North, Central, and SouthAmerica

Native EmpiresNorth American EmpiresSouthwest USA Hohokam300-500 AD Irrigation systems to survive in desertPuebloAdobe homes made of sun dried bricksPlainsSioux, ectTeepees to hunt buffaloEastern WoodlandHopewellMount builders, 300-500 BCMississippiansLived along the Mississippi RIver

Native EmpiresCentral and South AmericaOlmec1200-400 BC (oldest)Mexico, farming societyMayaYucatan Peninsula to El SalvadorGifted in math and scienceMultiple Gods

Native EmpiresCentral and South AmericaAztecWarriors who settled @ Tenochtitlan (Mexico City)Grew in power1400 AD had more than 200,000Worshipped sun, life dominated by militaryIncaAndes Mountains of South America By 1400 stretched from Peru to ChileVery smart (roads, forts, irrigation)Made a common language (Quechua)

European ColonizationSpanishTheme: explore the Caribbean, Central, and South America. Initially looking for a route to Asia, they turned to finding gold/sliver. Christopher ColumbusFirst explorer from SpainTrying to find the East Indies (India) for tradePonce de LeonExplored Florida

European ColonizationSpanish cont..Francisco PizarroLed expedition into South America (Peru to Chile)Destroyed the IncasHernan CortesCaptured Aztec leader MontezumaBrought small pox to the Aztec..destroyed themResults of SpanishNative life was destroyed by small poxImmediate wealth for Spain (Silver and Gold)Slavery began to groweventually Africans were used

European ColonizationFranceTheme:During the 1500s, the French colonized northern North America (Canada). Began early settlements that centered on fur tradeJacques CartierEarly ExplorerSamuel de ChamplainFounded QuebecRobert Cavelier de La SalleSailed down the Mississippi River

European ColonizationFrance cont..Marquette and JolietExplored Upper MidwestJulien DubuqueFirst European in IowaLouis XIVFrench Ruler for 62 years.strengthened France but led to more instability with other countries.Eventually Frances continual wars made it difficult for them to control land in the Americas

European ColonizationPortugalTheme: Was the first country to begin exploring a way to get to India by seaEarly explorers gained control on islands around IndiaEventually lost strength, invaded by Spain.Brazil became the only part of the Americas where they were able to continue to control.Map on 396-397

United States ImperialismImperialismWhen powerful countries try to dominate weaker countries; usually to try to get resources or powerUS InterestsWhy: Lot of interest of goods from Latin AmericaSpanish-American War1898; fighting over CubaUS declared war after the Maine was sunk and Spanish refused to leave Cuba (American economic interest)Quick victory for the United States

United States ImperialismUS Interests in PanamaWhy: Create a canal that would prevent ships from making the 13,000 mile trip around South AmericaPanama won its freedom and the United States began to build with Panama Canal in 1914Great Engineering Feat:Power Shovels and Other MachinesDiscovered that mosquitoes caused yellow fever

Independence, Histories and IssuesMexicoIndependenceRevolts against Spain began in 1810In 1823, rebels overthrew General Inturbide, making Mexico a republic.Modern RevolutionPorfirio Diaz: Dictator for 1880-1910, most people very poorRevolt followed by several years of civil war and unrestPancho Villa:Rebel leader who decided to attack America citiesUS Military got involved in Mexicountil getting involved in WWIMexico remained unstable

Independence, Histories and IssuesMexico contPRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party) Had firm control over the government from WWII to 1970.Economy1970s: huge gains because of new found oil1980s: borrowed too much $ and the world oil boom decreased1985: 10,000 people died in a Mexico City earthquake1990s: More problems until government spending cuts helped spur recovery. (President Clinton also gave Mexico a billion dollar aid package)

Independence, Histories and IssuesMexico cont..EmigrationBecause of awful economic conditions, hundreds of thousands of Mexicans have left Mexico for USAThis has caused problems for both countriesPolitical ChangeIn 2000, the PRI lost the presidency (had it since 1929)Issues todayDrug related violence and trade has increased dramatically

Independence, Histories and IssuesCanadaIndependenceBoth British settlers in Ontario and French settlers in Quebec dislike foreign British controlInstead of fighting the people of Canada (like they did with US colonists), the British decided to give people rights.By 1848 GB gave Canada the power to govern themselves1867: Four provinces (similar to American States)were created (Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick)Gold and westward movement led to all the Provinces being created by 1905. (Map on 606)

Independence, Histories and IssuesCanada cont..Relationship w/ USAVery strong after WWIIBoth US and Canada worked on DEW line to protect from Soviet AirstrikesBoth USA and Canada became leaders in NATO and UNNorth American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)This eliminated tariffs between countries (controversial)ExportsAg related, minerals, industriesQuebecFrench dominated province of CanadaContinue to vote to separate from Canada.

Independence, Histories and IssuesCauses of Anger in Central/South AmericaCharles III of Spain wanted to gain more control of the lands in Central and South AmericaThese changes benefited Spain while causing problems throughout Central and South AmericaSimon Bolivar: Leader of multiple revolutions against Spanish rule throughout Central and South AmericaBolivar, Jose Francisco de San Martin and Bernardo O Higgins had all spent time in Europe and North America..giving them ideas Independence and EnlightenmentMap (623)

Independence, Histories and IssuesHaiti Controlled by France (Napoleon)Slave and free mulattoes revolt during French RevIn 1804, Haiti became the first independent country in Latin AmericaBloodless RevolutionsArgentina: Won freedom in 1810Paraguay: Won freedom in 1811

Independence, Histories and IssuesConflictSimon Bolivar (The Liberator)Started a revolt in Venezuela area in 1810 (Gran Colombia)By 1821, the countries of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama were all free from SpainSan Martin and OHiggins Drove the Spanish out of ChileFinally able to drive the Spanish out of Peru and BoliviaBrazilDeclared independence from Portugal in 1822 (Dom Pedro I and II)Uruguay

Early 20th Century Latin AmericaIndustriesOil and other mined materials were found in many countries in Central and South AmericaSocialRapid Growth of CitiesMexico City, Rio de Janerio, Sao Paulo, Buenos AiresPoliticalMany countries struggled with competing political partiesGreat Depression led to awful economic times and many government overthrowsUSATried to stay out of the affairs of Latin America during the 1930s. Created over compromise on land dispute between Argentina and Brazil

Late 20th Century Latin American IssuesEconomics2 Ways to grow: Develop national industries or invite foreign companies to do businessMonoculture: Relying on 1 or 2 groups or minerals for exporting. This has hurt Latin American countriesSome larger countries were able to quit importing some goods and began producing themselves.Debt: By the 1980s, most Latin American countries had went into debt. In the 1970s, countries borrowed to build industrycouldnt pay it backBegan to print more moneywhich led to inflationNAFTA and Mercosur: Trade agreements to help each other out.

20th Century Latin America cont.PopulationHuge increase since WWII. Population has tripled by the mid 1990s. Expected to continue to grow until mid 2020s.More than 1/3 of people live in povertyand that number keeps growing.Cities have grown the fasted, which has caused many problems. Pollution is also a problem with overcrowdingWomens RightsWomen first got the right to vote in 1961 and have become more of a powerful force.

Independence, Histories and IssuesCubaCuba was close with the USA until 1950sFidel CastroWon control of Cuba in 1959 from Fulgencio BatistaCastros government began to veer towards communismCommunism is where the government has complete control over everythingNot supported by all Cubans (especially upper class)Bay Of PigsAn organized attempt to train Cuban refugees to overthrown Castros governmentHuge failure for the Kennedy Administration

Independence, Histories and IssuesCuba contRelationship w/ USSRCastro allowed the USSR to build nuclear missile sites on CubaThis led to the Cuban Missile CrisisCastros InfluenceTried to influence other Latin American countries to become communistRecent HistoryCuba was economically dependent on USSR due to US trade restrictionsAfter USSR collapse, Cuba has had a poor economy, which led to many people trying to leave the countryRelationship has gotten a little better with the US over the last few years

Independence, Histories and IssuesPuerto RicoRelationship with USABecame tight with USA in 1898 after Spanish American WarIn 1917 became a US territoryBy 1947, Puerto Rico had own government and people were citizens of the USAToday it is considered a commonwealth of the USABig debate is whether it should be added as 51st state

Independence, Histories and IssuesDominican Republic and HaitiShares the island with neighbor HaitiDominica Republic HistoryLots of problems keeping a stable government throughout early history (1930-1960)Recently: More democracy and an up and down economic situation since 1966. Reliant on sugar and tourismHaiti HistoryWas the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere thanks to poor rule during the 1960s.Jean-Bertrand Aristide became first elected president in 1990Horrible earthquake in 2010.

Independence, Histories and IssuesSmaller CountriesJamaica became first smaller country to get independence, soon followed by Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago (all from GB)Grenada, Antigua/Barbuda, St Kitts and Nevis, Dominica, St Vincent and the Grenadines, St. Lucia all gained independence in the early 1980sGrenada: Revolution in the early 1980s that the US had to help out in.

Central America IssuesGeneral theme:Economic growth after WWII only benefited a small segment of the population in most countriesNicaraguaRevolution against the government was led by a group called the Sandinistas (friends with Cuba/communism)Opposition to the Sandinistas grew in the USA during 1980sContras: US funded group that began a guerilla war to overthrow the Sandinistas.By 1990, the Sandinistas lost power. Nicaragua has not really recovered from the conflict.

Central America IssuesEl SalvadorViolenceThe 1980s were marked by continual violence between different groups of people wanting powerBy 1992, 80,000 had been killedHas settled down recentlyPanamaCanalUS Signed a treaty that gave Panama control of the Canal in 1999Bad Relationship w/ USAManuel Noriega (Dictator) was accused helping South Americans bring drugs to the USA.He was captured and arrested by Bush Sr

SA Independence, Histories and IssuesBrazilGovernment: Very unstable from 1945-1960EconomyForeign investors were encouraged to invest in Brazil, led to the Brazilian Miracle.Great for awhile, however Brazil went into huge debtBy the mid 1990s Brazil had made significant economic strides under Fernando CardosoPresent DayBrazil will play host to the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olymics

Independence, Histories and IssuesArgentinaPost WWIIRuled by Juan Peron and his very popular wife/actress (Evita)So popular with the people they built a dictatorshipWhen Evita died of cancer, Juan Peron was forced out of power in 1955. Juan Peron eventually came back and was re-elected in 1973He died and his wife Isabel became the first female president in the Americas.Did not last long.military took control in 1976.

Independence, Histories and IssuesModern ArgentinaDirty WarMilitary launched an all-out war on opponents in 1976Falkland IslandsBy Argentina, controlled by Great Britain. Argentina tried to invade but was denied by GB, huge embarrassment for governmentThings have been much more stable and peaceful sinceWage and Price Controls have helped economy

Independence, Histories and IssuesPeruProblemsPoor economy, bad governments, DrugsCompeting Guerilla GroupsMRTA attacked urban areas while the Sendero Luminoso fought for a communist country.Alberto FujimoriBecame leader in 1990. Did some good and bad things. Helped the economy but was also accused of having death squads that took out opposition

Independence, Histories and IssuesColumbiaProblemsAwful civil war (La Violencia) from 1945-1957Eventually two sides began to get along and ruled together until 1970Drugs1970s: People in Columbia realized they could get rich making cocaine and marijuana and selling it to the USA/EuropeMedellin Cartel: Became the leaders of the drug trade in ColumbiaDrug Lords sponsored violence on political organizationsHas not got much better.Cali Cartel controlled over 70% of worlds cocaine by 1995

Independence, Histories and IssuesChileStable until 1970Salvador Allende: Socialist elected PresidentEventually he was killed in a military coupAugusto Pinochet:Got rid of government control of economyWith foreign aid, things improved during the 1980sToday Chile is a relatively stable country