non-communicable diseases david redfern. non-communicable diseases the global situation (1) global...

Non-communicable diseases

David Redfern


The global situation (1)

• Global mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) remains

unacceptably high and is increasing. 38 million people die each year from

NCDs, mainly from cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory

diseases and diabetes.

• Over 14 million deaths from NCDs occur between the ages of 30 and 70 each

year, of which 85% are in developing countries.


The global situation (2)

• The number of NCD deaths has increased worldwide and in every World

Health Organization (WHO) region since 2000.

• Over 80% of NCD deaths — 29 million — occur in low- and middle-income

countries.

• Cardiovascular diseases account for most NCD deaths, 17.3 million people

annually, followed by cancers (7.6 million), respiratory diseases (4.2

million), and diabetes (1.3 million).

These four groups of diseases account for around 80% of all NCD deaths.


Source: WHO (2014)


Behavioural risk factors

• Tobacco use, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet and the harmful use of

alcohol increase the risk of, or cause, most NCDs.

• Tobacco use accounts for almost 6 million deaths every year (including over

600,000 deaths from exposure to second-hand smoke), and is projected to

increase to 8 million by 2030.

• About 3.2 million deaths annually can be attributed to insufficient physical

activity.

• Approximately 1.7 million deaths are attributable to low fruit and vegetable

consumption.

• Half of the 2.3 million annual deaths attributable to harmful drinking are from

NCDs.


Country

Indicator

AfghanistanLow income group

IndiaLower middle income group

IranUpper middle income group

UKHigh income

groupProportion of deaths from cardiovascular diseases (%)

19 26 46 31

Proportion of deaths from cancers (%) 6 7 13 29

Proportion of deaths from chronic respiratory diseases (%)

3 13 4 8

Proportion of deaths from diabetes (%) 1 2 2 1

Probability of dying between ages 30 and 70 from the four main NCDs (%)

31 26 17 12

Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total

% tobacco smoking daily (2011) N/A 25 4 15

26 0.5 14 22 22 22

Total alcohol consumption per capita (litres per year) (2010)

1.2 0.1 0.7 8.0 0.5 4.3 1.7 0.3 1 16.9 6.9 11.6

% raised blood pressure (2008) 23 22 23 21 21 21 26 22 24 31 25 28

% obese (2008) 1.4 3.0 2.2 1.3 2.4 1.9 12.4 26.5 19.4 26 28 27

Source: WHO (2014)

National scale: selected countries and indicators


Obesity• The number of people in the world who are obese or overweight has topped

2.1 billion, up from 875 million in 1980.

• More than half of the world's 670 million obese people live in ten countries,

ranked in order: USA, China, India, Russia, Brazil, Mexico, Egypt, Germany,

Pakistan, Indonesia.

• The UK has the third highest rates in western Europe, with 67% of men and

57% of women overweight or obese.

Source: The Lancet (May 2014)


The WHO Global NCD Action Plan 2013–2020 (1)

This has six global objectives:

• Make prevention and control of NCDs a priority

• Strengthen national capabilities and leadership

• Reduce modifiable risk factors

• Strengthen health systems

• Promote high-quality research

• Monitor trends of disease

Without taking action WHO estimates a $7 trillion loss of productivity.

WHO states that the annual cost of the action plan is $11 billion.



WHO has set a global target of a 25% reduction in premature mortality

from NCDs by 2025.

This is to be achieved by nine targets:

•Establish 80% availability of affordable technology and medicine to treat NCDs

•Ensure that 50% of people receive preventive therapy for heart attacks and

strokes

•Half the rise in diabetes and obesity

•30% reduction in salt intake



• 10% reduction in the harmful use of alcohol

• 25% reduction in premature death of people aged 30 to 70 from

cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes or chronic respiratory diseases

• 10% reduction in prevalence of insufficient physical activity

• 30% reduction in tobacco use

• 25% reduction in prevalence of high blood pressure


Useful weblinks

Some of the weblinks used for this presentation are:

http://www.who.int/nmh/en/

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/noncommunicable-diseases/en/

http://gamapserver.who.int/mapLibrary/

An interesting perspective on the issues of obesity and diabetes in India can be

found at:

http://www.cseindia.org/userfiles/presentation_cse.pdf

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