NONINVASIVE POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION

NIPPV

ADELYN MITCHELL, RN, BSN, CEN, BSRCNURS 5303

INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY

OBJECTIVES

To educate the target audience of nursing students in the advanced respiratory class in regards to: • Definition/Physiology of non-invasive positive

pressure ventilation (NIPPV)• Modes of NIPPV• Advantages/Disadvantages of NIPPV• Indications/contraindications of NIPPV• Application/implementation of NIPPV• Evaluation of the effectiveness of NIPPV

DEFINITION OF NIPPV

External application of positive pressure ventilation to enhance respiration and ventilation of the patient exhibiting signs of respiratory distress and are:• Spontaneously breathing• Conscious and alert• Poor ventilatory drive

NIPPV Physiology• Recruits atelectatic alveoli/splints and distends already

patent alveoli• Keeps alveoli open at end of expiration• Improves oxygenation/work of breathing• Decreases diffusion distance for oxygen• Improves vital signs and gas exchange• Increases FRC/decreases shunting• Redistributes lung water

MODES OF NIPPV

• CPAP– Delivers constant positive

airway pressure throughout ventilatory cycle

– Pressure is not altered

• BiPAP– Delivers airway pressure that

cycles between a high inspiratory pressure (IPAP) when patient inhales, and a low end expiratory pressure (EPAP) when the patient exhales

– Pressure is altered

Advantages of NIPPV• Keeps airway open while you sleep.• Preservation of speech, swallowing, and physiological airway

defense mechanisms• Reduced risk of airway injury• Reduced risk of nosocomial infections• Reduced length of stay in the intensive care unit• Offers short-term (typically 1-4 days) ventilatory support• Decreases sense of dyspnea and need for endotracheal intubation

Disadvantages of NIPPV

• Gastric distention, vomiting, aspiration• Drying of secretions, mucus plugging• Hypotension• Pneumothorax• Corneal drying• Anxiety• Facial skin breakdown

INDICATIONS CPAP vs BIPAP

Respiratory distress/hypoxemia secondary to CHF, acute pulmonary edema, pneumonia, asthma, COPD, sleep apnea• CPAP = patients without respiratory failure• BiPAP = patients with impending or existing

respiratory failure

BIPAP

CONTRAINDICATIONS NIPPV

• Pneumothorax• Respiratory arrest• Decreased level of

consciousness• Hypovolemic shock • Chest trauma• Persistent nausea/vomiting• Facial

anomalies/trauma/CVA• Active GI bleeding or

recent surgery

IMPLEMENTATION NIPPV

• Apply mask and ensure good fit with minimal leak

• CPAP – Initiate CPAP at 5-7.5 cmH20– Titrate to patient comfort and vital signs

• BiPAP– Start with 8-12 cmH20 IPAP and 4-6 cmH20 EPAP– Titrate to patient comfort and vital signs

EVALUATION NIPPV

• Assess breath sounds for adequate ventilation• Assess pulse oximetry for adequate oxygenation• Assess patient comfort and anxiety – Consider Ativan

• Document– IPAP, EPAP, or CPAP levels– Patient response to treatment

• Consider intubation

BIBLIOGRAPHY

• http://www.differencebetween.net/object/difference-between-cpap-and-bipap/

• http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/304235-overview

• http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cpap/