note: this book is not meant to substitute for expert ... at home... · note:this book is not meant...

Written byDon R. Powell, Ph.D.

and theAmerican Institute for Preventive Medicine

Note: This book is not meant to substitute for expert medical advice or treatment.The information is given to help you make informed choices about your health.Follow your doctor’s or health care provider’s advice if it differs from what isgiven in this book.

For information on other products, call or write:American Institute for Preventive Medicine30445 Northwestern Hwy., Suite 350Farmington Hills, MI 48334-31021-248-539-1800 / Fax 1-248-539-1808www.HealthyLife.come-mail: [email protected]

Please know that many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products areclaimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book and the American Institute for PreventiveMedicine was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial capital letters (e.g., Tums).{Note: “LifeArt image copyright, Williams & Wilkins. All rights reserved” applies to illustrations in this booknoted with a single *.}

©2007, 5th Edition, American Institute for Preventive MedicineAll rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publicationmay be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,mechanical, photocopy, recording, emailing, or otherwise without written permission of the publisher.

ISBN-13: 978-0-9635612-9-9ISBN-10: 0-9635612-9-4 1

For free health information:Go to www.HealthyLearn.comGet reliable information by clicking on:• Health Topics • Drugs & Supplements• Health News • Medical Encyclopedia• Directories • Medical Dictionary

Do Not Reproduce

1-800-222-1222

Telephone Numbers & InformationEmergency Medical Service (EMS): ________________________________________Fire: __________________________________Police:__________________________Poison Control Center: ____________________Suicide Prevention: ______________

Health Care ProvidersName Specialty Telephone Number(s)

______________________ ______________________ ____________________________________________ ______________________ ____________________________________________ ______________________ ______________________Hospital: __________________________Pharmacy: ____________________________Employee Assistance Program (EAP): ________________________________________

Health Insurance Information (See also “Health Insurance Checklist” on page 48.)Company Number 1:__________________Phone Number: ______________________Policyholder’s Name: ________________Policy Number: ______________________Company Number 2:__________________Phone Number: ______________________Policyholder’s Name: ________________Policy Number: ______________________

What toTellYour DoctorUse this summary when you call or visit a doctor or health care provider.See pages 27–28 for more information. (Make copies as needed.)

Symptoms� Pain � Fever/chills � Breathing problems� Skin problems � Stomach problems � Eye, ear, nose,� Bowel/bladder problems � Muscle or joint problems throat problemsOther problems/specific questions I have now: ________________________________What I need to do:________________________________________________________

Medications(See “Medicine Log” on page 46 for a list of all medicines you take.)Medications I’m allergic to: ______________________ ______________________

22

Do Not Reproduce

Cancer’s Seven Warning Signs� Change in a mole or wart (see page 137)� Change in bladder or bowel habits� Unusual bleeding or discharge� Lump or thickening in the breast,

joint areas, or elsewhere� A sore that does not heal� A persistent hoarseness or cough� Problems with swallowing or indigestionSee, also, pages 135-138 and 272-276.

Diabetes Warning Signs� Drowsiness� Itching� A family history of diabetes� Blurred vision� Excessive weight gain� Tingling, numbness, or pain in

extremities� Easy fatigue� Skin infection, slow healing of cuts

and scratches, especially on the feet� Constant or frequent urination� Abnormal thirst� Unusual hunger� The rapid loss of weight� Irritability� Obvious weakness and fatigue� Nausea and vomitingSee, also, pages 276-281.

Heart Attack Warning Signs� Feeling of pain (may spread to or be

felt in the arm, neck, tooth, jaw, orback), tightness, burning, squeezing,or heaviness in the chest. This lastsmore than a few minutes or goes awayand comes back.

� Chest discomfort with: Shortness ofbreath; nausea; sweating; fast oruneven pulse; lightheadedness; orfainting

� Unusual chest, abdominal, or stomachpain. Severe indigestion that doesn'tgo away with an antacid.

� Dizziness; nausea; trouble breathing;or jaw or arm pain without chest pain

� Gray-colored or clammy skinSee, also, pages 201-203.

Stroke Warning Signs� Sudden numbness or weakness of the

face, arm or leg, especially on oneside of the body

� Sudden confusion, trouble speaking orunderstanding

� Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes� Sudden trouble walking, dizziness,

loss of balance or coordination� Sudden severe headache with no

known causeSee, also, pages 228-230.

Major IllnessWarning Signs

3

Do Not Reproduce

Major Illness Warning Signs........................3Acknowledgements ....................................4

Section I

You &Your HealthIntroduction ............................................11

Chapter 1. Stay WellStay Active with Exercise......................12Eat Well ..................................................16Control Your Weight ..............................18Get Regular Dental Care........................19Be a Nonsmoker ....................................20Use Alcohol Wisely ..............................21Manage Stress ........................................21Stay Mentally Active ............................22Home Safety Checklist ..........................23Personal Safety Checklist ......................24

Chapter 2. You & Your DoctorChoosing a Doctor ................................25Tell & Ask the DoctorChecklists ..............................................27

Chapter 3. Medical DecisionsGather Facts ..........................................29Complimentary & AlternativeMedicine (CAM)....................................30

Table of Contents

66

Medical Decision Comparison Chart ....32Informed Consent ..................................32Advance Directives................................33

Chapter 4. Medical Exams & TestsTests & What They Are For ..................34Common Health Tests& How Often to Have Them ................35Immunizations........................................36Immunization Record ............................36Medical History Chart ..........................37Home Medical Tests ..............................38

Chapter 5. MedicinesSafe Use of Medicines ..........................39Over-the-Counter (OTC)Medicines ..............................................41Your Home Pharmacy............................42Medicine Log ........................................46

Chapter 6. PlanningPlanning for Health Care Coverage ......47Medicare ................................................47Health Insurance Checklist ....................48Disability Insurance ..............................49Long-Term Care Insurance ....................49Cutting Health Care Costs ....................51Housing Options ....................................53

Do Not Reproduce

7

Sinus Problems ......................................86Sore Throats ..........................................87Tinnitus (Ringing in the Ears) ..............89

Chapter 9. Respiratory ConditionsAsthma ..................................................91Bronchitis ..............................................93Common Cold........................................95Coughs....................................................97Emphysema............................................99Flu ........................................................100Lung Cancer ........................................103Pneumonia............................................104

Chapter 10. Skin ConditionsHow Aging Affects the Skin................106Age Spots ............................................106Animal/Insect Bites..............................107Athlete’s Foot ......................................110Bedsores................................................111Boils......................................................112Bruises ..................................................114Burns ....................................................115Cold Hands & Feet ..............................118Corns & Calluses ................................119Cuts, Scrapes, & Punctures..................120Dry Skin ..............................................123

Caregiver’s Guide ..................................54Hospice Care ..........................................55

Section II

Common Health ProblemsIntroduction ............................................56How to Use This Section ......................57

Chapter 7. Eye ProblemsHow Aging Affects the Eyes ................59Eye Problems Chart ..............................59Cataracts ................................................61Eye Irritations & Injuries ......................63Floaters & Flashes..................................66Glaucoma ..............................................67Macular Degeneration (AMD) ..............69Pinkeye ..................................................71Sties ........................................................72

Chapter 8. Ear, Nose& Throat Problems

Earaches ................................................74Earwax....................................................77Hay Fever ..............................................79Hearing Loss ..........................................81Laryngitis ..............................................83Nosebleeds ............................................84

Do Not Reproduce

Hiatal Hernia ........................................172Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) ........173Kidney Stones ......................................175Peptic Ulcers ........................................177Rectal Problems ..................................179Urinary Incontinence ..........................183Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) ..........186Vomiting & Nausea..............................189

Chapter 12.Heart &Circulation Problems

Angina ..................................................192Chest Pain ............................................194(Congestive) Heart Failure ..................197Coronary Artery Disease......................199Heart Attack ........................................201High Blood Pressure ............................203Peripheral Vascular Disease ................206Phlebitis & Thrombosis ......................207Varicose Veins ......................................210

Chapter 13. Brain & NervousSystem Conditions

How Aging Affects Memory ..............212Alzheimer’s Disease ............................212Bell’s Palsy ..........................................215Cognitive Function: Exam to Assess

Mental Status ................................218

Eczema ................................................125Hair Loss ..............................................126Hives ....................................................127Ingrown Toenails..................................129Insect Stings ........................................130Poison Ivy (Oak, Sumac) ....................132Shingles ................................................134Skin Cancer ..........................................135Skin Rashes ..........................................139Splinters................................................144Sunburn ................................................146Warts ....................................................147

Chapter 11. Abdominal &Urinary Problems

How Aging Affects Digestion..............150Abdominal Pain ..................................150Colon & Rectal Cancers ......................153Constipation ........................................155Diarrhea................................................156Diverticulosis & Diverticulitis ............158Flatulence (Gas) ..................................160Food Poisoning ....................................161Gallstones ............................................164Heartburn..............................................166Hemorrhoids ........................................168Hernias ................................................170

88

Do Not Reproduce

9

Headaches ............................................286Hepatitis ..............................................290HIV/AIDS ............................................294Insomnia ..............................................297Snoring ................................................299Thyroid Problems ................................301

Chapter 16. Mental HealthConditions

Anger....................................................303Anxiety ................................................306Codependency......................................310Depression............................................312Drug & Alcohol Problems ..................315Grief/Bereavement ..............................319Stress & Posttraumatic Stress

Disorder ........................................322Suicidal Thoughts ................................325

Chapter 17. Men’s HealthErectile Dysfunction (ED) ..................328Jock Itch ..............................................330Prostate Problems ................................331

Chapter 18. Women’s HealthBreast Lumps, Cancer &

Self-Exam ....................................335Cervical Cancer....................................340

Dementias ............................................220Dizziness & Vertigo ............................222Parkinson’s Disease ............................226Stroke....................................................228

Chapter 14. Bone & MuscleProblems

How Aging Affects the Bones& Muscles......................................231

Arthritis ................................................231Back Pain ............................................234Broken Bones ......................................237Bursitis & Tendinitis ............................241Dislocations..........................................244Foot Problems ......................................246Gout ......................................................252Leg Pain & Ankle Pain ........................254Osteoporosis ........................................259Shoulder Pain & Neck Pain ................264Sprains & Strains ................................267

Chapter 15. Other HealthProblems

Anemia ................................................269Cancer ..................................................272Diabetes................................................276Fatigue..................................................281Fever ....................................................283

Do Not Reproduce

Being Ready forMedical Emergencies ..........................380

Chapter 21. EmergencyProcedures

First Aid Precautions............................381CPR ....................................................382First Aid for Choking

(Heimlich Maneuver) ..................385Recovery Position ................................387

Chapter 22. EmergencyConditions

Bleeding ..............................................388Choking ................................................390Dehydration..........................................391Electric Shock ......................................393Fainting & Unconsciousness ..............395Fishhook Accidents..............................398Frostbite & Hypothermia ....................400Head Injuries ........................................403Heat Exhaustion & Heat Stroke ..........405Neck/Spine Injuries..............................408Poisoning ..............................................411Shock....................................................413

Index ..................................................415

Hormone Therapy (HT) ......................342Menopause ..........................................343Ovarian Cancer ....................................346Uterine Cancer ....................................348Vaginal Problems ................................349

Chapter 19. Sexual HealthSexual Changes with Aging ................356Basic Facts About STDs......................360STDs Chart ..........................................362

Chapter 20. Dental & MouthProblems

Teeth & Mouth Changeswith Aging....................................367

Bad Breath............................................367Broken or Knocked-Out Tooth............369Canker Sores ........................................370Cold Sores ............................................371Dry Mouth............................................373Periodontal (Gum) Disease..................374Toothaches............................................377

Section IIIEmergenciesIntroduction ..........................................379Recognizing Emergencies....................380

1010

Do Not Reproduce

11

You &Your HealthSection 1

To learn more about topics covered in this Guide and otherhealth issues, access the web site listed on the back cover of this book.

Chapter 1

Staying Well

IntroductionYou are the most importantperson in caring for yourhealth. What you do from thisday on affects your health andhow you feel.

This section helps you knowwhat to do to take care of yourown health and well-being.

Ways to stay well and preventdisease are presented in Chapter1.

Chapters 2 through 5 givemany tips and guidelines to bea wise medical consumer.

Chapter 6 gives tips on makingplans for healthy living.

Planning

Learn More!

Chapter 2

You & Your Doctor

Chapter 6

Planning

Chapter 5

Medicines

Chapter 3

Medical Decisions

Chapter 4

Medical Exams & Tests

Do Not Reproduce

12

Stay Well� Choose activities that you enjoy.� Wear comfortable, cushioned, lightweight

shoes with a strong arch support.� Gradually ease into an exercise program.

Start with 5 to 10 minutes a day.� Find ways to increase your general

activity.� Warm up before an exercise.� Be careful when you exercise in hot or

cold weather.� Exercise indoors when outdoor

temperatures are very hot or cold.� Listen to your body. Rest when you

need to.� Drink plenty of water before, during,

and after you exercise.� Do not hold your breath when you

exercise.� Exercise to music.

What Exercises ShouldYou Do?A recent study on twins showed thattaking a brisk, half-hour walk just 6 timesa month cuts the risk of early death by44%. Getting more fit is easier than youthink. You can get active with:� Exercise. (See “Types of Exercise” on

page 13.)

No matter what your age, good healthhabits are a big part of taking care ofyourself. Practicing good health habitsdoes not mean you will never get sick orthat you will live longer. It can improvethe way you feel and the quality of yourlife, though. It’s not too late to followgood health habits. Even if you haven’texercised in years, now is the time to start.

StayActive with ExerciseRegular exercise has many benefits.� It reduces stress, boredom, and

depression, and improves sleep.� It improves skin and muscle tone.� It improves blood circulation.� It improves balance and flexibility.� It helps manage appetite.� It lowers blood pressure.� It helps reduce the risk for adult-onset

diabetes (Type 2).

If you exercise on a regular basis, goodfor you! Keep it up! If not, it’s never toolate to start. Here is a list of exercise tips:� Check with your doctor before you

begin an exercise program.

Chapter 1

Do Not Reproduce

� Make walking part of your daily routine.� Find new routes.� Set reasonable goals to increase time or

distance.When you do aerobic exercises, followthese three steps:A. Warm UpThe best warm up is to spend 5 to 10minutes stretching different parts of yourbody. Extend each body part and hold itfor 15 to 30 seconds. Doing this shouldnot cause any pain. It should be a flowing,rhythmic motion that raises your heartrate a bit. Include all major muscle groupsand parts of the body:� Head and neck� Shoulders, upper back, arms, and chest� Rib cage, waist, and lower back� Front and back of thighs� Inner thighs� Calf and Achilles tendon� Ankles and feetB. Aerobic ActivityTo be aerobic, the activity you chooseshould:� Be steady and nonstop� Use large muscles of the lower body

(legs, buttocks)

� Recreation. Swim, golf, dance, etc.� Active hobbies, such as working in the

garden� Chores, such as washing windows,

walking the dog, etc.

Types of Exercise

1. Aerobic Exercises� Walking� Swimming. This is good for those who

have orthopedic problems or are obese.It reduces pressure on muscles andbones.

� Bike riding� RowingWalking Tips:� Keep your head erect.� Straighten your back.� Point your toes

forward.� Swing your arms

loosely.� Wear cushioned,

comfortable shoes.� Don’t race. Keep a comfortable pace.� Walk with a friend or wear a headset for

music.� In bad weather, consider a morning

mall walkers group.To Learn More, See Back Cover

Chapter 1: Stay Well

13

Use properwalking form.

Do Not Reproduce

Target Heart Rate Zone60 to 80% of MHR

Age Beats Per Beats PerMinute 10 Seconds

50 102 to 136 17 to 2355 99 to 132 16 to 2260 96 to 128 16 to 2165 93 to 124 15 to 20

{Note: Consult your doctor before usingthis target heart rate range. Your rangemay need to be lower for medicalreasons.}

Target Heart RateYour target heart rate is 60 to 80% ofyour maximum heart rate (MHR). This isthe heart rate you should aim for duringthe aerobic phase of your activity.To find your maximum heart rate (MHR):A. Subtract your age from 220.

220 - _____ (your age)=_____ (MHR)

B.Multiply your MHR by .60 and by .80._____ (MHR) x .60 = __________ (MHR) x .80 = _____

C. Your 60-second heart rate should fallsomewhere between these twonumbers during the aerobic activity.

C. Cool DownThe key is to cool down slowly. Choose aslower pace of the activity you weredoing. For example, if you were walkingbriskly, walk slowly. Or stretch for about5 minutes. Stretch all muscle groups.Stretch to the point of mild tension (notpain or burn). Hold for 10 to 30 seconds.Breathe in when the stretch is released.Breathe out when you begin to stretch.

2. Strengthening Exercises� Lifting weights� Push-ups and sit-ups

� Last a minimum of 20 minutes. You canstart out for shorter periods of time,many times a day. For example, do 5minutes, 4 times a day. Progress tomore minutes each time.

� Result in a heart rateof 60 to 80% of yourmaximum heart rate.(See “Target HeartRate Zone” in thebox below.)

� Allow you to speakwithout gasping forbreath

Section I: You & Your Health

14

Keep track of minutesyou exercise.

Do Not Reproduce

� Talk to your doctor or a fitnessconsultant for a complete exerciseprogram.

3. Stretching ExercisesThese make your body more flexible. Thishelps you prevent injury during sports,exercise, and everyday activities.Stretching exercises should be donebefore and after every strengthening oraerobic workout.

For stretching:� Try slow, relaxing stretches, like those

in yoga or tai chi.� Try swimming. It builds flexibility.� Stretch after exercise because muscles

are warmed up.� Stretch

gradually.� Do not

bounce.� Do not

hold yourbreath.Exhale asstretching continues.

� Stretch every day, even if you’re notphysically active.

� Do not stretch areas when there is pain.

These types of exercises:� Let your muscles work longer before

they get tired. (This is endurance.)� Help you build muscle.� Improve your bone density. This helps

prevent osteoporosis and fractures.

Guidelines� Use weights or a stretch band. Try out

different ones to find what’s right foryou. For strengthening, you should beable to do at least 2 sets and repeat these8 times. The weight is too heavy if youcan’t. If you can easily do more than 3sets, 12 times, use a heavier weight.

� Give muscles a day to rest in betweenworkouts. If you want to work outevery day, do the upper body one day.Do the lower body the next day.

� Move slowly. Don’t jerk the weightsup. Don’t drop them too fast.

� Always keep your knees and elbowsslightly bent.

� Breathe properly during these exercises.Breathe out when you are at the hardestpart of the exercise. Breathe in whenyou return to the starting position.Don’t hold your breath.

� Work opposing muscles. For example,after you work the front of the arm(biceps), work the back of the arm(triceps).

To Learn More, See Back Cover


15

Stretching makes your bodymore flexible.

Do Not Reproduce

For Information onNutrition, Contact:

Use “My Pyramid – Steps to aHealthier You” to help you make goodfood choices. Access the MyPyramid.govWeb site www.mypyramid.gov. At thissite you will learn:� How many calories you should eat each

day for your age, sex, and activity level.Use the “MyPyramid Plan” box to findout how many calories you need a day.

� How much to eat from basic foodgroups, subgroups, and oils to meet yourcalorie needs. Serving sizes are given incups, 1/2 cups, etc. (See an example for a1600 calorie plan on page 17.)

� How to keep track of the foods andbeverages you eat and drink and theactivities you do. You can print outcopies of “MyPyramid Worksheet” tocompare your choices to your food plan.

� Tips for physical activity, eating out, asample menu, and more.

Eat Well� Eat at regular times each day. Don’t

skip breakfast.� Drink 8 to 10 glasses of water a day.� Choose a variety of grains (especially

whole grains) and fruits and vegetablesdaily. These foods give essentialvitamins and minerals, fiber, and othersubstances that are important for goodhealth. Have 20 to 30 grams of dietaryfiber per day.

� Choose a diet low in saturated and transfats and cholesterol and moderate intotal fat. Limit animal fats, hardmargarines, and partially hydrogenatedshortenings. Use vegetable oils. Choosefat-free or low-fat dairy products,cooked dried beans and peas, fish, andlean meats and poultry. Eat no more than300 milligrams of dietary cholesterol perday (200 milligrams if your cholesterolis high).

� Choose beverages andfoods that limityour intake ofsugar.

� Choose and preparefoods with less salt.

� Keep foods safe to eat (see page 162).


16

My Pyramid.govwww.mypyramidThe National Center for Nutrition andDietetics1-800-366-1655 • www.eatright.orgNutrition.Govwww.nutrition.gov

Do Not Reproduce



17

Grains5 ounces / day

� Make halfyour grainswhole

� Aim for atleast 3ounces ofwhole grainsa day

� One ounce =• 1/2 cup

cookedcereal, rice,or pasta

• 1 slice ofbread

• About 1cup ofready-to-eat cereal

Sample “MyPyramid” plan for a 65 year old female who exercises less than30 minutes a day. To find out the plan for your needs, access www.mypyramid.gov.Enter your age, sex, and activity level in the “MyPyramid Plan” box.

Vegetables2 cups / day

� Vary yourveggies

� Aim for theseamounts eachweek:

Dark greenveggies = 2 cups

Orange veggies= 11/2 cups

Dry beans & peas= 21/2 cups

Starchy veggies= 21/2 cups

Other veggies= 51/2 cups

Fruits11/2 cups / day

� Focus onfruits

� Eat avariety offruits

� Go easy onfruit juices

Milk3 cups / day

� Get yourcalcium-richfoods

� Go low-fat orfat-free whenyou choosemilk, yogurt,or cheese

Meat & Beans5 ounces / day

� Go lean withprotein

� Choose low-fat orlean meats andpoultry

� Vary your proteinroutine – choosemore fish, beans,peas, nuts, andseeds

Find your balance between food and physical activity. Be physically active for atleast 30 minutes most days of the week.Know your limits on fats, sugars, and sodium. Your allowance for oils is 5teaspoons a day. Limit extras – solid fats and sugars – to 130 calories a day.Your results are based on a 1600 calorie pattern. This calorie level is only anestimate of your needs. Monitor your body weight to see if you need to adjust yourcalorie intake.

Do Not Reproduce

� Have or are prone to osteoporosis. Youmay need to take calcium and vitaminD supplements.

� Are at risk for cataracts. You may needa vitamin C supplement.

� Eat less than 1,500 calories a day. Youmay need a multivitamin and mineralsupplement.

Ask your doctor if you need to takevitamin and mineral supplements. Findout which ones you should take and inwhat amounts.

{Note: Avoid large doses of vitaminsand/or minerals. Do not take more than 10times the RDI of any vitamin or mineral,unless your doctor tells you to.}

Control Your WeightA healthy weight is vital to wellness.Extra pounds cause strain on the heart andjoints. As people age, less physicalactivity and a slower metabolic rate maymake it hard to lose weight. To loseweight or to avoid gaining unwantedpounds, try these tips:� Eat more slowly. Take 20 minutes to

complete a meal.� Reduce portion sizes. Use a smaller

plate. Cut food into small servings.� Say “No” to second helpings.

Vitamins & MineralsA variety of foods from the Food GuidePyramid (MyPyramid.gov) usually providethe vitamins and minerals you need daily.Some older persons may be prone tocertain deficiencies, such as vitamins B6,B12, C, and/or folic acid (a B vitamin).Here are good sources for these vitamins:� Lean meats,

chicken, fish,turnip greens,split peas forvitamin B6

� Milk, eggs, andlean meats forvitamin B12

� Citrus fruits, tomatoes, cantaloupe,strawberries, green peppers, broccoli,potatoes for vitamin C

� Green leafy vegetables, cantaloupe,orange juice, black-eyed peas, oatmealfor folic acid. Folic acid is now addedto grain products.

You may need vitamin and/or mineralsupplements if you:� Have a hard time eating� Have digestive problems� Abuse alcohol� Have heart disease. You may need

vitamin E and/or folic acid supplements.


18

Bananas are a goodsource of vitamin B6 and

potassium.Do Not Reproduce

� Replace yourtoothbrush atleast 3 times ayear.

� Floss daily.� See your dentist at least once a year for

a cleaning and checkup. Go every 6months, if you can.

� Eat less sugar, especially in hard orsticky candy.

� Use a fluoride toothpaste.� Mouthwashes, such as Listerine, may

help reduce plaque.

If You Wear DenturesTo adjust to new dentures:� Eat soft, nonsticky foods at first.� Cut food into small pieces.� Be careful when eating hot foods.� Watch for bones in food.� Speak slowly if dentures click.� Use a denture adhesive, if you must, but

don’t use too much. It can irritate yourgums.

Additional tips:� Keep dentures clean. Use a denture

cleaner or toothpaste.

� Avoid fatty foods. Increase high fiberfoods.

� Cut back on sugar and products withsugar.

� Increase physical activity. Take a walkafter a meal.

� Drink a glass of water before a meal.Take sips of water between bites.

� Start meals with a salad. Use nonfatdressings or lemon juice or vinegar.

� Leave some food on your plate.� Never skip a meal. Meals keep your

blood sugar levels even.� Eat at least half your total food intake in

the first half of the day.� Trim all fat off meats. Take the skin off

poultry before eating.� Do not fry foods. Bake or broil them.� Use nonfat cheeses, milks, and other

dairy products instead of ones with fat.

Get Regular DentalCareOverall health includes proper dental careand good oral hygiene.� Brush your teeth once or twice a day.

Brush after each meal, if you can.� Brush or massage the gum area and the

tongue, too.



19

Use a soft-bristled toothbrush.

Do Not Reproduce

� Keep your hands busy by holdingsomething like a pen or binder clip.

� Try sugarless gum, mints, toothpicks, orcoffee stirrers in place of cigarettes.

� Get plenty of sleep and exercise. Eathealthy foods.

� Drink plenty of water.� Keep busy.� Tell others you’re quitting. Ask for their

help.� Think positive.� Picture yourself as a nonsmoker.� Wear a thick rubber band around your

wrist. When a smoking urge occurs,snap it.

If you are not ready to totally quitsmoking, cut back slowly. Here are sometips:� Switch to a low tar, low nicotine brand.� Don’t smoke cigarettes all the way

down.� Take fewer draws on each cigarette.� Reduce your inhaling. Don’t inhale as

deeply.� Smoke fewer cigarettes each day.� Refuse to smoke in front of anyone that

you love.

� Remove dentures for sleeping (6 to 8hours per day). Soak them in acontainer with a denture cleaningproduct, such as Efferdent, Polident, etc.

� Keep dentures wet when not in the mouth.� Replace them as advised by your dentist.

Be a NonsmokerWellness andsmoking don’tgo together. Ifyou smoke,quit. Quitting is not easy because nicotineis addictive, but it can be done. Here’show to begin:� Consult your doctor for help. He or she

may:• Tell you to wear a nicotine patch (i.e.,

Nicoderm or Nicotrol), chew a gumlike Nicorette, or use nicotinelozenges (i.e., Commit.) These help toreduce nicotine cravings.

• Prescribe a nicotine nasal spray (i.e.,Nicotrol NS), a nicotine inhaler (i.e.,Nicotrol), or the medication Zyban. Itreduces cravings for cigarettes.

� Get rid of all cigarettes. Hide smokingitems, like matches or ashtrays.

� Practice deep inhales and exhalesthrough the mouth.


20

Do Not Reproduce

Manage Stress� Try slow, deep breaths.� Keep a

sense ofhumor.Laughoften.

� Take awalk.

� Be more forgiving.� Learn patience.� Repeat positive self-statements.� Take a warm bath or shower.� Get moderate exercise.� Listen to soothing music.� Take time to relax.� Don’t compare yourself to others.� Have someone massage your shoulders,

neck, or back.� Count your blessings.� Think positive.� Focus on the needs of others.� Do something nice for your body. Take

a nap.� Eat something healthy.

Use Alcohol WiselyAlcohol slows down brain activity. It dullsalertness, memory, and judgment. Itincreases the risk of accidents. If you drink,do so in moderation. Follow these tips:� Cut back on alcohol as you get older. If

you drink, limit alcohol to 1 drink a day.These are examples of 1 alcoholic drink:• 4 to 5 oz. of wine• 12 oz. of beer• 11/2 oz. of 80 proof liquor

� After having one of these, have drinkswithout alcohol, or use the sameamount of alcohol, but combine it withmixers to make more than one drink.

� Drink slowly. Don’t gulp or guzzlealcohol.

� Find other ways to calm yourself.� Don’t drink on an empty stomach.� Don’t drink when you are alone.� Don’t drink and drive.� Avoid problem drinkers.� Set a strict limit for yourself.� If you take medication, ask your doctor

or pharmacist if it is safe for you todrink at all.

� Don’t rely on black coffee, splashingwater on your face, or fresh air to getsober.



21

Laughing helps manage stress.

Do Not Reproduce

� Exercise your memory and mind.Continue to learn new things. Take aclass at a local center or communitycollege. Play along with TV gameshows. Watch programs on public TVand other channels that showbiographies, stories in history, medicalnews, etc. Do crossword and otherpuzzles. Work with computers.

� Read a newspaper or magazine daily.� Listen to books on tape or read an

enjoyable book. Read large print booksif it is hard to see small print.

� Get organized. Clean out clutter in allaspects of living.

� Accept invitations to new events. Keepa busy calendar.

� Eat well. This includes fresh fruits andvegetables, whole grain breads andcereals, lean meats, poultry and fish,and nonfat dairy products.

� Take vitamin and mineral supplementsas advised by your doctor.

� Limit the use of alcohol.� Check for mental side effects of

medications. Some may cause fatigue.Report any side effects to your doctor.

Stay Mentally ActiveA key part of living “the good life” isstaying mentally active. It is linked togood physical and mental health. Thereare many ways to remain mentally active:� Find a labor of love. Even if you’re

retired, find some “meaningful” work.It can be paid or unpaid. People need tofeel wanted and productive. Start asecond career. Try part-time work.

� Get involved. Become a volunteer. Takea class. Join a group of walkers, a bookclub, or start a breakfast club. Become amentor to a younger person.

� Get plenty of moderate to vigorousexercise. When you do this, the bodyreleases endorphins, chemicals thatmake you feel good. {Note: Ask yourdoctor what exercises you should do.}

� Widen your circle of friends. Inviteguests over, attend a meeting, travel,join a church or synagogue group. Callan old friend on the phone.

� Look for creativeoutlets. Paint,play a musicalinstrument, etc.Find ways toexpress yourself.


22

Keep your mind activewith focused activities.

Do Not Reproduce

� Keep stair areas well lit. Install a switchat the top and bottom of the stairs.

� Install handrails on both sides of thestairs.

� Keep stairs clear of clutter.� Make certain carpet on stairs is nailed

down securely.� Install grab bars in the shower, tub, and

toilet area.� Use a shower bench that has rubber tips

on the legs.� Before getting in the tub, test the bath

water. Make sure it is not too hot.� Never lock the bathroom door.� Use a bath mat with suction cups or use

nonslip adhesive strips in the tub andshower.

� Don’t use any loose area rugs.� Arrange furniture so there is a clear

path for walking.� Test if furniture is sturdy enough to lean on.� Clear away phone or electrical wires

from walk paths.� Only use step stools with sturdy

handrails.� Be alert to spills or wet floors.� Have snow and icy patches cleared

from the sidewalk and steps.

Home Safety ChecklistBeing safe in your home is a big part ofstaying well. Prevent accidents that cancause health problems. Follow these tips:� Keep emergency phone numbers clearly

posted.� Stock first aid

supplies. See“Your HomePharmacy” onpage 42.

� Check your home for hazards every 6months.

� Never smoke in bed or when you feeldrowsy. Better yet, don’t smoke at all!

� Install smoke alarms. Check them every6 months. Keep a fire extinguisher inthe kitchen.

� Install carbon monoxide detectors inyour home and garage.

� If you use a space heater, make sure ithas an emergency shut off.

� Plan an escape route in case of fire.� Keep flashlights handy.� Use night lights.� Keep lamp switches within easy reach

from a bed.



23

Do Not Reproduce

� Carry credit cards or money in an insidepocket.

� Don’t give your name or phone numberto strangers.

� Use a peephole in the front door.� Keep your doors locked.� If you live alone, arrange for daily

contact with a neighbor, mail carrier, ora relative.

� Don’t get up too quickly after lyingdown, resting, or eating a meal. Lowblood pressure can cause dizziness.

� Always wear a seat belt when in a car.� Focus when you are driving. Don’t do

things, such as talking on a car phone,that could distract you.

� Don’t drink and drive.� Don’t drive at night if you have limited

night vision.� Keep emergency supplies in your car.

These include a cellphone, flares,blankets, and bottled water.

Personal SafetyChecklistNot only in the home, but in all aspects ofdaily living, you need to guard againstaccidents and crime. Follow these tips:� Ask your

pharmacist ordoctor whichmedicines makeyou unsteady ormake drivingdifficult.

� Wear a medicalalert tag toidentify healthconcerns. Get onefrom a drug storeor from: MedicAlert FoundationInternational; 1-800-344-3226;www.medicalert.org

� Wear only snug-fitting shoes andslippers. Wear ones that are nonslip.

� Walk with a companion.� Use a cane or walker if you feel more

secure walking with one.� Wear a helmet when riding a bike.� Have eye exams on a regular basis.� Never carry large amounts of cash.


24

Your pharmacist cananswer questions about

medicines.

For Information on Safety,Contact:

The Federal Safety Hotline1-888-252-7751Safe USAwww.cdc.gov/safeusa

Do Not Reproduce

56

Chapter 20

Dental & MouthProblems

Chapter 19

Sexual Health

Chapter 13

Brain & NervousSystem Conditions

Chapter 18

Women’s Health

Chapter 12

Heart & CirculationProblems

Chapter 8

Ear, Nose, &Throat Problems

Chapter 17

Men’s Health

Chapter 16

Mental HealthConditions

Chapter 15

Other HealthProblems

Chapter 14

Bone & MuscleProblems

Chapter 11

Abdominal &Urinary Problems

Chapter 10

SkinConditions

Chapter 9

RespiratoryConditions

Chapter 7

Eye Problems

Common Health ProblemsSection II

IntroductionThis section can help you decide when touse self-care and when to get medical care.It presents health problems in 3 parts:� Facts about the problem� Self-care measures to treat the problem� Reasons to contact your doctor or to gethelp fast

Do Not Reproduce

57

Contact DoctorWhen:

If your symptoms are listed under thisheading, call your doctor. State the problem.You will get advice on what to do.

The term “doctor” can be used for anumber of health care providers:� Your doctor� Your HealthMaintenanceOrganization(HMO)clinic,primarydoctor, orother health care provider

� Walk-in clinic� Physician’s assistants (P.A.s), nursepractitioners (N.P.s), or certified nurses(C.N.s) who work with your doctor

� Home health care provider� Your psychiatrist� Your dentist

Write down phone numbers for yourhealth care providers on page 2 of thisbook.

To learn more about topics covered in this Guide and other healthissues, access the web site listed on the back cover of this book.

How to UseThis Section� Find the problem you are looking for inthe index or the table of contents. Theproblems are listed in chapters. Eachchapter covers certain concerns.Examples are “Eye Problems,” “Ear,Nose & Throat Problems,” “SkinConditions,” etc. The topics in eachchapter are listed in order from A to Z.

� Read about the problem, what causes it(if known), its symptoms, andtreatments.

� Use the information that tells you whatto do. The headings and what theymean are listed below.

Self-Care:

You can often take care of the problemyourself with self-care measures. Usethe self-care tips that are listed in thetopic. Read beyond the self-care section,too. You will find a list of symptoms forwhich self-care, alone, is not enough.You may need to contact your doctor. Inrare instances you may need to getimmediate care.

Learn More!

“Doctor” refers to your doctorand other health care providers.

Do Not Reproduce

58

Get Immediate CareWhen:

If your symptoms are listed under thisheading, you should get help fast. See“Recognizing Emergencies” on page 380.It lists warning signs of a medicalemergency. For one or more of these signs,go to a hospital emergency department ifyou can do so safely. If not, call 9-1-1,your local rescue squad, or an ambulance.Don’t call 9-1-1 or use a hospitalemergency department if symptoms do notthreaten life. Get immediate care bycalling your doctor right away or going toan “urgent care” center. Some hospitalemergency departments have a “PromptCare” area to treat minor injuries andillnesses. An example is a sprained ankle.Ask your doctor ahead of time where youshould go for a sprained ankle or similartype of problem that needs prompt care,but not emergency care.

Find out, now, how your health insurancecovers medical emergencies. Then you’llknow what to do if one occurs.

Make sure you know phone numbers foremergency medical help. Write them downnear your phone and on the “EmergencyPhone Numbers” list on page 2 of thisbook. Call 9-1-1 where the service isavailable. If your HMO prefers that youuse a certain ambulance service, find outtheir number and write it on page 2.

Contact CounselorWhen:

If your symptoms are listed under thisheading, call your mental health counselor.You will get advice on what to do.

The term “counselor” can be used for anumber of mental health care providers:� Your counselor or therapist, if youalready have one

� Amental health professional providedby your Employee Assistance Program(EAP) at work

� Amental health center� A clinical psychologist� A social worker with a master’s degree(M.S.W.)

� Another health care provider in themental health field, such as apsychiatric nurse

{Note: Your primary care doctor may beable to provide some counseling, too, orhelp you by making a referral to anothermental health care provider. If you belongto a Health Maintenance Organization(HMO) or other managed health careplan, you may need a referral from yourprimary care doctor for services to becovered. Also, a counselor may have youjoin a self-help/support group.}

Do Not Reproduce

Chapter 7

Eye Problems

59To Learn More, See Back Cover

Eye Problems Chart Continued on Next Page

Signs & SymptomsSudden loss of all or part of vision,especially in one eye with suddenweakness or numbness on one sideVision loss after head or eye injury.Sudden vision loss or blurred vision,and seeing dark spots, or flashes oflight all of a sudden.

What to DoGet immediate care.See “Stroke” on page228.Get immediate care.

What It Could BeStroke

Detached or torn retina

Eye Problems Chart

� The need for more light in order to seeclearly. With aging, the pupil in the eyeis unable to open as wide or to adapt tolight as fast as it did before. This canmake it harder to see in the dark. It canmake it harder to tell one color fromanother. Blues can look like differentshades of gray. To help with this, addmore and brighter lights in placesaround the house, such as at workcounters, stairways, and favoritereading places. This may help you seebetter and can sometimes preventaccidents. Also, don’t wear tintedglasses or sunglasses at night, especiallywhen you drive.

HowAgingAffectsthe EyesGrowing older does not always mean yousee poorly. But you may not see as well asyou did before. Common changes thataffect your eyes are:� “Aging Eyes”. The medical term forthis is presbyopia (prez-bee-OH-pea-ah). This comes on slowly after age 40.Close objects or small print are harderto see. You may have to hold readingmaterials at arm’s length. You may getheadaches or “tired eyes” while youread or do other close work. Presbyopiacan be corrected with glasses or contactlenses.

Do Not Reproduce

60

{Note: For information and help for eye problems, see organizations listed in the boxon page 73.}

Eye Problems Chart, ContinuedSigns & SymptomsSevere pain in and above the eye.Eye redness, swollen upper eyelid.Dilated and fixed pupil. Very blurredvision, halos around lights.Object or chemical in the eye

Gradual loss of side vision. Blurredvision. Halos around lights. Poornight vision.Dark or blind spot in center ofvision. Blurred or cloudy vision.Straight lines look wavy.Cloudy, fuzzy, foggy, or filmy vision.Halos around lights. Problems withglare from lamps or the sun.Pus discharge from the eye; thewhite of the eye and eyelid are red;crusting of the eyelid in themorning; feeling of sand in the eyeFirm lump on eyelid or tenderpimple on the edge of the eyelidSeeing spots, specks, wavy lines, orstreaks of lightBlurred vision when you look atclose objects; headaches; eyestrain

What to DoGet immediate care.See “Glaucoma” onpage 67.

See “Eye Irritations &Injuries” on page 63.See “Glaucoma” onpage 67.

See “MacularDegeneration” on page69.See “Cataracts” onpage 61.

See “Pinkeye” on page71.

See “Sties” on page 72.See “Floaters andFlashes” on page 66.Call eye doctor forappointment andadvice.

What It Could BeAngle-closureglaucoma

Eye irritation or injury

Open-angle or chronicglaucoma

Macular degeneration

Cataract

Conjunctivitis(“Pinkeye”)

Sty

Floaters and/or Flashes

“Aging Eyes” orpresbyopia (see page 59)

Section II: Common Health Problems

Do Not Reproduce

Chapter 8

Ear, Nose &ThroatProblems

74

Earaches Chart Continued on Next Page

Earaches ChartWhat to DoGet immediate care.

Get immediate care.

Contact doctor.

Contact doctor.

See “Earwax” onpage 77.

Contact doctor.

See “To Open Up theEustachian Tubesand Help ThemDrain” on page 76.

What It Could BeEar injury

Meningitis

Ruptured eardrum

Ear infection

Earwax

TemporomandibularJoint (TMJ)SyndromeAirplane ears

Signs & SymptomsSevere pain with swelling, bruising, orbleeding in the ear canal following arecent ear or head traumaEar pain with stiff neck, high fever,drowsiness, and vomitingEar pain with some hearing loss, blood orother discharge from ear (especially aftersticking an object in the ear or exposure toextremely loud noises)Ear pain, fever, chills, discharge of pus orblood from the ear. Blocked or full feelingin the ear.Ear pain with blocked or full feeling in theear. Ringing in the ear. Temporary, partialhearing loss.Ear pain with jaw pain, headache, and aclicking sound when you open and closeyour mouthEar pain and/or feeling of fullness in theears during or after flying

Earaches

Do Not Reproduce


Earaches Chart, Continued

Diagram of the Ear

EardrumMiddle Ear

Inner Ear

Eustachian Tube

Outer Ear Canal

Causes & CareThe most common cause of earaches isplugged Eustachian tubes. These tubes gofrom the back of the throat to your middleear. When they get blocked, fluid gathers,causing pain. Things that make this hap-pen include an infection of the middle ear,colds, sinus infections, and allergies.Other things that can cause ear paininclude changes in air pressure in a plane,something stuck in the ear, too much ear-wax, tooth problems, and ear injuries.

Self-care treats mild cases of “Swimmer’sEar,” “Airplane Ears” and mild ear pain.

Prevention� When you blow your nose, do so gen-tly, one nostril at a time.

� Don’t smoke. Avoid secondhand smoke.� Heed the old saying, “Never put any-thing smaller than your elbow into yourear”. This includes cotton-tipped swabs,bobby pins, your fingers, etc. Doing socould damage your eardrum.

Earaches, Continued

What to DoSee “For a MildCase of Swimmer’sEar” on page 77.Contact doctor ifyou still have symp-toms after 4 to 5days of self-care.

What It Could BeSwimmer’s ear

Signs & SymptomsPain when you touch or wiggle your ear-lobe. Discharge from the ear (watery, yel-low, or foul-smelling). Blocked feeling inthe ear. Itchy, flaky skin by the opening ofthe ear. (Symptoms usually come afterswimming in polluted water.)

Chapter 8: Ear, Nose & Throat Problems

Do Not Reproduce

76

Very bad ear pain should be treated by adoctor. Treatment depends on the causeand includes pain relief, an antibiotic foran infection, and/or methods to dry up orclear the blocked ear canal.

Self-Care:

To Reduce Pain:� Place a warm washcloth or heatingpad (set on low) next to the ear. Somedoctors advise putting an ice bag orice in a wet washcloth over thepainful ear for 20 minutes.

� Take an over-the-counter pain reliev-er. (See “Pain relievers” in “YourHome Pharmacy” on page 43.)

� Chew gum or suck on hard candy.When you do this, you have to swal-low often; every time you do, youautomatically force small amounts ofair into your Eustachian tubes, reduc-ing pain. This action also helps fluiddrain from your ears.

To Open Up the Eustachian Tubesand Help Them Drain:(Use these tips for “Airplane Ears.”)� Sit up.

Continued on Next Page

Earaches, Continued� Prop your head up when you sleep.� Yawn. This helps move the musclesthat open the eustachian tubes.

� Chew gum or suck on hard candy.This tip is especially helpful duringpressure changes that take place dur-ing air travel, but can also be usefulduring the middle of the night if youwake up with ear pain.

� Stay awake during take-offs and land-ings.

� Take a decongestant. Don’t use anasal spray decongestant for morethan 3 days, though, unless directedby your doctor. Take a decongestant:• At the first sign of a cold if youhave gotten ear infections oftenafter previous colds

• One hour before you land whenyou travel by air if you have a coldor think your sinuses will block up

� Take a steamy shower.� Use a cool-mist vaporizer, especiallyat night.

� Drink plenty of cool water.� While holding both nostrils closed,gently, but firmly, blow through yournose until you hear a pop. Do thisseveral times a day.


Do Not Reproduce


Self-Care, Continued

Earaches, Continued For an Insect in the Ear:Shine a flashlight into the ear. Doingthis may make the insect come out.Contact your doctor if the insect doesnot come out.

EarwaxEarwax coats and protects the lining ofthe ear canal. It filters dust and helps keepthe ears clean. Normally, earwax is softand drains by itself. Sometimes it hardensand forms a plug.

Prevention� Wear earplugs when exposed to exces-sive dust or dirt.

� Don’t use cotton swabs in the ear. Theytend to pack the earwax down moretightly.

� Don’t push objects into the ear canal.

Signs & SymptomsSigns and symptoms of earwax buildupare:

� Blocked or plugged feeling in the ear� Partial hearing loss (temporary)� Ringing in the ear� Ear discomfort or pain

For a Mild Case of “Swimmer’s Ear”:The goal is to clean and dry the outerear canal without doing further damageto the top layer of skin.� Shake your head to expel trappedwater.

� Dry the ear canal. Use a clean tissue.Twist each corner into a tip and gen-tly place each tip into the ear canalfor 10 seconds. Repeat with the otherear, using a new tissue.

� Use an over-the-counter product,such as Swim-Ear. Follow packagedirections.

� Do not remove earwax. This coats theear canal and protects it from moisture.

To Avoid Getting “Swimmer’s Ear”:� Wear wax or silicone earplugs.� Wear a bathing cap.� Don’t swim in dirty water.� Swim on the surface of the waterinstead of underneath the water.


Do Not Reproduce

78

Causes, Risk Factors & Care� Exposure to excessive dust or dirt� A family history of earwax buildup

Simple earwax build-up can be treatedusing self-care. If self-care doesn’t takecare of the problem, a doctor can clear theearwax with a special vacuum, scoop, orwater-pik-like device.

Self-Care:

{Note: Use only if you know that youreardrum is not ruptured or infected. Seesigns of a ruptured eardrum and earinfection under “Contact Doctor When:”on this page and on page 79.}� Don’t try to scrape out earwax. Youcould put a hole in your eardrum ordamage the skin of your ear canal.

� Use an over-the-counter product,such as Murine Ear Drops, Debrox,etc. Follow package directions.

� Hold a warm, wet washcloth on theblocked ear or, take a warm shower.Let the water gently flow into the ear.Use the tip of a warm washcloth toremove the softened wax. Don’t usecold water. This may cause dizziness.

Earwax, Continued� Lie on your side or tilt your head side-ways. Using a clean medicine dropper,carefully squeeze a few drops of luke-warm water into your ear. Leave thewater there for about 10 minutes. Tiltyour head to let the water drain out ofthe ear. After several minutes, do thesame thing again. If the ear wax hasnot cleared in 3 hours, repeat thisentire procedure. {Note: Instead of justwarm water, you can use a mixture of1 part warm water and 1 part hydrogenperoxide. Keep the drops in the ear for3, not 10 minutes, though.}

� Rest a hotwater bottleon the affect-ed ear for afew minutes.Afterward,use a wash-cloth to remove the softened wax.

Contact DoctorWhen:

� You have sudden or total hearing loss inone or both ears.

� You have signs of a rupturedeardrum:• Ear pain• Blood or other ear discharge


Use a hot water bottle tohelp soften ear wax.

Do Not Reproduce


Earwax, Continued � Congestion� Sneezing

Causes & CareHay fever has nothing to do with hay orfever. It is a reaction of the upper respiratorytract when you are allergic to something.Talk to your doctor if self-care measures donot help. He or she may prescribe:� Antihistamines. For best results, takethe antihistamine 30 minutes beforegoing outside. {Note: Some over-the-counter antihistamines may cause moredrowsiness than prescription ones. Also,care should be taken when driving andoperating machinery since antihista-mines can make you drowsy.}

� Decongestants,nasal sprays, andother medicines,like cromolynsodium or corticos-teroids

� Skin tests to findout what thingsyou are allergic to

� Allergy shots

It is best to take what your doctor advisesinstead of taking over-the-counter productson your own.

• Partial hearing loss• Ringing or burning in the ear

� You have ear pain with any of thesesigns of an ear infection:• Feeling of fullness in the ear thatleads to ear pain

• Fever of 101°F or higher• Blood, pus, or fluid from the ear• Temporary hearing loss• Redness and swelling of the skin ofthe ear canal

• Nausea, vomiting, and/or dizziness� Earwax has not cleared after using self-care for several days.

Hay FeverThe medical term for hay fever is “aller-gic rhinitis.” Hay fever is most commonin spring and fall when there is a lot ofragweed in the air. Some people have hayfever all year, though.

Signs & Symptoms� Itchy, watery eyes� Runny, itchy nose


Your doctor may advisea nasal spray for hayfever symptoms.

Do Not Reproduce

80

Self-Care:

Stay Away From Things That Give YouHay Fever:� Let someone else do outside chores.Mowing the lawn or raking leavescan make you very sick if you areallergic to pollen and molds.

� Keep windows and doors shut andstay inside when the pollen count orhumidity is high.

� Avoid tobacco smoke and other airpollutants.

� To limit dust, mold, and pollen:• Use rugs that can be washed often.Don’t use carpeting.

• Dust and vacuum often. Wear adust filter mask when you do.

• Use drapes and curtains that can bewashed often.

• Add an electronic air filter to yourfurnace or use portable air purifiers.

• Sleep with no pillow or the kind yourdoctor advises. Put a plastic or aller-gen-free cover on your mattress, etc.

• Have only stuffed animals that canbe washed.

• Don’t dry sheets and blankets out-side. Pollen can get on them.

• Shower or bathe and wash yourhair following heavy exposure topollen, dust, etc.

� Put an air conditioner or air cleaner inyour house, especially in your bed-room. Clean the filter often.

� Don’t have pets. If you have a petkeep it outside the house, if possible.

Contact DoctorWhen:

� You have hay fever symptoms plussymptoms of an infection (fever; nasaldischarge or mucus that is green, yel-low, or bloody-colored; headache; ormuscle aches).

� Hay fever symptoms interfere with yourdaily activities.

� Hay fever symptoms persist even whenyou avoid hay fever triggers.


You have severe breathing difficulties orsevere wheezing.

Hay Fever, Continued


Do Not Reproduce


Hearing LossPeople over age 50 are likely to lose somehearing each year. The decline is usuallygradual. About 30% of adults age 65through 74 and about 50% of those age 85and older have hearing problems.

Hearing problems can get worse if theyare ignored and not treated. Some personswill not admit to a hearing problem due tofear, vanity, or just not knowing what todo. People with hearing problems maywithdraw from others because they arenot able to understand what others say.Hearing loss can cause an older person tobe labeled “confused” or “senile.”

Signs & Symptoms� Words are hard tounderstand. Thisworsens withbackground noise.

� Certain sounds areoverly loud orannoying.

� Hearing a hissingor ringing back-ground noise. Thiscan be constant or it can come and go.

� Concerts, TV shows, etc. are less enjoy-able because much goes unheard.

Causes & Care� Presbycusis (prez-bee-KU-sis), a grad-ual type of hearing loss, is common withaging. With this, you can have a hardtime understanding speech. You may nottolerate loud sounds. You may not hearhigh pitched sounds. Hearing loss frompresbycusis cannot be corrected, but itdoes not cause deafness. Hearing aidsand self-care can be helpful.

� Ear wax that blocks the ear canal� A chronic middle ear infection or aninfection of the inner ear

� Medicines, such as aspirin.� Acoustic trauma, such as from a blowto the ear or from excessive noise. Thiscould be from a one-time exposure to avery loud sound or exposure over timeto various loud sounds.

� Blood vessel disorders, such as highblood pressure

� Ménière’s disease, which causes excessfluid in canals of the inner ear.

If you have hearing loss, consult yourdoctor. Rare causes include tumors,which must be found early for optimumtreatment. Your doctor may send you toan ear specialist or a certified audiolo-gist, who tests and treats persons withhearing related problems.


Another person’s speechmay sound slurred or

mumbled.

Do Not Reproduce

82

Hearing Loss, Continued phone, door chime, and alarm clock.� See a certified audiologist for an eval-uation. He or she can decide if youneed a hearing aid and show you waysto “train” yourself to hear better.

� If a hearing aid is prescribed, learn touse and wear it properly.

To Hear Sounds Better:� Use a hearing aid.� Use listening devices made to assistyou in hearing sounds.

� Use special audio equipment that canbe installed in your phone.

� Use portable devices made especiallyto amplify sounds. These can be usedfor movies, classes, meetings, etc.

To Clear Earwax:See “Self-Care” in “Ear Wax” on page 78.

Contact DoctorWhen:

� You have any of these problems withhearing loss:• Discharge from the ear• Earache• Dizziness or feeling that things arespinning around you

• Recent ear or upper respiratory

Treatment for hearing loss includes:� Earwax removal by a health careprovider

� Hearing aid(s), to make sounds louder� Speech reading, to learn to read lips andfacial expressions

� Auditory training, to help you with yourspecific hearing problems

� Surgery, if the problem requires it

Self-Care:

For Gradual, Age-Related HearingLoss (Presbycusis):� Ask people to speak clearly, distinct-ly, and in a normal tone.

� Look at people when they are talkingto you. Watch their expressions tohelp you understand what they aresaying. Ask them to face you.

� Try to limit background noise whenspeaking with someone.

� In a church or theater, sit near, but notin, the front row. Sit in the 3rd or 4throw with people sitting around you.

� Install a flasher or amplifier on your


Do Not Reproduce


Hearing Loss, Continued

LaryngitisLaryngitis is when your larynx (voicebox) is irritated or inflamed.

Signs & Symptoms� Hoarse, husky, and weak voice or lossof voice

� Cough� Sore throat, fever, and/or trouble swal-lowing (sometimes)

Causes, Risk Factors & Care� Irritants, such as smoke and air pollu-tion

� Bacterial or viral infections� Allergies� Strained vocal cords� Tumors or growths on the vocal cordsor nerve damage to the vocal cords

infection• Feeling that the ears are blocked

� You can’t hear a nondigital watch tickwhen you hold it next to your ear.

� You have a ringing sound in one or bothears all of the time.

� Hearing loss afterrecent exposure toloud noises (air-planes, machines,etc.) has notimproved.

� Hearing lossoccurs after takinga new medicine.

� Sudden hearing lossoccurs in one ear.


� All of these symptoms occur: Sudden hear-ing loss, ear pain, dizziness, blood or otherdischarge from the ear, and ringing sounds.

� A recent head or ear injury and hearingloss occur with swelling or bruisingbehind the ear, blood in the ear canal, oran earache.

For Information on Hearing Loss,


Exposure to loudnoises increases therisk for hearing loss.

Contact:American Speech –

Language Hearing Association1-800-638-8255www.asha.orgBetter Hearing InstituteHearing Help-On-Linewww.betterhearing.org

Do Not Reproduce

84

Laryngitis, Continued run in the shower or bath to makesteam. Sit in the bathroom andbreathe the moist air.

� Don’t smoke. Avoid secondhandsmoke.

� Suck on cough drops, throatlozenges, or hard candy.

� Take an over-the-counter medicinefor pain and/or inflammation. (See“Pain relievers” in “Your HomePharmacy” on page 43.)

Contact DoctorWhen:

� You have a fever or cough up yellow,green, or bloody-colored mucus.

� You have hard, swollen lymph glands inyour neck or you feel like you have a“lump” in your throat.

� Hoarseness has lasted more than a month.� You have symptoms of low thyroid.(See “Thyroid Problems” on page 301.)

NosebleedsSigns & Symptoms� Bleeding from a nostril� Bleeding from the nose and down theback of the throat

Smoking, drinking alcohol, breathing coldair, and continuing to use already dis-tressed vocal cords can make the problemworse.

Self-care treats most cases of laryngitis. Ifnecessary, your doctor may prescribe anantibiotic for a bacterial infection.

Self-Care:

� Don’t talk if you don’t need to.Instead, use a notepad and pencil towrite notes.

� Use a cool-mist humidifier in yourbedroom.

� Drink a lot offluids. Drinkwarm drinks.

� Gargle everyfew hours withwarm salt water(1/4 teaspoon ofsalt dissolvedin 1 cup ofwarm water).

� Let hot water


Warm drinks can includeweak tea, and/or hot

water with honey and/orlemon juice.

Do Not Reproduce


Self-Care:

� Sit with your head leaning forward.� Pinch thenostrilsshut, usingyourthumb andforefingerin such away thatthe nasalseptum (the nose’s midsection) isbeing gently squeezed.

� Hold for up to 20 uninterrupted min-utes (use a clock to time it). Breathethrough your mouth while you do this.Repeat this a second time, if necessary.

� For the next 24 hours, make sureyour head is elevated above the levelof your heart.

� Also, wait 24 hours before blowingyour nose, lifting heavy objects, orexercising strenuously.

Contact DoctorWhen:

� A nosebleed lasts 15 or more minutes.� A nosebleed started after taking newlyprescribed medicine.

� Nosebleeds happen often.

Nosebleeds, Continued

Causes, Risk Factors & CareNosebleeds are often caused by brokenblood vessels just inside the nose. Riskfactors include:� A cold or allergies� Frequent nose blowing and picking� Dry environment� Using too much nasal spray� A punch or other blow to the nose

A nosebleed is serious when heavy bleed-ing from deep within the nose is hard tostop. This type usually strikes the elderly.It can be caused by:� Hardening of nasal blood vessels� High blood pressure� Medicines to treat blood clots� A tumor in the nose

Self-care treats most nosebleeds. If theyoccur often, your doctor can order tests todiagnose the cause. Treatment for nose-bleeds includes:� Treating high blood pressure, if present� Packing the nostril to stop the bleeding� Cauterization. This seals the bleedingblood vessel.


Pinch the nostrils shut tostop a nosebleed.

Do Not Reproduce

86

Nosebleeds, Continued � Severe headache which doesn’t get bet-ter when you take an over-the-counterpain reliever

� Pain between the nose and lower eyelid� A feeling of pressure inside the head� Cheek or upper jaw pain� Swelling around the eyes, nose, cheeks,and forehead

� Cough that worsens at night� Foul-smelling or tasting postnasal drip� FatigueFor sinus congestion without an infection,the drainage is clear and there is no fever.

Causes, Risk Factors & CareYour chances of getting a sinus infectionincrease if you smoke, have hay fever, anasal deformity, or an abscess in an uppertooth. Chances also increase if you sneezehard with your mouth closed or blow yournose too much when you have a cold.

A sinus infection may be treated with anantibiotic, a decongestant, and nose drops.Severe cases may require surgery to drainthe sinuses.

Sinus congestion without an infectiondoes not require an antibiotic. A decon-gestant can help, though.


� A nosebleed followed a blow to anotherpart of the head.

� A nosebleed occurs in a person takingblood-thinning medicine.

Sinus ProblemsYour sinuses are behindyour cheekbones andforehead and aroundyour eyes.

Healthy sinuses drainalmost a quart of mucusevery day. They keep the air you breathewet. Your sinuses can’t drain right if theyare blocked, infected, or swollen. Sinusproblems include a sinus infection, whichcan be acute or chronic, and sinus conges-tion without an infection.

Signs & Symptoms� Fever� Greenish-yellow or bloody colorednasal discharge

� Headache that is worse in the morningor when you bend forward


Nasal SinusesDo Not Reproduce


Sinus Problems, Continued Contact DoctorWhen:

You have 2 or more signs and symptomsof a sinus infection listed on page 86.

SoreThroatsSore throats range from a mere scratch topain so severe that it hurts to swallowsaliva.

Signs & Symptoms� Dry, irritated throat� Soreness or pain in the throat, especial-ly, when you talk or swallow

� Swollen glands in the neck

Symptoms of Strep Throat� Fever� The back of the throat looks bright redor has patches of pus.

� The tonsils and/or neck glands areswollen.

Causes, Risk Factors & Care� Smoking� Breathing dust or harmful fumes� Dry air� Not drinking enough fluids

Self-Care:

� Use a cool-mist humidifier.� Put a warm washcloth, warm com-press, or cold compress over the sinusareas of your face. Use the one thatbetter helps with the pain.

� Drink plenty of fluids.� Take an over-the-counter pain reliev-er. (See “Pain relievers” in “YourHome Pharmacy” on page 43.)

� Take an over-the-counter oral decon-gestant, but only with your doctor’sokay. You may find it easier to takean over-the-counter product that hasboth a pain reliever and a deconges-tant, such as Tylenol Sinus. {Note:Decongestants with antihistaminescan cause urinary problems in oldermen.}

� Use nose drops for only the numberof days prescribed. Repeated use ofthem creates a dependency. To avoidpicking up germs, don’t borrow nosedrops from others. Don’t let anyoneelse use yours. Throw the drops awayafter treatment.


Do Not Reproduce

88

Sore Throats, Continued� Let hot water run in the shower. Sit inthe bathroom when you do this. Thesteam will moisten your throat.

� Use a cool-mist vaporizer in the roomwhere your spend most of your time.


� Suck on a piece of hard candy orthroat lozenge every so often.

� Take an over-the-counter pain reliev-er. (See “Pain relievers” in “YourHome Pharmacy” on page 43.)

� Take an over-the-counter deconges-tant for postnasal drip, if okay withyour doctor.

Contact DoctorWhen:

� You have any of these problems with asore throat:• Fever• Swollen neck glands• The back of your throat or tonsilslook bright red or have pus.

• Ear pain• Bad breath• Skin rash• Dark urine• Diabetes

� Postnasal drip� Upper respiratory infection� Infection from bacteria, such as strepthroat, or from a fungus

Self-care treats most sore throats. Yourdoctor may take a throat culture to see ifstrep or another type of bacteria is thecause. If so, he or she may prescribe anantibiotic. Be sure you take all of theantibiotic. An antifungal medicine is usedto treat a fungal infection.

Self-Care:

� Gargle every few hours with warmsalt water (1/4 teaspoon of salt dis-solved in 1 cup of warm water).

� Drink plenty of fluids, such as warmtea (with or without honey), andbroth. If you are on a sodium-restrict-ed diet, use low-sodium broth.

� For strep throat, eat and drink coldfoods and liquids, such as frozenyogurt, popsicles, and ice water.

� Rest your voice, if this helps.� Avoid eating spicy foods.


Do Not Reproduce


Sore Throats, Continued Signs & Symptoms� Ringing, buzzing, hissing, humming,roaring, or whistling noises in the ears,which can persist or come and go

� Problems sleeping� Emotional distress� Hearing loss

Tinnitus can be quite disturbing. It caninterfere with normal activities.

Causes & CareExposure to loud noise which damagesnerves in the inner ear is the most com-mon cause. This can be from prolongedexposure or from one extreme incident.

Other causes include:� Ear disorders, such as labyrinthitis, aninflammation of canals in the ear thathelp maintain balance

� Persistent allergies� High blood pressure� Reactions to drugs. These include:Aspirin; levodopa (for Parkinson’s dis-ease); quinidine (for irregular heart-beats); propranolol (for high blood pres-sure, etc.); quinine (for leg cramps);caffeine.

In some cases, no cause is found.

� You have been in close contact withsomeone with strep throat over the last2 weeks.

� The sore throat lasts for more than 3weeks.


� You have a very hard time breathingwith severe shortness of breath andcan’t say 4 or 5 words between breaths.

� You can’t swallow your own saliva.

Tinnitus(Ringing in the Ears)Tinnitus is hearing ringing or other noisesin the ears when no outside source makesthe sounds. Almost everyone gets “ringingin the ears” at one time or another. Thismay last a minute or so, but then goesaway. When hearing these sounds persists,suspect tinnitus. The noises can range involume from a ring to a roar. Tinnitusaffects nearly 36 million Americans, mostof them older adults.


Do Not Reproduce

90

Tinnitus (Ringing in the Ears), Continued� Wear earplugs or earmuffs whenexposed to loud noises. This can pre-vent noise-induced tinnitus.

� If the noises started during or afterairplane travel, pinch your nostrilsand blow through your nose. Whenyou fly, chew gum or suck on hardcandy. If possible, avoid flying whenyou have an upper respiratory or earinfection.

Contact DoctorWhen:

� Any of these problems occur with tinnitus:• Dizziness or vertigo• Unsteadiness in walking or loss ofbalance

• Vomiting• Sudden hearing loss• Your sleep habits and/or daily activi-ties are disrupted.

� Tinnitus started after taking aspirin orother medicines that have salicylates,such as Trilisate or Disalcid.

Treatment is aimed at finding and treatingthe cause of tinnitus. Treatment includes:� A hearing aid that plays a soothingsound to drown out the tinnitus

� A tinnitus masker. Worn on the ear, itmakes a subtle noise that masks the tin-nitus without interfering with hearingand speech.

� Sleeping pills, if needed

Also, support groups and clinics for tinni-tus are available in most major cities.

Self-Care:

� Treat an ear infection right away.� For mild cases of tinnitus, play theradio or a white noise tape (whitenoise is a low, constant sound) in thebackground to help mask the tinnitus.

� Use biofeedback or other relaxationtechniques.

� Exercise regularly. This promotesgood blood circulation.

� Limit your intake of caffeine,alcohol, nicotine, and aspirin.

� Talk to your doctor if you use the drugslisted in “Causes & Care,” on page 89.


For Information onTinnitus, Contact:

The American Tinnitus Association1-800-634-8978www.ata.org

Do Not Reproduce

Chapter 9

Respiratory Conditions


Asthma Attack Triggers� Respiratory infections (colds, flu,bronchitis, sinus infections)

� Things you are allergic to, such aspollen, dust, molds, and animal dander

� Irritants, such as tobacco smoke, airpollution, fumes, and vapors

� Sulfites. These are additives found inwine and some processed foods.

� Cold air and changes in temperatureand humidity

� Exercise, especially in outdoor cold air� Some medicines, such as aspirin, betablockers, and ACE inhibitors

� Showing strong feelings. This includeslaughing and crying.

Asthma is too complex to treat with over-the-counter products. Adoctor should diagnoseasthma and keep track ofhow you are doing. He orshe may prescribemedicines to be taken withan asthma attack and tohelp prevent asthmaattacks. Medical treatmentincludes:� Annual flu vaccine

AsthmaAsthma is a disease that affects the airpassages in the lungs. People with asthmahave supersensitive airways. Exposure to“Asthma Attack Triggers” (see nextcolumn) causes an “attack” or “episode.”

Signs & Symptoms� A cough that lasts more than a week.Coughing may be the only symptom. Itmay occur during the night or afterexercising.

� Shortness of breath� Breathing gets harder and may hurt; itis harder to breathe out than in

� Wheezing� Tightness in the chest

Causes, Risk Factors & CareWhat causes asthma is not yet known.You are more likely to have asthma ifother members of your family have or hadasthma and/or you have allergies.

Asthma is not caused by emotionalproblems. Strong emotions, whetherhappy or sad, can bring on an asthmaattack, though. Inhaler*

Do Not Reproduce

Continued on Next Page

Asthma, Continued • Wash mattress pads in hot waterevery week.• Use throw rugs that can be washedor dry cleaned often. Don’t usecarpeting.• Use drapes or curtains that can bewashed often.• Vacuum and dust often. Wear adust filter mask when you do.• Reduce clutter in your bedroom.• Don’t store things under the bed.• Don’t use bed ruffles and throwpillows on your bed.

� Put an air filter on your furnace oruse portable air purifiers, such asones with HEPA filters.

� Change and/or wash furnace and airconditioner filters on a regular basis.

� Stay out of the cold weather as muchas you can.

� When you are outside in coldweather, wear a scarf around yourmouth and nose. Doing so will warmthe air as you breathe in and willprevent cold air from reachingsensitive airways.

� Stop exercising if you start wheezing.� Don’t take over-the-counter medicinesunless your doctor tells you to.

� Anti-inflammatories to help withswelling in the airways. These are takenas oral pills or inhaled medicines.

� Bronchodilators. These drugs relax themuscles of the airways and open up theair passages in the lungs. Ametered-doseinhaler with a device called a spacer is acommon way to take these drugs.

� Leukotriene modifiers (oral medicines)to help reduce chronic inflammation

� Peak flow meter to monitor yourasthma at home

Self-Care:

� Drink 2 to 3 quarts of fluids a day.� Avoid your asthma triggers.� Don’t smoke. Avoid secondhandsmoke and air pollution.

� Keep your bedroom allergen-free.• Sleep with no pillow or the kindyour doctor advises. Wash pillowsregularly. Replace pillows every 2to 3 years.• Totally enclose your mattress, boxsprings, and pillows in allergen-proof covers.


92

Do Not Reproduce

Asthma, Continued



� You have severe shortness of breath orcan’t say 4 or 5 words between breathsor have purple lips or finger tips.

� You cough so much that you can’t take abreath or have wheezing that doesn’t stop.

� Take your medicines as prescribed.� Use your inhaler the right way.� Use your peak flow meter as advised.Keep records of results.

� Keep your asthma medicine handy.Take it at the start of an attack.

� During an asthma attack sit up; don’tlie down. Keep calm. Focus onbreathing slow and easy. Removeyourself from any stressors.

Contact DoctorWhen:

� Changes occur in your asthma status: Itis harder for you to breathe, you areshort of breath more often than before,or you are breathing faster than usual.

� Your asthma attack does not respond toyour medicines or they are not helpinglike they used to.

� With asthma, you have a fever, cold, theflu, and/or a cough with mucus.

� You have signs and symptoms ofasthma listed on page 91. {Note: Newonset of asthma symptoms in olderadults may be a sign of heart disease.} Normal Airway Airway With Bronchitis

Chapter 9: Respiratory Conditions


For Information onAsthma, Contact:

The Asthma and Allergy Foundationof America1-800-7-ASTHMA (727-8462)www.aafa.org

National Heart, Lung and BloodInstitute (NHLBI)1-800-575-WELL (575-9355)www.nhlbi.nih.gov

BronchitisAcute bronchitis is inflammation of the airpassages of the lung. Chronic bronchitis isinflammation and degeneration of the airpassages of the lung.

Do Not Reproduce

Bronchitis, Continued These attack the mucous membraneswithin the windpipe or air passages inyour respiratory tract, leaving them redand inflamed.

Acute bronchitis often develops in thewake of a sinus infection, cold, or otherrespiratory infection. It can last anywherefrom 3 days to 3 weeks.

Treatment includes bronchodilators andan antibiotic.

For Chronic Bronchitis:Causes include:� Cigarette smoking.This is the mostcommon cause.

� Air pollution� Repeated infectionsof the air passagesof the lungs

Chronic bronchitis results in abnormal airexchange in the lungs and causespermanent damage to the respiratory tract.It’s much more serious than acutebronchitis. Chronic bronchitis is notcontagious.

Medical treatment is needed for airwayinfections and heart problems, if present.Supplemental oxygen is given whenneeded.

Signs & SymptomsFor Acute Bronchitis:� Cough with little or no sputum� Chills, fever less than 101°F� Sore throat and muscle aches� Feeling of pressure behind thebreastbone or a burning feeling in thechest

For Chronic Bronchitis:� A cough with mucus or phlegm for 3months or longer at a time and thisoccurs for more than 2 years in a row

� Shortness of breath upon exertion (inearly stages)

� Shortness of breath at rest (in laterstages)

Many people, most of them smokers,develop emphysema (destruction of theair sacs) along with chronic bronchitis.This is chronic obstructive pulmonarydisease (COPD).

Causes & CareFor Acute Bronchitis:Causes are a viral or bacterial infectionand pollutants, like smog.


94

Large cities are moreprone to air pollution.

Do Not Reproduce

Bronchitis, Continued Contact DoctorWhen:

� You have a fever of 101°F or higher.� You cough up green, yellow, or bloody-colored mucus, or you vomit repeatedly.

� You have an increase in chest pain.� You have shortness of breath at rest andat non-coughing times.


You have severe shortness of breath andcan’t say 4 or 5 words between breaths oryou have purple lips.

Common ColdPrevention� Wash your hands often. Keep themaway from your nose, eyes, and mouth.

� Try not to touch people or their thingswhen they have a cold, especially thefirst 2 to 3 days they have the cold.

� Get regular exercise. Eat and sleepwell.

� Use a handkerchief or tissues when yousneeze, cough, or blow your nose. Thishelps keep you from passing coldviruses to others.

� Use a cool-mist vaporizer in yourbedroom in the winter.

Self-Care:


� Reduce your exposure to airpollution. Use air conditioning, airfilters, and a mouth and nose filtermask if you have to. If you developbronchitis easily, stay indoors duringepisodes of heavy air pollution.

� Rest, when you must.� Drink plenty of liquids.� Breathe air from a cool-mistvaporizer. Note, though, thatvaporizers can harbor bacteria, soclean them after each use. Inhalingbacteria-laden mist may aggravatebronchitis. Use distilled, not tap,water in the vaporizer.

� Take an over-the-counter medicinefor fever, pain, and/or inflammation.(See “Pain relievers” in “Your HomePharmacy” on page 43.)

� Instead of cough suppressants, useexpectorants. Use bronchodilatorsand/or take antibiotics as prescribedby your doctor.



Do Not Reproduce

Common Cold, Continued Self-Care:

� Drink lots of liquids.� Take an over-the-counter medicinefor muscle aches and pains, and/orfever. (See “Pain relievers” in “YourHome Pharmacy” on page 43.)

� For nasal congestion, use salt waterdrops, such as Ocean brand or asaline nasal spray.

� Use a cool-mist vaporizer to addmoisture to the air.

� Have chicken soup to clear mucus.� Check with your doctor about takingvitamin C. It seems to make somepeople feel better when they have acold and may help prevent a cold,even though this has never beenmedically proven.

For a Sore Throat:� Gargle every few hours with warmsalt water (1/4 teaspoon of saltdissolved in 1 cup of warm water).

� Drink tea with lemon (with orwithout honey).

� Suck on apiece of hardcandy ormedicatedlozenge everyso often.

� When you get a cold, check with yourdoctor about using zinc lozenges. Theymay shorten the duration of a cold andease cold symptoms.

Signs & Symptoms� Runny, stuffy nose, and sneezing� Sore throat� Dry cough� Fever of 101°F or less, if any

A cold usually lasts 3 to 7 days. In olderpersons, though, a cold can last longer. Thecough that comes with a cold can last a fewweeks after the other symptoms go away.

Causes & CareColds are caused by viruses. You can geta cold virus from mucus on a person’shands when they have a cold, such asthrough a handshake. You can also pickup the viruses on towels, telephones,money, etc. Cold viruses also travelthrough coughs and sneezes.

Time and self-care usually treat a cold.Having a cold leaves you more open togetting a bacterial infection, though. Ifthis occurs, you may need an antibioticprescribed by your doctor.


96

Suckers can help soothe asore throat.

Do Not Reproduce

Common Cold, Continued CoughsCoughing clears the lungs and airways.Coughing itself is not the problem. Whatcauses the cough is the problem.

Signs & SymptomsThere are 3 kinds of coughs:� Productive. This is a cough that bringsup mucus or phlegm.

� Nonproductive. This is a dry cough.� Reflex. This is a cough that comes froma problem somewhere else, like the earor stomach.

Causes & CareCommon causes are infections, allergies,tobacco smoke, and dry air. Other causesinclude having something stuck in yourwindpipe, acid reflux from the stomach,and certain medications, like some used totreat high blood pressure and heart failure.Coughing is also a symptom of medicalconditions, such as emphysema, heartfailure, tuberculosis, and lung cancer.

Self-care can treat most coughs. If thecause is due to a medical condition,treatment for that condition is needed.

Contact DoctorWhen:

Any of the following occur with a cold:� Quick breathing, trouble breathing, orwheezing

� A temperature of 102°F or higher(101°F or higher in a person over age60)

� You have any of these problems:• A bad smell from the throat, nose, orears or an earache• A headache that doesn’t go away• A bright red sore throat or sore throatwith white spots

� You cough up mucus that is yellow,green, or gray.

� You have pain or swelling over yoursinuses that gets worse when you bendover or move your head, especially witha fever of 101°F or higher.

� Symptoms get worse after 4 to 5 daysor don’t get better after 7 days.

� Symptoms other than a slight cough lastfor more than 14 days.



Do Not Reproduce

Coughs, Continued Other Tips:� Chew and swallow foods slowly sothey don’t “go down the wrong way”.

� Stay away from chemical gases thatcan hurt your lungs.

Contact DoctorWhen:

� You have wheezing, shortness of breath,rapid breathing, or swelling of theabdomen, legs, and ankles.

� You have a cough that starts suddenlyand lasts an hour or more withoutstopping.

� You have an itchy, red splotchy rashwith the cough.

� With a cough, you have a temperatureof 102°F or higher (101°F or higher in aperson over age 60).

� Your chest hurts only when you coughand the pain goes away when you sit upor lean forward.

� You cough up green, yellow, or bloody-colored mucus.

� With a cough, you lose weight for noreason, feel tired, and sweat a lot atnight.

� Your cough lasts for more than 2 weekswithout getting better.

Self-Care:

For Coughs that Bring Up Mucus:� Drink plenty of liquids.� Use a cool-mist vaporizer, especiallyin the bedroom. Put a humidifier onthe furnace.

� Take a shower. The steam can helpthin the mucus.

� Ask your pharmacist for an over-the-counter expectorant.


For Coughs that Are Dry:� Drink plenty of liquids. Drink teawith lemon and honey.

� Suck on cough drops or hard candy.� Take an over-the-counter coughmedicine that has dextromethorphan.

� For postnasal drip, take adecongestant, if okay with your doctor.

� Make your own cough medicine. Mix1 part lemon juice and 2 parts honey.Take 1 teaspoon 4 to 5 times a day.


98

Do Not Reproduce

Coughs, Continued Signs & SymptomsEmphysema takes years to develop. Whensymptoms occur, they include:� Shortness of breath on exertion. Thisgets worse over time.

� Wheezing� Fatigue� Repeated chest infections (colds andbronchitis)

� Slight body build with marked weightloss and a rounded chest that doesn’tappear to expand when breathing in

Causes, Risk Factors & CareEmphysema is called “the smoker’sdisease.” Most people with emphysemaare cigarette smokers aged 50 or older.

Other causes include a genetic deficiencyof a certain protein that protects the lungsfrom damage; repeated lung infections;chronic bronchitis; and asthma. Airpollution and exposure to lung irritants(workplace or other chemicals) can alsocause emphysema.

By the time emphysema is detected, 50%to 70% of lung tissue may already bedestroyed. Treatment includes:� A program, medication, and/or nicotinereplacement to help you stop smoking


� With a cough, you have troublebreathing and can’t say more than 4 or5 words between breaths.

� You have sudden, severe pain in thechest wall followed by a cough andbreathlessness without pain.

� You faint or cough up true red blood.� You have a very sudden onset ofcoughing from inhaling a small object.

EmphysemaEmphysema is a chronic lung condition.With emphysema, the air sacs (alveoli) inthe lungs are destroyed. The lung loses itselasticity and ability to take in oxygen.

When emphysema occurs with chronicbronchitis, it is called chronicobstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Prevention� Don’t smoke. Avoid secondhand smoke.� Limit exposure to air pollution and lungirritants. Follow safety measures whenworking with materials that can irritateyour lungs.



Do Not Reproduce

112

Bedsores, Continued� Don’t sit on donut-shaped cushions.� Put pillows between knees and anklesso they don’t touch.

� Use sheepskin under heels andbuttocks.

� Don’t massage bony body parts.� Eat well and get adequate fluids.� Ask your doctor about taking avitamin C supplement.

� Handle a person with bedsores gently.� Apply topical medication as advised.

Contact DoctorWhen:

� The skin is cracked.� Sores show signs of infection (fever;redness; pain; heat; pus; swelling).

� Sores have not improved after 2 weeksof self-care.

BoilsBoils are common, but usually minor, skinproblems. They can occur on any skinarea. Most often, they occur in areaswhere the skin becomes chaffed andwhere there are hair follicles. Thisincludes the neck, buttocks, armpits, orgenitals. A boil can range from the size ofa pea to a ping pong ball.

Prevention/Self-Care:

A caregiver needs to assist with these.� Change position every 2 hours ifconfined to a bed; every hour ifconfined to a chair.

� Check the skin daily for early signs ofbedsores. Use mirrors for hard to seeplaces. {Note: Redness is usually theearliest sign. Once the skin cracks orbreaks down, seek medical attention.}

� Use a foam or sheepskin mattresscover.

� Use a waterbed or a bed with an airfilled mattress, such as a ripple bed.This type of airbed has a small motorthat creates a rippling effect bypumping air in and out of the mattress.

� If incontinent, wear absorbent pads orbriefs.

� Clean the skin right away if there iscontact with urine or stool.

� Keep the skin clean and dry. Use softcloths, sponges, and mild soaps.Avoid hot water. Do not rub the skin.

� Apply cornstarch to the skin.� Lift (do not drag or slide) animmobile person.


Do Not Reproduce


Boils, Continued� Put a hot water bottle over a dampwashcloth and place it on the boil.

� Soak in a warm tub. Use an antibacterialsoap. If boil is ready to burst open, takewarm showers instead to lessen the riskof spreading the infection.

� Take an over-the-counter medicinefor pain and swelling. (See “Painrelievers” in “Your Home Pharmacy”on page 43.)

� Wash your hands after contact with aboil. Keep clothing, etc. that was incontact with the boil away from others.

� Once the boil begins to drain, keep itdry and clean. Loosely cover the boilwith a sterile gauze dressing andreplace it if it gets moist.

� Wash bed linens, towels, or clothingin hot water. Do not share towels,athletic equipment, etc.

� Don’t scratch, squeeze, or lance boils.� Don’t wear tight-fitting clothes over aboil.

Contact DoctorWhen:

� You have any of these problems with aboil:• A temperature over 101°F• Diabetes

Signs & Symptoms� A round or cone-shaped lump or pimplethat is red, tender, painful, or that throbs

� Pus may be visible under the skin’ssurface after several days.

� The boil usually bursts open on its ownafter 10 to 14 days.

Causes, Risk Factors & CareBoils are caused when a hair follicle or oilgland becomes infected with staphbacteria. Boils can be very contagious.Risk factors that make them more likelyto occur include poor hygiene; overuse ofcorticosteroid medicine; diabetes; andshort, curly hair that has a tendency togrow back down into the skin.

Self-care may be all that is needed to treatboils. If self-care is not enough, yourdoctor may need to lance and drain theboil and prescribe an antibiotic.

Self-Care:

� Apply moist, warm compresses to theboil every 2 to 3 hours to help bringit to a head. Use compresses for 20 to30 minutes each time.

Chapter 10: Skin Conditions

Do Not Reproduce

114

Boils, Continued � Pain or tenderness� Possible swelling� A bruise usually lasts less than 2 weeks.

Causes, Risk Factors & CareBruises are common. Most often, theyoccur after a fall or being hit by someforce. They can, though, occur for noapparent reason.

The risk of getting bruises increases with:� Taking certain medications, such asaspirin, blood thinners, corticosteroids,water pills, and drugs for arthritis

� Being female, middle aged, or elderly� Being an alcoholic or drug user� Having certain medical conditions.Examples are anemia, a blood plateletdisorder, liver disease, and lupus.

Most small bruises need no treatment andwill go away on their own. For somelarger bruises, especially if there is pain orswelling, self-care can help. If bruisesresult from a medical condition, themedical condition needs to be treated.

• Red streaks on the skin near the boil• Pain from a boil that limits normalactivity

� You have any of these problems:• Many boils that don’t drain or heal• A boil on the lip, nose, ear, or eye• A boil larger than 1 inch• Boils occurred after taking antibiotics.• New boils occurred after 2 to 3 daysof using self-care.

• No relief after using 3 to 4 days ofself-care

BruisesBruises are broken blood vessels underthe skin. In areas where the skin is thin,like around the eyes, the bruise will showup more. Bruises on the head or shin tendto swell the most because the bones inthese areas are very close to the skin.

Signs & Symptoms� Black and blue or red skin. As it heals,the skin turns greenish-yellow.


Do Not Reproduce


Bruises, Continued � You have any of these problems:• Bruising on the hip after a fall• Bruises appear often and easily.• Bruises take longer than 2 weeks togo away.

• Over a year’s time, more than 2 or 3bruises appear for no apparent reason.

BurnsBurns can result from dry heat (fire), moistheat (steam, hot liquids), electricity,chemicals, or from radiation, includingsunlight. The longer your skin is exposed tothe burn source, the worse the burn can be.

Signs, Symptoms & CausesFirst-degree burnsaffect only the outerskin layer. The skinarea appears dry,red, and mildlyswollen. A first-degree burn ispainful andsensitive to touch.Mild sunburn and brief contact with aheat source, such as a hot iron, cause first-degree burns. First-degree burns shouldfeel better within a day or two. Theyshould heal in about a week if there areno complications.

Self-Care:

� Apply a cold pack to the bruised areawithin 15 minutes of the injury. Keepthe cold pack on for 10 minutes at atime. Apply pressure to the cold pack.Take it off for 30 to 60 minutes.Repeat several times for 2 days.

� Rest the bruised area.� Raise the bruised area above the levelof the heart, if practical.

� Two days after the injury, use warmcompresses. Do this for 20 minutes ata time.

� Do not bandage a bruise.

Contact DoctorWhen:

� You have any of these problems with abruise:• Vision problems with a bruise nearthe eye

• Signs of infection (fever; increasedpain; redness, and/or swelling; pus)

• Nosebleeds or excessive bleedingfrom cuts

• Loss of weight and appetite• Joint pain, fever, or swollen lymphnodes


First Degree Burn*

Do Not Reproduce

116

Pain may be felt around the margin of theaffected area. Third-degree burns usuallyresult from electric shocks, burningclothes, severe gasoline fires, etc.

CareThird-degree burns always requireemergency care.

Second-degree burns need immediate careif the burn is on the face, hands, feet,genitals, or on any joint, or if the burnaffects an area larger than 10 squareinches.

Most first-degree burns and many second-degree burns can be treated with self-care.

Self-Care:

For First-Degree Burns:� Use cold water or cloths soaked incold water on burned areas for15 minutes or until the pain subsides.Do not use ice at all. Doing thiscould result in frostbite.

� Cover the area loosely with a drycloth, such as sterile gauze. Hold it inplace by taping only the edges of thegauze. Change the dressing the nextday and every 2 days after that.

Burns, Continued

Second-degreeburns affect theskin’s lower layersand the outer skin.They are painful,swollen, and showredness and blisters.The skin alsodevelops a weepy,watery surface. Causes of second-degreeburns include severe sunburn, burnscaused by hot liquids, and a gasolineflash. Self-care can treat many second-degree burns depending on their locationand how much skin area is affected.

Third-degree burnsaffect the outer anddeeper skin layersand any underlyingtissue and organs.They appear black-and-white andcharred. The skinswells, andunderlying tissue is often exposed. Third-degree burns may have less pain thanfirst-degree or second-degree burns. Therecan also be no pain when nerve endingsare destroyed. Continued on Next Page


Third Degree Burn*

Second Degree Burn*

Do Not Reproduce

117

Burns, Continued� Once dried, dress the area with asingle layer of loose gauze that doesnot stick to the skin. Keep it in placewith bandage tape that is placed wellaway from the burned area.

� Change the dressing the next day andevery 2 days after that.

� Prop the burned area higher than therest of the body, if possible.

Contact DoctorWhen:

� With second-degree burn, more than theouter skin layer has been affected; morethan 3 inches in diameter of the skin hasbeen burned, or blisters have formed.

� You have signs of an infection (fever;chills; or increased redness andswelling; and/or pus) at the burn site.This usually occurs after 48 hours.

� The burn does not improve after 2 days.


� You have a third-degree burn with little orno pain; charred, black-and-white skin;and exposure of tissue under the skin.

� You have a second-degree burn that ison the face, hands, feet, genitals, or onany joint (elbow, knee, shoulder, etc.) orthat affects an area larger than 10square inches.

� Do not use butter or ointments, suchas Vaseline. You can, though, applyaloe vera 3 to 4 times a day.

� Don’t use local anesthetic sprays andcreams. They can slow healing andmay lead to allergic reactions.

� Take an over-the-counter painreliever. (See “Pain relievers” in“Your Home Pharmacy” on page 43.)

For Second-Degree Burns (that arenot extensive and are less than 3" indiameter):� Immerse the affected area in cold (notice) water until the pain subsides.

� Dip clean cloths in cold water, wringthem out, and apply them to theburned area for as long as an hour.Blot the area dry. Do not rub.

� Don’t use antiseptic sprays,ointments, and creams.

� Do not break any blisters. If theblisters break on their own, apply anantibacterial spray or ointment andkeep the area wrapped with a steriledressing.




Do Not Reproduce

note: this book is not meant to substitute for expert ... at home... · note:this book is not meant...

Documents