NORTH AFRICA &SOUTHWEST

ASIA(CHAPTER 7)

EARLY CULTURE HEARTHS

MAJOR GEOGRAPHICAL QUALITIES OF THE REALM

PhysicalPhysical AridityAridity OilOil

CulturalCultural Culture HearthsCulture Hearths World ReligionsWorld Religions ConflictConflict

MAJOR GEOGRAPHICAL QUALITIES OF THE REALM (cont)

PopulationPopulationDiscontinuous clusters around Discontinuous clusters around

infrequent water sourcesinfrequent water sourcesRegional ImbalancesRegional Imbalances

Oil and Non-oil states (“haves” versus Oil and Non-oil states (“haves” versus “have-nots”)“have-nots”)

Political GeographyPolitical GeographyFragmented due to colonial Fragmented due to colonial

experienceexperience

THE IMPACT OF OILTHE IMPACT OF OIL

HIGH INCOMESHIGH INCOMES

MODERNIZATIONMODERNIZATION

INDUSTRIALIZATIONINDUSTRIALIZATION

REGIONAL DISPARITIESREGIONAL DISPARITIES

FOREIGN INVESTMENTFOREIGN INVESTMENT

OIL AND NATURAL GAS OIL AND NATURAL GAS RESERVESRESERVES

NAMING THE REALM

Popular LabelsPopular LabelsDry WorldDry WorldArab WorldArab WorldIslamic WorldIslamic WorldMiddle EastMiddle East

THE DRY WORLD ?

Dry/arid climate prevails Dry/arid climate prevails throughout the realmthroughout the realm

Exceptions:Exceptions:Peripheral regions of Turkey Peripheral regions of Turkey Northwestern section of IranNorthwestern section of IranOasesOasesSeveral great river valleysSeveral great river valleys

ANNUAL PRECIPITATION

NEGEV DESERT

E.J. PALKA

WATER - A RENEWABLE OR FINITE RESOURCE?

Water is critical for life, food Water is critical for life, food production, and industrial processes.production, and industrial processes.

9 out of 14 Southwest Asian states 9 out of 14 Southwest Asian states face water-short conditionsface water-short conditions (the most (the most concentrated region of scarcity in the concentrated region of scarcity in the world).world).

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

The majority of the population in this The majority of the population in this realm lives not in the dry arid regions, realm lives not in the dry arid regions, but around water resources.but around water resources.

- The Nile- The Nile

- Mediterranean Sea- Mediterranean Sea

- Euphrates and Tigris Basin - Euphrates and Tigris Basin

- Lower mountain slopes of Iran, south - Lower mountain slopes of Iran, south of the Caspian Seaof the Caspian Sea

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

AN ARAB REALM ?

Relates to language as a cultural Relates to language as a cultural feature of this realmfeature of this realm

ArabicArabic is the dominant language in the is the dominant language in the realm.realm.

In Non-Arab States, In Non-Arab States, indigenous indigenous languageslanguages dominate. dominate.- - Turkey - TurkishTurkey - Turkish

- - Iran - FarsiIran - Farsi

- - Israel - HebrewIsrael - Hebrew

Persians

Azerbijianis

Kurds

Turks

Arabs

Bakhtiari

Lur

ISLAMIC REALM?

Muhammad (571- 632 AD)Muhammad (571- 632 AD)Five Pillars Of FaithFive Pillars Of Faith

Belief in one GodBelief in one GodFive daily prayersFive daily prayersGenerous almsGenerous almsFasting during RamadanFasting during RamadanPilgrimage to Mecca (hajj)Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj)

Sunnis vs Shi’itesSunnis vs Shi’ites

DOME OF THE ROCK

E.J. PALKA

THE WESTERN WALL

E.J. PALKA

CHURCH OF THE NATIVITY

E.J. PALKA

INSIDE THE CHURCH OF THE NATIVITY

E.J. PALKA

THE STAGE FOR ISLAM

SPATIAL DIFFUSIONSPATIAL DIFFUSION

The process by which a concept, The process by which a concept, practice, or substance spreads practice, or substance spreads from its point of origin to new from its point of origin to new territoriesterritories

Types: relocation, contagious Types: relocation, contagious and hierarchical diffusion.and hierarchical diffusion.

RELOCATION DIFFUSIONRELOCATION DIFFUSION

The most common form of relocation The most common form of relocation diffusion involves the spreading of diffusion involves the spreading of innovations by a migrating innovations by a migrating population.population.

CONTAGIOUS EXPANSIONCONTAGIOUS EXPANSION

The The spreadingspreading of an idea, of an idea, innovation, or some other item innovation, or some other item through a local population through a local population by by contactcontact from person to person from person to person

Analogous to the communication Analogous to the communication of a contagious of a contagious diseasedisease

HIERARCHICAL EXPANSIONHIERARCHICAL EXPANSIONA form of diffusion in which an idea or A form of diffusion in which an idea or

innovation spreads by “innovation spreads by “trickling downtrickling down” ” from larger to smaller adopting units.from larger to smaller adopting units.

An An urban hierarchyurban hierarchy is usually involved, is usually involved, encouraging the leapfrogging of encouraging the leapfrogging of innovations over wider areas, with innovations over wider areas, with geographic distance a less important geographic distance a less important factor. E.g. Paris, London, New York get factor. E.g. Paris, London, New York get information before the information before the smaller townssmaller towns in in those those same countriessame countries..

REGIONS OF THE REALM

EGYPT AND THE EGYPT AND THE LOWER NILE BASINLOWER NILE BASIN

CONTINUOUS CIVILIZATION > 5,000 CONTINUOUS CIVILIZATION > 5,000 YEARSYEARS

95% OF EGYPT’S 76.4 MILLION PEOPLE 95% OF EGYPT’S 76.4 MILLION PEOPLE LIVE WITHIN 12 MILES (20 KMS) OF THE LIVE WITHIN 12 MILES (20 KMS) OF THE NILENILE

BASIN IRRIGATIONBASIN IRRIGATION PERENNIAL IRRIGATIONPERENNIAL IRRIGATION - MID 1800s - MID 1800s ASWAN HIGH DAMASWAN HIGH DAM - 1968 - 1968

INCREASED AGRICULTURAL LAND BY 50%INCREASED AGRICULTURAL LAND BY 50% PROVIDES 40% OF ELECTRICITYPROVIDES 40% OF ELECTRICITY

EGYPTEGYPT

STRATEGIC SITUATIONSTRATEGIC SITUATION CAIROCAIRO

THE MAGHREB AND ITS NEIGHBORS

MIDDLEEAST

THE MIDDLE EASTTHE MIDDLE EAST

““MIDDLE” OF THE ISLAMIC REALMMIDDLE” OF THE ISLAMIC REALM IRAQ, SYRIA, JORDAN, ISRAEL, LEBANON IRAQ, SYRIA, JORDAN, ISRAEL, LEBANON PROCLAMATION OF ISRAEL AS A STATE PROCLAMATION OF ISRAEL AS A STATE

(14th May, 1948)(14th May, 1948) CENTER OF CONFLICT BETWEEN CENTER OF CONFLICT BETWEEN

CHRISTIANS, JEWS, AND MUSLIMSCHRISTIANS, JEWS, AND MUSLIMS SUNNISUNNI - - SHI’ITESHI’ITE CONFLICT (WITHIN IRAQ CONFLICT (WITHIN IRAQ

AND THROUGHOUT THE REGION)AND THROUGHOUT THE REGION) A FUTURE KURDISTAN? – a Stateless A FUTURE KURDISTAN? – a Stateless

Nation.Nation.

ARABIANPENINSULA

ARABIAN PENINSULAARABIAN PENINSULA

SAUDI ARABIA, KUWAIT, SAUDI ARABIA, KUWAIT, BAHRAIN, QATAR, UAE, OMAN, BAHRAIN, QATAR, UAE, OMAN, YEMEMYEMEM

OIL, DESERT, AND STRATEGIC OIL, DESERT, AND STRATEGIC LOCATIONLOCATION

SAUDI ARABIA- 26.6 MILLION SAUDI ARABIA- 26.6 MILLION PEOPLE WITH THE WORLD’S PEOPLE WITH THE WORLD’S GREATEST OIL RESERVESGREATEST OIL RESERVES

THE EMPIRE STATESTHE EMPIRE STATES

TURKEYTURKEY

WESTERNIZATIONWESTERNIZATION ISLAM LOST OFFICIAL STATUSISLAM LOST OFFICIAL STATUSROMAN ALPHABET REPLACED ARABICROMAN ALPHABET REPLACED ARABIC ISLAMIC LAW REPLACED BY WESTERN CODEISLAMIC LAW REPLACED BY WESTERN CODEMONOGAMY BECAME LAWMONOGAMY BECAME LAWWOMEN GAINED RIGHTSWOMEN GAINED RIGHTSTURKEY SEPARATED FROM ARAB WORLDTURKEY SEPARATED FROM ARAB WORLD

KURDISH POPULATIONKURDISH POPULATION14 MILLION- 1/5 OF TURKEY’S 73.3 MILLION14 MILLION- 1/5 OF TURKEY’S 73.3 MILLION

IRANIRAN

A COUNTRY OF MOUNTAINS AND A COUNTRY OF MOUNTAINS AND DESERTSDESERTS

POPULATION OF 67 MILLIONPOPULATION OF 67 MILLION66% URBANIZED66% URBANIZEDOIL RESERVESOIL RESERVES

KAZAKHSTANKAZAKHSTAN

UZBEKISTANUZBEKISTAN

TURKMENISTATURKMENISTA

NN

KYRGYZSTANKYRGYZSTAN

TAJIKISTANTAJIKISTAN

5 STATES OF THE FORMER 5 STATES OF THE FORMER USSRUSSR