n  

  μ

     /       

   S         n

       

  μ     /   

    

   m                 n

    

  μ     /       

   E   A   R

   R   D   I

   U   L  a

   E   A   R

   R   D   I

   U   L

   E   A   R

   R   D

   I

   U   L

   E   A   R

   R   D   I

   U   L

   m    n

        –      0    

   3   3   0

   4   0   0

   3   5   0

   1   0   0

   1   5   0

   1 ,   1   0   0

   6   0

   7   0

   4   0   0

   3   4

   4   5

   2 ,   0   0   0

        –      0    

   3   5   0

   4   2   0

   3   5   0

   1   0   0

   1   5   0

   1 ,   1   0   0

   6   0

   7   0

   4   0   0

   3   4

   4   5

   2 ,   0   0   0

        –      0    

   3   5   0

   4   2   0

   3   5   0

   1   0   0

   1   5   0

   1 ,   1   0   0

   6   0

   7   0

   4   0   0

   3   4

   4   5

   2 ,   0   0   0

   >      0    

   3   5   0

   4   2   0

   3   5   0

   1   0   0

   1   5   0

   1 ,   1   0   0

   6   0

   7   0

   4   0   0

   3   4

   4   5

   2 ,   0   0   0

   W        n

        –      0    

   2   5   5

   3   1   0

   3   5   0

   1   0   0

   1   5   0

   1 ,   1   0   0

   5   0

   6   0

   4   0   0

   3   4

   4   5

   2 ,   0   0   0

        –      0    

   2   6   5

   3   2   0

   3   5   0

   1   0   0

   1   5   0

   1 ,   1   0   0

   5   0

   6   0

   4   0   0

   3   4

   4   5

   2 ,   0   0   0

        –      0    

   2   6   5

   3   2   0

   3   5   0

   1   0   0

   1   5   0

   1 ,   1   0   0

   5   0

   6   0

   4   0   0

   3   4

   4   5

   2 ,   0   0   0

   >      0    

   2   6   5

   3   2   0

   3   5   0

   1   0   0

   1   5   0

   1 ,   1   0   0

   5   0

   6   0

   4   0   0

   3   4

   4   5

   2 ,   0   0   0

   p        n    n    

        –          

   3   3   5

   4   0   0

   3   5   0

   1   6   0

   2   2   0

   9   0   0

   5   5

   6   5

   4   0   0

   4   0

   5   0

   1 ,   7   0   0

        –      0    

   2   9   0

   3   5   0

   3   5   0

   1   6   0

   2   2   0

   1 ,   1   0   0

   5   5

   6   5

   4   0   0

   4   0

   5   0

   2 ,   0   0   0

        –      0    

   3   0   0

   3   6   0

   3   5   0

   1   6   0

   2   2   0

   1 ,   1   0   0

   5   5

   6   5

   4   0   0

   4   0

   5   0

   2 ,   0   0   0

   l                 n

        –          

   3   0   0

   3   6   0

   3   5   0

   1   9   0

   2   7   0

   9   0   0

   6   5

   7   5

   4   0   0

   3   5

   5   0

   1 ,   7   0   0

        –      0    

   2   5   5

   3   1   0

   3   5   0

   1   9   0

   2   7   0

   1 ,   1   0   0

   6   5

   7   5

   4   0   0

   3   6

   5   0

   2 ,   0   0   0

        –      0    

   2   6   5

   3   2   0

   3   5   0

   1   9   0

   2   7   0

   1 ,   1   0   0

   6   5

   7   5

   4   0   0

   3   6

   5   0

   2 ,   0   0   0

    A            v   i  a      i        :    A

   I ,   a       q  u  a        i       a   k    ;    b   M ,   a  m    u             m  a

              c     i  v              m

         a       m   i      k  ;    b   /   F ,   a  m    u        i         

  a       m   i      k  a                 ;    e   A   r ,           i  m  a          a  v      a          q  u   i      m         ;    r   d   I ,       c    m  m                  i       a       i       a   k    ;    n   p ,                   i                    

 –  m  a  

        i      u        c   i           v   i         c            c       a         v               a     v                    c       ;    U   l ,   u               v              i       a   k  

  a

   n

               a     a                       U   l        i                   m  a           i  u  m

                    u           m         

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S  

   t   a   b   l

   e    .   N   u   t   r   i   e   N   t   r   e      e   r   e   N   c   e   v   a   l   u   e   S

      o   r   a   u   S   t   r   a   l   i   a   a   N   d   N   e   W    Z

   e   a   l   a   N   d  :   m   i   N   e   r   a   l   S  –   c   o   p   p   e   r ,   c   h   r   o   m   i   u   m ,   m   a   N   g   a   N   e   S   e ,      l   u   o   r   i   d   e ,   S   o   d   i   u   m   a   N

   d   p   o   t   a   S   S   i   u   m

   a       /      n                 

   c          

       /       

   c                

  μ     /       

   m    n      n    s  

       /       

                    

       /       

   S            

       /         

   p    

    s  s       

  

     /       

   A   I

   U   L

   A   I

   U   L

   A   I

   U   L   b

   A   I

   U   L

   A   I

   U   L  c

   A   I

   U   L   d

   i  n     

  n    s

   0  –        .

   0 .   2   0

   b   M

   0 .   2

   n   p

   0 .   0   0

   3

   b   M

   0 .   0   1

   0 .   7

   1   2   0

   n   p

   4   0   0

   n   p

     –           .

   0 .   2   2

   b   /   F

   5 .   5

   n   p

   0 .   6   0

   0

   b   /   F

   0 .   5   0

   0 .   9

   1   7   0

   n   p

   7   0   0

   n   p

   c                  n

     –       

   0 .   7

   1

   1   1

   n   p

   2 .   0

   n   p

   0 .   7

   1 .   3

   2   0   0 –   4   0   0

   1 ,   0   0   0

   2 ,   0   0   0

   n   p

     –       

   1 .   0

   3

   1   5

   n   p

   2 .   5

   n   p

   1 .   0

   2 .   2

   3   0   0 –   6   0   0

   1 ,   4   0   0

   2 ,   3   0   0

   n   p

   b      s

     –          

   1 .   3

   5

   2   5

   n   p

   3 .   0

   n   p

   2 .   0

   1   0

   4   0   0 –   8   0   0

   2 ,   0   0   0

   3 ,   0   0   0

   n   p

        –          

   1 .   5

   8

   3   5

   n   p

   3 .   5

   n   p

   3 .   0

   1   0

   4   6   0 –   9   2   0

   2 ,   3   0   0

   3 ,   6   0   0

   n   p

   g     

     s

     –          

   1 .   1

   5

   2   1

   n   p

   2 .   5

   n   p

   2 .   0

   1   0

   4   0   0 –   8   0   0

   2 ,   0   0   0

   2 ,   5   0   0

   n   p

        –          

   1 .   1

   8

   2   4

   n   p

   3 .   0

   n   p

   3 .   0

   1   0

   4   6   0 –   9   2   0

   2 ,   3   0   0

   2 ,   6   0   0

   n   p

   (   C          i    u        )

   A          

  v   i  a      i        :    A

   I ,   a       q  u  a        i       a   k    ;    b   M ,   a  m    u             m  a              c     i  v              m

         a       m   i      k  ;    b   /   F ,   a  m    u        i           a       m   i      k  a                 ;    e   A   r ,           i  m  a          a  v      a          q  u

   i      m         ;    r   d   I ,       c    m  m                  i       a       i       a   k    ;    n   p ,                   i                    

 –  m  a  

        i      u        c   i           v   i         c            c       a         v               a   

  v                    c       ;    U   l ,   u               v              i       a   k  

  a

   9

   2   0  m            i  u  m   /     a     i      q  u   i  v  a                  4   0  m  m        /     a    ;    2 ,   3   0   0  m            i  u  m   /     a     i      q  u   i  v  a                  1   0   0  m  m

        /     a  

   

    I  

     a   k         m  a      a                              a           m  a               u     

   i              a            v      a        c    u                           a       a              i     k ,      u                 a       i      u        c   i            a     a              a   U   l

  c

    A

       v                 m              a     1 ,   6   0   0  m            i  u  m   /     a     (   7

   0  m  m        )   i        c    m  m                                ,     v      w     i     

                          i  v      a                          w   i        i           m  a   i       a

   i         w                         u        v                  i           a  

    

   F             a       i  u  m ,     u           m                  u                a   k               u           m        i  c  a        u        v   i     i    

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

   t   a   b   l

   e    .   (   c   o   N   t   ’   d   )   N   u   t   r   i   e   N   t   r   e      e   r   e   N   c   e   v   a   l   u   e   S      o   r   a   u   S   t   r   a   l   i   a   a   N   d   N   e   W

    Z   e   a   l   a   N   d  :   m   i   N   e   r   a   l   S  –   c   o   p   p   e   r ,   c   h

   r   o   m   i   u   m ,   m   a   N   g   a   N   e   S   e ,      l   u   o   r   i   d   e ,   S   o

   d   i   u   m   a   N   d

 

   p   o   t   a   S   S   i   u   m

   a       /      n                 

   c          

       /       

   c                

  μ     /       

   m    n      n    s  

       /       

                    

       /       

   S            

       /         

   p        s  s       

       /       

   a   i

   u   l

   a   i

   u   l

   a   i

   u   l   

   a   i

   u   l

   a   i

   u   l  

   a   i

   u   l   

   m    n

        –      0    

   1 .   7

   1   0

   3   5

   n   p

   5 .   5

   n   p

   4 .   0

   1   0

   4   6   0 –   9   2   0

   2 ,   3   0   0

   3 ,   8   0   0

   n   p

        –      0    

   1 .   7

   1   0

   3   5

   n   p

   5 .   5

   n   p

   4 .   0

   1   0

   4   6   0 –   9   2   0

   2 ,   3   0   0

   3 ,   8   0   0

   n   p

        –      0    

   1 .   7

   1   0

   3   5

   n   p

   5 .   5

   n   p

   4 .   0

   1   0

   4   6   0 –   9   2   0

   2 ,   3   0   0

   3 ,   8   0   0

   n   p

   >      0    

   1 .   7

   1   0

   3   5

   n   p

   5 .   5

   n   p

   4 .   0

   1   0

   4   6   0 –   9   2   0

   2 ,   3   0   0

   3 ,   8   0   0

   n   p

   W  

      n

        –      0    

   1 .   2

   1   0

   2   5

   n   p

   5 .   0

   n   p

   3 .   0

   1   0

   4   6   0 –   9   2   0

   2 ,   3   0   0

   2 ,   8   0   0

   n   p

        –      0    

   1 .   2

   1   0

   2   5

   n   p

   5 .   0

   n   p

   3 .   0

   1   0

   4   6   0 –   9   2   0

   2 ,   3   0   0

   2 ,   8   0   0

   n   p

        –      0    

   1 .   2

   1   0

   2   5

   n   p

   5 .   0

   n   p

   3 .   0

   1   0

   4   6   0 –   9   2   0

   2 ,   3   0   0

   2 ,   8   0   0

   n   p

   >      0    

   1 .   2

   1   0

   2   5

   n   p

   5 .   0

   n   p

   3 .   0

   1   0

   4   6   0 –   9   2   0

   2 ,   3   0   0

   2 ,   8   0   0

   n   p

   p    

    n    n    

        –          

   1 .   2

   8

   3   0

   n   p

   5 .   0

   n   p

   3 .   0

   1   0

   4   6   0 –   9   2   0

   2 ,   3   0   0

   2 ,   8   0   0

   n   p

        –      0    

   1 .   3

   1   0

   3   0

   n   p

   5 .   0

   n   p

   3 .   0

   1   0

   4   6   0 –   9   2   0

   2 ,   3   0   0

   2 ,   8   0   0

   n   p

        –      0    

   1 .   3

   1   0

   3   0

   n   p

   5 .   0

   n   p

   3 .   0

   1   0

   4   6   0 –   9   2   0

   2 ,   3   0   0

   2 ,   8   0   0

   n   p

   l    

             n

        –          

   1 .   4

   8

   4   5

   n   p

   5 .   0

   n   p

   3 .   0

   1   0

   4   6   0 –   9   2   0

   2 ,   3   0   0

   3 ,   2   0   0

   n   p

        –      0    

   1 .   5

   1   0

   4   5

   n   p

   5 .   0

   n   p

   3 .   0

   1   0

   4   6   0 –   9   2   0

   2 ,   3   0   0

   3 ,   2   0   0

   n   p

        –      0    

   1 .   5

   1   0

   4   5

   n   p

   5 .   0

   n   p

   3 .   0

   1   0

   4   6   0 –   9   2   0

   2 ,   3   0   0

   3 ,   2   0   0

   n   p

    A          

  v   i  a      i        :    A

   I ,   a       q  u  a        i       a   k    ;    b   M ,   a  m    u             m  a              c     i  v              m

         a       m   i      k  ;    b   /   F ,   a  m    u        i           a       m   i      k  a                 ;    e   A   r ,           i  m  a          a  v      a          q  u

   i      m         ;    r   d   I ,       c    m  m                  i       a       i       a   k    ;    n   p ,                   i                    

 –  m  a  

        i      u        c   i           v   i         c            c       a         v               a   

  v                    c       ;    U   l ,   u               v              i       a   k  

  a

   9

   2   0  m            i  u  m   /     a     i      q  u   i  v  a                  4   0  m  m        /     a    ;    2 ,   3   0   0  m     /     a            i  u  m

   i      q  u   i  v  a                  1   0   0  m  m

        /     a  

   

    I  

     a   k         m  a      a                              a           m  a               u     

   i              a            v      a        c    u                           a       a              i     k ,      u                 a       i      u        c   i            a     a              a   U   l

  c

    A

       v                 m              a     1 ,   6   0   0  m            i  u  m   /     a     (   7

   0  m  m        )   i        c    m  m                                ,     v      w     i     

                          i  v      a                          w   i        i           m  a   i       a

   i         w                         u        v                  i           a  

    

   F             a       i  u  m ,     u           m                  u                a   k               u           m        i  c  a        u        v   i     i    

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tables of recommeNdatioNs by age grouP with

summary of methods used

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S  

table 0. iNfaNtS 0- moNthS

AI a ia a 0-6 m a c a mi i a m aumi a a

mi um 780 ml/a a ui aia (c i 7 ).

Nn a ink( ) a s k nnn s n sns ai

pi 10

(1.43/ i)

12.7 g/L

ta a 31 40 g/L

-6 a 4.4 5.6 g/L

-3 a 0.5 0.63 g/L

lC -3 (ma) n

Caa 60 74 g/L

dia n

 wa 0.7 l Breast milk is 87% water 

viami A a i

250µ 310 µg/L

tiami 0.2 m 0.21 mg/L

rifai 0.3 m 0.35 mg/L

niaci 2 m m iaci 1.8 mg/L preormed niacin

viami b6 0.1 m 0.13 mg/L

viami b12

0.4 µ 0.42 µg/L

Fa (dia Fa

euia

65 µ 85 µg/L

paa 1.7 m 2.2 mg/L

bii 5 µ 6 µg/L

Ci 125 m 160 mg/L

viami C 25 m 30 mg/L

viami d 5 µ Based on lowest dietary intake associated with mean serum

25(OH)D greater than 11mg/L assuming little exposure to

sunlight 

viami e

(α c ui)

4 m 4.9 mg/L

viami k 2 µ 2.5 µg/L

Cacium 210 m 264 mg 

Cmium 0.2 µ 0.25 µg/L

C 0.2 m/a   0.25 mg/L

Fui 0.01 m 0.013 mg/L

Ii 90 µ 115 µg/L

(Ciu)

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

Nn a ink

( )

a s k nnn s n sns ai

I 0.2 m 0.26 mg/L. Iron in ormula is much less bioavailable (only 10-

20% that o breast milk) so intake will need to be signicantly 

higher 

Maium 30 m 34 mg/mL

Maa 0.003 m (3 µ) 3.5µg/L

Mum 2 µ 2 µg/L

pu 100 m 124 mg/L

paium 400 m 500 mg/L

sium 12 µ 15 µg/L

sium 120 m 160 mg 

Zic 2 m 2.5 mg/L (in early months). Absorption o zinc is higher rom

breast milk than cow’s milk or soy-based based ormula but 

these ormulas generally have a much higher content o zinc

which compensates or this.

table 0. (coNt’d) iNfaNtS 0- moNthS

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S  

table . iNfaNtS - moNthS

AI a m ui a ima ia m a mi (600ml/ aum) a

cmma (a uua ai amu cum a ai i Fnb:IoM drI uicai) , ia

aa a aaia a uia, xaai m u ia au a maic i ai

acia cacuai.

Nn a ink

( )

bss s

pi 14

(1.6 m/ i)

Breast milk 11 g/L; 7.1 g rom ood 

ta a 30 Breast milk 40 g/L ; 5.7 g rom oods

-6 a 4.6 Breast milk 5.6 g/L; 1.2 g rom ood 

-3 a 0.5 Breast milk 0.63 g/L; 0.11 g rom ood 

lC -3 (ma) n

Caa 95 Breast milk 74 g/L; 51 g rom oods

dia n

 wa (a) 800 ml From breast milk, ormula, ood, plain water and other beveragesincluding 0.6 L as fuids

viami A ai uia

430 µ Breast milk 310 µg/L; 244 µg rom oods

tiami 0.3 m Estimated by extrapolation rom younger inants and adults asintake data estimates were unreasonably high

rifai 0.4 m  As above estimated by extrapolation

niaci eui. 4 m Limited data so derived rom adult data on metabolic body weight basis

viami b6 0.3 m Extrapolated rom younger inants

viami b12 0.5 µ Extrapolated rom younger inants. Vegan mothers need B12supplementation throughout pregnancy and lactation; i they do not take supplements, their inants will require supplements rom birth

Fa (dia Fa eui)

80 µ Extrapolated rom younger inants and adults

paa 2.2 m Extrapolated rom younger inants

bii 6 µ Extrapolated rom younger inants

Ci 150 m Extrapolated rom younger inants and adults

viami C 30 m Extrapolated rom younger inants

viami d 5 µ Based on younger inant needs

viami e (αte) 5 m Extrapolated rom younger inants

viami k 2.5 µ Derived rom younger inants

Cacium 270 m Breast milk 210 mg/L; 140 mg rom oods

Cmium 5.5 µ Breast milk 0.25 ug/L; additional amount added based on energy needs as ood intake data insucient 

C 0.22 m Breast milk > 200 µg/L; 100 µg rom oods

(Ciu)

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

Nn a ink

( )

bss s

Fui 0.5 m Based on caries prevention data at 0.05 mg/kg/day 

Ii 110 µ Extrapolated rom younger inants

I 7 m Set by modelling components o iron requirements. Absorptionhigher rom mixed Western diet (18%) than vegetarian (10%) thusvegetarian inants will need higher intakes.

Maium 75 m Breast milk 34 mg/L; 55 mg/day oods

Maa 0.6 m Based on total consumption estimates and extrapolation romadults

Mum 3 µ Extrapolated rom younger inants

pu 275 m Breast milk 124 mg/L; ood 200 mg/day paium 700 m Breast milk 500 mg/L; ood 440 mg/day 

sium 15 µ Extrapolated rom younger inants

sium 170 m Extrapolated rom younger inants

Zic eAr 2.5 m

rdI 3.0 m

Set by actorial calculation including estimates o endogenous zincloss; growth needs; absorption estimates. Absorption is higher onmixed Western diets than on vegetarian diets so vegetarians willneed diets approximately 50% higher in zinc

table . (coNt’d) iNfaNtS - moNthS

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S  

table . childreN - yearS

Nn esarn

( )

rnd ink( )

aink( )

bss s

pi 12 (0.92 /)Cv 12%

14 (1.08 /) - Factorial method including amountsneeded or growth and maintenance.

ta a - - - Essentiality relates to type o at only 

liic aci - - 5.0  Median population intakes

α-iic - - 0.5  Median population intakes

lC -3 (ma) - - 40 m  Median population intakes

Caa - - - Limited data re essentiality on whichto set EAR/RDI or AI

dia - - 14  Median population intakes including an allowance or resistant starch

  wa - - ta 1.4 lFui 1.0 l

 Median population intakes(total includes water in oods)

viami A

a iuia

210 µ

Cv 20%

300 µ - Computational method o FNB:IOM, 2001:based on amount o dietary vitamin Arequired to maintain a given body poolsize in well-nourished subjects

tiami 0.4 m

Cv 10%

0.5 m - Extrapolated rom adult data ona metabolic body weight basis

rifai 0.4 m

Cv 1-0%

0.5 m - Extrapolated rom adult data on

a metabolic body weight basis

niaci eui. 5 mCv 15%

6 m Extrapolated rom adult data ona metabolic body weight basis

viami b6 0.4 mCv 10%

0.5 m - Extrapolated rom adult data ona metabolic body weight basis

viami b12 0.7 µCv 10%

0.9 µ - Extrapolated rom adult data ona metabolic body weight basis.Vegan children will need supplementation

Fa (dia Fa eui)

120 µCv 10%

150 µ Extrapolated rom adult data ona metabolic body weight basis

paa - - 3.5 m  Median population intakes

bii - - 8 µ Extrapolated rom inant AI using relative body weights with an allowanceor growth

Ci - - 200 m Extrapolated rom adult data on a body weight basis allowing or growth needs

viami C 25 mCv 20%

35 m - Interpolated rom adult and inant data ollowing the approach o FAO:WHO 2002.

viami d* - - 5 µ Extrapolated rom data in older 

children with limited sunlight exposure

(Ciu)

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Summary tableS

0 Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

Nn esarn

( )

rnd ink( )

aink( )

bss s

viami e (αte) - - 5 m Mia uai ia

viami k - - 25 µ Mia uai ia

Cacium 360 mCv 15%

500 m - Mi a cm uca accumuai a cacium,uia , ma a ai a icm

Cmium - - 11 µ exaa m au aa a i ai; au aa iui cmium c/1000 j mxima i ai mia

uai ia ia u

C - - 0.7 m Mia uai ia

Fui - - 0.7 m ba aa ai fui ia  a cai au

Ii 65 µCv 20%

90 µ - ba aac ui

I ** 4 m 9 m - ba mi uimaumi 14% ai; eAr 50  ci uim; rdI 97.5 ci

Maium 65 mCv 10%

80 m - exaa m aac ui   a u a i a ai

Maa - - 2 m Mia uai ia

Mum 13 µCv 15%

17 µ - exaa a i aim aac ui i au

pu 380 mCv 10%

460 m - ba ima acciui iu cmii aa a a

paium - - 2000 m Mia uai ia

sium 20 µCv 10%

25 µ - exaa m au aa aiia ui maiai auaama uai xia

sium - - 200-400 m exaa m ia ui iau maiai ium aac ia u mai accimaiai cima; aju mia  ia a i a

Zic *** 2.5 mCv 10%

3.0 m - Facia m a iia,uia, i a m aima ai a 24%   a 31% i

* With regular sun exposure there would not be a need or dietary vitamin D

** Absorption o iron is lower rom vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 80% higher 

*** Absorption o zinc is lower rom vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 50% higher 

table . (coNt’d) childreN - yearS

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S  

table . childreN - yearS

Nn es

a

rn

( )

rn

d ink

( )

a

ink

( )

bss s

pi 16 (0.73 /)

Cv 12%

20 (0.91 /) - Factorial method including amountsneeded or growth and maintenance

ta a - - - Essentiality relates to type o at only 

liic aci - - 8.0  Median population intakes

α-iic - - 0.8  Median population intakes

lC -3 (ma) - - 55 m  Median population intakes

Caa - - - Limited data re essentiality on which to set EAR/RDI or AI

dia - - 18  Median population intakes including anallowance or resistant starch

  wa ta 1.6 l

Fui 1.2 l Median population intakes (total includeswater in oods)

viami Aa iuia

275 µCv 20%

400 µ Computational method o FNB:IOM, 2001:based on amount o dietary vitamin Arequired to maintain a given body poolsize in well-nourished subjects

tiami 0.5 mCv 10%

0.6 m Extrapolated rom adult data on ametabolic body weight basis

rifai 0.5 mCv 10%

0.6 m Extrapolated rom adult data on ametabolic body weight basis

niaci eui. 6 mCv 15%

8 m Extrapolated rom adult data on ametabolic body weight basis

viami b6 0.5 m

Cv 10%

0.6 m - Extrapolated rom adult data on ametabolic body weight basis

viami b12 1.0 µ

Cv 10%

1.2 µ - Extrapolated rom adult data on ametabolic body weight basis.

Vegan children will need supplementation

Fa (dia 

Fa eui)

160 µ

Cv 10%

200 µ - Extrapolated rom adult data on a

metabolic body weight basispaa - - 4 m  Median population intakes

bii - - 12 µ Extrapolated rom inant AI using relativebody weights with an allowance or growth

Ci - - 250 m Extrapolated rom adult data on a body weight basis allowing or growth needs

viami C 25 mCv 20%

35 m - Interpolated rom adult and inant data ollowing the approach o FAO:WHO 2002

viami d* - - 5 µ Extrapolated rom data in older childrenwith limited sunlight exposure

viami e (αte) - - 6 m  Median population intakes

(Ciu)

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

Nn es

a

rn

( )

rn

d ink

( )

a

ink

( )

bss s

viami k - - 35 µ  Median population intakes

Cacium 520 mCv 15%

700 m -  Modelling based on components such asaccumulation o total body calcium, urinary losses, dermal losses and daily skeletalincrements

Cmium - - 15 µ Extrapolated rom adult data on abody weight basis; adult data derived using chromium content/1000 kj romexperimental diets applied to medianpopulation energy intake or this

age groupC - - 1.0 m  Median population intakes

Fui - - 1.0 m Based on data relating fuoride intake todental caries status

Ii 65 µCv 20%

90 µ - Based on balance studies

I** 4 m 10 m Based on modelling requirementsassuming 18% absorption; EAR set on 50th percentile o requirement; RDI set on 97.5percentile

Maium 110 mCv 10%

130 m Extrapolated rom balance studies or older age groups on a body weight and  growth basis

Maa - - 2.5 m  Median population intakes

Mum 17 µCv 15%

22 µ - Extrapolated on a body weight basis rombalance studies in adults

pu 405 mCv 10%

500 m - Based on estimates o body accretionusing tissue composition data and growthrates

paium - - 2300 m  Median population intakes

sium 25 µ

Cv 10%

30 µ - Extrapolated rom adult data assessing 

intakes required to maintain adequateplasma glutathione peroxidase

sium - - 300-600 m Extrapolated rom intakes required inadults to maintain sodium balance witha generous margin or acclimatisation tohot climates; adjusted or median energy intake at this age

Zic*** 3 mCv 10%

4 m - Factorial method based on intestinal,urinary, skin and semen losses and estimated absorption rates o 24% or boys and 31% girls

 

* With regular sun exposure there would not be a need or dietary vitamin D** Absorption o iron is lower rom vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 80% higher 

*** Absorption o zinc is lower rom vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 50% higher 

table . (coNt’d) childreN - yearS

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S  

table . childreN aNd adoleSceNtS - yearS

Nn es a

rn 

( )

rn

d ink

( )

a

ink 

( )

bss s

pi b 31 (0.78 /)

gi 24

(0.61 /)

Cv 12%

b 40 (0.94 /)

gi 35

(0.87 /)

- Factorial method including amountsneeded or growth and maintenance

ta a - - - Essentiality relates to type o at only 

liic aci - - b 10

gi 8

 Median population intakes

α-iic - - b 1.0

gi 0.8

 Median population intakes

lC -3

(ma)

- - b 70 m

gi 70 m

 Median population intakes

Caa - - - Limited data re essentiality on which to set 

EAR/RDI or AI

dia - - b 24

gi 20

 Median population intakes including an

allowance or resistant starch

  wa - - b

ta 2.2 l

Fui 1.6 l

gi

ta 1.9 l

Fui 1.4 l

 Median population intakes (total includes

water in oods)

viami A

a i

uia

b 445 µ

gi 420 µ

Cv 20%

b 600 µ

gi 600 µ

- Computational method o FNB:IOM, 2001:

based on amount o dietary vitamin A

required to maintain a given body pool

size in well-nourished subjects

tiami b 0.7 m 

gi 0.7 m

Cv 10%

b 0.9 m

gi 0.9 m

- Extrapolated rom adult data on a

metabolic body weight basis

rifai b 0.8 m

gi 0.8 m

Cv 10%

b 0.9 m

gi 0.9 m

- Extrapolated rom adult data on a

metabolic body weight basis

niaci eui. b 9 m

gi 9 m

Cv 15%

b 12 m

gi 12 m

- Extrapolated rom adult data on a

metabolic body weight basis

viami b6 b 0.8 m

gi 0.8 m

Cv 10%

b 1.0 m

gi 1.0 m

- Extrapolated rom adult data on a

metabolic body weight basis

(Ciu)

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

Nn es a

rn

( )

rn

d ink

( )

a

ink

( )

bss s

viami b12 b 1.5 µ

gi 1.5 µ

Cv 10%

b 1.8 µ

gi 1.8 µ

- Extrapolated rom adult data on a

metabolic body weight basis

Vegan children will need supplementation

Fa (dia 

Fa eui)

b 250 µ

gi 250 µ

Cv 10%

b 300 µ

gi 300 µ

- Extrapolated rom adult data on a

metabolic body weight basis

paa - - b 5 m

gi 4 m

 Median population intakes

bii - - b 20 µ

gi 20 µ

Extrapolated rom inant AI using relative

body weights with an allowance or growth

Ci - - b 375 m

gi 375 m

Extrapolated rom adult data on a body 

weight basis allowing or growth needs

viami C b 28 m

gi 28 m

Cv 20%

b 40 m

gi 40 m

- Interpolated rom adult and inant 

data ollowing the approach o 

FAO:WHO 2002

viami d* - - b 5 µ

gi 5 µ

Based on dietary intakes required to

maintain dened levels o plasma

25(OH)D in children with limited sunlight 

exposure

viami e

(αte)

- - b 9 m

gi 8 m

 Median population intakes

viami k - - b 45 µ

gi 45 µ

 Median population intakes

Cacium b

9-11 800 m

12-13 1050 m

gi

9-11 800 m

12-13 1050 m

Cv 15%

b

9-11 1000 m

12-13 1300 m

gi

9-11 1000 m

12-13 1300 m

-  Modelling based on components such as

accumulation o total body calcium, urinary 

losses, dermal losses and daily skeletal

increments

Cmium - - b 25 µ

gi 21 µ

Extrapolated rom adult data on a

body weight basis; adult data derived 

using chromium content/1000 kj rom

experimental diets applied to median

population energy intake or this

age group

C - - b 1.3 m

gi 1.1 m

 Median population intakes

table . (coNt”d) childreN aNd adoleSceNtS - yearS

(Ciu)

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S  

Nn es a

rn

( )

rn

d ink

( )

a

ink

( )

bss s

Fui - - b 2 m

gi 2 m

Based on data relating fuoride intake to

dental caries status

Ii b 75 µ

gi 75 µ

Cv 20%

b 120 µ

gi 120 µ

- Based on data extrapolated rom adults

rom balance studies

I ** b 6 m

gi 6 m

b 8 m

gi 8 m

- Based on modelling requirements

assuming 18% absorption; EAR set on 50th 

percentile o requirement; RDI set on 97.5

percentile

Maium b 200 mgi 200 m

Cv 10%

b 240 mgi 240 m

- Balance studies

Maa - - b 3.0 m

gi 2.5 m

 Median population intakes

Mum b 26 µ

gi 26 µ

Cv 15%

b 34 µ

gi 34 µ

- Extrapolated on a body weight basis rom

balance studies in adults

pu b 1055 m

gi 1055 mCv 10%

b 1250 m

gi 1250 m

- Based on a actorial approach using 

tissue accretion data rom longitudinaland cross-sectional studies

paium - - b 3000

m

gi 2500

m

 Median population intakes

sium b 40 µ

gi 40 µ

Cv 10%

b 50 µ

gi 50 µ

- Extrapolated rom adult data assessing 

intakes required to maintain adequate

plasma glutathione peroxidase

sium - - b

400-800 m

gi

400-800 m

Extrapolated rom intakes required in

adults to maintain sodium balance witha generous margin or acclimatisation to

hot climates; adjusted or median energy 

intake at this age

Zic*** b 5 m

gi 5 m

Cv 10%

b 6 m

gi 6 m

- Factorial method based on intestinal,

urinary, skin and semen losses and 

estimated absorption rates o 24% or 

boys and 31% girls

 * With regular sun exposure there would not be a need or dietary vitamin D

** Absorption o iron is lower rom vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 80% higher 

*** Absorption o zinc is lower rom vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 50% higher 

table . (coNt”d) childreN aNd adoleSceNtS - yearS

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

table . adoleSceNtS - yearS

Nn es a

rn

( )

rn

d ink

( )

a

ink

( )

bss s

pi b 49 (0.76 /)

gi 35 (0.62 /)

Cv 12%

65 (0.99 /)

45 (0.77 /)

- Factorial method including amounts

needed or growth and maintenance

ta a - - - Essentiality relates to type o at only 

liic aci - - b 12

gi 8

 Median population intakes

α-iic - - b 1.2

gi 0.8

 Median population intakes

lC -3

(ma)

- - b 125 m

gi 85 m

 Median population intakes

Caa - - - Limited data re essentiality on which

to set EAR/RDI or AI

dia - - b 28

gi 22

 Median population intakes including 

an allowance or resistant starch

 wa (a) - - b

ta 2.7 l

Fui 1.9 l

gi

ta 2.2 l

Fui 1.6 l

 Median population intakes (total

includes water in oods)

viami A

a i

uia

b 630 µ

gi 485 µ

Cv 20%

b 900 µ

gi 700 µ

- Computational method o FNB:IOM,

2001: based on amount o dietary 

vitamin A required to maintain

a given body pool size in well-

nourished subjects

tiami b 1.0 m

gi 0.9 m

Cv 10%

b 1.2 m

gi 1.1 m

- Extrapolated rom adult data on a

metabolic body weight basis

rifai b 1.1 m 

gi 0.9 m

Cv 10%

b 1.3 m

gi 1.1 m

- Extrapolated rom adult data on a

metabolic body weight basis

niaci eui. b 12 m

gi 11 m

Cv 15%

b 16 m

gi 14 m

- Extrapolated rom adult data on a

metabolic body weight basis

viami b6 b 1.1 m

gi 1.0 m

Cv 10%

b 1.3 m

gi 1.2 m

- Extrapolated rom adult data on a

metabolic body weight basis

viami b12 b 2.0 µ

gi 2.0 µ

Cv 10%

b 2.4 µ

gi 2.4 µ

- Extrapolated rom adult data on a

metabolic body weight basis.

Vegan children will need 

supplementation

(Ciu)

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S  

Nn es a

rn

( )

rn

d ink

( )

a

ink

( )

bss s

Fa (dia 

Fa eui)

b 330 µ

gi 330 µ

Cv 10%

b 400 µ

gi 400 µ

- Extrapolated rom adult data on a

metabolic body weight basis

paa - - b 6 m

gi 4 m

 Median population intakes

bii - - b 30 µ

gi 25 µ

Extrapolated rom inant AI using 

relative body weights with an

allowance or growth and some

population data available rom NZ 

Ci - - b 550 m

gi 400 m

Extrapolated rom adult data on

a body weight basis allowing or 

 growth needs

viami C b 28 m

gi 28 m

Cv 20%

b 40 m

gi 40 m

- Interpolated rom adult and inant 

data ollowing the approach o 

FAO:WHO 2002

viami d* - - b 5 µ

gi 5 µ

Based on dietary intakes required to

maintain dened levels o plasma

25(OH)D in children with limited 

sunlight exposure

viami e

(αte)

- - b 10 m

gi 8 m

 Median population intakes

viami k - - b 55 µ

gi 55 µ

 Median population intakes

Cacium b 1050 m

gi 1050 m

Cv 15%

b 1300 m

gi 1300 m

 

-  Modelling based on components

such as accumulation o total body 

calcium, urinary losses, dermal losses

and daily skeletal increments

Cmium - - b 35 µ

gi 25 µ

Extrapolated rom adult data on a

body weight basis; adult data derived 

using chromium content/1000 kjrom experimental diets applied to

median population energy intake

or this

age group

C - - b 1.5 m

gi 1.1 m

 Median population intakes

Fui - - b 3 m

gi 3 m

Based on data relating fuoride

intake to dental caries status

Ii b 95 µ

gi 95 µ

Cv 20%

b 150 µ

gi 150 µ

- Based on balance studies

table . (coNt’d) adoleSceNtS - yearS

(Ciu)

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

Nn es a

rn

( )

rn

d ink

( )

a

ink

( )

bss s

I** b 8 m

gi 8 m

b 11 m

gi 15 m

- Based on modelling requirements

assuming 18% absorption; EAR set 

on 50th percentile o requirement;

RDI set on 97.5 percentile

Maium b 340 m

gi 300 m

Cv 10%

b 410 m

gi 360 m

- Balance studies

Maa - - b 3.5 m

gi 3.0 m

 Median population intakes

Mum b 33 µgi 33 µ

Cv 15%

b 43 µgi 43 µ

- Extrapolated on a body weight basisrom balance studies in adults

pu b 1055 m

gi 1055 m

Cv 10%

b 1250 m

gi 1250 m

- Based on a actorial approach

using tissue accretion data rom

longitudinal and cross-sectional

studies in younger adolescents

paium - - b 3600 m

gi 2600 m

 Median population intakes

sium b 60 µ

gi 50 µ

Cv 10%

b 70 µ

gi 60 µ

- Extrapolated rom adult data

assessing intakes required tomaintain adequate plasma

 glutathione peroxidase

sium - - b

460-920 m

gi

460-920 m

Extrapolated rom intakes required 

in adults to maintain sodium

balance with a generous margin

or acclimatisation to hot climates;

adjusted or median energy intakes

at this age

Zic*** b 11 m

gi 6 m

Cv 10%

b 13 m

gi 7 m

- Factorial method based on intestinal,

urinary, skin and semen losses

and estimated absorption rateso 24% or boys and 31% girls

 * With regular sun exposure there would not be a need or dietary vitamin D

** Absorption o iron is lower rom vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 80% higher 

*** Absorption o zinc is lower rom vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 50% higher 

table . (coNt’d) adoleSceNtS - yearS

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S  

table . adultS -0 yearS

Nn es a

rn 

( )

rn

d ink

( )

a ink

( )

bss s

pi M

52 (0.68 /)

 wm

37 (0.60 /)

Cv 12%

M

64 (0.84 /)

 wm

46 (0.75 /)

- Factorial method including 

amounts needed or growth and 

maintenance

ta a - - - Essentiality relates to type

o at only 

liic aci - - M 13

  wm 8

 Median population intakes

α-iic - - M 1.3  wm 0.8

 Median population intakes

lC -3

(ma)

- - M 160 m

  wm 90 m

 Median population intakes

Caa - - - Limited data re essentiality on

which to set EAR/RDI or AI

dia - - M 30

  wm 25

 Median population intakes

including an allowance or resistant 

starch

 wa (a) - - M

ta 3.4 l

Fui 2.6 l

 wm

ta 2.8 l

Fui 2.1 l

 Median population intakes

(total includes water in oods)

viami A

a i

uia

M 625 µ

  wm 500 µ

Cv 20%

M 900 µ

 wm 700 µ

- Computational method o FNB:

IOM, 2001: based on amount 

o dietary vitamin A required to

maintain a given body pool size

in well-nourished subjects

tiami M 1.0 m

  wm 0.9 mCv 10%

M 1.2 m

  wm 1.1 m

-  Metabolic studies using various

endpoints such as transketolaseactivity and urinary thiamine

excretion

rifai M 1.1 m

  wm 0.9 m

Cv 10%

M 1.3 m

  wm 1.1 m

- Studies addressing clinical

deciency signs and biochemical

markers such as EGRAC 

niaci eui. M 12 m

 wm 11 m

Cv 15%

M 16 m

 wm 14 m

- Studies addressing niacin

intake in relation to urine N1

methylnicotinamide with a

10% decrease allowed or 

women or lower energy intakes

(Ciu)

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Summary tableS

0 Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

Nn es a

rn

( )

rn

d ink

( )

a ink

( )

bss s

viami b6 M 1.1 m

  wm 1.1 m

Cv 10%

M 1.3 m

  wm 1.3 m

- Depletion/repletion studies

viami b12 M 2.0 µ

  wm 2.0 µ

Cv 10%

M 2.4 µ

  wm 2.4 µ

- Haematological evidence

and serum B12 levels.

Strict vegetarians will need 

supplementation with B12

Fa (dia 

Fa eui)

M 320 µ

  wm 320 µ

Cv 10%

M 400 µ

  wm 400 µ

-  Metabolic balance studies using 

endpoints such as erythrocyte

olate, plasma olate and 

homocysteine levels

paa - - M 6 m

  wm 4 m

 Median population intakes

bii - - M 30 µ

 wm 25 µ

Extrapolated rom AI o inants on

a body weight basis together with

median population intake data

rom NZ 

Ci - - M 550 m

 wm 425 m

Based on experimental studies

o prevention o alanine

aminotranserase abnormalitiesand on studies o people on total

parenteral nutrition

viami C M 30 m

 wm 30 m

Cv 20%

M 45 m

 wm 45 m

- EAR set as intake at which body 

content is halway between tissue

saturation and the point at which

scurvy appears

viami d* - - M 5 µ

 wm 5 µ

Based on dietary intakes required 

to maintain dened levels o 

plasma 25(OH)D in adults with

limited sunlight exposure

viami e (α te)

- - M 10 m  wm 7 m

 Median population intakes

viami k - - M 70 µ

 wm 60 µ

 Median population intakes

Cacium M 840 m

  wm 840 m

Cv 10%

M 1000 m

 wm 1000 m

 

-  Modelling based on components

such as accumulation o total

body calcium, urinary losses,

dermal losses and daily skeletal

increments

Cmium - - M 35 µ

 wm 25 µ

Derived using chromium

content/1000 kj rom

experimental diets applied to

median population energy intake

table . (coNt’d) adultS -0 yearS

(Ciu)

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S  

Nn es a

rn

( )

rn

d ink

( )

a ink

( )

bss s

C - - M 1.7 m

  wm 1.2 m

 Median population intakes

Fui - - M 4 m

  wm 3 m

Based on data relating fuoride

intake to dental caries status

Ii M 100 µ

  wm 100 µ

Cv 20%

M 150 µ

 wm 150 µ

- Based on balance studies

I ** M 6 m

  wm 8 m

M 8 m

 wm 18 m

- Based on modelling requirements

assuming 18% absorption;

EAR set on 50

th

percentileo requirement; RDI set on

97.5 percentile

Maium M 330 m

  wm 255 m

Cv 10%

M 400 m

  wm 310 m

- Balance studies

Maa - - M 5.5 m

 wm 5.0 m

 Median population intakes

Mum M 34 µ

  wm 34 µ

Cv 15%

M 45 µ

  wm 45 µ

- Based on balance studies in young 

men

pu M 580 m

  wm 580 m

Cv 35%

M 1000 m

 wm 1000 m

- Based on a graphical

transormation technique assessing 

intake level required to reach

lowest point or normal plasma

range

paium - - M 3800 m

 wm 2800 m

 Median population intakes

sium M 60 µ

  wm 50 µ

Cv 10%

M 70 µ

  wm 60 µ

- Based on intakes required to

maintain adequate plasma

 glutathione peroxidase.

sium - - M

460-920 m

 wm

460-920 m

Extrapolated rom intakes required 

in adults to maintain sodium

balance with a generous margin

or acclimatisation to hot climate.

Zic*** M 12 m

  wm 6.5 m

M 14 m

  wm 8 m

- Factorial method based on

intestinal, urinary, skin and semen

losses and estimated absorption

rates o 24% or men and 

31% women

 * With regular sun exposure there would not be a need or dietary vitamin D. For people with little exposure to sunlight, a supplement 

o 10 µg/day would not be excessive** Absorption o iron is lower rom vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 80% higher 

*** Absorption o zinc is lower rom vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 50% higher 

table . (coNt’d) adultS -0 yearS

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

table . adultS -0 yearS

Nn es a

rn 

( )

rn

d ink 

( )

a ink

( )

bss s

pi M 52 (0.68 /)

 wm 37 (0.60 /)

Cv 12%

64 (0.84 /)

46 (0.75 /)

- Factorial method including 

amounts needed or growth

and maintenance

ta a - - - Essentiality relates to type

o at only 

liic aci - - M 13

  wm 8

 Median population intakes

α-iic - - M 1.3

  wm 0.8

 Median population intakes

lC -3(ma)

- - M 160 m  wm 90 m

 Median population intakes

Caa - - - Limited data re essentiality on

which to set EAR/RDI or AI

dia - - M 30

  wm 25

 Median population intakes

including an allowance or 

resistant starch

  wa - - M

ta 3.4 l

Fui 2.6 l

 wm

ta 2.8 l

Fui 2.1 l

 Median population intakes

(total includes water in oods)

viami A

a i

uia

M 625 µ

  wm 500 µ

Cv 20%

M 900 µ

 wm 700 µ

- Computational method o FNB:

IOM, 2001. based on amount 

o dietary vitamin A required to

maintain a given body pool size

in well-nourished subjects

tiami M 1.0 m

  wm 0.9 m

Cv 10%

M 1.2 m

 wm 1.1 m

-  Metabolic studies using various

endpoints such as transketolase

activity and urinary thiamine

excretion.

rifai M 1.1 m

  wm 0.9 m

Cv 10%

M 1.3 m

 wm 1.1 m

- Studies addressing clinical

deciency signs and biochemical

markers such as EGRAC 

niaci eui. M 12 m

 wm 11 m

Cv 15%

M 16 m

 wm 14 m

- Studies addressing niacin

intake in relation to urine N 1

methylnicotinamide with a

10% decrease allowed or 

women or lower energy intakes.

viami b6 M 1.1 m

  wm 1.1 m

Cv 10%

M 1.3 m

 wm 1.3 m

- Depletion/repletion studies

(Ciu)

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S  

Nn es a

rn

( )

rn

d ink

( )

a ink

( )

bss s

viami b12 M 2.0 µ

  wm 2.0 µ

Cv 10%

M 2.4 µ

  wm 2.4 µ

- Haematological evidence

and serum B12 levels.

Strict vegetarians will need 

supplementation with B12

Fa (dia 

Fa eui)

M 320 µ

  wm 320 µ

Cv 10%

M 400 µ

  wm 400 µ

-  Metabolic balance studies using 

endpoints such as erythrocyte

olate, plasma olate and 

homocysteine levels

paa - - M 6 m

  wm 4 m

 Median population intakes

bii - - M 30 µ

 wm 25 µ

Extrapolated rom AI o inants

on a body weight basis together 

with median population intake

data rom NZ 

Ci - - M 550 m

 wm 425 m

Based on experimental studies

o prevention o alanine

aminotranserase abnormalities

and on studies o people on

total parenteral nutrition.

viami C M 30 m

 wm 30 m

Cv 20%

M 45 m

 wm 45 m

- EAR set as intake at which body 

content is halway between

tissue saturation and the point 

at which scurvy appears

viami d* - - M 5 µ

 wm 5 µ

Based on dietary intakes

required to maintain dened 

levels o plasma 25(OH)D in

adults with limited sunlight 

exposure

viami e

(α te)

- - M 10 m

  wm 7 m

 Median population intakes

viami k - - M 70 µ

 wm 60 µ

 Median population intakes

Cacium M 840 m

  wm 840 m

Cv 10%

M 1000 m

 wm 1000 m

 

-  Modelling based on components

such as accumulation o total

body calcium, urinary losses,

dermal losses and daily skeletal

increments

Cmium - - M 35 µ

 wm 25 µ

Derived using chromium

content/1000 kj rom

experimental diets applied 

to median population energy 

intake

C - - M 1.7 m  wm 1.2 m

 Median population intakes

table . (coNt’d) adultS -0 yearS

(Ciu)

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

Nn es a

rn

( )

rn

d ink

( )

a ink

( )

bss s

Fui - - M 4 m

  wm 3 m

Based on data relating fuoride

intake to dental caries status

Ii M 100 µ

  wm 100 µ

Cv 20%

M 150 µ

 wm 150 µ

- Based on balance studies

I ** M 6 m

  wm 8 m

M 8 m

 wm 18 m

- Based on modelling 

requirements assuming 18%

absorption;

EAR set on 50th percentile

o requirement; RDI set on

97.5 percentile

Maium M 350 m

  wm 265 m

Cv 10%

M 420 m

 wm 320 m

- Balance studies

Maa - - M 5.5 m

 wm 5.0 m

 Median population intakes

Mum M 34 µ

  wm 34 µ

Cv 15%

M 45 µ

 wm 45 µ

- Based on balance studies in

 young men

pu M 580 m  wm 580 m

Cv 35%

M 1000 m wm 1000 m - Based on a graphicaltransormation technique

assessing intake level required 

to reach lowest point or normal

plasma range

paium - - M 3800 m

 wm 2800 m

 Median population intakes

sium M 60 µ

  wm 50 µ

Cv 10%

M 70 µ

  wm 60 µ

- Based on intakes required to

maintain adequate plasma

 glutathione peroxidase

sium - - M

460-920 m

 wm

460-920 m

Extrapolated rom intakes

required in adults to maintain

sodium balance with a generous

margin or acclimatisation to hot 

climate

Zic*** M 12 m

  wm 6.5 m

M 14 m

  wm 8 m

- Factorial method based on

intestinal, urinary, skin and 

semen losses and estimated 

absorption rates o 24% or 

men and 31% women

 * With regular sun exposure there would not be a need or dietary vitamin D. For people with little exposure to sunlight, a supplement o 10 µg/ 

day would not be excessive

** Absorption o iron is lower in vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 80% higher 

*** Absorption o zinc is lower in vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 50% higher 

table . (coNt’d) adultS -0 yearS

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S  

table . adultS -0 yearS

Nn es a

rn

( )

rn

d ink

( )

a ink

( )

bss s

pi M 52 (0.68 /)

 wm 37 (0.60 /)

Cv 12%

64 (0.84 /)

46 (0.75 /)

- Factorial method including 

amounts needed or growth

and maintenance

ta a - - - Essentiality relates to type

o at only 

liic aci - - M 13

  wm 8

 Median population intakes

α-iic - - M 1.3

  wm 0.8

 Median population intakes

lC -3(ma)

- - M 160 m  wm 90 m

 Median population intakes

Caa - - - Limited data re essentiality on

which to set EAR/RDI or AI

dia - - M 30

  wm 25

 Median population intakes

including an allowance or resistant 

starch

  wa - - M

ta 3.4 l

Fui 2.6 l

 wm

ta 2.8 l

Fui 2.1 l

 Median population intakes

(total includes water in oods)

viami A

a i

uia

M 625 µ

  wm 500 µ

Cv 20%

M 900 µ

 wm 700 µ

- Computational method o FNB:

IOM, 2001: based on amount 

o dietary vitamin A required to

maintain a given body pool size in

well-nourished subjects

tiami M 1.0 m

  wm 0.9 m

Cv 10%

M 1.2 m

  wm 1.1 m

-  Metabolic studies using various

endpoints such as transketolase

activity and urinary thiamine

excretion

rifai M 1.1 m

  wm 0.9 m

Cv 10%

M 1.3 m

  wm 1.1 m

- Studies addressing clinical

deciency signs and biochemical

markers such as EGRAC 

niaci eui. M 12 m

 wm 11 m

Cv 15%

M 16 m

 wm 14 m

- Studies addressing niacin

intake in relation to urine N 1

methylnicotinamide with a

10% decrease allowed or 

women or lower energy intakes

viami b6 M 1.4 m

  wm 1.3 m

Cv 10%

M 1.7 m

  wm 1.5 m

- Depletion/repletion studies

(Ciu)

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

Nn es a

rn

( )

rn

d ink

( )

a ink

( )

bss s

viami b12 M 2.0 µ

  wm 2.0 µ

Cv 10%

M 2.4 µ

  wm 2.4 µ

- Haematological evidence

and serum B12 levels.

Strict vegetarians will need 

supplementation with B12

Fa (dia 

Fa eui)

M 320 µ

  wm 320 µ

Cv 10%

M 400 µ

  wm 400 µ

-  Metabolic balance studies using 

endpoints such as erythrocyte

olate, plasma olate and 

homocysteine levels

paa - - M 6 m

  wm 4 m

 Median population intakes

bii - - M 30 µ

 wm 25 µ

Extrapolated rom AI o inants on

a body weight basis together with

median population intake data

rom NZ 

Ci - - M 550 m

 wm 425 m

Based on experimental studies

o prevention o alanine

aminotranserase abnormalities

and on studies o people on total

parenteral nutrition

viami C M 30 m

 wm 30 m

Cv 20%

M 45 m

 wm 45 m

- EAR set as intake at which body 

content is halway between tissue

saturation and the point at whichscurvy appears

viami d* - - M 10 µ

 wm 10 µ

Based on dietary intakes required 

to maintain dened levels o 

plasma 25(OH)D in adults o this

age with limited sunlight exposure

viami e

(αte)

- - M 10 m

  wm 7 m

 Median population intakes

viami k - - M 70 µ

 wm 60 µ

 Median population intakes

Cacium M 840 m  wm 1100 m

Cv 10%

M 1000 m wm 1300 m

 

-  Modelling based on componentssuch as accumulation o total

body calcium, urinary losses,

dermal losses and daily skeletal

increments

Cmium - - M 35 µ

 wm 25 µ

Derived using chromium

content/1000 kj rom

experimental diets applied to

median population energy intake.

C - - M 1.7 m

  wm 1.2 m

 Median population intakes

Fui - - M 4 m

  wm 3 m

Based on data relating fuoride

intake to dental caries status

(Ciu)

table . (coNt’d) adultS -0 yearS

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S  

Nn es a

rn

( )

rn

d ink

( )

a ink

( )

bss s

Ii M 100 µ

  wm 100 µ

Cv 20%

M 150 µ

 wm 150 µ

- Based on balance studies

I** M 6 m

  wm 5 m

M 8 m

  wm 8 m

- Based on modelling requirements

assuming 18% absorption;

EAR set on 50th percentile

o requirement; RDI set on

97.5 percentile

Maium M 350 m

  wm 265 m

Cv 10%

M 420 m

  wm 320 m

- Balance studies

Maa - - M 5.5 m

 wm 5.0 m

 Median population intakes

Mum M 34 µ

  wm 34 µ

Cv 15%

M 45 µ

  wm 45µ

- Based on balance studies

in young men

pu M 580 m

  wm 580 m

Cv 35%

M 1000 m

 wm 1000 m

- Based on a graphical

transormation technique assessing 

intake level required to reach

lowest point or normal plasma

range

paium - - M 3800 m

 wm 2800 m

 Median population intakes

sium M 60 µ

  wm 50 µ

Cv 10%

M 70 µ

  wm 60 µ

- Based on intakes required to

maintain adequate plasma

 glutathione peroxidase

sium - - M

460-920 m

 wm

460-920 m

Extrapolated rom intakes required 

in adults to maintain sodium

balance with a generous margin

or acclimatisation to hot climate

Zic*** M 12 m

  wm 6.5 m

M 14 m

  wm 8 m

- Factorial method based on

intestinal, urinary, skin and semen

losses and estimated absorption

rates o 24% or men and 

31% women

 * With regular sun exposure there would not be a need or dietary vitamin D. For people with little exposure to sunlight, a supplement 

o 10 µg/day may not be excessive

** Absorption o iron is lower rom vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 80% higher 

*** Absorption o zinc is lower rom vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 50% higher 

table . (coNt’d) adultS -0 yearS

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

table . adultS over 0 yearS

Nn es a

rn

( )

rn

d ink

( )

a ink

( )

bss s

pi M 65 (0.86 /)

 wm 46 (0.75 /)

Cv 12%

81 (1.07 /)

57 (0.94 /)

- Factorial method including 

amounts needed or growth

and maintenance

ta a - - - Essentiality relates to type

o at only 

liic aci - - M 13

  wm 8

 Median population intakes

α-iic - - M 1.3

  wm 0.8

 Median population intakes

lC -3(ma)

- - M 160 m  wm 90 m

 Median population intakes

Caa - - - Limited data re essentiality on

which to set EAR/RDI or AI

dia - - M 30

  wm 25

 Median population intakes

including an allowance or resistant 

starch

  wa - - M

ta 3.4 l

Fui 2.6 l

 wmta 2.8 l

Fui 2.1 l

 Median population intakes

(total includes water in oods)

viami A

a i

uia

M 625 µ

  wm 500 µ

Cv 20%

M 900 µ

 wm 700 µ

- Computational method o FNB:

IOM, 2001: based on amount 

o dietary vitamin A required to

maintain a given body pool size in

well-nourished subjects

tiami M 1.0 m

  wm 0.9 m

Cv 10%

M 1.2 m

 wm 1.1 m

-  Metabolic studies using various

endpoints such as transketolase

activity and urinary thiamine

excretion

rifai M 1.3 m

  wm 1.1 m

Cv 10%

M 1.6 m

 wm 1.3 m

- Studies addressing clinical

deciency signs and biochemical

markers such as EGRAC 

niaci eui. M 12 m

 wm 11 m

Cv 15%

M 16 m

 wm 14 m

- Studies addressing niacin

intake in relation to urine N 1

methylnicotinamide with a

10% decrease allowed or 

women or lower energy intakes

viami b6 M 1.4 m

  wm 1.3 m

Cv 10%

M 1.7 m

 wm 1.5 m

- Depletion/repletion studies

(Ciu)

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S  

Nn es a

rn

( )

rn

d ink

( )

a ink

( )

bss s

viami b12 M 2.0 µ

  wm 2.0 µ

Cv 10%

M 2.4 µ

  wm 2.4 µ

- Haematological evidence

and serum B12 levels.

Strict vegetarians will need 

supplementation with B12.

Substantial numbers o older 

people have atrophic gastritis and 

may require ortied oods

or supplements

Fa (dia 

Fa eui)

M 320 µ

  wm 320 µ

Cv 10%

M 400 µ

  wm 400 µ

-  Metabolic balance studies using 

endpoints such as erythrocyte

olate, plasma olate and 

homocysteine levelspaa - - M 6 m

  wm 4 m

 Median population intakes

bii - - M 30 µ

 wm 25 µ

Extrapolated rom AI o inants on

a body weight basis together with

median population intake data

rom NZ 

Ci - - M 550 m

 wm 425 m

Based on experimental studies

o prevention o alanine

aminotranserase abnormalities

and on studies o people on total

parenteral nutrition

viami C M 30 m

 wm 30 m

Cv 20%

M 45 m

 wm 45 m

- EAR set as intake at which body 

content is halway between tissue

saturation and the point at which

scurvy appears

viami d* - - M 15 µ

 wm 15 µ

Based on dietary intakes required 

to maintain dened levels o 

plasma 25(OH)D in adults

o this age with limited sunlight 

exposure

viami e

(αte)

- - M 10 m

  wm 7 m

 Median population intakes

viami k - - M 70 µ

 wm 60 µ

 Median population intakes

Cacium M 1100 m

  wm 1100 m

Cv 10%

M 1300 m

 wm 1300 m

 

-  Modelling based on components

such as accumulation o total

body calcium, urinary losses,

dermal losses and daily skeletal

increments

Cmium - - M 35 µ

 wm 25 µ

Derived using chromium

content/1000 kj rom

experimental diets applied to

median population energy intake

table . (coNt’d) adultS over 0 yearS

(Ciu)

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Summary tableS

0 Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

Nn es a

rn

( )

rn

d ink

( )

a ink

( )

bss s

C - - M 1.7 m

  wm 1.2 m

 Median population intakes

Fui - - M 4 m

  wm 3 m

Based on data relating fuoride

intake to dental caries status

Ii M 100 µ

  wm 100 µ

Cv 20%

M 150 µ

 wm 150 µ

- Based on balance studies

I** M 6 m

  wm 5 m

M 8 m

  wm 8 m

- Based on modelling requirements

assuming 18% absorption;

EAR set on 50th percentileo requirement; RDI set on

97.5 percentile

Maium M 350 m

  wm 265 m

Cv 10%

M 420 m

 wm 320 m

- Balance studies

Maa - - M 5.5 m

 wm 5.0 m

 Median population intakes

Mum M 34 µ

  wm 34 µ

Cv 15%

M 45 µ

 wm 45 µ

- Based on balance studies in young 

men

pu M 580 m

  wm 580 m

Cv 35%

M 1000 m

 wm 1000 m

- Based on a graphical

transormation technique assessing 

intake level required to reach

lowest point or normal plasma

range

paium - - M 3800 m

 wm 2800 m

 Median population intakes

sium M 60 µ

  wm 50 µ

Cv 10%

M 70 µ

  wm 60 µ

- Based on intakes required to

maintain adequate plasma

 glutathione peroxidase

sium - - M

460-920 m

 wm

460-920 m

Extrapolated rom intakes required 

in adults to maintain sodium

balance with a generous margin

or acclimatisation to

hot climate

Zic*** M 12 m

  wm 6.5 m

M 14 m

  wm 8 m

- Factorial method based on

intestinal, urinary, skin and semen

losses and estimated absorption

rates o 24% or men and 

31% women

 * With regular sun exposure there would not be a need or dietary vitamin D. For people with little exposure to sunlight, a supplement o 10 µg/day (or as high as 25 µg/day or bedbound or institutionalised elderly) may not be excessive

** Absorption o iron is lower rom vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 80% higher 

*** Absorption o zinc is lower rom vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 50% higher 

table . (coNt’d) adultS over 0 yearS

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S  

table 0. pregNaNcy

Nn es a

rn

( )

rn

d ink

( )

a ink

( )

bss s

pi 14-18

47 (0.82 /)

19-50

49 (0.80 /)

Cv 12%

14-18

58 (1.02 /)

19-50

60 (1.00 /)

- Only in 2nd and 3rd trimesters. Extra

0.2 g/kg required on basis o mid-

trimester weight gain and eciency 

o use

ta a - - - Essentiality relates to type

o at only 

liic aci - - 14-18 10

19-50 10

 Median population intakes with

an additional amount related to

increased body weight 

α-iic - - 14-18 1.0

19-50 1.0

 Median population intakes with

an additional amount related to

increased body weight 

lC -3

(ma)

- - 14-18 110 m

19-50 115 m

 Median population intakes with

an additional amount related to

increased body weight 

Caa - - - Limited data re essentiality on which

to set EAR/RDI or AI

dia - - 14-18 25

19-50 28

 Median population intakes including 

an allowance or resistant starch;12%

increase or additional energy needs

  wa - - 14-18

ta 2.4 l

Fui 1.8 l

19-50

ta 3.1 l

Fui 2.3 l

 Median population intakes (total

includes water in oods). Additional

allowance or expanding extracellular 

space, needs o etus and amniotic

fuid 

viami A

(a i

uia)

14-18 530 µ

19-50 550 µ

Cv 20%

14-18 700 µ

19-50 800 µ

- Computational method o FNB:IOM,

2001 based on maternal needs and 

accumulation o vitamin A in liver o 

etus

tiami A a 1.2 m

Cv 10%

A a 1.4 m -  Metabolic studies using various

endpoints such as transketolase

activity and urinary thiamine

excretion plus estimated 

requirements or maternal and etal

 growth and small increase in energy 

usage

rifai A a 1.2 m

Cv 10%

A a 1.4 m - Studies addressing clinical deciency 

signs and biochemical markers such

as EGRAC in non-pregnant subjects

plus added needs or increased 

 growth o maternal and etal tissueand increase in energy expenditure

(Ciu)

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

Nn es a

rn

( )

rn

d ink

( )

a ink

( )

bss s

niaci eui. A a 14 m

Cv 15%

A a 18 m - Studies addressing niacinintake in relation to urine N1

methylnicotinamide with a 10%

decrease allowed or women

or lower energy intakes and an

additional allowance

to cover increased energy use and 

 growth

viami b6 A a 1.6 m

Cv 10%

A a 1.9 m - Depletion/repletion studies or non-

pregnant subjects plus estimates o 

changes in plasma concentrations in

pregnancy, etal sequestration data

and supplementation studies

viami b12 A a 2.2 µ

Cv 10%

A a 2.6 µ - Haematological evidence and serum

B12 levels plus an allowance or etal

and placental needs

Fa (dia 

Fa eui)

A a 520 µ

Cv 10%

Note: This does not 

include additional

needs o 400µg/day 

needed one month

beore and threemonths ater 

conception or 

prevention o neural

tube deects

A a 600 µ - Controlled metabolic studies and a

series o population studies

paa - - A a 5 m Based on median population intakes

plus an allowance or additional body 

weight 

bii - - A a 30 µ Extrapolated rom AI o inants on a

body weight basis taking into account 

needs or growth o maternal tissues

and etus

Ci - - 14-18 415

m

19-50 440

m

Based on estimates or non-pregnant 

emales plus an allowance or etal

and placental accretion plus turnover 

in the mother 

viami C 14-18 38 m

19-50 40 m

Cv 20%

14-18 40 m

19-50 60 m

- EAR set as intake at which body 

content is halway between tissue

saturation and the point at which

scurvy appears in non pregnant 

people with an allowance or 

additional needs o etus

table 0. (coNt’d) pregNaNcy

(Ciu)

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S  

Nn es a

rn

( )

rn

d ink

( )

a ink

( )

bss s

viami d* - - A a 5µ Based on dietary intakes required to

maintain dened levels o plasma

25(OH)D in women with limited 

exposure to sunlight; additional needs

or etus very small

viami e

(αte)

- - 14-18 8 m

19-50 7 m

 Median population intakes; no

additional needs in pregnancy 

viami k - - A a 60 µ  Median population intakes; no

increase in pregnancy 

Cacium 14-18 1050 m

19-50 840m

Cv 10%

14-18 1300 m

  wm 1000 m

 

-  Modelling based on components

such as accumulation o total body calcium, urinary losses, dermal losses

and daily skeletal increments ; no

additional needs in pregnancy 

Cmium - - A a 30 µ Derived using chromium

content/1000 kj rom experimental

diets applied to median population

energy intake with an allowance or 

additional body weight 

C - - 14-18 1.2

m

19-50 1.3m

 Median population intakes

plus an allowance or etal needs and 

or the productso pregnancy 

Fui - - A a 3 m Based on data relating fuoride intake

to dental caries status; no additional

requirement in lactation

Ii A a 160 µ

Cv 20%

A a 220 µ - Based on balance studies or non-

pregnant women and iodine thyroid 

content o newborns

I** 14-18 23 m

19-50 22 m

14-18 27 m

19-50 27 m

- Based on modelling requirements

assuming upper limit o 25%

absorption;

EAR set on 50th percentileo requirement; RDI set on

97.5 percentile

Maium 14-18 335 m

19-30 290 m

31-50 300 m

Cv 10%

14-18 400 m

19-30 350 m

31-50 360 m

Based on balance studies and an

allowance or additional lean body 

mass

Maa - - A a 5 m  Median population intakes;

no addition in pregnancy 

table 0. (coNt’d) pregNaNcy

(Ciu)

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

Nn es a

rn

( )

rn

d ink

( )

a ink

( )

bss s

Mum A a 40 µ

Cv 15%

A a 50 µ - Based on non-pregnant 

recommendations with an allowance

or additional body weight 

pu 14-18 1055 m

19-50 580

m

Cv 35%

14-18 1250 m

19-50 1000 m

- Based on a graphical transormation

technique assessing intake level

required to reach lowest point or 

normal plasma range; no additional

need in pregnancy 

paium - - A a 2800 m  Median population intakes; no

additional need in pregnancy 

sium A a 55 µCv 10%

A a 65 µ - Based on intakes required tomaintain adequate plasma

 glutathione peroxidase plus an

allowance or etal needs

sium - - M

460-920 m

 wm

460-920 m

Extrapolated rom intakes required 

in adults to maintain sodium

balance with a generous margin or 

acclimatisation to hot climate. No

additional requirement in pregnancy 

Zic*** 14-18 8.5 m

19-50 9 m

14-18 10 m

19-50 11 m

- Factorial method based on intestinal,

urinary, skin and semen losses and 

estimated absorption rates o 24%

or men and 31% women with an

allowance or additional maternal

and etal needs

 * For women with limited exposure to sunlight a supplemental intake o 10µg/day prenatally would not be excessive

** Absorption o iron is lower rom vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 80% higher 

*** Absorption o zinc is lower rom vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 50% higher 

table 0. (coNt’d) pregNaNcy

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S  

table . lactatioN

Nn es a

rn

( )

rn

d ink (

)

a ink

( )

bss s

pi 14-18

51 (0.90 /)

19-50

54 (0.88 /)

Cv 12%

14-18

63 (1.11 /)

19-50

67 (1.10/)

-  Additional requirement o 

17g/day assessed using 

actorial approach

ta a - - - Essentiality relates to type

o at only 

liic aci - - 14-18 12

19-50 12

 Median population intakes

o women and inants

α

-iic - - 14-18 1.2 19-50 1.2  Median population intakeso women and inants

lC -3

(ma)

- - 14-18 140 m

19-50 145 m

 Median population intakes

o women and inants

Caa - - - Limited data re essentiality on

which to set EAR/RDI or AI

dia - - 14-18 27

19-50 30

 Median population intakes

including an allowance or 

resistant starch and 20%

increase related to higher 

energy needs

  wa - - 14-18

ta 2.9 l

Fui 2.3 l

19-50

ta 3.5 l

Fui 2.6 l

 Median population intakes

(total includes water in oods).

 Additional allowance or fuid 

lost in breast milk 

viami A

a i

uia

14-18 780 µ

19-50 800 µ

Cv 20%

14-18 1100 µ

19-50 1100 µ

- Computational method o 

FNB:IOM, 2001 used or 

mothers. AI or inants added 

to EAR

tiami A a 1.2 mCv 10%

A a 1.4 m -  Metabolic studies using various endpoints such as

transketolase activity and 

urinary thiamine excretion plus

estimated needs or breast 

milk losses and energy cost o 

milk production

rifai A a 1.3 m

Cv 10%

A a 1.6 m - Studies addressing clinical

deciency signs and 

biochemical markers such

as EGRAC in non-lactating 

subjects plus added needs

or milk production and loss inbreast milk 

(Ciu)

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

Nn es a

rn

( )

rn

d ink (

)

a ink

( )

bss s

niaci eui. A a 13 m

Cv 15%

A a 17 m Studies addressing niacinintake in relation to urine N 1

methylnicotinamide with an

appropriate allowance made

or energy usage in pregnant 

women and or loss o 

preormed niacin secreted in

breast milk 

viami b6 A a 1.7 m

Cv 10%

A a 2.0 m - Depletion/repletion studies

or non-pregnant subjects

plus estimates o amounts

required to produce sucient 

levels in breast milk or 

inant needs

viami b12 A a 2.4 µ

Cv 10%

A a 2.8 µ - Haematological evidence and 

serum B12 levels plus an

allowance or amount secreted 

in breast milk 

Fa (dia 

Fa eui)

A a 450 µ

Cv 10%

A a 500 µ -  Metabolic balance studies

using endpoints such as

erythrocyte olate, plasma

olate and homocysteine levels

in non-lactating subjects plus

an allowance or losses inbreast milk 

paa - - A a 6 m Based on median population

intakes plus an allowance or 

breast milk losses

bii - - 35 µ Extrapolated rom AI o inants

on a body weight basis plus an

allowance or losses

in breast milk 

Ci - - 14-18 525 m

19-50 550 m

Based on estimates or non-

lactating emales plus an

allowance or choline secreted 

in breast milk 

viami C 14-18 58 m

19-50 60 m

Cv 20%

14-18 80 m

19-50 85 m

- EAR set as intake at which

body content is halway 

between tissue saturation

and the point at which scurvy 

appears in non pregnant 

people with an allowance

or additional needs o 

breasted inant 

table . (coNt’d) lactatioN

(Ciu)

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S  

Nn es a

rn

( )

rn

d ink (

)

a ink

( )

bss s

viami d* - - A a 5 µ Based on dietary intakes

required to maintain dened 

levels o plasma 25(OH)D in

women with limited exposure

to sunlight; additional needs or 

lactation very small

viami e

(α te)

- - 14-18 12 m

19-50 11 m

 Median population intakes

plus an allowance or vitamin

E secreted in breast milk.

viami k - - A a 60 µ  Median population intakes; no

addition in lactation

Cacium 14-18 1050 m

19-50 840 m

Cv 10%

14-18 1300 m

  wm 1000 m

 

-  Modelling based on

components such as

accumulation o total body 

calcium, urinary losses, dermal

losses and daily skeletal

increments; no additional

needs in lactation

Cmium - - A a 45 µ Derived using chromium

content/1000 kj rom

experimental diets applied 

to median population energy 

intake with an allowanceor chromium secreted in

breast milk 

C - - 14-18 1.4 m

19-50 1.5 m

 Median population intakes

plus an allowance or copper 

secreted in breast milk 

Fui - - A a 3 m Based on data relating fuoride

intake to dental caries status;

no additional requirement in

lactation

Ii A a 190 µ

Cv 20%

A a 270 µ - Based on balance studies or 

non-lactating women with anallowance or iodine secreted 

in breast milk 

I** 14-18 7 m

19-50 6.5 m

Cv 30%

14-18 10 m

19-50 9 m

- For EAR, iron secreted in

milk was added to the

distribution o requirements or 

non-lactating women

and or younger mothers

an allowance was made

or growth. Absorption o 18%

was assumed 

table . (coNt’d) lactatioN

(Ciu)

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

Nn es a

rn

( )

rn

d ink (

)

a ink

( )

bss s

Maium 14-18 300 m

19-30 255 m

31-50 265 m

Cv 10%

14-18 360 m

19-30 310 m

31-50 320 m

Based on balance studies; no

additional needs in lactation

Maa - - A a 5 m  Median population intakes; no

addition in lactation

Mum 14-18 35 µ

19-50 36 µ

Cv 15%

A a 50 µ - Based on non-pregnant 

recommendations with an

allowance or molybdenum

secreted in breast milk 

pu 14-18 1055 m

19-50 580 m

Cv 35%

14-18 1250 m

19-50 1000 m

- Based on a graphical

transormation technique

assessing intake level required 

to reach lowest point or 

normal plasma range; no

additional need in lactation

paium - - A a 2800 m  Median population intakes; no

additional needs or lactation

sium A a 65 µ

Cv 10%

A a 75 µ - Based on intakes required to

maintain adequate plasma

 glutathione peroxidase plus

an allowance or selenium

secreted in breast milk 

sium - - M

460-920 m

 wm

460-920 m

Extrapolated rom intakes

required in adults to

maintain sodium balance

with a generous margin or 

acclimatisation to hot climate.

No additional requirement in

lactation

Zic*** 14-18 9 m

19-50 10 m

14-18 11 m

19-50 12 m

- Factorial method based on

intestinal, urinary, skin and semen losses and estimated 

absorption rates o 24% or 

men and 31% women with an

allowance or zinc secreted in

breast milk 

 * For mothers and their babies with limited exposure to sunlight a supplemental intake o 10µg/day would not be excessive

** Absorption o iron is lower rom vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 80% higher 

*** Absorption o zinc is lower rom vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 50% higher 

table . (coNt’d) lactatioN

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summary of uPPer leVels of iNtake

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S  

table . upper levelS of iNtaKe

Nn inns - s - s - s - s

(nn

nn &n)

a

s

a

s

(nnnn &

n)

pi np np np np np np np

liic aci np np np np np np np

α-iic np np np np np np np

lC -3 (ma) m np 3000 m 3000 m 3000 m 3000 m 3000 m 3000 m

dia np np np np np np np

 wa l np np np np np np np

viami Ac ai

600 µ 600 µ 900 µ 1700 µ 2800 µ 3000 µ 3000 µ

tiami np np np np np np np

rifai np np np np np np np

niciic aci

niciami

np

np

10 m

150 m

15 m

250 m

20 m

500 m

30 m

750 m

35 m

900 m

35 m

900 m

viami b6 np 15 m 20 m 30 m 40 m 50 m 50 m

viami b12 np np np np np np np

Fa np 300 µ 400 µ 600 µ 800 µ 1000 µ 1000 µ

paa np np np np np np np

bii np np np np np np np

Ci np 1000 m 1000 m 1000 m 3000 m 3500 m 3500 m

viami C  np np np np np np np

viami d 25 µ 80 µ 80 µ 80 µ 80 µ 80 µ 80 µ

viami e (αte) np 70 m 100 m 180 m 250 m 300 m 300 m

viami k np np np np np np np

 

a F ia i i a i (np) ai a U l Ia. Ia ia u m a mi mua  

. F a, imi aa cai ui ma ma i i i a U l Ia

U imi 25% m i cmm i ai aac macui cic ia i

c limi ca ai uma a-ca ia a i ui uc

F viami b6 Ul i ixi

F a, Ul i ia a uia m i a um

F iami C, 1000m/a u a u imi

(Ciu)

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

table . (coNt’d) upper levelS of iNtaKe

Nn inns - s - s - s - s

(nn

nn &n)

a s a s

(nn

nn &n)

Cacium np 2500 m 2500 m 2500 m 2500 m 2500 m 2500 m

Cmium np np np np np np np

C np 1 m 3 m 5 m 8 m 10 m 10 m

Fui 0-6 m

0.7 m

7-12 m

0.9 m

1.3 m 2.2 m 10 m 10 m 10 m 10 m

Ii np 200 µ 300 µ 600 µ 900 µ 1100 µ 1100 µ

I 20 m 20 m 40 m 40 m 45 m 45 m 45 m

Maium

um

np 65 m 110 m 350 m 350 m 350 m 350 m

Maa np np np np np np np

Mum np 300 µ 600 µ 1100 µ 1700 µ 2000 µ 2000 µ

pu np 3000 m 3000 m 4000 m 4000 m 19-70 a4000 m

>70 a

3000 m

19-70 a4000 m

>70 a

3000 mpac:3500 m

lacai:4000 m

paium np np np np np np np

sium 0-6 m45 µ

7-12 m60 µ

90 µ 150 µ 280 µ 400 µ 400 µ 400 µ

sium np 1000 m 1400 m 2000 m 2300 m 2300 m 2300 m

Zic 0-6 m4 m

7-12 m5 m

7 m 12 m 25 m 35 m 40 m 40 m

 a F ia i i a i (np) ai a U l Ia. Ia ia u m a mi mua  

. F a, imi aa cai ui ma ma i i i a U l Ia

Ia maa a u i a a cu a a i u i iuci aa a Ul.

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summary of recommeNdatioNs

to reduce chroNic disease risk

(ApplICAble to AdolesCents over 14 yrs And AdUlts)

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S  

table . SuggeSted dietary targetS (Sdt) to reduce chroNic diSeaSe riSK– microNutrieNtS,

dietary fibre aNd lc N- fatS

Nn Ss d t

(nk n )

cns

viami A viami A:

M 1,500 µ

  wm 1,220 µ

Ca:

M 5,800 µ

  wm 5,000 µ

t u ia a i uia 90

ci ia i Auaia a n Zaa

uai, aai aci ui-

, - a i i  

- a a ui, ma amu

uc-a ai a ma amu  

a i.

viami C M 220 m

  wm 190 m

euia 90 ci ia i

Auaia a n Zaa uai,

aai aci ui-, -

a i i a, um

a ui.

viami e M 19 m

  wm 14 m

euia 90 ci ia i

Auaia a n Zaa uai,

aai icui m - muaua

a a i a aci ui-, -

a i i a a

ma amu a ma, u, , uc-

a ai a ai ca.

sium n cic u ca . t

i m ic ia

cai cac u

a c .

t a aaia uai ia aa  

Auaia. n Zaa i a ium aa,

 u cmmai a ci uai

ia a iaia. sium-ic icua, u a a a x,  

muc ma. t c i a

  i i ic .

Fa A aiia 100–400 µ dFe  

cu ia (i a a au

300–600 µ dFe), ma ui

  imi mci

a uc a cic ia

i a dnA ama.

Cu uai ia a

cmm ia. Ica cumi u

acm ui-, - a

i i a-ic uc a a a

ui a ai ca i cmm a

ima a.

dai ca a i a ai u

uc a aii u c. I u

a i cai ic aci ic a

am ic c aua ccui

a.

(Ciu)

a F m ui, u i , i i a 90 ci cu uai ia

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S

table (coNt’d) SuggeSted dietary targetS (Sdt) to reduce chroNic diSeaSe riSK – 

microNutrieNtS, dietary fibre aNd lc N- fatS

Nn Ss d t

(nk n )

cns

sium/

aium

sium:

M 1,600 m

70 mm

  wm 1,600 m

70 mm

 

paium:

M 4,700 m120 mm

  wm 4,700m

120 mm

 wi a Ul 2,300 m (100 mm)/a a  

  a uai, i i ci a aiia

i a (i m maiaii

ima u ia a u

uci a a ia) ma accu i ium

ia a u uc au 1,600 m/a 

(70 mm) i i i who cmmai.

ruci ia i ma a i immia

a i mm

cmmui i -xii i.

A aium ca u c ium

u, ia a 90 ci cuuai ia ma miia c  

ium u ui ia ium ca

. A 4,700 m/a aium

  i a ic ci aai a .

Ica aium ia u u a 

cumi ui a a.

dia 

Fi

M 38

  wm 28

U a 90 ci ia uci

i Chd i. Ica ia u u

acm ui-, - a

i a a, ui a ai

ca.

lC -3 a

(dhA:epA:

dpA)

M 610 m

  wm 430 m

t u ia a i uia

90 ci ia i Auaia/n Zaa

uai aai aci -,

ui a i i lC -3-ic uc a

uc a ua, am a mac, a

i, lC -3-ic .

 

a F m ui, u i , i i a 90 ci cu uai ia

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Summary tableS

Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S  

table . acceptable macroNutrieNt diStributioN raNgeS (amdr) for macroNutrieNtS to

reduce chroNic diSeaSe riSK WhilSt Still eNSuriNg adequate microNutrieNt StatuS

Nn lw n  

n

nk n

u n  

n

nk n

cns

pi 15% 25% o aa, 10% i ui c  

iica , u i i iuci a  

eAr micui cumi cmm 

a i Auaia a n Zaa.

Ia i m i aci cmmuii ( u-

a, Acic, aai) a a i a 30% i

aa a a. n mia a 

cii a ia a i m ic

a ia a ucm. tu, a u Ul  

25% a . 

Fa 20% 35% t a i mi amuui uai i a a ia  

eAr micui. sm cmmuii, a m

Aia u, a aa a ia i , u

mm u a ma i au a

 i a ui au i aa . t u 

a i ai i i a Cvd, ai

i mi a i a i a i i aua a,

a i ac a ia, a a a

, icai a i -cumi

. saua a a a u

imi m a 10% .

liic aci

(-6 a)

A a

a/ AI:

eua 4-5%

ia  

90 ci  

uai ia:

eua 10%  

ia  

ba ia imi cic ia i,

a Chd. t i m aima-a ic

 a ia u 15% cu acca, u uma

ic i imi. 10% a ua au

90 ci cu uai ia.

α-iic aci

(-3 a)

A a

a/ AI:

eua

0.4–0.5% ia 

 

90 ci  

uai ia:

eua 1%

ia  

ba ia imi cic ia i,

a Chd.

Caa 45%  

(mia 

m  

i a/

camic ix

)

65%  

(mia 

m  

i a/

camic ix

uc)

t u u caa cmmai

a accmma ia uim

a (20%) a i (15%). I i im ac

a caa cum a  

aamu imac i ai i a c.

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t Nn h n m rs cn

• Health Procedures

• Health Promotion

• Human Cloning and Embryo Research• Indigenous Health

• Injury including Sports Injury 

• Men’s Health

• Mental Health

• Musculoskeletal

• NHMRC Corporate documents

• NHMRC Session Reports

• Nutrition and Diet

• Oral Health

• Organ Donation

• Poisons, Chemicals and Radiation Health• Research

• Women’s Health

• Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health

• Aged Care

• Blood and Blood Products• Cancer

• Cardiovascular Health

• Child Health

• Clinical Practice Guidelines – Standards or

Developers – Topics

• Communicable Diseases, Vaccinations and

Inection Control

• Diabetes

• Drug and Substance Abuse

• Environmental Health

• Ethics in Research–Animal• Ethics in Research–Human

• Genetics and Gene Technology 

 NHMRC publications contact:

Email: [email protected]: http://www.nhmrc.gov.auFree Call: 1800 020 103 ext 9520

 To Order Publications: National Mailing and MarketingPO Box 7077Canberra BC 2610Email: [email protected]: (02) 6269 1000Fax: (02) 6260 2770

The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) was established in 1936 and is now

a statutory body within the portolio o the Australian Government Minister or Health and Ageing,operating under the National Health and Medical Research Council Act 1992 ( NHMRC Act ). TheNHMRC advises the Australian community and the Australian Government, and State and Territory governments on standards o individual and public health, and supports research to improve thosestandards.

The NHMRC Act provides our statutory obligations:

• to raise the standard o individual and public health throughout Australia;

• to oster development o consistent health standards between the states and territories;

• to oster medical research and training and public health research and training throughout Australia; and

• to oster consideration o ethical issues relating to health.

The NHMRC also has statutory obligations under the Prohibition o Human Cloning Act 2002 (PHC Act) and the Research Involving Human Embryos Act 2002 (RIHE Act).

The activities o the NHMRC translate into our major outputs: health and medical research; healthpolicy and advice; health ethics; and the regulation o research involving donated IVF embryos, in-cluding monitoring compliance with the ban on human cloning and certain other activities. A regularpublishing program ensures that Council’s recommendations are widely available to governments, thecommunity, scientic, industrial and education groups. The Council publishes in the ollowing areas:

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