North and SouthChapter 14 pp. 406 - 429

Section 1: Industry in the NorthMain Idea:As the Northern

economy grew, new inventions and faster transportation changed the way goods were manufactured and shipped.

New Inventions New inventions for farming

were created in the North including new plows, reapers and drills.• Jethro Wood’s iron plow had

replaceable parts• John Deere invented the more

lightweight steel plow.

The Telegraph Invented by Samuel

Morse in 1844. The device sent

electrical signals down a wire in a code of dots, dashes, and spaces.

Communication across the country got faster and improved business efficiency.

The First Railroads Locomotive – the engine that pulls railroad

cars. People didn’t like the idea of railroads at first:

• Some feared losing jobs as wagon drivers• There were many accidents including breakdowns

and fires. Eventually problems were fixed and by the

1850’s the railroad system was all over the country.

Yankee Clippers Demand for imports and exports led to

the need for fast trade ships.• Large masts and huge sails helped the ships

use more wind to move the ship faster. By the 1850’s, English iron steamships

were being used. • They were faster and sturdier than wooden

clipper ships.

The Northern Economy Expands Many factors led to an

expansion of the Northern economy: • Steam power• Machine-Produced goods• Railroad distribution of goods

Northern farmers couldn’t compete with cheaper grain being shipped from the West by railroad.

Many left their farms to work in the factories, as store clerks or sailors.

Section 2: Life in the NorthMain Idea:Industry in the North

changed with the arrival of new immigrants and the efforts of factory workers to improve their working conditions.

Factory Conditions Become Worse Before factories, artisans made small

amounts of quality goods by hand. Factory owners were more interested in

volume; more goods = more money. Workers labored for 4:30am – 7:30pm in

unsafe conditions.• Sometimes entire families worked in one

factory.

Workers Join Together Artisans formed trade unions to

fight for better wages and conditions, and shorter workday.• If their demands were not listened to,

worker would stop working (strike) Women workers in New England

textile mills organized as well • Sarah Bagley formed the Lowell

Female Labor Reform Association.

A New Wave of Immigrants Many people immigrated to America in the

early 1840’s due to famines in Ireland and revolutions in Germany.

Some native-born Americans feared losing jobs to immigrants (Nativists).• Immigrants were blamed for increase in crime• Know-Nothing Party – An anti-immigrant,

anti-Catholic political party who met in secret. • When asked, members said, “I know nothing.”

African Americans in the North There was discrimination against free African

Americans in the North. Some African Americans were successful.

• William Whipper – Lumberyard owner• Henry Boyd – Owned a furniture business• Henry Blair – invented a corn planting

machine• Macon Allen – first African American lawyer• John Russwurn – editor of the first African

American newspaper, Freedom's Journal

Section 3: Cotton Kingdom in the South

Main IdeaCotton was the

leading crop in the agricultural economy of the South

Cotton Gin, Cotton Boom Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin

made processing raw cotton faster.• Cotton profits grew.• 6,000 to 2 million bales a year.

Cotton farming expanded to the West, as did slavery.• More slaves were needed to

pick more cotton on bigger farms.

An Agricultural Economy / Economically Dependent Cotton was not the only cash crop of the South.

• Rice• Tobacco• Sugar Cane• Livestock

Industry was limited to meeting the needs of the community, not for export.

Due to the lack of local industry, the South became dependent on the North for:• Furniture• Farm Equipment• Machines

Section 4: Life in the SouthMain Idea:Most white

southerners were not plantation owners; however, the plantation system and slavery were the center of southern life.

The “Cottonocracy” Wealthy planters with 20 or more

slaves• Only 3% of Southerners• Only 1% had more than 50 slaves.

Most southern whites were not part of the “Cottonocracy.” • Small Farmers – 75% of the

population• Worked in the fields along side the

slaves.

African Americans in the South Free African

Americans:• Most lived in the northern

part of the South (Maryland, Delaware) where slavery was declining.

• Slave owners made life very hard for free African Americans.

Enslaved African Americans:• 1/3 of the Southern

population by 1860• Most lived difficult lives and

were mistreated and abused.

• Slave Codes were laws that restricted the lives of slaves including learning to read, meet in groups, own guns or leave owner’s land w/o permission.

Family Life and Religion Families of slaves were often separated and

sold, so it was important to keep those who could be together.

Extended families that were able to stay together were a source of strength, pride, and love.

Religion helped slaves cope with the conditions. • Most slaves were devout Christians and would

sing hymns and spirituals while working the fields.

Resistance Against Slavery Some slaves escaped to the North,

others would resist by breaking tools, destroying crops, and stealing food.

Denmark Vesey was betrayed and executed before he could stage a revolt (1822).

Nat Turner and his followers killed 57 whites over two months before being caught and hung (1831).