non-ionizing radiation - njaihanjaiha summer review course: non-ionizing radiation. infrared...
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© 2014 American Industrial Hygiene Association, New Jersey Section, Inc.
Non-Ionizing Radiation
Spencer Pizzani, M.S., CIH Bureau Veritas North America
[email protected] Adapted from an original presentation by Wesley R. Van Pelt, Ph.D., CIH, CHP NJA
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NJAIHA Summer Review Course: Non-Ionizing Radiation
About the Presenter: Spencer Pizzani, M.S., CIH
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• Certified in Industrial Hygiene by the American Board of Industrial Hygiene
• Masters of Science in Occupational Safety and Health
• Over 7 years of comprehensive industrial hygiene experience in consulting
• Clients include USEPA, NYCDEP, USDOI and USPS, as well as major manufacturers.
• Specialties in Mercury remediation, disaster recovery, and hazardous waste management.
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NJAIHA Summer Review Course: Non-Ionizing Radiation
DISCLAIMER
The mention or depiction of products or instruments in this presentation are for
informational purposes only.
They are not to be construed as recommendations or endorsements.
Most images are “courtesy” of images.google.com
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NJAIHA Summer Review Course: Non-Ionizing Radiation
Course Objectives
At the end of this course, you should be able to:
• Understand the components of the electromagnetic spectrum
• Identify industrial sources of non-ionizing radiation
• Identify hazards from non-ionizing radiation
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Depth of Information
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90 Minutes
90 Slides
No Penguins
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NJAIHA Summer Review Course: Non-Ionizing Radiation
What is Non-Ionizing Radiation?
• “Chemicals” and “Radiation” • Not all radiation is transformed equal • All kinds of radiation has uses • Energy – governed by entropy
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Intuition
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Frequency and Wavelength
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Medium Matters
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Weird Stuff
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Cherenkov Radiation is electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle (such as an electron) passes through a dielectric medium at a speed greater than the phase velocity of light in that medium.
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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NJAIHA Summer Review Course: Non-Ionizing Radiation
But Wait…
• How can it have the properties of a wave as well
as discrete units of energy?
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NJAIHA Summer Review Course: Non-Ionizing Radiation
Wave Theory: a propagating electric and magnetic field
v = λ f f = frequency, Hz = s-1
v = speed of wave, m s-1
λ = wavelength, m
v = c = 300,000,000 m/s in vacuum (speed of light) Hertz = “cycles per second”
Wave Particle Duality
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Propagating Electromagnetic Wave
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Properties of Waves
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Wave-Particle Duality
Particle Theory: discrete packets of energy called photons.
Each photon has a kinetic energy, W W = h*f = 4.13 x 10-15 * f, eV
h = Planck’s constant = 4.13 x 10-15 eV-s
f = frequency, Hz = s-1
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NJAIHA Summer Review Course: Non-Ionizing Radiation
Which model do hygenists use?
• Both have advantages
• Both are experimentally validated
• We need to use both
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Really?
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Niels Bohr, architect of the last mechanical model of the atom.
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Recognition
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Radiation Is Everywhere
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Radiation Is Everywhere
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Science Fiction – For Now
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10 years after everyone stops laughing
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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‹#›
AM Radio Tower
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Hazard
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Antenna Complex
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Satellite Dish Antennas
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Arecibo Observatory Radiotelescope
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FAST - China (Five hundred meter Aperture Spherical Telescope)
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Very Large Array (New Mexico)
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For those of us who are not radio astronomers
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Cutting Edge
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Ivanpah
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R+D into Nanomaterials
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Vantablack 99.96%
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RF Heat Sealer
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RF Heat Sealer
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Works by exciting polar molecules Concentrated RF energy (3 kHz to 300 GHz) melts plastic together Mostly used on PVC, but can be applied to many blends Products include packaging, inflatables, and framings where fastening is impractical (due to weight or component material properties) NJA
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RF Heat Seal
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Small RF emitters
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ICDs and Pacemakers
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Magnetic Resonance Imagers
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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imagers
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Blue Light Therapy
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Military Lasers
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Evaluation
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Frequency-Specific Health Effects
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Electromagnetic Fields 0-300 GHz -Static Magnetic -Sub-RF Magnetic -Sub-RF and Static Electric -RF and Microwave Optical -Light and near-IR -UV -Lasers NJAIH
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Special Clauses
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Medical Device Wearers Hazardous Projectiles Induced Charges *Transient Sensory Phenomena **Flow Charts and TLV Referrals
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Frequency-Specific Health Effects
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Watch your terminology! -Flux Density -Power Density -Field Strength Not interchangeable! Same for units. NJAIH
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Name Name Wavelength, um Energy, eV CommentVacuum UV UV-C < 0.16 > 7.7 highest energyFar UV UV-C 0.16-0.28 7.8-4.4 germicidalMiddle UV UV-B 0.28-0.32 4.4-3.9 sunburnNear UV UV-A 0.32-0.40 3.9-3.1 black light
Ultraviolet Light
• UV effects cornea of eye − photokeratitis (Welder’s flash)
• Chemical sensitizing agents • Sun burn of skin (erythema). Skin cancer. • UV produces ozone in air • Ozone in stratosphere absorbs UV <0.29 um
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Ultraviolet Light
TLV for UV
TLV in J/m2 is very dependent on wavelength. TLV range 30 – 1,000,000 J/m2 in 8 hrs
Additional TLV: λ = 0.315 - 0.400 µm (UVA) irradiance of 1 mW/cm2 exposures > 1000 s radiant exposure of 1 J/cm2 exposures < 1000 s
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Energy PowerJoule WattJoule = Watt * second Watt = Joule/secondAlso referred to as “work” or “amount of heat”.
Rate at which electromagnetic energy is radiated, absorbed, or dissipated.
Example: Energy radiated from a 100 Watt light bulb for one second.
Example: 100 Watt light bulb
Example: Your monthly electric bill is in “kilowatt-hours.” This is a unit of energy.
Energy and Power
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Infrared Radiation
• λ = 0.7 µm to 1000 µm
• Sources – sun – heated materials – incandescent bulbs – furnaces – welding arcs, plasma torches – lasers
• Detectors – thermocouple, photomultiplier, MIRAN (Single beam infrared
spectrophotometer)
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Infrared Radiation
• Biological Effects – eye damage: iris, cornea, lens, retina – glass blower’s cataract – heating of skin
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Visible / Illumination
• Visible: λ = 0.4 to 0.7 µm (or 1 µm) • Rods peak efficiency 0.510 µm (dim light) • Cones peak efficiency at 0.555 µm (daylight) • Fovea proximity • Eye will adjust to intense light • Short pulsed intense light: flash blindness • High intensity light may cause retinal burns • Blue light hazard (photochemical retinal damage)
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Visible / Illumination 1
• Source of light – luminous flux = lumen
• 1 Lumen = 1 candela * steradian (square radian - SI) • A 100 watt light bulb emits about 1700 lumens. • Luminous flux is adjusted to reflect the varying
sensitivity of the human eye to different wavelengths of light.
• A measure of the total "amount" of visible light in some defined beam or angle, or emitted from some source.
– luminous intensity = candela • 1 Candela = 1 lumen / steradian • A 100 W light bulb emits about 120 cd • Originally the amount of light from a candle!
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Visible / Illumination 2
• Arriving at surface (illumination) – luminance = candela/m2
– illuminance = lumens/m2
• Glare – bright light in the visual field (direct or reflected)
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Lasers “Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation”
• Types
– crystal (e.g., ruby, alexandrite, Nd:YAG) • (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet; Nd:Y3Al5O12)
– glass (e.g., Nd-glass) – gas (e.g., He-Ne) – diode – dye
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Lasers “Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation”
• Characteristics of laser light
– coherent (in phase, parallel beam) – directional (not radiant) – monochromatic (single frequency)
• Visible or invisible
• CW, Pulsed, Q-switched
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Lasers
• Biological Effects – eye damage
• visible = pigment of retina • UV = cornea • near IR = cornea • far IR = cornea
– skin damage – acute exposure only (effects from chronic exposure rare)
• TLV – MPE in J/cm2 or W/cm2 – depends on frequency, duration, limiting aperture and
target organ
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Lasers
• Classification – Class 1: no damage, exempt – Class 2: visible lasers with low potential for eye injury – Class 3: intrabeam viewing of direct or specular
reflection may cause eye damage – Class 4: direct or diffuse reflection may cause eye
injury; direct beam may injure skin or cause fire
ANSI Z136 – Different Scheme
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Specular and Diffuse Reflection
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Lasers
• Regulations – FDA (CDRH), manufacturers – ANSI, (ANSI Z136.1 – Safe Use of Lasers) – ACGIH, TLV
• Safety Considerations – interlocks – goggles, optical density – restricted access, signs – limit reflective surfaces – enclose beams
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Lasers
• Nominal Hazard Zone (NHZ) – Calculated or Measured – Exposure above the Maximum Permissible Exposure
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Lasers Goggles
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Laser Goggles – Optical Density
• Optical Density of Goggles – attenuation of a laser beam through a partially
transmitting medium – OD can be very frequency dependent
OD = log10(E0/E) E0 = beam irradiance, W/cm2 E = irradiance penetrating medium, W/cm2 e.g., goggles with an OD of 3 would reduce the laser
irradiance at the eye by a factor of 1000.
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Laser Power Sources
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Aircraft VFR Hazard Beam Divergence
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Summary
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Power Sources is #1 Engineering Controls Dictated by Class PPE in Conjunction With Controls Invisible Lasers Harder to Control
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Microwave Radiation 1
• Electromagnetic Spectrum Range λ = 1 m to 1 mm f = 300 MHz to 300 GHz
• Sources – radar – satellite communications – UHF television – microwave ovens – diathermy equipment – industrial heating and drying
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Microwave Radiation 2
• Biological Effects λ < 3 cm, absorbed in skin
3 − 10 cm, penetrate 1-10 mm λ > 10 cm, can reach internal organs λ > 100 m, does not penetrate body
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Microwave Radiation 3
• Biological Effects – heating effects – cataracts at > 100 mW/cm2
• TLV 1 mW/cm2, 30-100 MHz
greater at other frequencies based on Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) of 0.4 W/kg
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Microwave Radiation 4
• Detection – diode rectifier – thermistor, thermocouple
• Microwave Ovens 1 mW/cm2, at 5 cm from surface 5 mW/cm2, at 5 cm from surface throughout life of oven an FDA performance standard
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Electromagnetic Spectrum Non-Ionizing
“Radiofrequency Radiation”
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Radiofrequency Radiation
• λ = 0 to 300 MHz • SAR = Specific Absorption Rate, W/kg • thermal effects seen at SAR of 4 W/kg and higher. • TLV
– set at SAR of 0.4 W/kg – frequency dependent – 1 mW/cm2 at 30-100 MHz
• greater at other frequencies
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Radiofrequency Exposure Limits Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)
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Radiofrequency Exposure Limits Measured Fields - Occupational
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Radiofrequency Exposure Limits Measured Fields – General Population
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108 Hz
108 Hz
108 Hz
Radiofrequency Exposure Limits - Magnetic Fields
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Extremely Low Frequency RF Radiation
• ELF = 0 - 300 Hz – includes 60 Hz power frequency – power lines – electrical appliances – VDTs (~60-80 Hz) – typical home or office has 60 Hz magnetic field of ~0.5
milliGauss (mG) • Lymphoma, leukemia and brain tumors in several epi
studies. Other studies show no effect. Effect, if any, is small.
• NCI (1997) study says “no cancer from ELF” Page 78 NJA
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ELF
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Exposure Characteristics Magnetic Field Strength, mGOccupational 4167
General Public 833
International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP)Recommendations for Maximum Exposure to 60 Hz Magnetic Fields
Extremely Low Frequency RF Radiation
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Inverse Square Law
• Applies to any point source emitting isotropically.
• Intensity is proportional to the inverse of the square of the distance.
• I2 = I1(x1/x2)2
21r
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0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 200
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
Inverse Square Law
Distance
Dos
e R
ate
Distance Dose Rate1 10,0002 2,5003 1,1114 6255 4006 2787 2048 1569 123
10 10011 8312 6913 5914 5115 4416 3917 3518 3119 2820 25
Inverse Square Law
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Field Dynamics
• Gain: increase in power output resulting from antenna geometry
• Near Field vs Far Field – Near field: unpredictable. All fields must be measured. – Far field: predictable. Calculations for one field may suffice.
Near vs. Far Field determined by Frequency and Distance -Calculation of hazard distance possible.
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Field Measurements
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• Probes may provide E field, H field, or both at once.
• Directional or isometric. • Do not include static
magnetic fields (Hall effect Gaussmeter needed). NJA
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Field Measurements
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Fiber Optic Cable
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The Usual Suspects
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The Usual Suspects
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The Exam
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Focus on principles, not calculations Know specific instances of non-ionizing radiation Datachem Small number of questions on narrow scope Principles of hazards more important than magnitudes
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Questions?
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Bibliography / References
• ANSI S136.1 – Safe Use of Lasers
• Radio Frequency and ELF Electromagnetic Energies, A Handbook for Health Professionals, R. Timothy Hitchcock and Robert M. Patterson, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1995.
• Evaluating Compliance with FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields, OET Bulletin 65, Federal Communications Commission, August 1997.
• IEEE Recommended Practice for Radio Frequency Safety Programs, 3 kHz to 300 GHz, IEEE std C95.7 – 2005.
• GUIDELINES FOR LIMITING EXPOSURE TO TIME-VARYING ELECTRIC, MAGNETIC, AND ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS (UP TO 300 GHz), International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), 1998.
• ON LIMITS OF EXPOSURE TO ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION OF WAVELENGTH BETWEEN 100 nm AND 400 nm (INCOHERENT OPTICAL RADIATION), PUBLISHED IN: HEALTH PHYSICS 87(2):171‐186; 2004
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