nrv executive summary
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Nutrient Reference Values for
Australia and New Zealand
Executive Summary
Department of Health and Ageing
National Health and Medical Research Council
carbohydrat
calcium sodi
water food
energy carb
calcium sodi
water food
energy carb
calcium sodi
water food
energy carb
calcium sodi
water foodenergy carb
calcium sodi
water food
energy carb
calcium sodi
water foodp
energy carb
calcium sodi
water food
energy carb
calcium sodi
water foodenergy carb
calcium sodi
water foodp
energy carb
calcium sodi
water food
energy carb
calcium sodi
water food
energy carb
calcium sodi
water foodenergy carb
calcium sodi
water food
energy carb
calcium sodi
water food
energy carb
calcium sodi
water foodp
energy carb
calcium sodi
water foodenergy carb
calcium sodi
water food
energy carb
calcium sodi
water foodp
energy carb
calcium sodi
water food
energy carb
calcium sodi
water foodenergy carb
calcium sodi
water foodp
energy carb
calcium sodi
water food
energy carb
–
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NutrieNt refereNce Values for
australia aNd New ZealaNd
executive Summary
endorsed by the nhMrC on 9 septeMber 2005
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© Commonwealth o Australia 2006
Paper-based publications This work is copyright. Apart rom any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 , no part may bereproduced by any process without prior written permission rom the Commonwealth available rom
the Attorney-General's Department. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights shouldbe addressed to the Commonwealth Copyright Administration, Attorney General's Department, RobertGarran Oces, National Circuit, Canberra, ACT, 2600 or posted at: http://www.ag.gov.au/cca
ISBN Print 1864962496
Electronic documents This work is copyright. You may download, display, print and reproduce this material in unalteredorm only (retaining this notice) or your personal, non-commercial use or use within your organisation. Apart rom any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved. Requestsor urther authorisation should be directed to the Commonwealth Copyright Administration, Attorney General's Department, Robert Garran Oces, National Circuit, Canberra, ACT, 2600 or posted at:http://www.ag.gov.au/cca
ISBN Online 1864962550
Disclaimer
This document is a general guide. The recommendations are or healthy people and may not meetthe specic nutritional requirements o all individuals. They are designed to assist nutrition and health
proessionals assess the dietary requirements o individuals and groups and are based on the best
inormation available at the date o compilation.
Copyright permission:
Permission has kindly been granted by the National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. to use sections
o the ollowing Academy o Sciences’ publications in this document:
Food and Nutrition Board: Institute o Medicine. Dietary Reerence Intakes or calcium, phosphorus,
magnesium, vitamin D and uoride . Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1997.
Food and Nutrition Board: Institute o Medicine. Dietary Reerence Intakes or thiamin, riboavin,
niacin, vitamin B6, olate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline . Washington DC, National Academy Press, 1998.
Food and Nutrition Board: Institute o Medicine. Dietary Reerence Intakes. A risk assessment model or
establishing upper intake level or nutrients . Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1998.
Food and Nutrition Board: Institute o Medicine. Dietary Reerence Intakes or vitamin C, vitamin E,
selenium and carotenoids . Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000.
Food and Nutrition Board: Institute o Medicine. Dietary Reerence Intakes. Applications in dietary
assessment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000.
Food and Nutrition Board: Institute o Medicine. Dietary Reerence Intakes or vitamin A, vitamin K,arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium
and zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001.
Food and Nutrition Board: Institute o Medicine. Dietary Reerence Intakes or energy, carbohydrate,
fber, at, atty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids (macronutrients). Washington, DC: National
Academy Press, 2002.
Food and Nutrition Board: Institute o Medicine. Dietary Reerence Intakes or water, potassium, sodium,
chloride and sulate. Panel on the dietary reerence intakes or electrolytes and water. Washington, D.C:
National Academy Press, 2004.
To obtain details regarding NHMRC publications contact:
Email: [email protected]: Toll Free 1800 020 103 Extension 9520Internet: http://www.nhmrc.gov.au
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coNteNts
preFACe
IntrodUCtIon 1
What are Nutrient Reerence Values? 1
The nutrients reviewed 4
Reerence body weights 5
Extrapolation processes 6
Implications 6
sUMMAry tAbles For energy reqUIreMents ACross
Ages And genders 13
Table 1. Estimated Energy Requirements (EERs) o inants and young children 15
Table 2. Estimated Energy Requirements (EERs) or children and adolescents usingBMR predicted rom weight, height and age 16
Table 3. Estimated energy requirements o adults using predicted BMR x PAL 18
sUMMAry oF nUtrIent reqUIreMents ACross
Ages And genders 19
Table 4. Nutrient Reerence Values or Australia and New Zealand: Macronutrients and water 21
Table 5. Nutrient Reerence Values or Australia and New Zealand: B Vitamins 23Table 6. Nutrient Reerence Values or Australia and New Zealand:
Vitamins A, C, D, E and K and choline 25
Table 7. Nutrient Reerence Values or Australia and New Zealand:Minerals – calcium, phosphorus, zinc and iron 27
Table 8. Nutrient Reerence Values or Australia and New Zealand:Minerals – magnesium, iodine, selenium and molybdenum 29
Table 9. Nutrient Reerence Values or Australia and New Zealand:Minerals – copper, chromium, manganese, fuoride, sodium and potassium 31
tAbles oF reCoMMendAtIons by Age groUp wIth
sUMMAry oF Methods Used 33
Table 10. Inants 0-6 months 35
Table 11. Inants 7-12 months 37
Table 12. Children 1-3 years 39
Table 13. Children 4-8 years 41
Table 14. Children and adolescents 9-13 years 43
Table 15. Adolescents 14-18 years 46
Table 16. Adults 19-30 years 49
Table 17. Adults 31-50 years 52
Table 18. Adults 51-70 years 55
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Table 19. Adults over 70 years 58
Table 20. Pregnancy 61
Table 21. Lactation 65
sUMMAry oF Upper levels oF IntAke 69
Table 22. Upper Levels o Intake 71
sUMMAry oF reCoMMendAtIons to redUCe
ChronIC dIseAse rIsk 73
Table 23. Suggested Dietary Targets (SDT) to reduce chronic disease risk – micronutrients, dietary bre and LC n-3 ats 75
Table 24. Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) or macronutrientsto reduce chronic disease risk whilst still ensuring adequate micronutrient status 77
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Preface
The Australian and New Zealand Governments have been providing nutrition advice to the public ormore than 75 years. This advice has included inormation on ‘Recommended Dietary Intakes’ (RDIs)
or ‘Allowances’, which are the amounts o specic nutrients required on average on a daily basis or
sustenance or avoidance o deciency states. Advice has also been provided in the orm o ‘Dietary Guidelines’, and culturally-relevant ood and dietary patterns that will not only achieve sustenance,but also reduce the risk o chronic disease. The last revision o Recommended Dietary Intakes or
use in Australia began in 1980 and was published in 1991 (NHMRC 1991). The reviews used as the
source o inormation were published collectively in a book (Truswell et al 1990). The Australianrecommendations were also later ormally adopted by the New Zealand Ministry o Health or use in
New Zealand.
In July 1997, a workshop o invited experts, including representatives rom New Zealand, was held inSydney to discuss the need or a revision o the 1991 NHMRC Recommended Dietary Intakes or use
in Australia . Under the auspices o the Strategic Inter-governmental Nutrition Alliance (SIGNAL), a
second workshop was held in July 1999 to scope the July 1997 recommendations and dene the project
parameters or the review. Amongst other considerations, it was agreed that:• a joint Australia New Zealand RDI review should proceed as soon as possible;
• a set o reerence values or each nutrient was required and the term 'Nutrient Reerence Values'
(NRVs) would be used to describe the set; and
• the review should build primarily upon concurrent work being undertaken in the United States and
Canada, while also taking into consideration recommendations rom the United Kingdom, Germany
and the European Union, recent dietary survey data collected in Australia and New Zealand,scientic data and unique Australasian conditions.
At the time o the 1999 workshop, the joint US and Canadian revision had begun to release its
recommendations as a series o Dietary Reerence Intakes. The revision o most o the major minerals
and vitamins was completed by 2001 and this round o revisions was completed by 2004.Bearing in mind the progress with the joint US:Canada revisions and the high cost and time lines
associated with de novo revisions o this kind, in 2001, the Commonwealth Department o Health and Ageing asked the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) to undertake a scoping study
in relation to a potential revision o the Australian/New Zealand RDIs. The New Zealand Ministry o
Health unded some initial work or the review process that provided expert input into the revision o
the two key nutrients, iodine and selenium. The NHMRC was then commissioned in 2002 to managethe joint Australian/New Zealand revision process. An expert Working Party was appointed to oversee
the process with representation rom both Australia and New Zealand, including end users rom the
clinical and public health nutrition research sector, the ood industry, the dietetics proession, theood legislative sector and the Australian and New Zealand governments. The current publication, its
recommendations and its associated Appendix, are the result o that review process. The understanding
o many aspects o good nutrition is by no means complete. Where expert judgement had to be applied,public health and saety were the priorities.
Consumption o ood not only provides or the physiological needs o human lie, but also contributes
to our social and emotional needs. Consequently, it is possible to prescribe a diet that would meet the
physiological needs o a group yet ail to meet the social or emotional needs o a signicant percentageo that group. Whilst physiological needs are the primary determinant o NRVs, they are developed with
consideration given to the other aspects o ood intake.
Research has shown that a healthy diet containing adequate amounts o the various nutrients neednot be a costly diet. This is discussed in more detail in the NHMRC’s Dietary Guidelines or Australian
Adults which, together with the Dietary Guidelines or Children and Adolescents in Australia , the
Dietary Guidelines or Older Australians and the New Zealand Food and Nutrition Guidelines or the
ages and stages o the liecycle , are companion documents to this publication on NRVs. Together with
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the Australian Guides to Healthy Eating, the Dietary Guidelines translate the nutrient recommendations
addressed in the current document into ood and liestyle patterns or the community. Revision o all o these documents is an ongoing process as the various sets o recommendations are closely interrelated.
These recommendations are or healthy people and may not meet the specic nutritional requirements
o individuals with various diseases or conditions, pre-term inants, or people with specic geneticproles. They are designed to assist nutrition and health proessionals assess the dietary requirements
o individuals and groups. They may also be used by public health nutritionists, ood legislators and the
ood industry or dietary modelling and/or ood labelling and ood ormulation.
Katrine Baghurst, June 2005
Chair o the Working Party
Editor
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iNtroductioN
What are NutrieNt refereNce valueS?
In the 1991 Recommended Dietary Intakes (RDI) or use in Australia (NHMRC 1991) an RDI value,
sometimes presented as a range, was developed or each nutrient. The RDI was dened as: “the levels
o intake o essential nutrients considered, in the judgement o the NHMRC, on the basis o available
scientifc knowledge, to be adequate to meet the known nutritional needs o practically all healthy
people…they incorporate generous actors to accommodate variations in absorption and metabolism.
They thereore apply to group needs. RDIs exceed the actual nutrient requirements o practically all
healthy persons and are not synonymous with requirements.”
Despite the emphasis on the population basis o the RDI, the RDIs were oten misused in assessingdietary adequacy o individuals, or even oods, not only in Australia and New Zealand but also in many
other countries. To overcome this misuse, many countries have moved to a system o reerence values
that retains the concept o the RDI while attempting to identiy the average requirements needed by
individuals. In 1991, the UK (Dept Health 1991) became the rst country to develop a set o values oreach nutrient. More recently, the Food and Nutrition Board: Institute o Medicine (FNB:IOM 1997, 1998a,
2000a, 2001, 2002, 2004) adopted a similar approach on behal o the US and Canadian Governments.
Ater due consideration, the Working Party decided to adopt the approach o the US:Canadian Dietary Reerence Intakes (DRIs) but vary some o the terminology, notably to retain the term ‘Recommended
Dietary Intake’.
Defnitions adapted rom the FNB:IOM DRI process
EAR Estimated Average Requirement
A daily nutrient level estimated to meet the requirements o hal the healthy individuals in aparticular lie stage and gender group.
RDI Recommended Dietary Intake
The average daily dietary intake level that is sucient to meet the nutrient requirements o
nearly all (97–98 per cent) healthy individuals in a particular lie stage and gender group.
AI Adequate Intake (used when an RDI cannot be determined)
The average daily nutrient intake level based on observed or experimentally-determinedapproximations or estimates o nutrient intake by a group (or groups) o apparently healthy
people that are assumed to be adequate.
EER Estimated Energy Requirement
The average dietary energy intake that is predicted to maintain energy balance in a healthy
adult o dened age, gender, weight, height and level o physical activity, consistent with goodhealth. In children and pregnant and lactating women, the EER is taken to include the needs
associated with the deposition o tissues or the secretion o milk at rates consistent with good
health.
UL Upper Level o Intake
The highest average daily nutrient intake level likely to pose no adverse health eects
to almost all individuals in the general population. As intake increases above the UL, the
potential risk o adverse eects increases.
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For each nutrient, an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) was set rom which an RDI could be
derived. (Note that the US: Canadian terminology is ‘Recommended Dietary Allowance’, or ‘RDA’). Whilst the various NRVs are expressed on a per day basis, they should apply to intakes assessed over a
period o about 3 to 4 days. I the standard deviation (SD) o the EAR is available and the requirement
or the nutrient is symmetrically distributed, the RDI is set at 2SD above the EAR. Such that
RDI = EAR +2SDEAR .
I data about variability in requirements are insucient to calculate an SD (which is usually the case), a
coecient o variation (CV) is used. A CV o 10% or the EAR is assumed or nutrients unless availabledata indicate that greater variation is probable. The 10% is based on extensive data on variation in basal
metabolic rate and protein requirements (FAO:WHO:UNA 1985, Garby & Lammert 1984, Elia 1992).
I 10% is assumed to be the CV, then twice that amount added to the EAR is dened as equal to the RDI.Thus or a CV o 10%, the RDI would be 1.2 x EAR; or a CV o 15% it would be 1.3 x EAR and or a CV
o 20% it would be 1.4 x EAR.
Where evidence was insucient or too conficting to establish an EAR (and thus an RDI) an Adequate
Intake (AI) was set, either on experimental evidence or by adopting the most recently available
population median intake and assuming that the Australian/New Zealand populations were not decientor that particular nutrient. Both the RDI and AI can be used as a goal or individual intake, but there is
less certainty about the AI value as it depends to a greater degree on judgement. An AI might deviatesignicantly rom and be numerically higher than an RDI i the RDI could be determined. Thus AIs
should be interpreted with greater caution.
Where AIs were based on median population intakes, these were derived rom a re-analysis o the complete databases o the National Nutrition Surveys o Australia, 1995 (Australian Bureau o
Statistics 1998) and New Zealand 1991, 1997, 2002 (LINZ Activity and Health Research Unit 1992,
Ministry o Health 1999, 2003) using the appropriate age bands. The two-day adjusted data were
used or the estimates.
For inants o 0 to 6 months, all recommendations are in the orm o Adequate Intakes based on the
composition o breast milk rom healthy mothers, using a standard milk volume. The bioavailability o nutrients in ormulas may vary rom that in breast milk, so ormula-ed babies may need higher nutrientintakes. As ormulas can vary in the chemical orm and source o the nutrients, it is not possible to
develop a single reerence value or all ormula-ed inants.
For energy, an Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) was set or a range o activity levels or individualso a specied age, gender and body size.
For each nutrient, an Upper Level o Intake (UL) was set, which, unless otherwise stated, includes
intake rom all sources including oods, nutrients added to oods, pills, capsules or medicines. The ULis the highest average daily nutrient intake level likely to pose no adverse health eects to almost all
individuals in the general population. In setting the UL, any adverse health eects were considered,
including those on chronic disease status. The UL is not a recommended level o intake. It is based on a
risk assessment o nutrients that involves establishment o a No Observed Adverse Eect Level (NOAEL)and/or a Lowest Observed Adverse Eect Level (LOAEL) and application o an Uncertainty Factor
(UF) related to the evidence base and severity o potential adverse eects. Members o the general
population should be advised not to routinely exceed the UL. Intakes above the UL may be appropriateor some nutrients or investigation in well-controlled clinical trials as long as signed inormed consent
is given and as long as the trials employ appropriate saety monitoring o trial subjects. Readers are
reerred to the relevant FNB:IOM documents and the report o the UK Expert Group on Vitamins andMinerals (2003) or more details about the potential toxicological eects o high intakes o nutrients.
In Australia, vitamin and mineral supplements are regulated under the Therapeutic Goods Act (1989)
that also sets some standards or these products. In New Zealand, dietary supplements are generally
regulated under the New Zealand Dietary Supplements Regulations (New Zealand Government 1985),but supplements with nutrients at higher/pharmacological doses than the specied maximum daily
doses need to meet the requirements o the Medicines Regulations (1984).
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Further details o the approach used in setting ULs are given in the FNB:IOM publication Dietary
Reerence Intakes. A risk assessment model or establishing upper intake levels or nutrients (1998b) andin the relevant nutrient chapters o the DRI publications.
The uses o the various NRVs are summarised in the table below that was adapted rom the FNB:IOM
(2000b) publication, Dietary Reerence Intakes. Applications in Dietary Assessment . This document alsoprovides urther details o potential applications.
Nn rn v f ns: f s:
eima Aa
ruim (eAr)
U xami aii a
uua ia i iaua
U ima ac
iaua ia ii a u
rcmm dia
Ia (rdI)
Uua ia a a i a a
aii iauac
d u a ia
u
Aua Ia (AI) Uua ia a a i a
a aii iauac. w
AI i a mia ia
a uai, i am i
ma i cc
Ma uua ia a a i
imi a ac
iaua ia. w AI i
a mia ia a
uai, i am i ma
i cc
U l Ia (Ul) Uua ia a i ma ac
a iiiua a i a c
m xci ui ia
U ima ca
uai a ia i
a c m xci
ui ia
In contrast to the US:Canadian approach, the Working Party agreed to retain the traditional concept
o adequate physiological or metabolic unction and/or avoidance o deciency states as the prime
reerence point or establishing the EAR and RDIs and to deal separately with the issue o chronic
disease prevention. It was elt that assessing nutrient needs or chronic disease prevention in aquantitative manner was still problematical. Research ndings related to chronic disease prevention
oten relate to nutrient mixes or ood intake patterns, rather than the intake o individual nutrients.
To address the issue o chronic disease prevention, two additional sets o reerence values were
developed or selected nutrients or which sucient evidence existed. The set dealing with the
macronutrients was adapted rom the work o the FNB:IOM DRI review o macronutrients (2002) and is
called the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR). The second set o reerence values wastermed Suggested Dietary Targets (SDTs). These related to nutrients or which there was a reasonable
body o evidence o a potential chronic disease preventive eect at levels substantially higher than the
EAR and RDI or AI. As the evidence base or chronic disease prevention is mainly derived rom studiesand health outcomes in adults, these AMDRs and SDTs apply only to adults and adolescents o 14 years
and over.
AMDR: Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range
The AMDR is an estimate o the range o intake or each macronutrient or individuals (expressed as
per cent contribution to energy), which would allow or an adequate intake o all the other nutrients
whilst maximising general health outcome.
SDT: Suggested Dietary Target
A daily average intake rom ood and beverages or certain nutrients that that may help in preventiono chronic disease.
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the NutrieNtS revieWed
Having considered emerging evidence on the connections between diet and health and the recentrecommendations rom other countries, the preliminary workshops identied more than 40 nutrients
or the Working Party to consider. The document Recommended Dietary Intakes or use in Australia
(NHMRC 1991), which had also been adopted or use in New Zealand, contained recommendations or19 nutrients and dietary energy. During this review, dietary energy requirements and requirements orthe nutrients were considered. Those or which values were set are listed below:
mnns vns mns & ns
e viami A Cacium
pi tiami Cmium
Fa ( ia ) rifai C
-6 a aci (iic) niaci Fui
-3 a aci (α-iic) viami b6 Ii
lC -3 a aci (ma-3 viami b12 I
a, dhA, dpA, epA) Fa Maium
Caa ( ia ) paic aci Maa
dia bii Mum
wa Ci pu
viami C paium
viami d sium
viami e sium
viami k Zic
In addition to the nutrients listed above, the Working Party also reviewed the literature on total at (or
ages and lie stages other than inancy), carbohydrate (or ages and lie stages other than inancy),
cholesterol, arsenic, boron, nickel, silicon and vanadium. For these nutrients or age bands and liestages, it was agreed that there was little or no evidence or their essentiality in humans. This was
generally in line with the ndings o the US:Canadian DRI review recommendations. However, the DRI
reviews set upper limits or some o these nutrients (FNB:IOM 1998, 2001) and the reader is reerred to
these or inormation.The reviews were based on assessment o the applicability o the recently developed US:Canadian
Dietary Reerence Intakes (FNB:IOM 1997, 1998a,b, 2000a,b, 2001, 2002, 2004) to Australia and NewZealand, with reerence to recommendations rom other countries such as the UK (1991, 2003),
Germany:Austria:Switzerland (DACH recommendations 2002) and rom key organisations such as the
FAO:WHO (2001).
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refereNce body WeightS
In developing the recommendations it was necessary to standardise body weights or the various age/gender groups. Assessment o the data on measured body weights and heights or relevant age/gender
categories rom the most recent National Nutrition Survey o Australia, 1995 (ABS 1998) and New
Zealand, 1997 and 2002 (MOH 1999, 2003) showed that the body weights were similar to those usedin the earlier US:Canadian DRI publications. From the 2002 publication onwards, the US:Canadian DRIreview panels changed their standard body weights in response to availability o new data showing
markedly lighter body weights than previously used. As the most recent Australian/New Zealand data
more closely resembled those in the earlier US:Canadian reports, these were adopted or use throughoutthese recommendations.
The standard body weights or all adults were based on that or 19–30 year olds, although body weight
in most western populations tends to increase throughout adulthood because o increasing body at.
gn a rn w
(k)
b 2–6 m 7
b 7–11 m 9
b 1–3 a 13
b 4–8 a 22
Ma 9–13 a 40
14–18 a 64
19+ a 76
Fma 9–13 a 40
14–18 a 57
19+ a 61
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extrapolatioN proceSSeS
Experimental data are oten only available or a limited age/gender group. The setting o recommendations or other groups may require extrapolation o the data. This is sometimes based on
energy requirements, but more commonly on a metabolic body weight. In extrapolating data rom one
group to another, the processes and ormulae used were those developed by the US:Canadian DRIpanels unless otherwise indicated in the text.
Extrapolations rom adult Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) to children’s requirements were mostly
done using the ormula:
EAR child = EAR adult x F
where F = (Weight child/Weightadult)0.75 x (1 + growth actor).
The growth actors used were 0.3 rom 7 months to 3 years o age and 0.15 or 4–13 years o age or
both genders. For boys aged 14–18 years, the growth actor used was 0.15 but or girls o this age, thegrowth actor was set at zero.
When extrapolating rom the Adequate Intake (AI) or younger inants aged 0-6 months, to older inantsaged 7-12 months, the ormula used was:
AI7–12 months = AI0–6 months x F
where F = (Weight 7–12 months/Weight0–6 months)0.75
When estimating the Upper Level o Intake or children, the UL was extrapolated down rom the adults
UL using the ormula:
ULchild = ULadult x (Weightchild/Weightadult)0.75
This allows both body mass and metabolic dierences between adults and children to be incorporated
as necessary. More details can be ound in the methodology sections o the US:Canadian FNB:IOM
reports.
implicatioNS
The implications or adoption o these revised NRVs include:
• The need to address ongoing education o both health and ood industry proessionals in the enduse o the various reerence values and related tools or their use.
• The need to update a number o documents and educational tools based on the previous RDIs,
including:
− The NHMRC Core Food Groups analysis (NHMRC 1994)
− The Australian Guide to Healthy Eating and the Dietary Guidelines or Australian Adults , the
Australian Guidelines or Children and Adolescents in Australia and the Dietary Guidelines or
Older Australians
− The New Zealand Food and Nutrition Guidelines or the ages and stages o the liecycle .
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In Australia, the Core Food Groups analysis addressed the translation o the nutrient
recommendations into amounts o core oods (eg cereals, ruits and vegetables, meats, sh, poultry,dairy, ats and oils) required to meet these nutrient recommendations in Australia. These in turn
were used as the basis or the development o the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating and the
Australian Dietary Guidelines or Adults , the Dietary Guidelines or Children and Adolescents in
Australia and the Dietary Guidelines or Older Australians .
New Zealand has Food and Nutrition Guidelines covering the ages and stages o the liecycle. There
are currently seven in the series including inants and toddlers (0–2 years), children (2–12 years),adolescents, pregnant women, breasteeding women, adults and older people. These publications
include a background paper or health proessionals and an accompanying health education
pamphlet or the public.
The interrelationships between these various recommendations and the underpinning evidence areshown in Figure 1.
• The need or regular monitoring o dietary intake and nutrient status in the population, including the
use o ortied oods and supplements, to underpin the ongoing revisions o the NRVs, notably the
Adequate Intake values which, by denition, are oten based on population median dietary intakes.• The need or research unds to enable more accurate assessment o requirements or both
sustenance and prevention o chronic disease, including studies on issues such as biomarkers ornutritional status and nutrient bioavailability, and adverse eects o high intakes.
• The need to update and expand existing ood databases or the analysis o national nutrition survey
data, including inormation on the levels o ortication in oods.
• The need to change computerised dietary analysis programs that use the existing RDI values as
reerence values.
• The need or the redevelopment o relevant standards or the use o NRVs or ood legislativepurposes, including issues such as ood labelling and ood ortication.
• The need to consider the implications o changes in the NRVs or the ood and dietary supplementation industry.
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iNtroductioN
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
figure . iNterrelatioNShipS betWeeN the evideNce baSe, NrvS, core food group aNalySiS, dietaryaNd food guideliNeS aNd healthy eatiNg guideS
Dietary intakes rom
national surveys
Chronic/deciency disease,
Epidemiology/intervention
Dietary Guidelines
or Australians
&
New Zealand Food and
Nutrition Guidelines
(or various ages
and lie stages)
Public health advice
about the dietary
practices that canoptimise health and
well-being in the
community.
Takes into account
existing ood cultures,
cultural diversity,
sustainability, and cost
Nutrient Reerence Values
Amount o nutrients required on an average daily basis or adequate physiological unction and
prevention o deciency disease (EAR, RDI or AI)
or chronic disease prevention (AMDR or SDT).
Include a UL
NHMRC Core Food Group Analysis
Food types and amounts required based on NRVs – computer simulation using ood databases and
national nutrition survey data
Australian Guide to Healthy Eating
Practical interpretation o Core Food Group analysis
and graphic display
Observations o populations
Animal and humanexperimentation
Extrapolation rom other
populations
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iNtroductioN
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
whAt Are the IMplICAtIons oF ChAnges In reCoMMendAtIons For
CertAIn nUtrIents?
Consumption o a diet conorming to the NRVs need not, in itsel, be more expensive or the individual
(Baghurst 2003), however addressing the needs or implementation outlined above will involve ongoingcosts that are dicult to quantiy. The nancial expense associated with inadequate nutrition in the
community is likely to ar outweigh that o implementing the necessary changes. Crowley et al (1992)have estimated the economic cost o diet-related disease in Australia in terms o both direct health care
(hospitals, medical expenses, allied health proessional services, pharmaceutical expenses and nursing
homes) attributable to diet and indirect costs (due to sick leave and the net present value o orgoneearnings due to premature death). The estimate o direct costs, excluding consideration o alcohol, was
$1,432 million and that or indirect, $605 million, giving a total o $2,037 million or 1989–1990.
The RDI or some nutrients has substantially increased rom that in the previous edition due to theavailability o new data or changes in the way needs are assessed. In the past, needs at the individual
level were oten assessed in the practical situation by reerence to 70% RDI in the absence o a specic
EAR value. The NHMRC Core Food Group assessment, which is the basis or the Australian Guide
to Healthy Eating , was also modelled on 70% RDI. In the background papers to the previous RDIs(Truswell et al 1990), gures called Lower Diagnostic Levels were given or some nutrients, but these
were not ocially adopted. They were used to derive the previous RDIs with ‘generous actors’ to
accommodate variation in absorption and metabolism. They were thereore not used in practice. Theexistence o a specic EAR in the current NRVs overcomes the need to extrapolate rom the RDI when
attempting to assess adequacy o individual diets.
The new RDI or iron in young women o 18 mg/day appears to have increased rom the previousRDI (12–16 mg/day), however the EAR or this group (o 8 mg/day) is actually less than 70% o the
old RDI o 8.4–11.2 mg/day. This refects the very high variability in iron requirements in this group
because o variability in menstrual loss. Thus i 70% RDI had been used in the past as a benchmark or
assessing the needs o individuals, the apparent requirement would likely have decreased somewhat.
For pregnant women, 70% o the old RDI was 15.4–29.0 mg/day whilst the new EAR is 22.0 mg/day.For lactation, 70% o the old RDI was 8.4–11.2 mg/day but the new EAR is 6.5 mg/day.
In the case o zinc, another nutrient known to be borderline or adequacy in the community, theestimate o average needs or men has risen rom 8.4 mg/day (70% old RDI) to 12 mg/day (EAR) but
that or women has allen rom 8.4 mg/day (70% old RDI) to 6.5 mg/day, partly due to recognition that
absorptive capacity or zinc varies across the genders and that men have signicant losses in semen.
The EAR is well above 70% o the previous RDI or other nutrients, including the B vitamins thiamin,
niacin, ribofavin, vitamin B6 and B12, calcium and magnesium, which are all about 50% higher, and
olate, which is about 100% higher, than 70% o the respective old RDIs. The increase in the B vitaminreerence values refects the ways they were set in the earlier version. In the 1981–1989 RDIs, the values
or B vitamins were generally set in relation to energy needs or thiamin, ribofavin and niacin or protein
needs or vitamin B6. Energy and protein needs were, in turn, set on gures recommended at that timeby the FAO:WHO. The EARs or B vitamins in the current reerence values were set using the resultso metabolic studies with specic biochemical endpoints in blood, tissues or urine related to potential
deciency states, or depletion-repletion studies.
For olate, the higher RDI marks a return to the RDI that was in place in Australia beore the 1981–1989revision, when it was lowered rom 400 μg to 200 μg/day on the basis that the amount o absorbed
olate required to treat or ully prevent deciency disease was 100 μg/day, that the average absorption
rom ood was 50% and that average total olate consumption in Britain and North America at that time was about 200 μg/day. Other countries such as the US and Germany had an RDI o 400 μg at that time
(although they later reduced it) as they elt that the availability o olate was between 25% and 50% and
that 100–200 μg absorbed olate/day were needed.
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iNtroductioN
0 Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
The new Australian/NZ RDI or olate is based on the current recommendations rom the US and
Canada and new data on dietary intake in relation to maintenance o plasma olate, erythrocyte olateand homocysteine levels that suggest a need or about 300 μg/day. The olate RDI is expressed in terms
o dietary olate equivalents in recognition o the dierence in bioavailability between ood olate and
olic acid. The latter, which is the orm used or supplements and ortication o oods, is twice as well
absorbed as ood olate.
In relation to calcium, the dierence between the old and new RDIs relates almost entirely to the
recognition that losses through sweat o some 60 mg/day were not accounted or in previous estimates.The additional intake required to account or the decrease in absorption o calcium with increased
intake is 320 mg.
In the case o magnesium, the new EARs and RDIs were based on maintenance o whole body
magnesium over time rom balance studies mostly published since the last Australian/New ZealandRDIs were set. Recent studies o people on total parenteral nutrition that indicated lower needs than
earlier balance studies were also considered. In the background paper or the earlier magnesium RDI or
Australia, Dreosti stated “more, conventional magnesium balance studies are necessary at this stage inorder to resolve the question o requirements” (Truswell et al 1990).
Thus, the increased requirements or some nutrients since the previous revision are based on data not
available at the time or on a dierent approach to assessing needs. This outcome may appear to imply that people need to consume more ood at a time when obesity is a major public health problem in
the community. However, achievement o the new RDIs requires the consumption o dierent types o
oods, not the consumption o more ood. I energy-dense, nutrient-poor oods and drinks are replaced
with plenty o vegetables, ruits and wholegrain cereals, moderate amounts o lean meats, sh, poultry and reduced at dairy oods and small amounts o polyunsaturated or monounsaturated ats and oils as
well as plain water, then all the nutrients required can be obtained within energy requirements.
It should be remembered also that increased levels o activity make dietary choices more fexible andhave the benets o assisting in the maintenance o acceptable body weight and reducing a range o
chronic diseases.
refereNceS
Australian Bureau o Statistics: Commonwealth Department o Health and Aged Care. National Nutrition
Survey. Nutrient intakes and physical measurements . Australia, 1995. Canberra: Australian Bureau o Statistics, 1998.
Australia New Zealand Food Authority. Review o health and related claims. Full assessment report.
Proposal P153 and pilot or management ramework or health claims. Drat enquiry report proposal
170 . Canberra: ANZFA, 2000.
Baghurst KI. Social status, nutrition and the cost o healthy eating. In eds Baghurst KI, Binns C.
Dietary Guidelines or Australian Adults . Canberra: National Health & Medical Research Council,2003. Pp 265–70.
Codex Alimentarius Commission. Joint FAO:WHO Food Standards Program. Codex Committee on
Nutrition and Foods or Special Dietary Uses. 22nd Session. Discussion paper on the scientifc criteria
or health related claims . Berlin, Germany: Codex Alimentarius Commission, 2000.
Crowley SJ, Antioch K, Carter R, Waters AM, Conway L, Mathers C. The cost o diet-related disease in
Australia. Canberra: AIHW, 1992.
Department o Health. Dietary reerence values or ood energy and nutrients in the United Kingdom.
Report o the panel on Dietary Reerence Values o the Committee on Medical Aspects o Food
Policy. London: HMSO, 1991.
Elia M. Energy expenditure and the whole body. In Kinney JM, Tucker HM, eds. Energy metabolism:tissue determinants and cellular corollaries . New York; Raven Press,1992. Pp19–59.
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iNtroductioN
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals. Sae upper levels or vitamins and minerals. London:
Food Standards Agency, 2003.
FAO:WHO. Human vitamin and mineral requirements . Report o a joint FAO:WHO expert consultation.
Bangkok, Thailand . Rome: FAO, 2001.
Flight I, Baghurst KI. Systematic review o the evidence or calcium nutrient reerence values. A report prepared or the Australian Nutrition Trust . Adelaide: CSIRO Health Sciences & Nutrition, 2003a.
Flight I, Baghurst KI. Systematic review o the evidence or selenium nutrient reerence values. A report
prepared or the Australian Nutrition Trust. Adelaide: CSIRO Health Sciences & Nutrition, 2003b.
Flight I, Baghurst KI. Systematic review o the evidence or vitamin D nutrient reerence values. A report
prepared or the Australian Nutrition Trust . Adelaide: CSIRO Health Sciences & Nutrition, 2003c.
Food and Agricultural Organization: World Health Organization: United Nations. Energy and protein
requirements. Report o a joint FAO/WHO/UMA Expert Consultation . Technical Report Series No. 724.
Geneva:World Health Organization, 1985.
Food and Nutrition Board: Institute o Medicine. Dietary Reerence Intakes or calcium, phosphorus,
magnesium, vitamin D and uoride . Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1997.
Food and Nutrition Board: Institute o Medicine. Dietary Reerence Intakes or Thiamin, Riboavin,
Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline . Washington DC,National Academy Press, 1998a.
Food and Nutrition Board: Institute o Medicine. Dietary Reerence Intakes. A risk assessment model or
establishing upper intake level or nutrients . Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1998b.
Food and Nutrition Board: Institute o Medicine. Dietary Reerence Intakes or Vitamin C, Vitamin E,
Selenium and Carotenoids . Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000a.
Food and Nutrition Board: Institute o Medicine. Dietary Reerence Intakes. Applications in dietary
assessment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000b.
Food and Nutrition Board: Institute o Medicine. Dietary Reerence Intakes or Vitamin A, Vitamin
K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon,
Vanadium and Zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001.
Food and Nutrition Board: Institute o Medicine. Dietary Reerence Intakes or Energy, Carbohydrate,
Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein and Amino Acids (Macronutrients). Washington, DC:
National Academy Press, 2002.
Food and Nutrition Board: Institute o Medicine. Dietary Reerence Intakes or water, potassium, sodium,
chloride and sulate. Panel on the dietary reerence intakes or electrolytes and water. Washington,
D.C: National Academy Press, 2004.
Garby L, Lammert O. Within-subjects and between-days-and-weeks variation in energy expenditure at
rest. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 1984;38:395–7.
German Nutrition Society: Austrian Nutrition Society; Swiss Society or Nutrition Research: SwissNutrition Association. Reerence values or nutrient intake. Frankurt/Main:Umschau/Braus: German
Nutrition Society, 2001.
LINZ Activity and Health Research Unit. Twenty our hour diet recall: nutrient analysis based on 1992
DSIR database . Dunedin, New Zealand: University o Otago, 1992.
Ministry o Health. NZ ood: NZ People. Key results o the 1997 National Nutrition Survey. Wellington:
Ministry o Health, 1999.
Ministry o Health. NZ Food NZ Children. Key results o the 2002 National Children’s Nutrition Survey . Wellington: Ministry o Health, 2003.
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iNtroductioN
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
National Health and Medical Research Council. A Guide to the Development, Implementation and
Evaluation o Clinical Practice Guidelines. Canberra: NHMRC, 1999.
National Health and Medical Research Council. The Core Food Groups. The scientifc basis or developing
nutrition education tools . Canberra: NHMRC, 1994. Rescinded 22/9/2000
National Health and Medical Research Council. Recommended Dietary Intakes or use in Australia .Canberra: NHMRC, 1991.
New Zealand Government. New Zealand Dietary Supplements Regulations, 198 5. Wellington:
Government Print, 1985.
Therapeutic Goods Administration, Commonwealth Department o Health and Ageing. Therapeutics
Goods Act . Canberra: Commonwealth Government Department o Health and Ageing, 1989.
Thomson CD, Patterson E. Australian and New Zealand Nutrient reerence values or selenium.
A report prepared or the Ministry o Health. Dunedin: University o Otago, 2001.
Thomson CD. Australian and New Zealand Nutrient Reerence Values or iodine. A report prepared or
the Ministry o Health . Dunedin: University o Otago, 2002.
Truswell A. Levels and kinds o evidence or public-health nutrition. Lancet 2001;357:1061–2.
Truswell AS, Dreosti IE, English RM, Rutishauser IHE, Palmer N, eds. Recommended Nutrient Intakes.
Australian papers . Sydney: Australian Proessional Publications, 1990.
United States Food and Drug Administration. Food Advisory Committee Working Group. Interpretation
o signifcant scientifc agreement in the review o health claims . Washington, DC: US FDA, 1999.
Note: All the FNB:IOM Dietary Reerence Intake publications can be accessed on line through the website
o the National Academy Press at http://www.nap.edu
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summary tables for eNergy requiremeNts
across ages aNd geNders
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
table . eStimated eNergy requiremeNtS (eers) of iNfaNtS aNd youNg childreN
a
(ns)
rn w
(k)
eer
(kJ/)
bs gs bs gs
1 4.4 4.2 2,000 1,800
2 5.3 4.9 2,400 2,100
3 6.0 5.5 2,400 2,200
4 6.7 6.1 2,400 2,200
5 7.3 6.7 2,500 2,300
6 7.9 7.2 2,700 2,500
7 8.4 7.7 2,800 2,500
8 8.9 8.1 3,000 2,700
9 9.3 8.5 3,100 2,800
10 9.7 8.9 3,300 3,000
11 10.0 9.2 3,400 3,100
12 10.3 9.5 3,500 3,200
15 11.1 10.3 3,800 3,500
18 11.7 11.0 4,000 3,800
21 12.2 11.6 4,200 4,000
24 12.7 12.1 4,400 4,200
Aa m Fnb:IoM (2002). rc i m kuczmai a (2000)
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
table . eStimated eNergy requiremeNtS (eers) for childreN aNd adoleSceNtS uSiNg bmr
predicted from Weight, height aNd age
a
g
ys
rn
w
k
rn
bmr
mJ/
pal
.
b
s
pal
.
v
sn
pal
.
l
pal
.
m
pal
.0
h
pal
.
vs
bs
3 14.3 0.95 3.4 4.2 4.9 5.6 6.3 6.9 7.6
4 16.2 1.02 3.6 4.4 5.2 5.9 6.6 7.3 8.1
5 18.4 1.09 3.8 4.7 5.5 6.2 7.0 7.8 8.5
6 20.7 1.15 4.1 5.0 5.8 6.6 7.4 8.2 9.0
7 23.1 1.22 4.3 5.2 6.1 7.0 7.8 8.7 9.5
8 25.6 1.28 4.5 5.5 6.4 7.3 8.2 9.2 10.1
9 28.6 1.34 4.8 5.9 6.8 7.8 8.8 9.7 10.7
10 31.9 1.39 5.1 6.3 7.3 8.3 9.3 10.4 11.4
11 35.9 1.44 5.4 6.6 7.7 8.8 9.9 11.0 12.0
12 40.5 1.49 5.8 7.0 8.2 9.3 10.5 11.6 12.8
13 45.6 1.56 6.2 7.5 8.7 10.0 11.2 12.4 13.6
14 51.0 1.64 6.6 8.0 9.3 10.6 11.9 13.2 14.6
15 56.3 1.70 7.0 8.5 9.9 11.2 12.6 14.0 15.4
16 60.9 1.74 7.3 8.9 10.3 11.8 13.2 14.7 16.2
17 64.6 1.75 7.6 9.2 10.7 12.2 13.7 15.2 16.7
18 67.2 1.76 7.7 9.4 10.9 12.5 14.0 15.6 17.1
(Ciu)
a t i a/ i a ai ma i ma i m ic u. I i ca, i bMI i i acca a, i u m a u i a mai ui cu
rc i m kuczmai a (2000). s a Fnb:IoM (2002)
c eima ui sc (1985) uai i, i a a u 3–10, 10–18.
pAl (pica Acii l) ica a ac a
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
table . (coNt’d) eStimated eNergy requiremeNtS (eers) for childreN aNd adoleSceNtS uSiNg
bmr predicted from Weight, height aNd age
a
g
ys
rn
w
k
rn
bmr
mJ/
pal
.
b
s
pal
.
v
sn
pal
.
l
pal
.
m
pal
.0
h
pal
.
vs
gs
3 13.9 0.94 3.2 3.9 4.5 5.3 5.8 6.4 7.1
4 15.8 1.01 3.4 4.1 4.8 5.5 6.1 6.8 7.5
5 17.9 1.08 3.6 4.4 5.1 5.7 6.5 7.2 7.9
6 20.2 1.15 3.8 4.6 5.4 6.1 6.9 7.6 8.4
7 22.8 1.21 4.0 4.9 5.7 6.5 7.3 8.1 8.9
8 25.6 1.28 4.2 5.2 6.0 6.9 7.7 8.6 9.4
9 29.0 1.33 4.5 5.5 6.4 7.3 8.2 9.1 10.0
10 32.9 1.38 4.7 5.7 6.7 7.6 8.5 9.5 10.4
11 37.2 1.44 4.9 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0
12 41.6 1.51 5.2 6.4 7.4 8.5 9.5 10.6 11.6
13 45.8 1.57 5.5 6.7 7.8 8.9 10.0 11.1 12.2
14 49.4 1.60 5.7 6.9 8.1 9.2 10.3 11.5 12.6
15 52.0 1.62 5.8 7.1 8.2 9.4 10.6 11.7 12.9
16 53.9 1.63 5.9 7.2 8.4 9.5 10.7 11.9 13.1
17 55.1 1.63 5.9 7.2 8.4 9.6 10.8 12.0 13.2
18 56.2 1.63 6.0 7.3 8.5 9.7 10.9 12.1 13.3
a t i a/ i a ai ma i ma i m ic u. I i ca, i bMI i i acca a, i u m a u i a mai ui cu
rc i m kuczmai a (2000). s a Fnb:IoM (2002)
c eima ui sc (1985) uai i, i a a u 3–10, 10–18.
pAl (pica Acii l) ica a ac a
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
table . eStimated eNergy requiremeNtS of adultS uSiNg predicted bmr x pal
a
bmi =
.0
bmr
mJ/
ps (pal)
ms
mJ/
bmr
mJ/
ps (pal)
fs
mJ/h
()
W
(k)
m . . . . .0 . f . . . . .0 .
-
0
1.5 49.5 – – – – – – – 5.2 6.1 7.1 8.2 9.2 10.2 11.2
1.6 56.3 6.4 7.7 9.0 10.3 11.6 12.9 14.2 5.6 6.6 7.7 8.8 9.9 11.1 12.2
1.7 63.6 6.9 8.3 9.7 11.0 12.4 13.8 15.2 6.0 7.2 8.4 9.6 10.8 12.0 13.2
1.8 71.3 7.4 8.9 10.3 11.8 13.3 14.8 16.3 6.5 7.7 9.0 10.3 11.6 12.9 14.2
1.9 79.4 7.9 9.5 11.1 12.6 14.2 15.8 17.4 7.0 8.4 9.7 11.1 12.5 13.9 15.3
2.0 88.0 8.4 10.1 11.8 13.5 15.2 16.9 18.6 – – – – – – –
-
0
1.5 49.5 – – – – – – – 5.2 6.3 7.3 8.4 9.4 10.4 11.5
1.6 56.3 6.4 7.6 8.9 10.2 11.4 12.7 14.0 5.5 6.5 7.6 8.7 9.8 10.9 12.0
1.7 63.6 6.7 8.0 9.4 10.7 12.1 13.4 14.8 5.7 6.8 8.0 9.1 10.3 11.4 12.5
1.8 71.3 7.1 8.5 9.9 11.3 12.7 14.2 15.6 6.0 7.2 8.3 9.5 10.7 11.9 13.1
1.9 79.4 7.5 9.0 10.4 11.9 13.4 14.9 16.4 6.2 7.5 8.7 10.0 11.2 12.5 13.7
2.0 88.0 7.9 9.5 11.0 12.6 14.2 15.8 17.3 _ _ _ – – – –
-
0
1.5 49.5 – – – – – – – 4.9 6.0 6.9 7.9 8.9 9.8 10.9
1.6 56.3 5.8 7.0 8.2 9.3 10.4 11.5 12.7 5.2 6.2 7.3 8.3 9.3 10.4 11.4
1.7 63.6 6.1 7.3 8.6 9.8 11.1 12.3 13.6 5.4 6.5 7.6 8.7 9.8 10.7 12.0
1.8 71.3 6.5 7.8 9.1 10.4 11.7 13.1 14.4 5.7 6.9 8.0 9.1 10.3 11.4 12.6
1.9 79.4 6.9 8.3 9.6 11.1 12.4 13.8 15.2 6.0 7.2 8.4 9.6 10.8 12.0 13.2
2.0 88.0 7.3 8.8 10.2 11.7 13.2 14.7 16.1 – – – – – – –
>0 1.5 49.5 – – – – – – – 4.6 5.6 6.5 7.4 8.3 9.3 10.2
1.6 56.3 5.2 6.3 7.3 8.3 9.4 10.4 11.5 4.9 5.9 6.9 7.8 8.8 9.8 10.8
1.7 63.6 5.6 6.7 7.8 8.9 10.0 11.2 12.3 5.2 6.2 7.2 8.3 9.3 10.3 11.4
1.8 71.3 6.0 7.1 8.3 9.5 10.7 11.9 13.1 5.5 6.6 7.7 8.7 9.8 10.9 12.0
1.9 79.4 6.4 7.6 8.9 10.2 11.4 12.7 14.0 5.8 6.9 8.1 9.2 10.4 11.5 12.7
2.0 88.0 6.8 8.1 9.5 10.8 12.2 13.5 14.9 – – – – – – –
a A bMI 22.0 i axima mi i who (1998) a i a (bMI 18.5–24.9)
pica acii (pAl) 1.2 ( ) 2.2 ( aci a ccuaia ).
pAl 1.75 a a a ci i a. pAl 1.4 a cmai i mi au ai a ii.pAl a 2.5 a icu maiai i.
n: iia sc uai m ic a i (sc 1985) u 60+ a a u a ca.F a 51–70 a, ima i aai u (19–30 a) a (>70 a) au.
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
summary of NutrieNt requiremeNts
across ages aNd geNders
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
t a b l
e . N u t r i e N t r e e r e N c e v a l u e S
o r a u S t r a l i a a N d N e W Z
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a & n
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d
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d
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t
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( n k s
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n p
0 . 8 (
0 . 6 )
n p
E A R
R D
I
U L
c n
–
1 2
1 4
n p
5
n p
0 . 5
n p
4 0
3 , 0 0 0
n
o A
I o r U l
s e t F o r
o t h e r A g e s
A s d A t A o n
e
s s e n t I A l I t y
A r e
I n s U F F I C I e n t
1 4
n p
1 . 4 (
1 . 0 )
n p
–
1 6
2 0
n p
8
n p
0 . 8
n p
5 5
3 , 0 0 0
1 8
n p
1 . 6 (
1 . 2 )
n p
b s
–
3 1
4 0
n p
1 0
n p
1 . 0
n p
7 0
3 , 0 0 0
2 4
n p
2 . 2 (
1 . 6 )
n p
–
4 9
6 5
n p
1 2
n p
1 . 2
n p
1 2 5
3 , 0 0 0
2 8
n p
2 . 7 (
1 . 9 )
n p
g
s
–
2 4
3 5
n p
8
n p
0 . 8
n p
7 0
3 , 0 0 0
2 0
n p
1 . 9 (
1 . 4 )
n p
–
3 5
4 5
n p
8
n p
0 . 8
n p
8 5
3 , 0 0 0
2 2
n p
2 . 2 (
1 . 6 )
n p
( C i u )
A
v i a i : A
I a q u a i a k ; b M , a m u m a c i v m
a m i k ; b / F , a m u i a m i k a ; e A r , i m a a v a q u
i m ; r d I , c m m i a i a k ; n p , i
– m a
i u c i v i c c a v a
v c ; U l , U l v I a k
a
r
c m m a i a - 6 a a - 3 ; a a A I a a 3 0 – 3 1 / a i a
t a w a i c u w a m
a f u i
c
A
c m m a i i a a a a m
u i a m i k
I
2 a 3 i m
5/8/2018 NRV Executive Summary - slidepdf.com
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
t a b l
e . ( c o N t ’ d ) N u t r i e N t r e e r e N c e v a l u e S o r a u S t r a l i a a N d N e W
Z e a l a N d : m a c r o N u t r i e N t S a N d
W a t e r
a & n
p n
/
d s
c
/
d
/
t w
( n k s
s f n n
n )
l /
l n
( n - )
/
α - n n
( n - )
/
l c n -
( d h a / e p a / d p a )
/
E A R
R D I
U L
A I
U L
A I
U L
A I
U L
A I U L
A I
U L
A
I
U L
m n
– 0
5 2
6 4
n p
1 3
n p
1 . 3
n p
1 6 0
3 , 0 0 0
n o A
I o r U l
s e t F o r
o t h e r A g e s
A s d A t A o n
e s s e n t I A l I t y
A r e
I n s U F F I C I e n t
3 0
n p
3 . 4 ( 2 . 6 )
n p
– 0
5 2
6 4
n p
1 3
n p
1 . 3
n p
1 6 0
3 , 0 0 0
3 0
n p
3 . 4 ( 2 . 6 )
n p
– 0
5 2
6 4
n p
1 3
n p
1 . 3
n p
1 6 0
3 , 0 0 0
3 0
n p
3 . 4 ( 2 . 6 )
n p
> 0
6 5
8 1
n p
1 3
n p
1 . 3
n p
1 6 0
3 , 0 0 0
3 0
n p
3 . 4 ( 2 . 6 )
n p
W
n
– 0
3 7
4 6
n p
8
n p
0 . 8
n p
9 0
3 , 0 0 0
2 5
n p
2 . 8 ( 2 . 1 )
n p
– 0
3 7
4 6
n p
8
n p
0 . 8
n p
9 0
3 , 0 0 0
2 5
n p
2 . 8 ( 2 . 1 )
n p
– 0
3 7
4 6
n p
8
n p
0 . 8
n p
9 0
3 , 0 0 0
2 5
n p
2 . 8 ( 2 . 1 )
n p
> 0
4 6
5 7
n p
8
n p
0 . 8
n p
9 0
3 , 0 0 0
2 5
n p
2 . 8 ( 2 . 1 )
n p
p
n n
–
4 7
5 8
n p
1 0
n p
1 . 0
n p
1 1 0
3 , 0 0 0
2 5
n p
2 . 4 ( 1 . 8 )
n p
– 0
4 9
6 0
n p
1 0
n p
1 . 0
n p
1 1 5
3 , 0 0 0
2 8
n p
3 . 1 ( 2 . 3 )
n p
– 0
4 9
6 0
n p
1 0
n p
1 . 0
n p
1 1 5
3 , 0 0 0
2 8
n p
3 . 1 ( 2 . 3 )
n p
l
n
–
5 1
6 3
n p
1 2
n p
1 . 2
n p
1 4 0
3 , 0 0 0
2 7
n p
2 . 9 ( 2 . 3 )
n p
– 0
5 4
6 7
n p
1 2
n p
1 . 2
n p
1 4 5
3 , 0 0 0
3 0
n p
3 . 5 ( 2 . 6 )
n p
– 0
5 4
6 7
n p
1 2
n p
1 . 2
n p
1 4 5
3 , 0 0 0
3 0
n p
3 . 5 ( 2 . 6 )
n p
A
v i a i : A
I a q u a i a k ; b M , a m u m a c i v m
a m i k ; b / F , a m u i a m i k a ; e A r , i m a a v a q u
i m ; r d I , c m m i a
i a k
; n p , i – m a i u c i v
i c c a v a v c ; U l , U l v I a k
a
r
c m m a i a - 6 a a - 3 ; a a A I a a 3 0 – 3 1 / a i a
t a w a i c u w a m
a w a
f u i
c
A
c m m a i i a a a a m
u i a m i k
I
2 a 3 i m
5/8/2018 NRV Executive Summary - slidepdf.com
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
t a b l
e . N u t r i e N t r e e r e N c e v a l u e S o r a u S t r a l i a a N d N e W Z
e a l a N d
: b v i t a m i N S
a & n
t n
/
r f n
/
N n
/ n n
q n s
v n b
/
v n b
μ /
s
q s
μ /
p n n
/
b n
μ /
A I
U L
A I
U L
A I
U L
A I
U L c
A I
U
L
A I
U L
A I
U L
A I
U L
i n n s
0 – .
0 . 2
n p
0 . 3
b M
2
b
M
0 . 1
b M
0 . 4
b
M
6 5
b M
1 . 7
b M
5
b M
– .
0 . 3
n p
0 . 4
b / F
4
b
/ F
0 . 3
b / F
0 . 5
b
/ F
8 0
b / F
2 . 2
b / F
6
b / F
E A R
R D I
U L
E A R
R D I
U L
E A R
R D I
U L
E A R
R D I
U L
E A R
R D I
U
L
E A R
R D I
U L
A I
U L
A I
U L
c n
–
0 . 4
0 . 5
n p
0 . 4
0 . 5
n p
5
6
1 0
0 . 4
0 . 5
1 5
0 . 7
0 . 9
n
p
1 2 0
1 5 0
3 0 0
3 . 5
n p
8
n p
–
0 . 5
0 . 6
n p
0 . 5
0 . 6
n p
6
8
1 5
0 . 5
0 . 6
2 0
1 . 0
1 . 2
n
p
1 6 0
2 0 0
4 0 0
4 . 0
n p
1 2
n p
b s
–
0 . 7
0 . 9
n p
0 . 8
0 . 9
n p
9
1 2
2 0
0 . 8
1 . 0
3 0
1 . 5
1 . 8
n
p
2 5 0
3 0 0
6 0 0
5 . 0
n p
2 0
n p
–
1 . 0
1 . 2
n p
1 . 1
1 . 3
n p
1 2
1 6
3 0
1 . 1
1 . 3
4 0
2 . 0
2 . 4
n
p
3 3 0
4 0 0
8 0 0
6 . 0
n p
3 0
n p
g
s
–
0 . 7
0 . 9
n p
0 . 8
0 . 9
n p
9
1 2
2 0
0 . 8
1 . 0
3 0
1 . 5
1 . 8
n
p
2 5 0
3 0 0
6 0 0
4 . 0
n p
2 0
n p
–
0 . 9
1 . 1
n p
0 . 9
1 . 1
n p
1 1
1 4
3 0
1 . 0
1 . 2
4 0
2 . 0
2 . 4
n
p
3 3 0
4 0 0
8 0 0
4 . 0
n p
2 5
n p
( C i u )
A
v i a i : A
I a q u a i a k ; b M , a m u m a c i v m
a m i k ; b / F , a m u i a m i k a ; e A r , i m a a v a q u
i m ; r d I , c m m i a
i a k
; n p , i – m a i u c i v
i c c a v a v c ; U l , u v i a k
a
t
U l i a c i i c i i c a c i . F u
m a i c i a m i , U l i 9 0 0 m / a m a - a w m , 1 5 0 m / a
1 – 3 - , 2
5 0 m / a 4 – 8 - ; 5
0 0
m
/ a 9 – 1 3 - a 7 5 0 m / a 1 4 –
1 8 - . I
i i a U l i c
i a m i i a c ( i a k u a m i k , m u a ) a c a a c a i
( u c u )
F a , U l i i a k m
i a u m a i c a c i
c
F v i a m i b 6 , U l i i x i
A
i a A I a a m i k c c a i i
a w m a a v a v u m
t
i i i a i a k . F a w m , i
i c u a i i a u m a i c a c i q u i v u a u c
5/8/2018 NRV Executive Summary - slidepdf.com
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
t a b l
e . ( c o N t ’ d ) N u t r i e N t r e e r e N c e v a l u e S o r a u S t r a l i a a N d N e W
Z e a l a N d : b v i t a m i N S
a
& n
t n
/
r f n
/
N n
/ n n
q n s
v n b
/
v n b
μ /
s
q s
μ /
p n n
/
b n
μ /
E A R
R D I
U L
E A R
R D I
U L
E A R
R D I
U L
E A R
R D I
U L
E A R
R D I
U L
E A R e
R D I e
U L
A I
U L
A I
U L
m n
– 0
1 . 0
1 . 2
n p
1 . 1
1 . 3
n p
1 2
1 6
3 5
1 . 1
1 . 3
5 0
2 . 0
2 . 4
n p
3 2 0
4 0 0
1 , 0 0 0
6 . 0
n p
3 0
n p
– 0
1 . 0
1 . 2
n p
1 . 1
1 . 3
n p
1 2
1 6
3 5
1 . 1
1 . 3
5 0
2 . 0
2 . 4
n p
3 2 0
4 0 0
1 , 0 0 0
6 . 0
n p
3 0
n p
– 0
1 . 0
1 . 2
n p
1 . 1
1 . 3
n p
1 2
1 6
3 5
1 . 4
1 . 7
5 0
2 . 0
2 . 4
n p
3 2 0
4 0 0
1 , 0 0 0
6 . 0
n p
3 0
n p
> 0
1 . 0
1 . 2
n p
1 . 3
1 . 6
n p
1 2
1 6
3 5
1 . 4
1 . 7
5 0
2 . 0
2 . 4
n p
3 2 0
4 0 0
1 , 0 0 0
6 . 0
n p
3 0
n p
W n
– 0
0 . 9
1 . 1
n p
0 . 9
1 . 1
n p
1 1
1 4
3 5
1 . 1
1 . 3
5 0
2 . 0
2 . 4
n p
3 2 0
4 0 0
1 , 0 0 0
4 . 0
n p
2 5
n p
– 0
0 . 9
1 . 1
n p
0 . 9
1 . 1
n p
1 1
1 4
3 5
1 . 1
1 . 3
5 0
2 . 0
2 . 4
n p
3 2 0
4 0 0
1 , 0 0 0
4 . 0
n p
2 5
n p
– 0
0 . 9
1 . 1
n p
0 . 9
1 . 1
n p
1 1
1 4
3 5
1 . 3
1 . 5
5 0
2 . 0
2 . 4
n p
3 2 0
4 0 0
1 , 0 0 0
4 . 0
n p
2 5
n p
> 0
0 . 9
1 . 1
n p
1 . 1
1 . 3
n p
1 1
1 4
3 5
1 . 3
1 . 5
5 0
2 . 0
2 . 4
n p
3 2 0
4 0 0
1 , 0 0 0
4 . 0
n p
2 5
n p
p n n
–
1 . 2
1 . 4
n p
1 . 2
1 . 4
n p
1 4
1 8
3 0
1 . 6
1 . 9
4 0
2 . 2
2 . 6
n p
5 2 0
6 0 0
8 0 0
5 . 0
n p
3 0
n p
– 0
1 . 2
1 . 4
n p
1 . 2
1 . 4
n p
1 4
1 8
3 5
1 . 6
1 . 9
5 0
2 . 2
2 . 6
n p
5 2 0
6 0 0
1 , 0 0 0
5 . 0
n p
3 0
n p
– 0
1 . 2
1 . 4
n p
1 . 2
1 . 4
n p
1 4
1 8
3 5
1 . 6
1 . 9
5 0
2 . 2
2 . 6
n p
5 2 0
6 0 0
1 , 0 0 0
5 . 0
n p
3 0
n p
l n
-
1 . 2
1 . 4
n p
1 . 3
1 . 6
n p
1 3
1 7
3 0
1 . 7
2 . 0
4 0
2 . 4
2 . 8
n p
4 5 0
5 0 0
8 0 0
6 . 0
n p
3 5
n p
- 0
1 . 2
1 . 4
n p
1 . 3
1 . 6
n p
1 3
1 7
3 5
1 . 7
2 . 0
5 0
2 . 4
2 . 8
n p
4 5 0
5 0 0
1 , 0 0 0
6 . 0
n p
3 5
n p
- 0
1 . 2
1 . 4
n p
1 . 3
1 . 6
n p
1 3
1 7
3 5
1 . 7
2 . 0
5 0
2 . 4
2 . 8
n p
4 5 0
5 0 0
1 , 0 0 0
6 . 0
n p
3 5
n p
A
v i a i : A
I a q u a i a k ; b M , a m u m a c i v m
a m i k ; b / F , a m u i a m i k a ; e A r , i m a a v a q u
i m ; r d I , c m m i a
i a k
; n p , i – m a i u c i v
i c c a v a v c ; U l , u v i a k
a
t
U l i a c i i c i i c a c i . F u
m a i c i a m i , U l i 9 0 0 m / a m a - a w m , 1 5 0 m / a
1 – 3 - , 2
5 0 m / a 4 – 8 - ; 5
0 0
m / a 9 – 1 3
- a 7 5 0 m / a 1 4 – 1 8 - . I
i
i a U l i c i a m i i a
c ( i a k u a m i k , m u a
) a c a a c a i ( u c u )
F a , U l i i a k m
i a u m a i c a c i
c
F v i a m i b 6 , U l i i x i
A
i a A I a a m i k c c a i i
a w m a a v a v u m
t
i i i a i a k . F a w m , i
i c u a i i a u m a i c a c i q u i v u a u c
5/8/2018 NRV Executive Summary - slidepdf.com
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
t a b l
e . N u t r i e N t r e e r e N c e v a l u e S o r a u S t r a l i a a N d N e W Z
e a l a N d
: v i t a m i N S a , c , d , e a N d K a N d c h o l i N e
a & n
v n a
( n q n s )
μ /
v n c
/
v n d
μ /
v
n e
( α -
q n s )
/
v n K
μ /
c n
/
A I
U L b
A I
U
L c
A I
U L
A I
U L
A I
U L
A I
U L
i n
n s
0 – .
2 5 0 ( a i
)
6 0 0
2 5
b
M
5
2 5
4
b M
2 . 0
b M
1 2 5
b M
– .
4 3 0
6 0 0
3 0
b
/ F
5
2 5
5
b / F
2 . 5
b / F
1 5 0
b / F
E A R
R D I
U L
E A R
R D I
U
L
A I
U L
A I
U L
A I
U L
A I
U L
c n
–
2 1 0
3 0 0
6 0 0
2 5
3 5
n
p
5
8 0
5
7 0
2 5
n p
2 0 0
1 , 0 0 0
–
2 7 5
4 0 0
9 0 0
2 5
3 5
n
p
5
8 0
6
1 0 0
3 5
n p
2 5 0
1 , 0 0 0
b s
–
4 4 5
6 0 0
1 , 7 0 0
2 8
4 0
n
p
5
8 0
9
1 8 0
4 5
n p
3 7 5
1 , 0 0 0
–
6 3 0
9 0 0
2 , 8 0 0
2 8
4 0
n
p
5
8 0
1 0
2 5 0
5 5
n p
5 5 0
3 , 0 0 0
g
s
–
4 2 0
6 0 0
1 , 7 0 0
2 8
4 0
n
p
5
8 0
8
1 8 0
4 5
n p
3 7 5
1 , 0 0 0
–
4 8 5
7 0 0
2 , 8 0 0
2 8
4 0
n
p
5
8 0
8
2 5 0
5 5
n p
4 0 0
3 , 0 0 0
( C i u )
A
v i a i : A
I , a q u a i a k ; b M , a m u m a c i v m
a m i k ; b / F , a m u i a m i k a ; e A r , i m a a v a q u
i m ; r d I , c m m i a
i a k
; n p , i – m a i u c i v
i c c a v a v c ; U l , u v i a k
a
o
α - c q u i v a i q u a 1 m r
r r α - ( d
- α - ) c , 2 m β - c , 1
0 m γ c 3 m α - c i . t
v a u i c a - a c - α - c
( d l - α -
c ) i 1 4 m
A
U l c a a i u m a β - c a u a i q u i u
c
n
i a i a U l v i a m i C m
a v a i a a a , u 1 , 0 0 0 m / a w u a
u i m i
A
i a A I a a m i k c c a i i
a w m a a v a v u m
5/8/2018 NRV Executive Summary - slidepdf.com
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
t a b l
e . ( c o N t ’ d ) N u t r i e N t r e e r e N c e v a l u e S o r a u S t r a l i a a N d N e W
Z e a l a N d : v i t a m i N S a , c , d , e a N d K a N d c h o l i N e
a & n
v n a
( n q n s )
μ /
v n c
/
v n d
μ /
v n e
( α -
q n s )
/
v n K
μ /
c n
/
E A R
R D I
U L
E A R
R D I
U L
A I
U L
A I
U L
A I
U L
A I
U L
m n
– 0
6 2 5
9 0 0
3 , 0 0 0
3 0
4 5
n p
5
8 0
1 0
3 0 0
7 0
n p
5 5
0
3 , 5 0 0
– 0
6 2 5
9 0 0
3 , 0 0 0
3 0
4 5
n p
5
8 0
1 0
3 0 0
7 0
n p
5 5
0
3 , 5 0 0
– 0
6 2 5
9 0 0
3 , 0 0 0
3 0
4 5
n p
1 0
8 0
1 0
3 0 0
7 0
n p
5 5
0
3 , 5 0 0
> 0
6 2 5
9 0 0
3 , 0 0 0
3 0
4 5
n p
1 5
8 0
1 0
3 0 0
7 0
n p
5 5
0
3 , 5 0 0
W
n
– 0
5 0 0
7 0 0
3 , 0 0 0
3 0
4 5
n p
5
8 0
7
3 0 0
6 0
n p
4 2
5
3 , 5 0 0
– 0
5 0 0
7 0 0
3 , 0 0 0
3 0
4 5
n p
5
8 0
7
3 0 0
6 0
n p
4 2
5
3 , 5 0 0
– 0
5 0 0
7 0 0
3 , 0 0 0
3 0
4 5
n p
1 0
8 0
7
3 0 0
6 0
n p
4 2
5
3 , 5 0 0
> 0
5 0 0
7 0 0
3 , 0 0 0
3 0
4 5
n p
1 5
8 0
7
3 0 0
6 0
n p
4 2
5
3 , 5 0 0
p
n n
–
5 3 0
7 0 0
2 , 8 0 0
3 8
5 5
n p
5
8 0
8
3 0 0
6 0
n p
4 1
5
3 , 0 0 0
– 0
5 5 0
8 0 0
3 , 0 0 0
4 0
6 0
n p
5
8 0
7
3 0 0
6 0
n p
4 4
0
3 , 5 0 0
– 0
5 5 0
8 0 0
3 , 0 0 0
4 0
6 0
n p
5
8 0
7
3 0 0
6 0
n p
4 4
0
3 , 5 0 0
l
n
–
7 8 0
1
, 1 0 0
2 , 8 0 0
5 8
8 0
n p
5
8 0
1 2
3 0 0
6 0
n p
5 2
5
3 , 0 0 0
– 0
8 0 0
1
, 1 0 0
3 , 0 0 0
6 0
8 5
n p
5
8 0
1 1
3 0 0
6 0
n p
5 5
0
3 , 5 0 0
– 0
8 0 0
1
, 1 0 0
3 , 0 0 0
6 0
8 5
n p
5
8 0
1 1
3 0 0
6 0
n p
5 5
0
3 , 5 0 0
A
v i a i : A
I , a q u a i a k ; b M , a m u m a c i v m
a m i k ; b / F , a m u i a m i k a ; e A r , i m a a v a q u
i m ; r d I , c m m i a i a k ; n p , i
– m a
i u c i v i c c a v a
v c ; U l , u v i a k
a
o
α - c q u i v a i q u a 1 m r
r r α - ( - α - ) c , 2 m β - c
, 1 0 m γ c 3 m α - c i . t v a u i c a - a c - α - c
( - α - c ) i 1 4 m
A
U l c a a i u m a a - c a u a i q u i u
c
n
i a i a U l v i a m i C m
a v a i a a a , u 1 , 0 0 0 m / a w u a
u i m i
A
i a A I a a m i k c c a i i
a w m a a v a v u m
5/8/2018 NRV Executive Summary - slidepdf.com
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
t a b l
e . N u t r i e N t r e e r e N c e v a l u e S o r a u S t r a l i a a N d N e W Z
e a l a N d
: m i N e r a l S – c a l c i u m , p h o S p h o r u S , Z i N c a N d i r o N
a & n
c
/
p
s s
/
Z n
/
i n
/
A I
U L
A I
U L
A I
U L
A I
U L
i n
n s
0 – .
– .
2 1 0
b M
1 0 0
b M
2 . 0
4
0 . 2
2 0
2 7 0
b / F
2 7 5
b / F
E A R
R D
I
U L
E A R
R D I
U L
2 . 5
3 . 0
5
7
1 1 . 0
2 0
E A R
R D I
U L
E A R
R D I
U L
E A R
R D
I
U L
E A R
R D I
U L
c n
–
3 6 0
5 0 0
2 , 5 0 0
3 8 0
4 6 0
3 , 0 0 0
2 . 5
3
7
4
9
2 0
–
5 2 0
7 0 0
2 , 5 0 0
4 0 5
5 0 0
3 , 0 0 0
3 . 0
4
1 2
4
1 0
4 0
b s
–
8 0 0 –
1 , 0 5 0
1 , 0 0 0 –
1 , 3 0 0
2 , 5 0 0
1 , 0 5 5
1 , 2 5 0
4 , 0 0 0
5 . 0
6
2 5
6
8
4 0
–
1 , 0 5 0
1 , 3 0 0
2 , 5 0 0
1 , 0 5 5
1 , 2 5 0
4 , 0 0 0
1 1 . 0
1 3
3 5
8
1 1
4 5
g
s
–
8 0 0 –
1 , 0 5 0
1 , 0 0 0 –
1 , 3 0 0
2 , 5 0 0
1 , 0 5 5
1 , 2 5 0
4 , 0 0 0
5 . 0
6
2 5
6
8
4 0
–
1 , 0 5 0
1 , 3 0 0
2 , 5 0 0
1 , 0 5 5
1 , 2 5 0
4 , 0 0 0
6 . 0
7
3 5
8
1 5
4 5
( C i u )
A
v i a i : A
I , a q u a i a k ; b M , a m u m a c i v m
a m i k ; b / F , a m u i a m i k a ; e A r , i m a a v a q u
i m ; r d I , c m m i a i a k ; n p , i
– m a
i u c i v i c c a v a
v c ; U l , u v i a k
a
F c a c i u m , a a a c m m a i
c i a 9 – 1 1 a a 1 2 – 1 3 a c a u w . 9 – 1 1 a - w
a w i a m a u i a m u c a a
a a v a m a
i a k c m m 1 2 – 1 3 a -
5/8/2018 NRV Executive Summary - slidepdf.com
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
t a b l
e . ( c o N t ’ d ) N u t r i e N t r e e r e N c e v a l u e S o r a u S t r a l i a a N d N e W
Z e a l a N d : m i N e r a l S – c a l c i u m , p h o S p h o r u S , Z i N c a N d i r o N
a & n
c
/
p
s s
/
Z n
/
i n /
E A R
R D I
U L
E A R
R D I
U L
E A R
R
D I
U L
E A R
R D I
U L
m n
– 0
8 4 0
1 , 0 0 0
2 , 5 0 0
5 8 0
1 , 0 0 0
4 , 0 0 0
1 2 . 0
1
4
4 0
6
8
4 5
– 0
8 4 0
1 , 0 0 0
2 , 5 0 0
5 8 0
1 , 0 0 0
4 , 0 0 0
1 2 . 0
1
4
4 0
6
8
4 5
– 0
8 4 0
1 , 0 0 0
2 , 5 0 0
5 8 0
1 , 0 0 0
4 , 0 0 0
1 2 . 0
1
4
4 0
6
8
4 5
> 0
1 , 1 0 0
1 , 3 0 0
2 , 5 0 0
5 8 0
1 , 0 0 0
3 , 0 0 0
1 2 . 0
1
4
4 0
6
8
4 5
W
n
– 0
8 4 0
1 , 0 0 0
2 , 5 0 0
5 8 0
1 , 0 0 0
4 , 0 0 0
6 . 5
8
4 0
8
1 8
4 5
– 0
8 4 0
1 , 0 0 0
2 , 5 0 0
5 8 0
1 , 0 0 0
4 , 0 0 0
6 . 5
8
4 0
8
1 8
4 5
– 0
1 , 1 0 0
1 , 3 0 0
2 , 5 0 0
5 8 0
1 , 0 0 0
4 , 0 0 0
6 . 5
8
4 0
5
8
4 5
> 0
1 , 1 0 0
1 , 3 0 0
2 , 5 0 0
5 8 0
1 , 0 0 0
3 , 0 0 0
6 . 5
8
4 0
5
8
4 5
p
n n
–
1 , 0 5 0
1 , 3 0 0
2 , 5 0 0
1 , 0 5 5
1 , 2 5 0
3 , 5 0 0
8 . 5
1
0
3 5
2 3
2 7
4 5
– 0
8 4 0
1 , 0 0 0
2 , 5 0 0
5 8 0
1 , 0 0 0
3 , 5 0 0
9 . 0
1
1
4 0
2 2
2 7
4 5
– 0
8 4 0
1 , 0 0 0
2 , 5 0 0
5 8 0
1 , 0 0 0
3 , 5 0 0
9 . 0
1
1
4 0
2 2
2 7
4 5
l
n
–
1 , 0 5 0
1 , 3 0 0
2 , 5 0 0
1 , 0 5 5
1 , 2 5 0
4 , 0 0 0
9 . 0
1
1
3 5
7
1 0
4 5
– 0
8 4 0
1 , 0 0 0
2 , 5 0 0
5 8 0
1 , 0 0 0
4 , 0 0 0
1 0 . 0
1
2
4 0
6 . 5
9
4 5
– 0
8 4 0
1 , 0 0 0
2 , 5 0 0
5 8 0
1 , 0 0 0
4 , 0 0 0
1 0 . 0
1
2
4 0
6 . 5
9
4 5
A
v i a i : A
I , a q u a i a k ; b M , a m u m a c i v m
a m i k ; b / F , a m u i a m i k a ; e A r , i m a a v a q u
i m ; r d I , c m m i a
i a k
; n p , i – m a i u c i v
i c c a v a v c ; U l , u v i a k
a
F c a c i u m , a a a c m m a i
c i a 9 – 1 1 a a 1 2 – 1 3 a c a u w . 9 – 1 1 a - w a w i a m a u i a m u c a a a a v a m a
i a k c m m 1 2 – 1 3 a -
5/8/2018 NRV Executive Summary - slidepdf.com
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
t a b l
e . N u t r i e N t r e e r e N c e v a l u e S o r a u S t r a l i a a N d N e W Z
e a l a N d
: m i N e r a l S – m a g N e S i u m , i o d i N e , S
e l e N i u m a N d m o l y b d e N u m
a
& n
m
n s
/
i n
μ /
S n
μ /
m n
μ /
A I
U l a
A I
U l
A I
U l
A I
U l
i n n s
0 – .
3 0
b M
9 0
b M
1 2
4 5
2
b M
– .
7 5
b / F
1 1 0
b / F
1 5
6 0
3
b / F
E A R
R D I
U L
E A R
R D I
U L
E A R
R D
I
U L
E A R
R D I
U L
c n
–
6 5
8 0
6 5
6 5
9 0
2 0 0
2 0
2 5
9 0
1 3
1 7
3 0 0
–
1 1 0
1 3 0
1 1 0
6 5
9 0
3 0 0
2 5
3 0
1 5 0
1 7
2 2
6 0 0
b
s
–
2 0 0
2 4 0
3 5 0
7 5
1 2 0
6 0 0
4 0
5 0
2 8 0
2 6
3 4
1 , 1 0 0
–
3 4 0
4 1 0
3 5 0
9 5
1 5 0
9 0 0
6 0
7 0
4 0 0
3 3
4 3
1 , 7 0 0
g s
–
2 0 0
2 4 0
3 5 0
7 5
1 2 0
6 0 0
4 0
5 0
2 8 0
2 6
3 4
1 , 1 0 0
–
3 0 0
3 6 0
3 5 0
9 5
1 5 0
9 0 0
5 0
6 0
4 0 0
3 3
4 3
1 , 7 0 0
( C i u )
A
v i a i : A
I , a q u a i a k ; b M , a m u m a c i v m
a m i k ; b / F , a m u i a m i k a ; e A r , i m a a v a q u
i m ; r d I , c m m i a i a k ; n p , i
– m a
i u c i v i c c a v a
v c ; U l , u v i a k
a
n
a a U l i m a i u m
u m
5/8/2018 NRV Executive Summary - slidepdf.com
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Summary tableS
0 Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
t a b l e . ( c o N t ’ d ) N u t r i e N t r e e r e N c
e v a l u e S o r a u S t r a l i a a N d N e W
Z e a l a N d : m i N e r a l S – m a g N e S i u m
, i o d i N e , S e l e N i u m a N d m o l y b d e N
u m
a
& n
m
n s
/
i n
μ
/
S n
μ /
m n
μ /
E A R
R D I
U L a
E A R
R D I
U L
E A R
R D
I
U L
E A R
R D I
U L
m n
– 0
3 3 0
4 0 0
3 5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
1 , 1 0 0
6 0
7 0
4 0 0
3 4
4 5
2 , 0 0 0
– 0
3 5 0
4 2 0
3 5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
1 , 1 0 0
6 0
7 0
4 0 0
3 4
4 5
2 , 0 0 0
– 0
3 5 0
4 2 0
3 5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
1 , 1 0 0
6 0
7 0
4 0 0
3 4
4 5
2 , 0 0 0
> 0
3 5 0
4 2 0
3 5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
1 , 1 0 0
6 0
7 0
4 0 0
3 4
4 5
2 , 0 0 0
W n
– 0
2 5 5
3 1 0
3 5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
1 , 1 0 0
5 0
6 0
4 0 0
3 4
4 5
2 , 0 0 0
– 0
2 6 5
3 2 0
3 5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
1 , 1 0 0
5 0
6 0
4 0 0
3 4
4 5
2 , 0 0 0
– 0
2 6 5
3 2 0
3 5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
1 , 1 0 0
5 0
6 0
4 0 0
3 4
4 5
2 , 0 0 0
> 0
2 6 5
3 2 0
3 5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
1 , 1 0 0
5 0
6 0
4 0 0
3 4
4 5
2 , 0 0 0
p n n
–
3 3 5
4 0 0
3 5 0
1 6 0
2 2 0
9 0 0
5 5
6 5
4 0 0
4 0
5 0
1 , 7 0 0
– 0
2 9 0
3 5 0
3 5 0
1 6 0
2 2 0
1 , 1 0 0
5 5
6 5
4 0 0
4 0
5 0
2 , 0 0 0
– 0
3 0 0
3 6 0
3 5 0
1 6 0
2 2 0
1 , 1 0 0
5 5
6 5
4 0 0
4 0
5 0
2 , 0 0 0
l n
–
3 0 0
3 6 0
3 5 0
1 9 0
2 7 0
9 0 0
6 5
7 5
4 0 0
3 5
5 0
1 , 7 0 0
– 0
2 5 5
3 1 0
3 5 0
1 9 0
2 7 0
1 , 1 0 0
6 5
7 5
4 0 0
3 6
5 0
2 , 0 0 0
– 0
2 6 5
3 2 0
3 5 0
1 9 0
2 7 0
1 , 1 0 0
6 5
7 5
4 0 0
3 6
5 0
2 , 0 0 0
A v i a i : A
I , a q u a i a k ; b M , a m u m a
c i v m
a m i k ; b / F , a m u i
a m i k a ; e A r , i m a a v a q u i m ; r d I , c m m i a i a k ; n p , i
– m a
i u c i v i c c a v a v c ; U l , u v i a k
a
n
a a U l i m a i u m
u m
5/8/2018 NRV Executive Summary - slidepdf.com
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
t a b l
e . N u t r i e N t r e e r e N c e v a l u e S
o r a u S t r a l i a a N d N e W Z
e a l a N d : m i N e r a l S – c o p p e r , c h r o m i u m , m a N g a N e S e , l u o r i d e , S o d i u m a N
d p o t a S S i u m
a / n
c
/
c
μ /
m n n s
/
/
S
/
p
s s
/
A I
U L
A I
U L
A I
U L b
A I
U L
A I
U L c
A I
U L d
i n
n s
0 – .
0 . 2 0
b M
0 . 2
n p
0 . 0 0
3
b M
0 . 0 1
0 . 7
1 2 0
n p
4 0 0
n p
– .
0 . 2 2
b / F
5 . 5
n p
0 . 6 0
0
b / F
0 . 5 0
0 . 9
1 7 0
n p
7 0 0
n p
c n
–
0 . 7
1
1 1
n p
2 . 0
n p
0 . 7
1 . 3
2 0 0 – 4 0 0
1 , 0 0 0
2 , 0 0 0
n p
–
1 . 0
3
1 5
n p
2 . 5
n p
1 . 0
2 . 2
3 0 0 – 6 0 0
1 , 4 0 0
2 , 3 0 0
n p
b s
–
1 . 3
5
2 5
n p
3 . 0
n p
2 . 0
1 0
4 0 0 – 8 0 0
2 , 0 0 0
3 , 0 0 0
n p
–
1 . 5
8
3 5
n p
3 . 5
n p
3 . 0
1 0
4 6 0 – 9 2 0
2 , 3 0 0
3 , 6 0 0
n p
g
s
–
1 . 1
5
2 1
n p
2 . 5
n p
2 . 0
1 0
4 0 0 – 8 0 0
2 , 0 0 0
2 , 5 0 0
n p
–
1 . 1
8
2 4
n p
3 . 0
n p
3 . 0
1 0
4 6 0 – 9 2 0
2 , 3 0 0
2 , 6 0 0
n p
( C i u )
A
v i a i : A
I , a q u a i a k ; b M , a m u m a c i v m
a m i k ; b / F , a m u i a m i k a ; e A r , i m a a v a q u
i m ; r d I , c m m i a i a k ; n p , i
– m a
i u c i v i c c a v a
v c ; U l , u v i a k
a
9
2 0 m i u m / a i q u i v a 4 0 m m / a ; 2 , 3 0 0 m i u m / a i q u i v a 1 0 0 m m
/ a
I
a k m a a a m a u
i a v a c u a a i k , u a i u c i a a a U l
c
A
v m a 1 , 6 0 0 m i u m / a ( 7
0 m m ) i c m m , v w i
i v a w i i m a i a
i w u v i a
F a i u m , u m u a k u m i c a u v i i
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
t a b l
e . ( c o N t ’ d ) N u t r i e N t r e e r e N c e v a l u e S o r a u S t r a l i a a N d N e W
Z e a l a N d : m i N e r a l S – c o p p e r , c h
r o m i u m , m a N g a N e S e , l u o r i d e , S o
d i u m a N d
p o t a S S i u m
a / n
c
/
c
μ /
m n n s
/
/
S
/
p s s
/
a i
u l
a i
u l
a i
u l
a i
u l
a i
u l
a i
u l
m n
– 0
1 . 7
1 0
3 5
n p
5 . 5
n p
4 . 0
1 0
4 6 0 – 9 2 0
2 , 3 0 0
3 , 8 0 0
n p
– 0
1 . 7
1 0
3 5
n p
5 . 5
n p
4 . 0
1 0
4 6 0 – 9 2 0
2 , 3 0 0
3 , 8 0 0
n p
– 0
1 . 7
1 0
3 5
n p
5 . 5
n p
4 . 0
1 0
4 6 0 – 9 2 0
2 , 3 0 0
3 , 8 0 0
n p
> 0
1 . 7
1 0
3 5
n p
5 . 5
n p
4 . 0
1 0
4 6 0 – 9 2 0
2 , 3 0 0
3 , 8 0 0
n p
W
n
– 0
1 . 2
1 0
2 5
n p
5 . 0
n p
3 . 0
1 0
4 6 0 – 9 2 0
2 , 3 0 0
2 , 8 0 0
n p
– 0
1 . 2
1 0
2 5
n p
5 . 0
n p
3 . 0
1 0
4 6 0 – 9 2 0
2 , 3 0 0
2 , 8 0 0
n p
– 0
1 . 2
1 0
2 5
n p
5 . 0
n p
3 . 0
1 0
4 6 0 – 9 2 0
2 , 3 0 0
2 , 8 0 0
n p
> 0
1 . 2
1 0
2 5
n p
5 . 0
n p
3 . 0
1 0
4 6 0 – 9 2 0
2 , 3 0 0
2 , 8 0 0
n p
p
n n
–
1 . 2
8
3 0
n p
5 . 0
n p
3 . 0
1 0
4 6 0 – 9 2 0
2 , 3 0 0
2 , 8 0 0
n p
– 0
1 . 3
1 0
3 0
n p
5 . 0
n p
3 . 0
1 0
4 6 0 – 9 2 0
2 , 3 0 0
2 , 8 0 0
n p
– 0
1 . 3
1 0
3 0
n p
5 . 0
n p
3 . 0
1 0
4 6 0 – 9 2 0
2 , 3 0 0
2 , 8 0 0
n p
l
n
–
1 . 4
8
4 5
n p
5 . 0
n p
3 . 0
1 0
4 6 0 – 9 2 0
2 , 3 0 0
3 , 2 0 0
n p
– 0
1 . 5
1 0
4 5
n p
5 . 0
n p
3 . 0
1 0
4 6 0 – 9 2 0
2 , 3 0 0
3 , 2 0 0
n p
– 0
1 . 5
1 0
4 5
n p
5 . 0
n p
3 . 0
1 0
4 6 0 – 9 2 0
2 , 3 0 0
3 , 2 0 0
n p
A
v i a i : A
I , a q u a i a k ; b M , a m u m a c i v m
a m i k ; b / F , a m u i a m i k a ; e A r , i m a a v a q u
i m ; r d I , c m m i a i a k ; n p , i
– m a
i u c i v i c c a v a
v c ; U l , u v i a k
a
9
2 0 m i u m / a i q u i v a 4 0 m m / a ; 2 , 3 0 0 m / a i u m
i q u i v a 1 0 0 m m
/ a
I
a k m a a a m a u
i a v a c u a a i k , u a i u c i a a a U l
c
A
v m a 1 , 6 0 0 m i u m / a ( 7
0 m m ) i c m m , v w i
i v a w i i m a i a
i w u v i a
F a i u m , u m u a k u m i c a u v i i
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tables of recommeNdatioNs by age grouP with
summary of methods used
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
table 0. iNfaNtS 0- moNthS
AI a ia a 0-6 m a c a mi i a m aumi a a
mi um 780 ml/a a ui aia (c i 7 ).
Nn a ink( ) a s k nnn s n sns ai
pi 10
(1.43/ i)
12.7 g/L
ta a 31 40 g/L
-6 a 4.4 5.6 g/L
-3 a 0.5 0.63 g/L
lC -3 (ma) n
Caa 60 74 g/L
dia n
wa 0.7 l Breast milk is 87% water
viami A a i
250µ 310 µg/L
tiami 0.2 m 0.21 mg/L
rifai 0.3 m 0.35 mg/L
niaci 2 m m iaci 1.8 mg/L preormed niacin
viami b6 0.1 m 0.13 mg/L
viami b12
0.4 µ 0.42 µg/L
Fa (dia Fa
euia
65 µ 85 µg/L
paa 1.7 m 2.2 mg/L
bii 5 µ 6 µg/L
Ci 125 m 160 mg/L
viami C 25 m 30 mg/L
viami d 5 µ Based on lowest dietary intake associated with mean serum
25(OH)D greater than 11mg/L assuming little exposure to
sunlight
viami e
(α c ui)
4 m 4.9 mg/L
viami k 2 µ 2.5 µg/L
Cacium 210 m 264 mg
Cmium 0.2 µ 0.25 µg/L
C 0.2 m/a 0.25 mg/L
Fui 0.01 m 0.013 mg/L
Ii 90 µ 115 µg/L
(Ciu)
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
Nn a ink
( )
a s k nnn s n sns ai
I 0.2 m 0.26 mg/L. Iron in ormula is much less bioavailable (only 10-
20% that o breast milk) so intake will need to be signicantly
higher
Maium 30 m 34 mg/mL
Maa 0.003 m (3 µ) 3.5µg/L
Mum 2 µ 2 µg/L
pu 100 m 124 mg/L
paium 400 m 500 mg/L
sium 12 µ 15 µg/L
sium 120 m 160 mg
Zic 2 m 2.5 mg/L (in early months). Absorption o zinc is higher rom
breast milk than cow’s milk or soy-based based ormula but
these ormulas generally have a much higher content o zinc
which compensates or this.
table 0. (coNt’d) iNfaNtS 0- moNthS
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
table . iNfaNtS - moNthS
AI a m ui a ima ia m a mi (600ml/ aum) a
cmma (a uua ai amu cum a ai i Fnb:IoM drI uicai) , ia
aa a aaia a uia, xaai m u ia au a maic i ai
acia cacuai.
Nn a ink
( )
bss s
pi 14
(1.6 m/ i)
Breast milk 11 g/L; 7.1 g rom ood
ta a 30 Breast milk 40 g/L ; 5.7 g rom oods
-6 a 4.6 Breast milk 5.6 g/L; 1.2 g rom ood
-3 a 0.5 Breast milk 0.63 g/L; 0.11 g rom ood
lC -3 (ma) n
Caa 95 Breast milk 74 g/L; 51 g rom oods
dia n
wa (a) 800 ml From breast milk, ormula, ood, plain water and other beveragesincluding 0.6 L as fuids
viami A ai uia
430 µ Breast milk 310 µg/L; 244 µg rom oods
tiami 0.3 m Estimated by extrapolation rom younger inants and adults asintake data estimates were unreasonably high
rifai 0.4 m As above estimated by extrapolation
niaci eui. 4 m Limited data so derived rom adult data on metabolic body weight basis
viami b6 0.3 m Extrapolated rom younger inants
viami b12 0.5 µ Extrapolated rom younger inants. Vegan mothers need B12supplementation throughout pregnancy and lactation; i they do not take supplements, their inants will require supplements rom birth
Fa (dia Fa eui)
80 µ Extrapolated rom younger inants and adults
paa 2.2 m Extrapolated rom younger inants
bii 6 µ Extrapolated rom younger inants
Ci 150 m Extrapolated rom younger inants and adults
viami C 30 m Extrapolated rom younger inants
viami d 5 µ Based on younger inant needs
viami e (αte) 5 m Extrapolated rom younger inants
viami k 2.5 µ Derived rom younger inants
Cacium 270 m Breast milk 210 mg/L; 140 mg rom oods
Cmium 5.5 µ Breast milk 0.25 ug/L; additional amount added based on energy needs as ood intake data insucient
C 0.22 m Breast milk > 200 µg/L; 100 µg rom oods
(Ciu)
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
Nn a ink
( )
bss s
Fui 0.5 m Based on caries prevention data at 0.05 mg/kg/day
Ii 110 µ Extrapolated rom younger inants
I 7 m Set by modelling components o iron requirements. Absorptionhigher rom mixed Western diet (18%) than vegetarian (10%) thusvegetarian inants will need higher intakes.
Maium 75 m Breast milk 34 mg/L; 55 mg/day oods
Maa 0.6 m Based on total consumption estimates and extrapolation romadults
Mum 3 µ Extrapolated rom younger inants
pu 275 m Breast milk 124 mg/L; ood 200 mg/day paium 700 m Breast milk 500 mg/L; ood 440 mg/day
sium 15 µ Extrapolated rom younger inants
sium 170 m Extrapolated rom younger inants
Zic eAr 2.5 m
rdI 3.0 m
Set by actorial calculation including estimates o endogenous zincloss; growth needs; absorption estimates. Absorption is higher onmixed Western diets than on vegetarian diets so vegetarians willneed diets approximately 50% higher in zinc
table . (coNt’d) iNfaNtS - moNthS
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
table . childreN - yearS
Nn esarn
( )
rnd ink( )
aink( )
bss s
pi 12 (0.92 /)Cv 12%
14 (1.08 /) - Factorial method including amountsneeded or growth and maintenance.
ta a - - - Essentiality relates to type o at only
liic aci - - 5.0 Median population intakes
α-iic - - 0.5 Median population intakes
lC -3 (ma) - - 40 m Median population intakes
Caa - - - Limited data re essentiality on whichto set EAR/RDI or AI
dia - - 14 Median population intakes including an allowance or resistant starch
wa - - ta 1.4 lFui 1.0 l
Median population intakes(total includes water in oods)
viami A
a iuia
210 µ
Cv 20%
300 µ - Computational method o FNB:IOM, 2001:based on amount o dietary vitamin Arequired to maintain a given body poolsize in well-nourished subjects
tiami 0.4 m
Cv 10%
0.5 m - Extrapolated rom adult data ona metabolic body weight basis
rifai 0.4 m
Cv 1-0%
0.5 m - Extrapolated rom adult data on
a metabolic body weight basis
niaci eui. 5 mCv 15%
6 m Extrapolated rom adult data ona metabolic body weight basis
viami b6 0.4 mCv 10%
0.5 m - Extrapolated rom adult data ona metabolic body weight basis
viami b12 0.7 µCv 10%
0.9 µ - Extrapolated rom adult data ona metabolic body weight basis.Vegan children will need supplementation
Fa (dia Fa eui)
120 µCv 10%
150 µ Extrapolated rom adult data ona metabolic body weight basis
paa - - 3.5 m Median population intakes
bii - - 8 µ Extrapolated rom inant AI using relative body weights with an allowanceor growth
Ci - - 200 m Extrapolated rom adult data on a body weight basis allowing or growth needs
viami C 25 mCv 20%
35 m - Interpolated rom adult and inant data ollowing the approach o FAO:WHO 2002.
viami d* - - 5 µ Extrapolated rom data in older
children with limited sunlight exposure
(Ciu)
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Summary tableS
0 Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
Nn esarn
( )
rnd ink( )
aink( )
bss s
viami e (αte) - - 5 m Mia uai ia
viami k - - 25 µ Mia uai ia
Cacium 360 mCv 15%
500 m - Mi a cm uca accumuai a cacium,uia , ma a ai a icm
Cmium - - 11 µ exaa m au aa a i ai; au aa iui cmium c/1000 j mxima i ai mia
uai ia ia u
C - - 0.7 m Mia uai ia
Fui - - 0.7 m ba aa ai fui ia a cai au
Ii 65 µCv 20%
90 µ - ba aac ui
I ** 4 m 9 m - ba mi uimaumi 14% ai; eAr 50 ci uim; rdI 97.5 ci
Maium 65 mCv 10%
80 m - exaa m aac ui a u a i a ai
Maa - - 2 m Mia uai ia
Mum 13 µCv 15%
17 µ - exaa a i aim aac ui i au
pu 380 mCv 10%
460 m - ba ima acciui iu cmii aa a a
paium - - 2000 m Mia uai ia
sium 20 µCv 10%
25 µ - exaa m au aa aiia ui maiai auaama uai xia
sium - - 200-400 m exaa m ia ui iau maiai ium aac ia u mai accimaiai cima; aju mia ia a i a
Zic *** 2.5 mCv 10%
3.0 m - Facia m a iia,uia, i a m aima ai a 24% a 31% i
* With regular sun exposure there would not be a need or dietary vitamin D
** Absorption o iron is lower rom vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 80% higher
*** Absorption o zinc is lower rom vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 50% higher
table . (coNt’d) childreN - yearS
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
table . childreN - yearS
Nn es
a
rn
( )
rn
d ink
( )
a
ink
( )
bss s
pi 16 (0.73 /)
Cv 12%
20 (0.91 /) - Factorial method including amountsneeded or growth and maintenance
ta a - - - Essentiality relates to type o at only
liic aci - - 8.0 Median population intakes
α-iic - - 0.8 Median population intakes
lC -3 (ma) - - 55 m Median population intakes
Caa - - - Limited data re essentiality on which to set EAR/RDI or AI
dia - - 18 Median population intakes including anallowance or resistant starch
wa ta 1.6 l
Fui 1.2 l Median population intakes (total includeswater in oods)
viami Aa iuia
275 µCv 20%
400 µ Computational method o FNB:IOM, 2001:based on amount o dietary vitamin Arequired to maintain a given body poolsize in well-nourished subjects
tiami 0.5 mCv 10%
0.6 m Extrapolated rom adult data on ametabolic body weight basis
rifai 0.5 mCv 10%
0.6 m Extrapolated rom adult data on ametabolic body weight basis
niaci eui. 6 mCv 15%
8 m Extrapolated rom adult data on ametabolic body weight basis
viami b6 0.5 m
Cv 10%
0.6 m - Extrapolated rom adult data on ametabolic body weight basis
viami b12 1.0 µ
Cv 10%
1.2 µ - Extrapolated rom adult data on ametabolic body weight basis.
Vegan children will need supplementation
Fa (dia
Fa eui)
160 µ
Cv 10%
200 µ - Extrapolated rom adult data on a
metabolic body weight basispaa - - 4 m Median population intakes
bii - - 12 µ Extrapolated rom inant AI using relativebody weights with an allowance or growth
Ci - - 250 m Extrapolated rom adult data on a body weight basis allowing or growth needs
viami C 25 mCv 20%
35 m - Interpolated rom adult and inant data ollowing the approach o FAO:WHO 2002
viami d* - - 5 µ Extrapolated rom data in older childrenwith limited sunlight exposure
viami e (αte) - - 6 m Median population intakes
(Ciu)
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
Nn es
a
rn
( )
rn
d ink
( )
a
ink
( )
bss s
viami k - - 35 µ Median population intakes
Cacium 520 mCv 15%
700 m - Modelling based on components such asaccumulation o total body calcium, urinary losses, dermal losses and daily skeletalincrements
Cmium - - 15 µ Extrapolated rom adult data on abody weight basis; adult data derived using chromium content/1000 kj romexperimental diets applied to medianpopulation energy intake or this
age groupC - - 1.0 m Median population intakes
Fui - - 1.0 m Based on data relating fuoride intake todental caries status
Ii 65 µCv 20%
90 µ - Based on balance studies
I** 4 m 10 m Based on modelling requirementsassuming 18% absorption; EAR set on 50th percentile o requirement; RDI set on 97.5percentile
Maium 110 mCv 10%
130 m Extrapolated rom balance studies or older age groups on a body weight and growth basis
Maa - - 2.5 m Median population intakes
Mum 17 µCv 15%
22 µ - Extrapolated on a body weight basis rombalance studies in adults
pu 405 mCv 10%
500 m - Based on estimates o body accretionusing tissue composition data and growthrates
paium - - 2300 m Median population intakes
sium 25 µ
Cv 10%
30 µ - Extrapolated rom adult data assessing
intakes required to maintain adequateplasma glutathione peroxidase
sium - - 300-600 m Extrapolated rom intakes required inadults to maintain sodium balance witha generous margin or acclimatisation tohot climates; adjusted or median energy intake at this age
Zic*** 3 mCv 10%
4 m - Factorial method based on intestinal,urinary, skin and semen losses and estimated absorption rates o 24% or boys and 31% girls
* With regular sun exposure there would not be a need or dietary vitamin D** Absorption o iron is lower rom vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 80% higher
*** Absorption o zinc is lower rom vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 50% higher
table . (coNt’d) childreN - yearS
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
table . childreN aNd adoleSceNtS - yearS
Nn es a
rn
( )
rn
d ink
( )
a
ink
( )
bss s
pi b 31 (0.78 /)
gi 24
(0.61 /)
Cv 12%
b 40 (0.94 /)
gi 35
(0.87 /)
- Factorial method including amountsneeded or growth and maintenance
ta a - - - Essentiality relates to type o at only
liic aci - - b 10
gi 8
Median population intakes
α-iic - - b 1.0
gi 0.8
Median population intakes
lC -3
(ma)
- - b 70 m
gi 70 m
Median population intakes
Caa - - - Limited data re essentiality on which to set
EAR/RDI or AI
dia - - b 24
gi 20
Median population intakes including an
allowance or resistant starch
wa - - b
ta 2.2 l
Fui 1.6 l
gi
ta 1.9 l
Fui 1.4 l
Median population intakes (total includes
water in oods)
viami A
a i
uia
b 445 µ
gi 420 µ
Cv 20%
b 600 µ
gi 600 µ
- Computational method o FNB:IOM, 2001:
based on amount o dietary vitamin A
required to maintain a given body pool
size in well-nourished subjects
tiami b 0.7 m
gi 0.7 m
Cv 10%
b 0.9 m
gi 0.9 m
- Extrapolated rom adult data on a
metabolic body weight basis
rifai b 0.8 m
gi 0.8 m
Cv 10%
b 0.9 m
gi 0.9 m
- Extrapolated rom adult data on a
metabolic body weight basis
niaci eui. b 9 m
gi 9 m
Cv 15%
b 12 m
gi 12 m
- Extrapolated rom adult data on a
metabolic body weight basis
viami b6 b 0.8 m
gi 0.8 m
Cv 10%
b 1.0 m
gi 1.0 m
- Extrapolated rom adult data on a
metabolic body weight basis
(Ciu)
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
Nn es a
rn
( )
rn
d ink
( )
a
ink
( )
bss s
viami b12 b 1.5 µ
gi 1.5 µ
Cv 10%
b 1.8 µ
gi 1.8 µ
- Extrapolated rom adult data on a
metabolic body weight basis
Vegan children will need supplementation
Fa (dia
Fa eui)
b 250 µ
gi 250 µ
Cv 10%
b 300 µ
gi 300 µ
- Extrapolated rom adult data on a
metabolic body weight basis
paa - - b 5 m
gi 4 m
Median population intakes
bii - - b 20 µ
gi 20 µ
Extrapolated rom inant AI using relative
body weights with an allowance or growth
Ci - - b 375 m
gi 375 m
Extrapolated rom adult data on a body
weight basis allowing or growth needs
viami C b 28 m
gi 28 m
Cv 20%
b 40 m
gi 40 m
- Interpolated rom adult and inant
data ollowing the approach o
FAO:WHO 2002
viami d* - - b 5 µ
gi 5 µ
Based on dietary intakes required to
maintain dened levels o plasma
25(OH)D in children with limited sunlight
exposure
viami e
(αte)
- - b 9 m
gi 8 m
Median population intakes
viami k - - b 45 µ
gi 45 µ
Median population intakes
Cacium b
9-11 800 m
12-13 1050 m
gi
9-11 800 m
12-13 1050 m
Cv 15%
b
9-11 1000 m
12-13 1300 m
gi
9-11 1000 m
12-13 1300 m
- Modelling based on components such as
accumulation o total body calcium, urinary
losses, dermal losses and daily skeletal
increments
Cmium - - b 25 µ
gi 21 µ
Extrapolated rom adult data on a
body weight basis; adult data derived
using chromium content/1000 kj rom
experimental diets applied to median
population energy intake or this
age group
C - - b 1.3 m
gi 1.1 m
Median population intakes
table . (coNt”d) childreN aNd adoleSceNtS - yearS
(Ciu)
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
Nn es a
rn
( )
rn
d ink
( )
a
ink
( )
bss s
Fui - - b 2 m
gi 2 m
Based on data relating fuoride intake to
dental caries status
Ii b 75 µ
gi 75 µ
Cv 20%
b 120 µ
gi 120 µ
- Based on data extrapolated rom adults
rom balance studies
I ** b 6 m
gi 6 m
b 8 m
gi 8 m
- Based on modelling requirements
assuming 18% absorption; EAR set on 50th
percentile o requirement; RDI set on 97.5
percentile
Maium b 200 mgi 200 m
Cv 10%
b 240 mgi 240 m
- Balance studies
Maa - - b 3.0 m
gi 2.5 m
Median population intakes
Mum b 26 µ
gi 26 µ
Cv 15%
b 34 µ
gi 34 µ
- Extrapolated on a body weight basis rom
balance studies in adults
pu b 1055 m
gi 1055 mCv 10%
b 1250 m
gi 1250 m
- Based on a actorial approach using
tissue accretion data rom longitudinaland cross-sectional studies
paium - - b 3000
m
gi 2500
m
Median population intakes
sium b 40 µ
gi 40 µ
Cv 10%
b 50 µ
gi 50 µ
- Extrapolated rom adult data assessing
intakes required to maintain adequate
plasma glutathione peroxidase
sium - - b
400-800 m
gi
400-800 m
Extrapolated rom intakes required in
adults to maintain sodium balance witha generous margin or acclimatisation to
hot climates; adjusted or median energy
intake at this age
Zic*** b 5 m
gi 5 m
Cv 10%
b 6 m
gi 6 m
- Factorial method based on intestinal,
urinary, skin and semen losses and
estimated absorption rates o 24% or
boys and 31% girls
* With regular sun exposure there would not be a need or dietary vitamin D
** Absorption o iron is lower rom vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 80% higher
*** Absorption o zinc is lower rom vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 50% higher
table . (coNt”d) childreN aNd adoleSceNtS - yearS
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
table . adoleSceNtS - yearS
Nn es a
rn
( )
rn
d ink
( )
a
ink
( )
bss s
pi b 49 (0.76 /)
gi 35 (0.62 /)
Cv 12%
65 (0.99 /)
45 (0.77 /)
- Factorial method including amounts
needed or growth and maintenance
ta a - - - Essentiality relates to type o at only
liic aci - - b 12
gi 8
Median population intakes
α-iic - - b 1.2
gi 0.8
Median population intakes
lC -3
(ma)
- - b 125 m
gi 85 m
Median population intakes
Caa - - - Limited data re essentiality on which
to set EAR/RDI or AI
dia - - b 28
gi 22
Median population intakes including
an allowance or resistant starch
wa (a) - - b
ta 2.7 l
Fui 1.9 l
gi
ta 2.2 l
Fui 1.6 l
Median population intakes (total
includes water in oods)
viami A
a i
uia
b 630 µ
gi 485 µ
Cv 20%
b 900 µ
gi 700 µ
- Computational method o FNB:IOM,
2001: based on amount o dietary
vitamin A required to maintain
a given body pool size in well-
nourished subjects
tiami b 1.0 m
gi 0.9 m
Cv 10%
b 1.2 m
gi 1.1 m
- Extrapolated rom adult data on a
metabolic body weight basis
rifai b 1.1 m
gi 0.9 m
Cv 10%
b 1.3 m
gi 1.1 m
- Extrapolated rom adult data on a
metabolic body weight basis
niaci eui. b 12 m
gi 11 m
Cv 15%
b 16 m
gi 14 m
- Extrapolated rom adult data on a
metabolic body weight basis
viami b6 b 1.1 m
gi 1.0 m
Cv 10%
b 1.3 m
gi 1.2 m
- Extrapolated rom adult data on a
metabolic body weight basis
viami b12 b 2.0 µ
gi 2.0 µ
Cv 10%
b 2.4 µ
gi 2.4 µ
- Extrapolated rom adult data on a
metabolic body weight basis.
Vegan children will need
supplementation
(Ciu)
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
Nn es a
rn
( )
rn
d ink
( )
a
ink
( )
bss s
Fa (dia
Fa eui)
b 330 µ
gi 330 µ
Cv 10%
b 400 µ
gi 400 µ
- Extrapolated rom adult data on a
metabolic body weight basis
paa - - b 6 m
gi 4 m
Median population intakes
bii - - b 30 µ
gi 25 µ
Extrapolated rom inant AI using
relative body weights with an
allowance or growth and some
population data available rom NZ
Ci - - b 550 m
gi 400 m
Extrapolated rom adult data on
a body weight basis allowing or
growth needs
viami C b 28 m
gi 28 m
Cv 20%
b 40 m
gi 40 m
- Interpolated rom adult and inant
data ollowing the approach o
FAO:WHO 2002
viami d* - - b 5 µ
gi 5 µ
Based on dietary intakes required to
maintain dened levels o plasma
25(OH)D in children with limited
sunlight exposure
viami e
(αte)
- - b 10 m
gi 8 m
Median population intakes
viami k - - b 55 µ
gi 55 µ
Median population intakes
Cacium b 1050 m
gi 1050 m
Cv 15%
b 1300 m
gi 1300 m
- Modelling based on components
such as accumulation o total body
calcium, urinary losses, dermal losses
and daily skeletal increments
Cmium - - b 35 µ
gi 25 µ
Extrapolated rom adult data on a
body weight basis; adult data derived
using chromium content/1000 kjrom experimental diets applied to
median population energy intake
or this
age group
C - - b 1.5 m
gi 1.1 m
Median population intakes
Fui - - b 3 m
gi 3 m
Based on data relating fuoride
intake to dental caries status
Ii b 95 µ
gi 95 µ
Cv 20%
b 150 µ
gi 150 µ
- Based on balance studies
table . (coNt’d) adoleSceNtS - yearS
(Ciu)
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
Nn es a
rn
( )
rn
d ink
( )
a
ink
( )
bss s
I** b 8 m
gi 8 m
b 11 m
gi 15 m
- Based on modelling requirements
assuming 18% absorption; EAR set
on 50th percentile o requirement;
RDI set on 97.5 percentile
Maium b 340 m
gi 300 m
Cv 10%
b 410 m
gi 360 m
- Balance studies
Maa - - b 3.5 m
gi 3.0 m
Median population intakes
Mum b 33 µgi 33 µ
Cv 15%
b 43 µgi 43 µ
- Extrapolated on a body weight basisrom balance studies in adults
pu b 1055 m
gi 1055 m
Cv 10%
b 1250 m
gi 1250 m
- Based on a actorial approach
using tissue accretion data rom
longitudinal and cross-sectional
studies in younger adolescents
paium - - b 3600 m
gi 2600 m
Median population intakes
sium b 60 µ
gi 50 µ
Cv 10%
b 70 µ
gi 60 µ
- Extrapolated rom adult data
assessing intakes required tomaintain adequate plasma
glutathione peroxidase
sium - - b
460-920 m
gi
460-920 m
Extrapolated rom intakes required
in adults to maintain sodium
balance with a generous margin
or acclimatisation to hot climates;
adjusted or median energy intakes
at this age
Zic*** b 11 m
gi 6 m
Cv 10%
b 13 m
gi 7 m
- Factorial method based on intestinal,
urinary, skin and semen losses
and estimated absorption rateso 24% or boys and 31% girls
* With regular sun exposure there would not be a need or dietary vitamin D
** Absorption o iron is lower rom vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 80% higher
*** Absorption o zinc is lower rom vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 50% higher
table . (coNt’d) adoleSceNtS - yearS
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
table . adultS -0 yearS
Nn es a
rn
( )
rn
d ink
( )
a ink
( )
bss s
pi M
52 (0.68 /)
wm
37 (0.60 /)
Cv 12%
M
64 (0.84 /)
wm
46 (0.75 /)
- Factorial method including
amounts needed or growth and
maintenance
ta a - - - Essentiality relates to type
o at only
liic aci - - M 13
wm 8
Median population intakes
α-iic - - M 1.3 wm 0.8
Median population intakes
lC -3
(ma)
- - M 160 m
wm 90 m
Median population intakes
Caa - - - Limited data re essentiality on
which to set EAR/RDI or AI
dia - - M 30
wm 25
Median population intakes
including an allowance or resistant
starch
wa (a) - - M
ta 3.4 l
Fui 2.6 l
wm
ta 2.8 l
Fui 2.1 l
Median population intakes
(total includes water in oods)
viami A
a i
uia
M 625 µ
wm 500 µ
Cv 20%
M 900 µ
wm 700 µ
- Computational method o FNB:
IOM, 2001: based on amount
o dietary vitamin A required to
maintain a given body pool size
in well-nourished subjects
tiami M 1.0 m
wm 0.9 mCv 10%
M 1.2 m
wm 1.1 m
- Metabolic studies using various
endpoints such as transketolaseactivity and urinary thiamine
excretion
rifai M 1.1 m
wm 0.9 m
Cv 10%
M 1.3 m
wm 1.1 m
- Studies addressing clinical
deciency signs and biochemical
markers such as EGRAC
niaci eui. M 12 m
wm 11 m
Cv 15%
M 16 m
wm 14 m
- Studies addressing niacin
intake in relation to urine N1
methylnicotinamide with a
10% decrease allowed or
women or lower energy intakes
(Ciu)
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Summary tableS
0 Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
Nn es a
rn
( )
rn
d ink
( )
a ink
( )
bss s
viami b6 M 1.1 m
wm 1.1 m
Cv 10%
M 1.3 m
wm 1.3 m
- Depletion/repletion studies
viami b12 M 2.0 µ
wm 2.0 µ
Cv 10%
M 2.4 µ
wm 2.4 µ
- Haematological evidence
and serum B12 levels.
Strict vegetarians will need
supplementation with B12
Fa (dia
Fa eui)
M 320 µ
wm 320 µ
Cv 10%
M 400 µ
wm 400 µ
- Metabolic balance studies using
endpoints such as erythrocyte
olate, plasma olate and
homocysteine levels
paa - - M 6 m
wm 4 m
Median population intakes
bii - - M 30 µ
wm 25 µ
Extrapolated rom AI o inants on
a body weight basis together with
median population intake data
rom NZ
Ci - - M 550 m
wm 425 m
Based on experimental studies
o prevention o alanine
aminotranserase abnormalitiesand on studies o people on total
parenteral nutrition
viami C M 30 m
wm 30 m
Cv 20%
M 45 m
wm 45 m
- EAR set as intake at which body
content is halway between tissue
saturation and the point at which
scurvy appears
viami d* - - M 5 µ
wm 5 µ
Based on dietary intakes required
to maintain dened levels o
plasma 25(OH)D in adults with
limited sunlight exposure
viami e (α te)
- - M 10 m wm 7 m
Median population intakes
viami k - - M 70 µ
wm 60 µ
Median population intakes
Cacium M 840 m
wm 840 m
Cv 10%
M 1000 m
wm 1000 m
- Modelling based on components
such as accumulation o total
body calcium, urinary losses,
dermal losses and daily skeletal
increments
Cmium - - M 35 µ
wm 25 µ
Derived using chromium
content/1000 kj rom
experimental diets applied to
median population energy intake
table . (coNt’d) adultS -0 yearS
(Ciu)
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
Nn es a
rn
( )
rn
d ink
( )
a ink
( )
bss s
C - - M 1.7 m
wm 1.2 m
Median population intakes
Fui - - M 4 m
wm 3 m
Based on data relating fuoride
intake to dental caries status
Ii M 100 µ
wm 100 µ
Cv 20%
M 150 µ
wm 150 µ
- Based on balance studies
I ** M 6 m
wm 8 m
M 8 m
wm 18 m
- Based on modelling requirements
assuming 18% absorption;
EAR set on 50
th
percentileo requirement; RDI set on
97.5 percentile
Maium M 330 m
wm 255 m
Cv 10%
M 400 m
wm 310 m
- Balance studies
Maa - - M 5.5 m
wm 5.0 m
Median population intakes
Mum M 34 µ
wm 34 µ
Cv 15%
M 45 µ
wm 45 µ
- Based on balance studies in young
men
pu M 580 m
wm 580 m
Cv 35%
M 1000 m
wm 1000 m
- Based on a graphical
transormation technique assessing
intake level required to reach
lowest point or normal plasma
range
paium - - M 3800 m
wm 2800 m
Median population intakes
sium M 60 µ
wm 50 µ
Cv 10%
M 70 µ
wm 60 µ
- Based on intakes required to
maintain adequate plasma
glutathione peroxidase.
sium - - M
460-920 m
wm
460-920 m
Extrapolated rom intakes required
in adults to maintain sodium
balance with a generous margin
or acclimatisation to hot climate.
Zic*** M 12 m
wm 6.5 m
M 14 m
wm 8 m
- Factorial method based on
intestinal, urinary, skin and semen
losses and estimated absorption
rates o 24% or men and
31% women
* With regular sun exposure there would not be a need or dietary vitamin D. For people with little exposure to sunlight, a supplement
o 10 µg/day would not be excessive** Absorption o iron is lower rom vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 80% higher
*** Absorption o zinc is lower rom vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 50% higher
table . (coNt’d) adultS -0 yearS
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
table . adultS -0 yearS
Nn es a
rn
( )
rn
d ink
( )
a ink
( )
bss s
pi M 52 (0.68 /)
wm 37 (0.60 /)
Cv 12%
64 (0.84 /)
46 (0.75 /)
- Factorial method including
amounts needed or growth
and maintenance
ta a - - - Essentiality relates to type
o at only
liic aci - - M 13
wm 8
Median population intakes
α-iic - - M 1.3
wm 0.8
Median population intakes
lC -3(ma)
- - M 160 m wm 90 m
Median population intakes
Caa - - - Limited data re essentiality on
which to set EAR/RDI or AI
dia - - M 30
wm 25
Median population intakes
including an allowance or
resistant starch
wa - - M
ta 3.4 l
Fui 2.6 l
wm
ta 2.8 l
Fui 2.1 l
Median population intakes
(total includes water in oods)
viami A
a i
uia
M 625 µ
wm 500 µ
Cv 20%
M 900 µ
wm 700 µ
- Computational method o FNB:
IOM, 2001. based on amount
o dietary vitamin A required to
maintain a given body pool size
in well-nourished subjects
tiami M 1.0 m
wm 0.9 m
Cv 10%
M 1.2 m
wm 1.1 m
- Metabolic studies using various
endpoints such as transketolase
activity and urinary thiamine
excretion.
rifai M 1.1 m
wm 0.9 m
Cv 10%
M 1.3 m
wm 1.1 m
- Studies addressing clinical
deciency signs and biochemical
markers such as EGRAC
niaci eui. M 12 m
wm 11 m
Cv 15%
M 16 m
wm 14 m
- Studies addressing niacin
intake in relation to urine N 1
methylnicotinamide with a
10% decrease allowed or
women or lower energy intakes.
viami b6 M 1.1 m
wm 1.1 m
Cv 10%
M 1.3 m
wm 1.3 m
- Depletion/repletion studies
(Ciu)
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
Nn es a
rn
( )
rn
d ink
( )
a ink
( )
bss s
viami b12 M 2.0 µ
wm 2.0 µ
Cv 10%
M 2.4 µ
wm 2.4 µ
- Haematological evidence
and serum B12 levels.
Strict vegetarians will need
supplementation with B12
Fa (dia
Fa eui)
M 320 µ
wm 320 µ
Cv 10%
M 400 µ
wm 400 µ
- Metabolic balance studies using
endpoints such as erythrocyte
olate, plasma olate and
homocysteine levels
paa - - M 6 m
wm 4 m
Median population intakes
bii - - M 30 µ
wm 25 µ
Extrapolated rom AI o inants
on a body weight basis together
with median population intake
data rom NZ
Ci - - M 550 m
wm 425 m
Based on experimental studies
o prevention o alanine
aminotranserase abnormalities
and on studies o people on
total parenteral nutrition.
viami C M 30 m
wm 30 m
Cv 20%
M 45 m
wm 45 m
- EAR set as intake at which body
content is halway between
tissue saturation and the point
at which scurvy appears
viami d* - - M 5 µ
wm 5 µ
Based on dietary intakes
required to maintain dened
levels o plasma 25(OH)D in
adults with limited sunlight
exposure
viami e
(α te)
- - M 10 m
wm 7 m
Median population intakes
viami k - - M 70 µ
wm 60 µ
Median population intakes
Cacium M 840 m
wm 840 m
Cv 10%
M 1000 m
wm 1000 m
- Modelling based on components
such as accumulation o total
body calcium, urinary losses,
dermal losses and daily skeletal
increments
Cmium - - M 35 µ
wm 25 µ
Derived using chromium
content/1000 kj rom
experimental diets applied
to median population energy
intake
C - - M 1.7 m wm 1.2 m
Median population intakes
table . (coNt’d) adultS -0 yearS
(Ciu)
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
Nn es a
rn
( )
rn
d ink
( )
a ink
( )
bss s
Fui - - M 4 m
wm 3 m
Based on data relating fuoride
intake to dental caries status
Ii M 100 µ
wm 100 µ
Cv 20%
M 150 µ
wm 150 µ
- Based on balance studies
I ** M 6 m
wm 8 m
M 8 m
wm 18 m
- Based on modelling
requirements assuming 18%
absorption;
EAR set on 50th percentile
o requirement; RDI set on
97.5 percentile
Maium M 350 m
wm 265 m
Cv 10%
M 420 m
wm 320 m
- Balance studies
Maa - - M 5.5 m
wm 5.0 m
Median population intakes
Mum M 34 µ
wm 34 µ
Cv 15%
M 45 µ
wm 45 µ
- Based on balance studies in
young men
pu M 580 m wm 580 m
Cv 35%
M 1000 m wm 1000 m - Based on a graphicaltransormation technique
assessing intake level required
to reach lowest point or normal
plasma range
paium - - M 3800 m
wm 2800 m
Median population intakes
sium M 60 µ
wm 50 µ
Cv 10%
M 70 µ
wm 60 µ
- Based on intakes required to
maintain adequate plasma
glutathione peroxidase
sium - - M
460-920 m
wm
460-920 m
Extrapolated rom intakes
required in adults to maintain
sodium balance with a generous
margin or acclimatisation to hot
climate
Zic*** M 12 m
wm 6.5 m
M 14 m
wm 8 m
- Factorial method based on
intestinal, urinary, skin and
semen losses and estimated
absorption rates o 24% or
men and 31% women
* With regular sun exposure there would not be a need or dietary vitamin D. For people with little exposure to sunlight, a supplement o 10 µg/
day would not be excessive
** Absorption o iron is lower in vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 80% higher
*** Absorption o zinc is lower in vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 50% higher
table . (coNt’d) adultS -0 yearS
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
table . adultS -0 yearS
Nn es a
rn
( )
rn
d ink
( )
a ink
( )
bss s
pi M 52 (0.68 /)
wm 37 (0.60 /)
Cv 12%
64 (0.84 /)
46 (0.75 /)
- Factorial method including
amounts needed or growth
and maintenance
ta a - - - Essentiality relates to type
o at only
liic aci - - M 13
wm 8
Median population intakes
α-iic - - M 1.3
wm 0.8
Median population intakes
lC -3(ma)
- - M 160 m wm 90 m
Median population intakes
Caa - - - Limited data re essentiality on
which to set EAR/RDI or AI
dia - - M 30
wm 25
Median population intakes
including an allowance or resistant
starch
wa - - M
ta 3.4 l
Fui 2.6 l
wm
ta 2.8 l
Fui 2.1 l
Median population intakes
(total includes water in oods)
viami A
a i
uia
M 625 µ
wm 500 µ
Cv 20%
M 900 µ
wm 700 µ
- Computational method o FNB:
IOM, 2001: based on amount
o dietary vitamin A required to
maintain a given body pool size in
well-nourished subjects
tiami M 1.0 m
wm 0.9 m
Cv 10%
M 1.2 m
wm 1.1 m
- Metabolic studies using various
endpoints such as transketolase
activity and urinary thiamine
excretion
rifai M 1.1 m
wm 0.9 m
Cv 10%
M 1.3 m
wm 1.1 m
- Studies addressing clinical
deciency signs and biochemical
markers such as EGRAC
niaci eui. M 12 m
wm 11 m
Cv 15%
M 16 m
wm 14 m
- Studies addressing niacin
intake in relation to urine N 1
methylnicotinamide with a
10% decrease allowed or
women or lower energy intakes
viami b6 M 1.4 m
wm 1.3 m
Cv 10%
M 1.7 m
wm 1.5 m
- Depletion/repletion studies
(Ciu)
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
Nn es a
rn
( )
rn
d ink
( )
a ink
( )
bss s
viami b12 M 2.0 µ
wm 2.0 µ
Cv 10%
M 2.4 µ
wm 2.4 µ
- Haematological evidence
and serum B12 levels.
Strict vegetarians will need
supplementation with B12
Fa (dia
Fa eui)
M 320 µ
wm 320 µ
Cv 10%
M 400 µ
wm 400 µ
- Metabolic balance studies using
endpoints such as erythrocyte
olate, plasma olate and
homocysteine levels
paa - - M 6 m
wm 4 m
Median population intakes
bii - - M 30 µ
wm 25 µ
Extrapolated rom AI o inants on
a body weight basis together with
median population intake data
rom NZ
Ci - - M 550 m
wm 425 m
Based on experimental studies
o prevention o alanine
aminotranserase abnormalities
and on studies o people on total
parenteral nutrition
viami C M 30 m
wm 30 m
Cv 20%
M 45 m
wm 45 m
- EAR set as intake at which body
content is halway between tissue
saturation and the point at whichscurvy appears
viami d* - - M 10 µ
wm 10 µ
Based on dietary intakes required
to maintain dened levels o
plasma 25(OH)D in adults o this
age with limited sunlight exposure
viami e
(αte)
- - M 10 m
wm 7 m
Median population intakes
viami k - - M 70 µ
wm 60 µ
Median population intakes
Cacium M 840 m wm 1100 m
Cv 10%
M 1000 m wm 1300 m
- Modelling based on componentssuch as accumulation o total
body calcium, urinary losses,
dermal losses and daily skeletal
increments
Cmium - - M 35 µ
wm 25 µ
Derived using chromium
content/1000 kj rom
experimental diets applied to
median population energy intake.
C - - M 1.7 m
wm 1.2 m
Median population intakes
Fui - - M 4 m
wm 3 m
Based on data relating fuoride
intake to dental caries status
(Ciu)
table . (coNt’d) adultS -0 yearS
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
Nn es a
rn
( )
rn
d ink
( )
a ink
( )
bss s
Ii M 100 µ
wm 100 µ
Cv 20%
M 150 µ
wm 150 µ
- Based on balance studies
I** M 6 m
wm 5 m
M 8 m
wm 8 m
- Based on modelling requirements
assuming 18% absorption;
EAR set on 50th percentile
o requirement; RDI set on
97.5 percentile
Maium M 350 m
wm 265 m
Cv 10%
M 420 m
wm 320 m
- Balance studies
Maa - - M 5.5 m
wm 5.0 m
Median population intakes
Mum M 34 µ
wm 34 µ
Cv 15%
M 45 µ
wm 45µ
- Based on balance studies
in young men
pu M 580 m
wm 580 m
Cv 35%
M 1000 m
wm 1000 m
- Based on a graphical
transormation technique assessing
intake level required to reach
lowest point or normal plasma
range
paium - - M 3800 m
wm 2800 m
Median population intakes
sium M 60 µ
wm 50 µ
Cv 10%
M 70 µ
wm 60 µ
- Based on intakes required to
maintain adequate plasma
glutathione peroxidase
sium - - M
460-920 m
wm
460-920 m
Extrapolated rom intakes required
in adults to maintain sodium
balance with a generous margin
or acclimatisation to hot climate
Zic*** M 12 m
wm 6.5 m
M 14 m
wm 8 m
- Factorial method based on
intestinal, urinary, skin and semen
losses and estimated absorption
rates o 24% or men and
31% women
* With regular sun exposure there would not be a need or dietary vitamin D. For people with little exposure to sunlight, a supplement
o 10 µg/day may not be excessive
** Absorption o iron is lower rom vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 80% higher
*** Absorption o zinc is lower rom vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 50% higher
table . (coNt’d) adultS -0 yearS
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
table . adultS over 0 yearS
Nn es a
rn
( )
rn
d ink
( )
a ink
( )
bss s
pi M 65 (0.86 /)
wm 46 (0.75 /)
Cv 12%
81 (1.07 /)
57 (0.94 /)
- Factorial method including
amounts needed or growth
and maintenance
ta a - - - Essentiality relates to type
o at only
liic aci - - M 13
wm 8
Median population intakes
α-iic - - M 1.3
wm 0.8
Median population intakes
lC -3(ma)
- - M 160 m wm 90 m
Median population intakes
Caa - - - Limited data re essentiality on
which to set EAR/RDI or AI
dia - - M 30
wm 25
Median population intakes
including an allowance or resistant
starch
wa - - M
ta 3.4 l
Fui 2.6 l
wmta 2.8 l
Fui 2.1 l
Median population intakes
(total includes water in oods)
viami A
a i
uia
M 625 µ
wm 500 µ
Cv 20%
M 900 µ
wm 700 µ
- Computational method o FNB:
IOM, 2001: based on amount
o dietary vitamin A required to
maintain a given body pool size in
well-nourished subjects
tiami M 1.0 m
wm 0.9 m
Cv 10%
M 1.2 m
wm 1.1 m
- Metabolic studies using various
endpoints such as transketolase
activity and urinary thiamine
excretion
rifai M 1.3 m
wm 1.1 m
Cv 10%
M 1.6 m
wm 1.3 m
- Studies addressing clinical
deciency signs and biochemical
markers such as EGRAC
niaci eui. M 12 m
wm 11 m
Cv 15%
M 16 m
wm 14 m
- Studies addressing niacin
intake in relation to urine N 1
methylnicotinamide with a
10% decrease allowed or
women or lower energy intakes
viami b6 M 1.4 m
wm 1.3 m
Cv 10%
M 1.7 m
wm 1.5 m
- Depletion/repletion studies
(Ciu)
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
Nn es a
rn
( )
rn
d ink
( )
a ink
( )
bss s
viami b12 M 2.0 µ
wm 2.0 µ
Cv 10%
M 2.4 µ
wm 2.4 µ
- Haematological evidence
and serum B12 levels.
Strict vegetarians will need
supplementation with B12.
Substantial numbers o older
people have atrophic gastritis and
may require ortied oods
or supplements
Fa (dia
Fa eui)
M 320 µ
wm 320 µ
Cv 10%
M 400 µ
wm 400 µ
- Metabolic balance studies using
endpoints such as erythrocyte
olate, plasma olate and
homocysteine levelspaa - - M 6 m
wm 4 m
Median population intakes
bii - - M 30 µ
wm 25 µ
Extrapolated rom AI o inants on
a body weight basis together with
median population intake data
rom NZ
Ci - - M 550 m
wm 425 m
Based on experimental studies
o prevention o alanine
aminotranserase abnormalities
and on studies o people on total
parenteral nutrition
viami C M 30 m
wm 30 m
Cv 20%
M 45 m
wm 45 m
- EAR set as intake at which body
content is halway between tissue
saturation and the point at which
scurvy appears
viami d* - - M 15 µ
wm 15 µ
Based on dietary intakes required
to maintain dened levels o
plasma 25(OH)D in adults
o this age with limited sunlight
exposure
viami e
(αte)
- - M 10 m
wm 7 m
Median population intakes
viami k - - M 70 µ
wm 60 µ
Median population intakes
Cacium M 1100 m
wm 1100 m
Cv 10%
M 1300 m
wm 1300 m
- Modelling based on components
such as accumulation o total
body calcium, urinary losses,
dermal losses and daily skeletal
increments
Cmium - - M 35 µ
wm 25 µ
Derived using chromium
content/1000 kj rom
experimental diets applied to
median population energy intake
table . (coNt’d) adultS over 0 yearS
(Ciu)
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Summary tableS
0 Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
Nn es a
rn
( )
rn
d ink
( )
a ink
( )
bss s
C - - M 1.7 m
wm 1.2 m
Median population intakes
Fui - - M 4 m
wm 3 m
Based on data relating fuoride
intake to dental caries status
Ii M 100 µ
wm 100 µ
Cv 20%
M 150 µ
wm 150 µ
- Based on balance studies
I** M 6 m
wm 5 m
M 8 m
wm 8 m
- Based on modelling requirements
assuming 18% absorption;
EAR set on 50th percentileo requirement; RDI set on
97.5 percentile
Maium M 350 m
wm 265 m
Cv 10%
M 420 m
wm 320 m
- Balance studies
Maa - - M 5.5 m
wm 5.0 m
Median population intakes
Mum M 34 µ
wm 34 µ
Cv 15%
M 45 µ
wm 45 µ
- Based on balance studies in young
men
pu M 580 m
wm 580 m
Cv 35%
M 1000 m
wm 1000 m
- Based on a graphical
transormation technique assessing
intake level required to reach
lowest point or normal plasma
range
paium - - M 3800 m
wm 2800 m
Median population intakes
sium M 60 µ
wm 50 µ
Cv 10%
M 70 µ
wm 60 µ
- Based on intakes required to
maintain adequate plasma
glutathione peroxidase
sium - - M
460-920 m
wm
460-920 m
Extrapolated rom intakes required
in adults to maintain sodium
balance with a generous margin
or acclimatisation to
hot climate
Zic*** M 12 m
wm 6.5 m
M 14 m
wm 8 m
- Factorial method based on
intestinal, urinary, skin and semen
losses and estimated absorption
rates o 24% or men and
31% women
* With regular sun exposure there would not be a need or dietary vitamin D. For people with little exposure to sunlight, a supplement o 10 µg/day (or as high as 25 µg/day or bedbound or institutionalised elderly) may not be excessive
** Absorption o iron is lower rom vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 80% higher
*** Absorption o zinc is lower rom vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 50% higher
table . (coNt’d) adultS over 0 yearS
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
table 0. pregNaNcy
Nn es a
rn
( )
rn
d ink
( )
a ink
( )
bss s
pi 14-18
47 (0.82 /)
19-50
49 (0.80 /)
Cv 12%
14-18
58 (1.02 /)
19-50
60 (1.00 /)
- Only in 2nd and 3rd trimesters. Extra
0.2 g/kg required on basis o mid-
trimester weight gain and eciency
o use
ta a - - - Essentiality relates to type
o at only
liic aci - - 14-18 10
19-50 10
Median population intakes with
an additional amount related to
increased body weight
α-iic - - 14-18 1.0
19-50 1.0
Median population intakes with
an additional amount related to
increased body weight
lC -3
(ma)
- - 14-18 110 m
19-50 115 m
Median population intakes with
an additional amount related to
increased body weight
Caa - - - Limited data re essentiality on which
to set EAR/RDI or AI
dia - - 14-18 25
19-50 28
Median population intakes including
an allowance or resistant starch;12%
increase or additional energy needs
wa - - 14-18
ta 2.4 l
Fui 1.8 l
19-50
ta 3.1 l
Fui 2.3 l
Median population intakes (total
includes water in oods). Additional
allowance or expanding extracellular
space, needs o etus and amniotic
fuid
viami A
(a i
uia)
14-18 530 µ
19-50 550 µ
Cv 20%
14-18 700 µ
19-50 800 µ
- Computational method o FNB:IOM,
2001 based on maternal needs and
accumulation o vitamin A in liver o
etus
tiami A a 1.2 m
Cv 10%
A a 1.4 m - Metabolic studies using various
endpoints such as transketolase
activity and urinary thiamine
excretion plus estimated
requirements or maternal and etal
growth and small increase in energy
usage
rifai A a 1.2 m
Cv 10%
A a 1.4 m - Studies addressing clinical deciency
signs and biochemical markers such
as EGRAC in non-pregnant subjects
plus added needs or increased
growth o maternal and etal tissueand increase in energy expenditure
(Ciu)
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
Nn es a
rn
( )
rn
d ink
( )
a ink
( )
bss s
niaci eui. A a 14 m
Cv 15%
A a 18 m - Studies addressing niacinintake in relation to urine N1
methylnicotinamide with a 10%
decrease allowed or women
or lower energy intakes and an
additional allowance
to cover increased energy use and
growth
viami b6 A a 1.6 m
Cv 10%
A a 1.9 m - Depletion/repletion studies or non-
pregnant subjects plus estimates o
changes in plasma concentrations in
pregnancy, etal sequestration data
and supplementation studies
viami b12 A a 2.2 µ
Cv 10%
A a 2.6 µ - Haematological evidence and serum
B12 levels plus an allowance or etal
and placental needs
Fa (dia
Fa eui)
A a 520 µ
Cv 10%
Note: This does not
include additional
needs o 400µg/day
needed one month
beore and threemonths ater
conception or
prevention o neural
tube deects
A a 600 µ - Controlled metabolic studies and a
series o population studies
paa - - A a 5 m Based on median population intakes
plus an allowance or additional body
weight
bii - - A a 30 µ Extrapolated rom AI o inants on a
body weight basis taking into account
needs or growth o maternal tissues
and etus
Ci - - 14-18 415
m
19-50 440
m
Based on estimates or non-pregnant
emales plus an allowance or etal
and placental accretion plus turnover
in the mother
viami C 14-18 38 m
19-50 40 m
Cv 20%
14-18 40 m
19-50 60 m
- EAR set as intake at which body
content is halway between tissue
saturation and the point at which
scurvy appears in non pregnant
people with an allowance or
additional needs o etus
table 0. (coNt’d) pregNaNcy
(Ciu)
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
Nn es a
rn
( )
rn
d ink
( )
a ink
( )
bss s
viami d* - - A a 5µ Based on dietary intakes required to
maintain dened levels o plasma
25(OH)D in women with limited
exposure to sunlight; additional needs
or etus very small
viami e
(αte)
- - 14-18 8 m
19-50 7 m
Median population intakes; no
additional needs in pregnancy
viami k - - A a 60 µ Median population intakes; no
increase in pregnancy
Cacium 14-18 1050 m
19-50 840m
Cv 10%
14-18 1300 m
wm 1000 m
- Modelling based on components
such as accumulation o total body calcium, urinary losses, dermal losses
and daily skeletal increments ; no
additional needs in pregnancy
Cmium - - A a 30 µ Derived using chromium
content/1000 kj rom experimental
diets applied to median population
energy intake with an allowance or
additional body weight
C - - 14-18 1.2
m
19-50 1.3m
Median population intakes
plus an allowance or etal needs and
or the productso pregnancy
Fui - - A a 3 m Based on data relating fuoride intake
to dental caries status; no additional
requirement in lactation
Ii A a 160 µ
Cv 20%
A a 220 µ - Based on balance studies or non-
pregnant women and iodine thyroid
content o newborns
I** 14-18 23 m
19-50 22 m
14-18 27 m
19-50 27 m
- Based on modelling requirements
assuming upper limit o 25%
absorption;
EAR set on 50th percentileo requirement; RDI set on
97.5 percentile
Maium 14-18 335 m
19-30 290 m
31-50 300 m
Cv 10%
14-18 400 m
19-30 350 m
31-50 360 m
Based on balance studies and an
allowance or additional lean body
mass
Maa - - A a 5 m Median population intakes;
no addition in pregnancy
table 0. (coNt’d) pregNaNcy
(Ciu)
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
Nn es a
rn
( )
rn
d ink
( )
a ink
( )
bss s
Mum A a 40 µ
Cv 15%
A a 50 µ - Based on non-pregnant
recommendations with an allowance
or additional body weight
pu 14-18 1055 m
19-50 580
m
Cv 35%
14-18 1250 m
19-50 1000 m
- Based on a graphical transormation
technique assessing intake level
required to reach lowest point or
normal plasma range; no additional
need in pregnancy
paium - - A a 2800 m Median population intakes; no
additional need in pregnancy
sium A a 55 µCv 10%
A a 65 µ - Based on intakes required tomaintain adequate plasma
glutathione peroxidase plus an
allowance or etal needs
sium - - M
460-920 m
wm
460-920 m
Extrapolated rom intakes required
in adults to maintain sodium
balance with a generous margin or
acclimatisation to hot climate. No
additional requirement in pregnancy
Zic*** 14-18 8.5 m
19-50 9 m
14-18 10 m
19-50 11 m
- Factorial method based on intestinal,
urinary, skin and semen losses and
estimated absorption rates o 24%
or men and 31% women with an
allowance or additional maternal
and etal needs
* For women with limited exposure to sunlight a supplemental intake o 10µg/day prenatally would not be excessive
** Absorption o iron is lower rom vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 80% higher
*** Absorption o zinc is lower rom vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 50% higher
table 0. (coNt’d) pregNaNcy
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
table . lactatioN
Nn es a
rn
( )
rn
d ink (
)
a ink
( )
bss s
pi 14-18
51 (0.90 /)
19-50
54 (0.88 /)
Cv 12%
14-18
63 (1.11 /)
19-50
67 (1.10/)
- Additional requirement o
17g/day assessed using
actorial approach
ta a - - - Essentiality relates to type
o at only
liic aci - - 14-18 12
19-50 12
Median population intakes
o women and inants
α
-iic - - 14-18 1.2 19-50 1.2 Median population intakeso women and inants
lC -3
(ma)
- - 14-18 140 m
19-50 145 m
Median population intakes
o women and inants
Caa - - - Limited data re essentiality on
which to set EAR/RDI or AI
dia - - 14-18 27
19-50 30
Median population intakes
including an allowance or
resistant starch and 20%
increase related to higher
energy needs
wa - - 14-18
ta 2.9 l
Fui 2.3 l
19-50
ta 3.5 l
Fui 2.6 l
Median population intakes
(total includes water in oods).
Additional allowance or fuid
lost in breast milk
viami A
a i
uia
14-18 780 µ
19-50 800 µ
Cv 20%
14-18 1100 µ
19-50 1100 µ
- Computational method o
FNB:IOM, 2001 used or
mothers. AI or inants added
to EAR
tiami A a 1.2 mCv 10%
A a 1.4 m - Metabolic studies using various endpoints such as
transketolase activity and
urinary thiamine excretion plus
estimated needs or breast
milk losses and energy cost o
milk production
rifai A a 1.3 m
Cv 10%
A a 1.6 m - Studies addressing clinical
deciency signs and
biochemical markers such
as EGRAC in non-lactating
subjects plus added needs
or milk production and loss inbreast milk
(Ciu)
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
Nn es a
rn
( )
rn
d ink (
)
a ink
( )
bss s
niaci eui. A a 13 m
Cv 15%
A a 17 m Studies addressing niacinintake in relation to urine N 1
methylnicotinamide with an
appropriate allowance made
or energy usage in pregnant
women and or loss o
preormed niacin secreted in
breast milk
viami b6 A a 1.7 m
Cv 10%
A a 2.0 m - Depletion/repletion studies
or non-pregnant subjects
plus estimates o amounts
required to produce sucient
levels in breast milk or
inant needs
viami b12 A a 2.4 µ
Cv 10%
A a 2.8 µ - Haematological evidence and
serum B12 levels plus an
allowance or amount secreted
in breast milk
Fa (dia
Fa eui)
A a 450 µ
Cv 10%
A a 500 µ - Metabolic balance studies
using endpoints such as
erythrocyte olate, plasma
olate and homocysteine levels
in non-lactating subjects plus
an allowance or losses inbreast milk
paa - - A a 6 m Based on median population
intakes plus an allowance or
breast milk losses
bii - - 35 µ Extrapolated rom AI o inants
on a body weight basis plus an
allowance or losses
in breast milk
Ci - - 14-18 525 m
19-50 550 m
Based on estimates or non-
lactating emales plus an
allowance or choline secreted
in breast milk
viami C 14-18 58 m
19-50 60 m
Cv 20%
14-18 80 m
19-50 85 m
- EAR set as intake at which
body content is halway
between tissue saturation
and the point at which scurvy
appears in non pregnant
people with an allowance
or additional needs o
breasted inant
table . (coNt’d) lactatioN
(Ciu)
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
Nn es a
rn
( )
rn
d ink (
)
a ink
( )
bss s
viami d* - - A a 5 µ Based on dietary intakes
required to maintain dened
levels o plasma 25(OH)D in
women with limited exposure
to sunlight; additional needs or
lactation very small
viami e
(α te)
- - 14-18 12 m
19-50 11 m
Median population intakes
plus an allowance or vitamin
E secreted in breast milk.
viami k - - A a 60 µ Median population intakes; no
addition in lactation
Cacium 14-18 1050 m
19-50 840 m
Cv 10%
14-18 1300 m
wm 1000 m
- Modelling based on
components such as
accumulation o total body
calcium, urinary losses, dermal
losses and daily skeletal
increments; no additional
needs in lactation
Cmium - - A a 45 µ Derived using chromium
content/1000 kj rom
experimental diets applied
to median population energy
intake with an allowanceor chromium secreted in
breast milk
C - - 14-18 1.4 m
19-50 1.5 m
Median population intakes
plus an allowance or copper
secreted in breast milk
Fui - - A a 3 m Based on data relating fuoride
intake to dental caries status;
no additional requirement in
lactation
Ii A a 190 µ
Cv 20%
A a 270 µ - Based on balance studies or
non-lactating women with anallowance or iodine secreted
in breast milk
I** 14-18 7 m
19-50 6.5 m
Cv 30%
14-18 10 m
19-50 9 m
- For EAR, iron secreted in
milk was added to the
distribution o requirements or
non-lactating women
and or younger mothers
an allowance was made
or growth. Absorption o 18%
was assumed
table . (coNt’d) lactatioN
(Ciu)
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
Nn es a
rn
( )
rn
d ink (
)
a ink
( )
bss s
Maium 14-18 300 m
19-30 255 m
31-50 265 m
Cv 10%
14-18 360 m
19-30 310 m
31-50 320 m
Based on balance studies; no
additional needs in lactation
Maa - - A a 5 m Median population intakes; no
addition in lactation
Mum 14-18 35 µ
19-50 36 µ
Cv 15%
A a 50 µ - Based on non-pregnant
recommendations with an
allowance or molybdenum
secreted in breast milk
pu 14-18 1055 m
19-50 580 m
Cv 35%
14-18 1250 m
19-50 1000 m
- Based on a graphical
transormation technique
assessing intake level required
to reach lowest point or
normal plasma range; no
additional need in lactation
paium - - A a 2800 m Median population intakes; no
additional needs or lactation
sium A a 65 µ
Cv 10%
A a 75 µ - Based on intakes required to
maintain adequate plasma
glutathione peroxidase plus
an allowance or selenium
secreted in breast milk
sium - - M
460-920 m
wm
460-920 m
Extrapolated rom intakes
required in adults to
maintain sodium balance
with a generous margin or
acclimatisation to hot climate.
No additional requirement in
lactation
Zic*** 14-18 9 m
19-50 10 m
14-18 11 m
19-50 12 m
- Factorial method based on
intestinal, urinary, skin and semen losses and estimated
absorption rates o 24% or
men and 31% women with an
allowance or zinc secreted in
breast milk
* For mothers and their babies with limited exposure to sunlight a supplemental intake o 10µg/day would not be excessive
** Absorption o iron is lower rom vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 80% higher
*** Absorption o zinc is lower rom vegetarian diets so intakes will need to be up to 50% higher
table . (coNt’d) lactatioN
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summary of uPPer leVels of iNtake
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
table . upper levelS of iNtaKe
Nn inns - s - s - s - s
(nn
nn &n)
a
s
a
s
(nnnn &
n)
pi np np np np np np np
liic aci np np np np np np np
α-iic np np np np np np np
lC -3 (ma) m np 3000 m 3000 m 3000 m 3000 m 3000 m 3000 m
dia np np np np np np np
wa l np np np np np np np
viami Ac ai
600 µ 600 µ 900 µ 1700 µ 2800 µ 3000 µ 3000 µ
tiami np np np np np np np
rifai np np np np np np np
niciic aci
niciami
np
np
10 m
150 m
15 m
250 m
20 m
500 m
30 m
750 m
35 m
900 m
35 m
900 m
viami b6 np 15 m 20 m 30 m 40 m 50 m 50 m
viami b12 np np np np np np np
Fa np 300 µ 400 µ 600 µ 800 µ 1000 µ 1000 µ
paa np np np np np np np
bii np np np np np np np
Ci np 1000 m 1000 m 1000 m 3000 m 3500 m 3500 m
viami C np np np np np np np
viami d 25 µ 80 µ 80 µ 80 µ 80 µ 80 µ 80 µ
viami e (αte) np 70 m 100 m 180 m 250 m 300 m 300 m
viami k np np np np np np np
a F ia i i a i (np) ai a U l Ia. Ia ia u m a mi mua
. F a, imi aa cai ui ma ma i i i a U l Ia
U imi 25% m i cmm i ai aac macui cic ia i
c limi ca ai uma a-ca ia a i ui uc
F viami b6 Ul i ixi
F a, Ul i ia a uia m i a um
F iami C, 1000m/a u a u imi
(Ciu)
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
table . (coNt’d) upper levelS of iNtaKe
Nn inns - s - s - s - s
(nn
nn &n)
a s a s
(nn
nn &n)
Cacium np 2500 m 2500 m 2500 m 2500 m 2500 m 2500 m
Cmium np np np np np np np
C np 1 m 3 m 5 m 8 m 10 m 10 m
Fui 0-6 m
0.7 m
7-12 m
0.9 m
1.3 m 2.2 m 10 m 10 m 10 m 10 m
Ii np 200 µ 300 µ 600 µ 900 µ 1100 µ 1100 µ
I 20 m 20 m 40 m 40 m 45 m 45 m 45 m
Maium
um
np 65 m 110 m 350 m 350 m 350 m 350 m
Maa np np np np np np np
Mum np 300 µ 600 µ 1100 µ 1700 µ 2000 µ 2000 µ
pu np 3000 m 3000 m 4000 m 4000 m 19-70 a4000 m
>70 a
3000 m
19-70 a4000 m
>70 a
3000 mpac:3500 m
lacai:4000 m
paium np np np np np np np
sium 0-6 m45 µ
7-12 m60 µ
90 µ 150 µ 280 µ 400 µ 400 µ 400 µ
sium np 1000 m 1400 m 2000 m 2300 m 2300 m 2300 m
Zic 0-6 m4 m
7-12 m5 m
7 m 12 m 25 m 35 m 40 m 40 m
a F ia i i a i (np) ai a U l Ia. Ia ia u m a mi mua
. F a, imi aa cai ui ma ma i i i a U l Ia
Ia maa a u i a a cu a a i u i iuci aa a Ul.
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summary of recommeNdatioNs
to reduce chroNic disease risk
(ApplICAble to AdolesCents over 14 yrs And AdUlts)
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
table . SuggeSted dietary targetS (Sdt) to reduce chroNic diSeaSe riSK– microNutrieNtS,
dietary fibre aNd lc N- fatS
Nn Ss d t
(nk n )
cns
viami A viami A:
M 1,500 µ
wm 1,220 µ
Ca:
M 5,800 µ
wm 5,000 µ
t u ia a i uia 90
ci ia i Auaia a n Zaa
uai, aai aci ui-
, - a i i
- a a ui, ma amu
uc-a ai a ma amu
a i.
viami C M 220 m
wm 190 m
euia 90 ci ia i
Auaia a n Zaa uai,
aai aci ui-, -
a i i a, um
a ui.
viami e M 19 m
wm 14 m
euia 90 ci ia i
Auaia a n Zaa uai,
aai icui m - muaua
a a i a aci ui-, -
a i i a a
ma amu a ma, u, , uc-
a ai a ai ca.
sium n cic u ca . t
i m ic ia
cai cac u
a c .
t a aaia uai ia aa
Auaia. n Zaa i a ium aa,
u cmmai a ci uai
ia a iaia. sium-ic icua, u a a a x,
muc ma. t c i a
i i ic .
Fa A aiia 100–400 µ dFe
cu ia (i a a au
300–600 µ dFe), ma ui
imi mci
a uc a cic ia
i a dnA ama.
Cu uai ia a
cmm ia. Ica cumi u
acm ui-, - a
i i a-ic uc a a a
ui a ai ca i cmm a
ima a.
dai ca a i a ai u
uc a aii u c. I u
a i cai ic aci ic a
am ic c aua ccui
a.
(Ciu)
a F m ui, u i , i i a 90 ci cu uai ia
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
table (coNt’d) SuggeSted dietary targetS (Sdt) to reduce chroNic diSeaSe riSK –
microNutrieNtS, dietary fibre aNd lc N- fatS
Nn Ss d t
(nk n )
cns
sium/
aium
sium:
M 1,600 m
70 mm
wm 1,600 m
70 mm
paium:
M 4,700 m120 mm
wm 4,700m
120 mm
wi a Ul 2,300 m (100 mm)/a a
a uai, i i ci a aiia
i a (i m maiaii
ima u ia a u
uci a a ia) ma accu i ium
ia a u uc au 1,600 m/a
(70 mm) i i i who cmmai.
ruci ia i ma a i immia
a i mm
cmmui i -xii i.
A aium ca u c ium
u, ia a 90 ci cuuai ia ma miia c
ium u ui ia ium ca
. A 4,700 m/a aium
i a ic ci aai a .
Ica aium ia u u a
cumi ui a a.
dia
Fi
M 38
wm 28
U a 90 ci ia uci
i Chd i. Ica ia u u
acm ui-, - a
i a a, ui a ai
ca.
lC -3 a
(dhA:epA:
dpA)
M 610 m
wm 430 m
t u ia a i uia
90 ci ia i Auaia/n Zaa
uai aai aci -,
ui a i i lC -3-ic uc a
uc a ua, am a mac, a
i, lC -3-ic .
a F m ui, u i , i i a 90 ci cu uai ia
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Summary tableS
Nn rn vs as n Nw Zn – e S
table . acceptable macroNutrieNt diStributioN raNgeS (amdr) for macroNutrieNtS to
reduce chroNic diSeaSe riSK WhilSt Still eNSuriNg adequate microNutrieNt StatuS
Nn lw n
n
nk n
u n
n
nk n
cns
pi 15% 25% o aa, 10% i ui c
iica , u i i iuci a
eAr micui cumi cmm
a i Auaia a n Zaa.
Ia i m i aci cmmuii ( u-
a, Acic, aai) a a i a 30% i
aa a a. n mia a
cii a ia a i m ic
a ia a ucm. tu, a u Ul
25% a .
Fa 20% 35% t a i mi amuui uai i a a ia
eAr micui. sm cmmuii, a m
Aia u, a aa a ia i , u
mm u a ma i au a
i a ui au i aa . t u
a i ai i i a Cvd, ai
i mi a i a i a i i aua a,
a i ac a ia, a a a
, icai a i -cumi
. saua a a a u
imi m a 10% .
liic aci
(-6 a)
A a
a/ AI:
eua 4-5%
ia
90 ci
uai ia:
eua 10%
ia
ba ia imi cic ia i,
a Chd. t i m aima-a ic
a ia u 15% cu acca, u uma
ic i imi. 10% a ua au
90 ci cu uai ia.
α-iic aci
(-3 a)
A a
a/ AI:
eua
0.4–0.5% ia
90 ci
uai ia:
eua 1%
ia
ba ia imi cic ia i,
a Chd.
Caa 45%
(mia
m
i a/
camic ix
)
65%
(mia
m
i a/
camic ix
uc)
t u u caa cmmai
a accmma ia uim
a (20%) a i (15%). I i im ac
a caa cum a
aamu imac i ai i a c.
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t Nn h n m rs cn
• Health Procedures
• Health Promotion
• Human Cloning and Embryo Research• Indigenous Health
• Injury including Sports Injury
• Men’s Health
• Mental Health
• Musculoskeletal
• NHMRC Corporate documents
• NHMRC Session Reports
• Nutrition and Diet
• Oral Health
• Organ Donation
• Poisons, Chemicals and Radiation Health• Research
• Women’s Health
• Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health
• Aged Care
• Blood and Blood Products• Cancer
• Cardiovascular Health
• Child Health
• Clinical Practice Guidelines – Standards or
Developers – Topics
• Communicable Diseases, Vaccinations and
Inection Control
• Diabetes
• Drug and Substance Abuse
• Environmental Health
• Ethics in Research–Animal• Ethics in Research–Human
• Genetics and Gene Technology
NHMRC publications contact:
Email: [email protected]: http://www.nhmrc.gov.auFree Call: 1800 020 103 ext 9520
To Order Publications: National Mailing and MarketingPO Box 7077Canberra BC 2610Email: [email protected]: (02) 6269 1000Fax: (02) 6260 2770
The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) was established in 1936 and is now
a statutory body within the portolio o the Australian Government Minister or Health and Ageing,operating under the National Health and Medical Research Council Act 1992 ( NHMRC Act ). TheNHMRC advises the Australian community and the Australian Government, and State and Territory governments on standards o individual and public health, and supports research to improve thosestandards.
The NHMRC Act provides our statutory obligations:
• to raise the standard o individual and public health throughout Australia;
• to oster development o consistent health standards between the states and territories;
• to oster medical research and training and public health research and training throughout Australia; and
• to oster consideration o ethical issues relating to health.
The NHMRC also has statutory obligations under the Prohibition o Human Cloning Act 2002 (PHC Act) and the Research Involving Human Embryos Act 2002 (RIHE Act).
The activities o the NHMRC translate into our major outputs: health and medical research; healthpolicy and advice; health ethics; and the regulation o research involving donated IVF embryos, in-cluding monitoring compliance with the ban on human cloning and certain other activities. A regularpublishing program ensures that Council’s recommendations are widely available to governments, thecommunity, scientic, industrial and education groups. The Council publishes in the ollowing areas:
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