nominal value

• Nominal Value

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html

Alibaba Group Alipay

1 The 2010 transfer of Alipay's ownership was controversial, with media reports in 2011 that Yahoo!

and Softbank (Alibaba Group's controlling shareholders) were not informed of the sale for nominal

value


Failure mode and effects analysis Ground rules

1 All inputs (including software commands) to the item being

analyzed are present and at nominal values.


Chi-squared test Chi-squared test for variance in a normal population

1 The test statistic T in this instance could be set to be the sum of

squares about the sample mean, divided by the nominal value for the

variance (i.e


Types of business entity - Ireland

1 A public limited company. Must have at least seven members. Liability is limited to the amount, if any, unpaid on shares they

hold. Unlawful to issue any form of prospectus except in compliance with the

Companies Acts 1963-2006. Nominal value of Company's allotted share capital must

satisfy specified minimums which must be fully paid before company commences

business or exercises any borrowing powers.


Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide lamp - Flicker and color temperature

1 As the bulb ages, the color temperature reaches its nominal value of around 5600 K or

6000 K


Economy - Range

1 Alternate and long-standing terminology distinguishes measures

of an economy expressed in real values (adjusted for inflation), such as real GDP, or in nominal values

(unadjusted for inflation).


Loyalty marketing - Prizes

1 Prizes are promotional items—small toys, games, trading cards,

collectables, and other small items of nominal value—found in packages of

brand-name retail products (or available from the retailer at the time of purchase) that are included in the price of the product (at no extra cost)

with the intent to boost sales.


E-carrier - The plesiochronous digital hierarchy

1 Based on the E1 signal, the ITU- defined a hierarchy of plesiochronous signals

that enables signals to be transported at rates of up to 140 Mbit/s. This section describes the characteristics of this

hierarchy and the mechanism for dealing with fluctuations in respect to the

nominal values of these rates, which are produced as a consequence of the

tolerances of the system.


E-carrier - Justification opportunity bits

1 The task of the justification opportunity bits (R-bits) is to be available as extra bits that can be used when the rate of

the incoming tributaries is higher than its nominal value (within the margin

specified by ITU-T) by an amount that makes this necessary. In this case, the

opportunity bit is no longer mere stuffing, but becomes an information bit

instead.


Economics

1 At the level of an economy, theory and evidence are consistent with a

positive relationship running from the total money supply to the nominal

value of total output and to the general price level. For this reason,

management of the money supply is a key aspect of monetary policy.


Prize (marketing)

1 Prizes are promotional items—small toys, games, trading cards,

collectables, and other small items of nominal value—found in packages of

brand-name retail products (or available from the retailer at the time of purchase) that are included in the price of the product (at no extra cost)

with the intent to boost sales


W. Edwards Deming - Overview

1 On the other hand, the Japanese car parts were virtually identical to each

other, and much closer to the nominal values for the parts – e.g., if a part was supposed to be one foot long, plus or minus 1/8 of an inch –

then the Japanese parts were all within 1/16 of an inch


Private currency - In other countries

1 Since starting in 2006, the "City Initiative Karlsruhe" has issued the Karlsruher which has no nominal

value. Every coin has the value of 50 Eurocents and is primarily used in parking garages. As of 2009, 120

companies in Karlsruhe accept the Karlsruher and usually grant a

discount when paid with it.


Bill Gates - Personal life

1 Since 2000, the nominal value of his Microsoft holdings has declined due

to a fall in Microsoft's stock price after the dot-com bubble burst and the multi-billion dollar donations he

has made to his charitable foundations


Globalization - International tourism

1 In 2010, international tourism reached US$919B, growing 6.5% over 2009, corresponding to an

increase in Real versus nominal value (economics)|real terms of 4.7%. In 2010, there were over 940 million

international tourist arrivals worldwide.


Globalization - Capital flight

1 This can be particularly damaging when the capital belongs to the people of the affected country,

because not only are the citizens now burdened by the loss of faith in

the economy and devaluation of their currency, but probably also their

assets have lost much of their Real versus nominal value (economics)|

nominal valuehttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html

List of highest-grossing franchises and film series

1 Included on the list are charts of the top box-office earners (ranked by

both the Real versus nominal value (economics)|nominal and real value of their revenue), a chart of high-grossing films by calendar year, a

timeline showing the transition of the highest-grossing film record, and a chart of the highest-grossing film

franchises and serieshttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html

List of highest-grossing franchises and film series

1 All grosses on the list are expressed in US dollars at their nominal value,

except where stated otherwise.


Ampere-hour

1 An ampere-hour is not a Units of energy#Electricity|unit of energy. In a battery system, for example, accurate

calculation of the energy delivered requires integration of the power delivered (product of instantaneous voltage and instantaneous

current) over the discharge interval. Generally, the battery voltage varies during

discharge; an average value or nominal value may be used to approximate the

integration of power.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html

Market capitalization - Market cap terms

1 The cutoffs may be defined as percentiles rather than in real versus nominal value (economics)|nominal

dollars


Opportunity cost

1 Thus, opportunity costs are not restricted to monetary or financial

costs: the Real versus nominal value (economics)|real cost of Production possibilities frontier|output forgone,

lost time, pleasure or any other benefit that provides utility

(economics)|utility should also be considered opportunity costs.


Data sheet

1 Depending on the specific purpose, a data sheet may offer an average value, a typical value, a typical range, tolerance (engineering)|engineering tolerances,or a Real

versus nominal value|nominal value. The type and source of data are usually stated on the data sheet.


Indian rupee

1 The modern rupee is subdivided into 100 paise (singular paisa), though as of 2011 only 50-paise coins are legal tender. Banknotes in

circulation come in denominations of ₹5, ₹10, ₹20, ₹50, ₹100, ₹500 and ₹1000. Rupee coins are available in denominations of ₹1, ₹2, ₹5,

₹10, ₹20, ₹50, ₹75, ₹100, ₹150 and ₹1000; the coins for ₹20 and above are for commemorative purposes only; the only other rupee coin has a

nominal value of 50 paise, since lower denominations have been officially withdrawn.


Dynamic demand (electric power) - The need for spinning reserve

1 The grid frequency is a system-wide indicator of overall power imbalance. For example, it

will drop if there is too much demand because generators will start to slow down slightly. A Electrical generator|generator in frequency-

response mode will, under Real versus nominal value|nominal conditions, run at

reduced output in order to maintain a buffer of spare capacity. It will then continually alter its output on a second-to-second basis to the needs of the grid with droop speed control.


Grid-connected photovoltaic power system - Anti-islanding

1 *'Passive:' The voltage and/or the frequency change during the grid failure is measured and a positive feedback loop is employed to push the voltage and /or the frequency

further away from its nominal value.


Ionocraft - Mechanism

1 *k is the ion mobility coefficient of air, measured in dimension

Mminus;1T2I (Nominal value 2·10minus;4m2Vminus;1sminus;1).


Economies - Range

1 Alternate and long-standing terminology distinguishes measures

of an economy expressed in Real versus nominal value (economics)|real values (adjusted for inflation), such as real GDP, or in Real versus nominal value (economics)|nominal values (unadjusted for inflation).•

Deardorff's Glossary of International Economics, search for [http://www-

personal.umich.edu/~alandear/glossary/r.html#real real]


Bus bunching - Theory

1 Eventually these buses form a pair, one right after another, and the

service deteriorates as the headway degrades from its nominal value


International travel

1 International tourism receipts (the travel item of the balance of

payments) grew to trillion ( billion) in 2011, corresponding to an increase

in Real versus nominal value (economics)|real terms of 3.8% from

2010


ISO container - Description

1 A typical container has doors fitted at one end, and is constructed of corrugated galvanised iron|corrugated weathering

steel. Containers were originally wide by high, and either a Real versus nominal value#Measurement|nominal or long.

They could be stacked up to seven units high. At each of the eight corners are castings with openings for twistlock

fasteners. The standard height is now 8' 6.


AXIS - Acquisition by XL Axiata

1 XL is called the nominal value of shares will pay an agreed and will

pay part of the debts and obligations of Axis.


AXIS - Acquisition by XL Axiata

1 * Teleglobal will sell a 95 percent stake in Axis to XL. Axis 100 percent

of the value of the company is valued at 865 million U.S. dollars, with a note book AXIS net of debt

and cash position zero (cash free and debt free). Payment rates will be used to pay the nominal value of shares of Axis, as well as paying

debts and obligations of Axis.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html

Headlamp - Operation

1 # Continuous operation: all metal salts are in the vapour phase, the arc has attained its stable shape, and the luminous efficacy has attained its nominal value. The ballast now supplies stable electrical power so the arc will not flicker. Stable operating voltage is

85 volts alternating current|AC in D1 and D2 systems, 42 volts AC in D3 and D4 systems.

The frequency of the square-wave alternating current is typically 400 hertz or

higher.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html

Stock market

1 The total world derivatives market has been estimated at about

$791trillion face or nominal value, 11 times the size of the entire world

economy


Index of economics articles - R

1 * Rate of return pricing – Rational choice theory – Rational expectations – Rational pricing –

Reaganomics – Real Business Cycle Theory – Real estate economics – Real estate investor –

Real versus nominal value (economics) – Recession – Regenerative Economic Theory –

Regression analysis – Remanufacturing – Representative agent – Repugnancy costs –

Reserve currency – Ricardian equivalence – Risk premium – Risk-free bond – Risk-free interest

rate – Road pricing – Robin Hood effect


Engineering drawing - Showing dimensions

1 All types of dimensions are typically composed of two parts: the nominal value, which is the ideal size of the feature, and the tolerance, which

specifies the amount that the value may vary above and below the

nominal.


The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics - Subject Index

1 #Value (economics)|Value and Capital (economics)|Capital:

competition, utility, consumer theory|consumers' demand, Real

versus nominal value|index numbers, Production, costs, and pricing|

production, cost, supply, general equilibrium, Capital (economics)|

capital theory, Distribution (economics)|distribution


Flight of capital

1 This fall is particularly damaging when the capital belongs to the people of the affected country, because not only are the citizens now burdened by the loss of faith in the

economy and devaluation of their currency, but probably also their assets have lost much

of their Real versus nominal value (economics)|nominal value. This leads to

dramatic decreases in the purchasing power of the country's assets and makes it

increasingly expensive to import goods.


Monetary economics - • Robert Clower, 1969b. What Traditional Monetary Theory Really Wasn't, Canadian Journal of Economics. 2(2), pp. [http://www.jstor.org/pss/133641 299]-302. • David Laidler|David

E.W. Laidler, 1991. The Golden Age of the Quantity Theory: The Development of Neoclassical Monetary Economics, 1870-1914.

Princeton UP. [http://press.princeton.edu/titles/4959.html Description] and

[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5421/is_n4_v60/ai_n28638753/ review.] • Bennett T. McCallum, 1989. Monetary Economics: Theory

and Policy. Macmillan. [http://www.scribd.com/doc/54703339/Monetary-Economics-Theory-and-Policy-MCCALLUM-1989 Preview.] Monetary economics provides

a framework for analyzing money in its functions as a medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account. It considers how money, for example fiat currency, can gain acceptance purely

because of its convenience as a public good.• James Tobin, 1992. “money,” The New Palgrave Dictionary of Finance and Money, v. 2, pp. 770-79 in 2008, The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. 2nd

Edition. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?idpde2008_M000217qmoneytopicidresult_number5 Table of Contents]

and [http://www.inomics.com/cgi/repec?handleRePEc:cwl:cwldpp:1013 Abstract.] Reprinted in Tobin, 1996,

Essays in Economics, v. 4, pp. [http://books.google.com/books?idBIWEt8hRH2kCpgPA699lpgPA699dqotswFpCRlGQ4NsigpwwA7_EBhkQn9Z2MP68wW1MxspAhleneiN5yoSbzyJJDQnQfquKTnDwsaXoibook_re

sultresnum7ctresult#PPA139,M1 139]-[http://books.google.com/books?idBIWEt8hRH2kCpgPA699lpgPA699dq

1 and to distinguish valid nominal value|nominal and real monetary

relationships for micro or macro uses, including their influence on the aggregate demand for output.•

Robert Clower, 1967


Williamson's Model of Managerial Discretion - Managerial utility function

1 The variables expenditure on staff salary, management slack, discretionary investments

can be assigned nominal values. Thus these will be used as proxy variables to measure the real

or unquantifiable concepts like job security, power, status, dominance, prestige and

professional excellence of managers, appearing in the managerial utility function.E. Narayanan

Nadar, S. Vijayan (2009). Managerial Economics, eastern economy edition. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.

pp. 42. ISBN 978-81-203-3720-6.


National accounts - Scope

1 National accounts can be presented in Real versus nominal value (economics)|nominal or real

amounts, with real amounts adjusted to remove the effects of price

changes over time.• Amartya Sen, 1979


Encoded - Other

1 There are codes using colors, like traffic lights, the Electronic color

code|color code employed to mark the nominal value of the Resistor|electrical resistors or that of the

trashcans devoted to specific types of garbage (paper, glass, biological,

etc.)


Gramophone record - Early speeds

1 By 1925, the speed of the record was becoming standardized at a Real

versus nominal value|nominal value of 78rpm


Reinforced Concrete Pipe - Sizes

1 *'For pipe sizes less than NPS 14inch (DN 350),' both methods give a nominal value for the OD that is

rounded off and is not the same as the actual OD. For example, NPS

2inch and DN 50 are the same pipe, but the actual OD is . The only way to obtain the actual OD is to look it up

in a reference table.


Airbreathing jet engine - Terminology

1 In many cases, instead of expressing N-speeds (N1, N2) as a sheer RPM on cockpit displays, pilots are provided with the N-speeds expressed as a

percentage of a nominal or maximal value. For example, at full power, the N1 might be 101.5% or 100%. This user interface decision has been

made as a human factors consideration, since pilots are more

likely to notice a problem with a two- or 3-digit percentage (where 100%

implies a nominal value) than with a large, unbounded scalar number.


Transmission control unit - Throttle position sensor (TPS)

1 The TCU can also reference this information with the vehicle speed

sensor to determine vehicle acceleration and compare this with a nominal value; if the actual value is

much higher or lower (such as driving uphill or towing a trailer) the transmission will change its gearshift

patterns to suit the situation.


Ecuadorian sucre - History

1 After the price of silver rose above the nominal value of most silver

coins in the 1930s, Ecuador embargoed the export of silver (May

17, 1935)


Government debt - Implicit debt

1 A problem with these implicit government insurance liabilities is

that it is hard to cost them accurately, since the amounts of

future payments depend on so many factors. First of all, the social security claims are not open Bond (finance)|bonds or debt papers with a stated

time frame, time to maturity, nominal value, or net present value.


Beale number - Estimating Stirling power

1 To estimate the power output of an engine, nominal values are assumed

for the Beale number, pressure, swept volume and frequency, then

the power is calculated as the product of these parameters, as

follows:


Public limited company - Share capital

1 There is a minimum share capital for public limited companies: Before it

can start business, it must have allotted shares to the value of at

least £50,000. A quarter of them, £12,500, must be paid up. Each

allotted share must be paid up to at least one quarter of its nominal value

together with the whole of any premium.


West number

1 To estimate the power output of a new engine design, nominal values are assumed for the West number,

pressure, swept volume and frequency, and the power is

calculated as follows:


UTC - Rationale

1 Near the end of the 20th century, with the LOD at 1.3ms above the

nominal value, UTC ran faster than UT by 1.3ms per day, getting a

second ahead roughly every 800 days


Taguchi methods - Parameter design

1 Once the concept is established, the nominal values of the various

dimensions and design parameters need to be set, the detail design

phase of conventional engineering


Production Part Approval Process - PPAP elements

1 # 'Initial Process Studies' Usually this section shows all Statistical process control|Statistical Process Control charts affecting the most critical characteristics. The intent is to

demonstrate that critical processes have stable variability and that is

running near the intended nominal value.


Trustee Savings Bank - Early history of the trustee savings banks

1 An essential feature of a savings bank in the UK was that deposit

account|depositors should have a guarantee of the nominal value of

their savings, so that these could be withdrawn at their full value with interest no matter how long the

deposit


Christie's - Notable auctions

1 *On 12 November 2013, Francis Bacon (artist)|Francis Bacon's Three

Studies of Lucian Freud sold for 142.4 million (including the buyer's

premium) to an unnamed buyer, Real versus nominal value (economics)|nominally becoming List of most

expensive paintings|the most expensive work of art ever to be sold

at auction.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html

Random variable - Moments

1 For example, for a categorical variable|categorical random variable X that can take on the nominal data|nominal values red, blue or green, the real-valued function [X = \text] can be constructed; this uses the

Iverson bracket, and has the value 1 if X has the value green, 0 otherwise


Derivative (finance) - Size of market

1 And for one type of derivative at least, Credit Default Swaps (CDS), for which the

inherent risk is considered high, the higher, nominal value, remains relevant. It was this type of derivative that investment magnate

Warren Buffet referred to in his famous 2002 speech in which he warned against

weapons of financial mass destruction. CDS notional value in early 2012 amounted to

$25.5 trillion, down from $55 trillion in 2008.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html

US GAAP - Assumptions

1 * 'Monetary Unit principle:' assumes a stable currency is going to be the unit of record. The FASB accepts the nominal value of the US Dollar as the monetary unit of record unadjusted

for inflation.


Inflation

1 Low or moderate inflation may be attributed to fluctuations in real versus nominal value (economics)|

real demand for goods and services, or changes in available supplies such as during scarcity|scarcities, as

well as to changes in the velocity of money supply measures; in particular the MZM (Money Zero

Maturity) supply velocity.Oliver Hossfeld (2010) [http://www.hhl.de/fileadmin/texte/publikationen/forschungspapiere/HOSSFELD_USMONEY_INFERWP_2010-4.pdf US Money Demand, Monetary Overhang, and

Inflation Prediction] International Network for Economic Research working paper no


Inflation - History

1 For instance, when gold was used as currency, the government could

collect gold coins, melt them down, mix them with other metals such as silver, copper or lead, and reissue

them at the same Real versus nominal value (economics)|nominal

value


Inflation - Causes

1 The quantity theory of money|quantity theory of inflation rests on the quantity equation of money that relates the money supply, its velocity of money|velocity, and the nominal

value of exchanges


Inflation - Monetarist view

1 :Q is an index of the real versus nominal value (economics)|real value of final

expenditures;


Real income

1 Real variables, such as real income, real GDP, and real interest rate are Variable (mathematics)|variables

that are measured in physical units, while Real versus nominal value

(economics)|nominal variables such as nominal income target|nominal income, nominal GDP, and nominal

interest rate are measured in monetary units


Matthew Boulton - Involvement with coinage

1 They purchase from the subterraneous coiners 36 shillings'-worth of copper (in nominal value) for 20 shillings, so that the profit derived from the cheating is very

large.


Real vs. nominal in economics

1 For example, changes in the nominal value of some Good (economics)|commodity bundle over time can

happen because of a change in the quantities in the bundle or their

associated prices, whereas changes in real values reflect only changes in

quantities.


Real vs. nominal in economics - Calculation

1 The nominal value of a commodity bundle in a given year depends on both quantities and then-current

prices, namely, as a sum of prices times quantities for the different

commodities in the bundle. In turn nominal values are related to real values by the following arithmetic

definition:



1 :nominal value / real value = (P x Q) / Q

= P.



1 :(nominal value / real value) x 100 = P.


Real vs. nominal in economics - Illustrations

1 The nominal value of the good would

then be price times quantity:



1 :nominal value of good i = Pi x Qi =

$5 x 10 = $50.



1 Given only the nominal value and price, derivation of a real value is immediate:



1 The price deflates (divides) the nominal value to derive a real value, the quantity itself.



1 Similarly for a series of years, say five, given only nominal values of the good and prices in each year t, a real value can be derived for each of the

five years:



1 : real value in year t = (nominal value in year t) / (price relative to base year) = Qit.



1 The following example generalizes from an individual good to a bundle of goods across different years for

which P, a price index comparing the general price level across years, is

available. Consider a nominal value (say of an hourly wage rate) in each

different year t. To derive a real-value series from a series of nominal values in different years, one divides the nominal wage rate in each year by Pt, the price index in that year.

By definition then:



1 :real value in year t = (nominal value in

year t) / Pt.


South Sea Company - Conception of the Company

1 Commercially, since the lotteries were discredited, some of the debt intended to be consolidated under the scheme was available in the

open market before the scheme was announced, at a discounted rate of

£55 per £100 nominal value


Wealth - Economic analysis

1 Wealth may be measured in Real versus nominal value (economics)|

nominal or real values, that is in money value as of a given date or adjusted to net out price changes


Saving - Saving in personal finance

1 In many instances the terms saving and investment are used

interchangeably. For example many deposit accounts are labeled as

investment accounts by banks for marketing purposes. To help establish whether an asset is

saving(s) or an investment you should ask yourself, where is my money invested? If the answer is

cash then it is savings,if it is a type of asset which can fluctuate in

nominal value then it is investment.


Bond (finance) - Bond valuation

1 The market price is expressed as a percentage of nominal

value


The Wealth of Nations - Book I: Of the Causes of Improvement in the productive Powers of Labour

1 'Of the Real versus nominal value (economics)|Real and Nominal Price of Commodities, or of their Labour

theory of value|Price in Labour, and their Price in Money:'


Economic crises

1 The term 'financial crisis' is applied broadly to a variety of situations in

which some financial assets suddenly lose a large part of their nominal

value


Paul Samuelson - Economics

1 Real versus nominal value (economics)|real Measures of

national income and output#GDP and GNP|GNP parity between 1977

and 1995


IS–LM model - LM curve

1 Mathematically, the LM curve is defined by the equation M/P=L(i,Y),

where the supply of money is represented as the Real versus nominal value (economics)|real amount M/P (as opposed to the

nominal amount M), with P representing the price level, and L being the real demand for money,

which is some function of the interest rate i and the level Y of real income


Companies Act 2006 - Private companies

1 * Short notice of meetings - private companies can convene meetings at short notice where consent is given by holders of 90% by nominal value of shares carrying the right to vote.


Share capital

1 In its narrow, classical sense, still commonly used in accounting, share capital comprises the nominal values of all shares issued (that is, the sum

of their par values)


New Keynesian economics - Microfoundations of price stickiness

1 A key question posed is why should prices adjust slowly? One common

explanation given by New Keynesians is the presence of 'menu costs',

meaning small costs that must be paid in order to adjust Real versus

nominal value (economics)|nominal prices


Stagflation - Neoclassical views

1 Real versus nominal value (economics)|Nominal factors like

changes in the money supply only affect nominal variables like inflation


Real Business Cycle theory

1 According to RBC theory, business cycles are therefore Real versus nominal value (economics)|real in that they do not

represent a failure of Market clearing|markets to clear but rather reflect the most efficient

possible operation of the economy, given the structure of the economy. RBC theory differs

in this way from other theories of the business cycle such as Keynesian economics and Monetarism that see recessions as the

failure of some market to clear.


Economic equilibrium - Dynamic equilibrium

1 ISBN 0-262-20123-2 a dynamic equilibrium would involve the price level, the nominal money supply, nominal Wage|wage rates, and all other Real versus nominal value

(economics)|nominal values growing at a single common rate, while all

Real versus nominal value (economics)|real values are

unchanging, as is the inflation rate.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html

Fictitious capital - Banking

1 Inasmuch as the Bank issues notes that are not backed by the metal

reserve in its vaults, it creates tokens of value that are not only means of

circulation, but also forms additional - even if fictitious - capital for it, to

the nominal value of these fiduciary notes, and this extra capital yields it

an extra profit.


Hyperinflation - Models

1 A dramatic increase in the velocity of money as the cause of hyperinflation is central to the crisis of confidence model of hyperinflation, where the

risk premium that sellers demand for the paper currency over the nominal

value grows rapidly


Economic data

1 In these examples data may be stated in Real versus nominal value (economics)|nominal or real values,

that is, in money or inflation-adjusted terms


UK company law - Capital regulations

1 This has led to the criticism for at least 60 years that the rule is useless

and best abolished.See Gedge Committee, Report of the Committee

on Shares of No Par Value (1954) Cmd 9112 and Company Law Review

Steering Group, The Strategic Framework (1999) ‘the requirement that shares should have a nominal

value has become an anachronism.’https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html

UK company law - Capital regulations

1 and an issue price of £1.The share premium is the difference between

nominal value and issue price, in this case 99 pence


Capital accumulation - New developments in capital accumulation

1 The International Swaps and Derivatives Association reported in

September 2006 that the outstanding nominal value of swaps and derivatives at the end of June 2006 was $283 trillion - nearly ten times the combined GDP of the US,

Canada, the EU, Japan, and China; or ten times the value of total US home equity (each being valued at about

$34 trillion)https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html

Upper middle class - Income

1 If middle class households earning between the 50th percentile

($46,000) and the 85th percentile ($62,500) tend to live in lower cost of living areas, then their difference in

real income may be Real versus nominal value (economics)|smaller

than what the differences in nominal income suggest.


Securitization - Pooling and transfer

1 For instance, a leasing company may have provided $10m nominal value of leases, and it will receive a cash flow over the next five years from

these


Economic cycle

1 Business cycles are usually measured by considering the growth

rate of real versus nominal value (economics)|real gross domestic product. Despite being termed

wikt:cycle|cycles, these fluctuations in economic activity can prove

unpredictable.


Convertible bond - Types

1 They may offer coupon regular payments during the life of the

security and have a fixed maturity date where the nominal value of the

bond is redeemable by the holder


Private company limited by shares

1 Limited by shares means that the company has shareholders, and that the liability of the shareholders to creditors of the company is limited to the Capital (economics)|capital

originally invested, i.e. the nominal value of the shares and any premium paid in return

for the issue of the shares by the company. A shareholder's personal assets are thereby protected in the event of the company's insolvency, but money invested in the

company will be lost.


Private company limited by shares - Share capital

1 When a Limited Company is formed it must issue one or more subscriber

shares to its initial members. It may increase capitalisation by issue of further shares. The issued share

capital of the company is the total number of shares existing in the

company multiplied by the nominal value of each share.


Private company limited by shares - Share capital

1 A company incorporated in England and Wales can be created with any number of shares of anything value, in any currency. For example, there

may be 10,000 shares with a nominal value of 1p, or 100 shares each of £1. In each case the share capital

would be £100.


Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic - Revaluation

1 This led to the fact which was given up the A Mark is worth a Mark principle recognized till then

(nominal value principle) because of the galloping inflation


Economic globalization - Capital flight

1 This can be particularly damaging when the capital belongs to the people of the affected country,

because not only are the citizens now burdened by the loss of faith in

the economy and devaluation of their currency, but probably also their

assets have lost much of their Real versus nominal value (economics)|

nominal valuehttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html

Limited liability - History

1 Shares with nominal values of up to £1,000 were therefore subscribed to with only a small payment, leaving

even a limited liability investor with a potentially crushing liability and

restricting investment to the very wealthy


History of macroeconomic thought

1 In general, early theorists believed monetary factors could not have an impact on Real versus nominal value (economics)|real factors such as real

output


IS-LM Model - LM curve

1 Mathematically, the LM curve is defined by the equation M/P=L(i,Y),

where the supply of money is represented as the Real versus nominal value (economics)|real amount M/P (as opposed to the

nominal amount M), with P representing the price level, and L being the real demand for money,

which is some function of the interest rate i and the level Y of real income


List of regions by past GDP (PPP)

1 These are 'lists of regions and countries by their estimated Real

versus nominal value (economics)|real gross domestic product (GDP)' in

terms of purchasing power parity (PPP), the value of all final goods and

services produced within a country/region in a given year. GDP

dollar (international dollar) estimates here are derived from PPP estimates.


Financialization - Futures markets

1 (Beginning in mid-1993, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange itself began to release figures of the nominal value of contracts traded at the CME each

month


Financialization - Futures markets

1 Another mitigating factors to consider is that a commonly traded liquid asset such as gold, wheat, or

the SP 500 stock index isn't going to have a value of $0 tomorrow, next

year, or in 10 years thus the counter-party risk is limited to something

substantially less than the nominal value.


Causes of the United States housing bubble - Speculative fever

1 The common solution has been to create an equal and opposite

contract, often with a different party, in order to net payments (Derivatives market#Netting), thus eliminating all

but the counterparty risk of the contract, but doubling the nominal

value of outstanding contracts.


List of U.S. states by GDP

1 The figures are in millions of Real versus nominal value (economics)|

nominal dollars, unadjusted purchasing power disparities

between the states


List of countries by GNI (nominal, Atlas method) per capita

1 This is a list of countries by Gross National Income Per capita

income|per capita in 2012 at nominal values, according to the Atlas

Method, an indicator of income developed by the World Bank.


List of regions by past GDP (PPP) per capita

1 These are 'lists of regions and countries by their estimated Real versus nominal value|real gross

domestic product (GDP) per capita' in terms of purchasing power parity

(PPP), the value of all final goods and services produced within a

country/region in a given year divided by population size. GDP per capita dollar (international dollar)

estimates here are derived from PPP estimates.


Polish property bubble

1 A peak in prices occurred in autumn 2008 as the average price of a

square meter of residential space in Poland started to drop by 5% in

nominal value|nominal terms or 10% per year in real terms.

[http://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Europe/Poland/Price-History Recent

history of Polish housing], House Price History in Poland from 2002 to

2013: Retrieved on Nov.4, 2013https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html

1973–74 stock market crash - Aftermath

1 All the main stock indexes of the future G7 bottomed out between September and December 1974, having lost at least 34% of their

value in Real versus nominal value (economics)|nominal terms, and 43%

in real terms


Encilhamento - Execution

1 Since the new law tied to trade rights to their nominal values, there was no official oscillation of stock prices, and consequently, no way to negocitate them directly in the Stock Exchange

in order to both Order_(exchange)#Stop_orders|

minimize losses or Profit maximization|maximize profits


Deflation (economics)

1 Economists generally believe that deflation is a problem in a modern economy because it increases the

Real versus nominal value (economics)|real value of debt, and may aggravate recessions and lead

to a deflationary spiral.Hummel, Jeffrey Rogers


Argentine economic crisis (1999-2002) - Debt restructuring

1 The government reached an agreement in 2005 by which 76% of the defaulted bonds were exchanged

for others, with a nominal value of 25–35% of the original and at longer

terms. In 2008, President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner announced

she was studying a reopening of the negotiations to gain agreement from

the remaining 24% of the debt.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html

List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita

1 This article includes four 'lists of countries of the world sorted by their gross domestic product per capita at nominal values'. This is the value of

all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year,

converted at market exchange rates to current United States dollar|U.S. dollars, divided by the average (or mid-year) population for the same

year.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html

List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP per capita

1 All figures are given in the national currency, renminbi (CNY), and at

nominal values according to recent exchange rates as well as according

to purchasing power parity (PPP)


Debt relief - Inflation

1 Inflation - the reduction in the nominal value of currency - reduces

the real value of debts. While lenders take inflation into account when they

decide the terms of a loan, unexpected increases in the rate of

inflation cause categorical debt relief.


List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP

1 Each province's GDP is listed in both the national currency renminbi (CN ), and at nominal values according to annual average exchange rates and

according to purchasing power parity (PPP)


1970s energy crisis - 1980s oil glut

1 The inflation adjusted Real versus nominal value (economics)|real 2004

dollar value of oil fell from an average of $78.2 per barrel in 1981

to an average of $26.8 in 1986.[http://cta.ornl.gov/data/tedb26/Spreadsheets/Table10_03.xls Oak Ridge

National Lab data]


Reserve (accounting)

1 :*share premium - amount paid by shareholders for shares in excess of their

nominal value


Money illusion

1 In other words, the numerical/face value (nominal value) of money is mistaken for its purchasing power

(real value)


Money illusion

1 *Social discourse, in formal media and more generally, reflects some

confusion about Real versus nominal value (economics)|real and nominal

value.


List of countries by research and development spending

1 This is a 'list of countries by research and development (RD) spending' in Real versus nominal

value (economics)|real terms and as per latest data available.


List of countries by research and development spending - List

1 Only those nations which annually spend more than 100 million dollars

have been included. World's total Real versus nominal value

(economics)|nominal RD spending was approximately one trillion dollars

in 2010.http://royalsociety.org/uploadedFiles/Royal_Society_Content/Influenci

ng_Policy/Reports/2011-03-28-Knowledge-networks-nations.pdf


Real wages

1 This term is used in contrast to Real versus nominal value (economics)|

nominal wages or unadjusted wages


Price of silver - Taxation

1 Other taxes such as capital gains tax may apply for individuals depending on country of residence (tax status)

and whether the asset is sold at increased nominal value.


Philanthropist - Some large individual bequests

1 Note: These are nominal values and

have not been adjusted for inflation


Debt of developing countries - Debt as a mechanism in economic crisis

1 Argentina finally got a deal by which 77% of the defaulted bonds were exchanged by others, of a much

lower nominal value and at longer terms


Economic theory - Production, cost, and efficiency

1 Opportunity costs are not restricted to monetary or financial costs but could be

measured by the Real versus nominal value (economics)|real cost of Production-possibility

frontier#Opportunity cost|output forgone, leisure, or anything else that provides the alternative benefit (utility).The Economist,

Economics A-Z, [http://www.economist.com/research/Economics

/searchActionTerms.cfm?query=OPPORTUNITY+COST Opportunity Cost.]

Accessed 3 Aughttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html

Economic theory - Inflation and monetary policy

1 At the level of an economy, quantity theory of money|theory and evidence

are consistent with a positive relationship running from the total money supply to the nominal value of total output and to the general

price level


Griqualand West - Diamond fields

1 A paper currency had been instituted, and the notes, known as

bluebacks, soon dropped to less than half their nominal value


National Asset Management Agency - Transfer of derivatives portfolio to NAMA

1 The nominal value of this derivative portfolio is €14.7

billion


Neutrality of money

1 'Neutrality of money' is the idea that a change in the stock of money affects only real versus nominal

value (economics)|nominal variables in the economy such as prices,

wages, and exchange rates, with no effect on real versus nominal value (economics)|real (inflation-adjusted)

variables, like employment, real GDP, and real consumption (economics)|consumption.


Tourism

1 International tourism receipts (the travel item of the balance of

payments) grew to trillion ( billion) in 2011, corresponding to an increase

in Real versus nominal value (economics)|real terms of 3.8% from

2010


Real GDP - Relationship with nominal GDP

1 nominal values in economics


Orange Free State - Diamonds discovered

1 A paper currency had been instituted, and the notes, known as

bluebacks, soon dropped to less than half their nominal value


Population exchange between Greece and Turkey - Aftermath

1 Consequently, the greater part of the Greeks' real property was sold at

nominal value by the Turkish government


Collectable - Collectables in commerce

1 Another use of collectables in retail is in the form of Prize (marketing)|prizes

(items of nominal value packaged with or included in the price of a retail product at

no additional cost) and Premium (marketing)|premiums (items that can be

purchased by redeeming coupons, boxtops, or Proof of purchase|proofs of purchase from the product along with a

small fee to cover shipping and handling)


Primary Dealer Credit Facility

1 A full detail of the nominal value of loans outstanding through the PDCF is available in the Federal Reserve's

public balance sheet.[http://www.federalreserve.gov

/releases/h41/hist/h41hist6.pdf Federal Reserve, factors supplying

reserve balances]


Rates (tax) - United States

1 In the US, real estate taxes which are based on a percentage of the

property's actual or nominal value are referred to as property taxes. The term rates is not used in this context. Property taxes are the prime funding method for local

government, and are normally the responsibility of the property owner, regardless of whether the property

owner lives on the property.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html

Hidden costs

1 Thus, opportunity costs are not restricted to monetary or financial

costs: the Real versus nominal value (economics)|real cost of Production possibilities frontier|output forgone,

lost time, pleasure or any other benefit that provides utility

(economics)|utility should also be considered opportunity costs.


Tolerance (engineering) - Mechanical component tolerance

1 No machine can hold dimensions precisely to the nominal value, so there must acceptable degrees of

variation


Tolerance (engineering) - Electrical component tolerance

1 An electrical specification might call for a resistor with a nominal value of 100 Ω (Ohm (unit)|ohms), but will also state a tolerance such as ±1%. This means that

any resistor with a value in the range 99 Ω to 101 Ω is acceptable. For critical

components, one might specify that the actual resistance must remain within

tolerance within a specified temperature range, over a specified lifetime, and so on.


LCH.Clearnet - Fixed Income

1 There are €12 trillion repo trades per month (based on nominal value) cleared through

LCH.Clearnet.


Gone with the Wind (film)

1 Real versus nominal value (economics)|Adjusted for inflation, it

is still the Highest-grossing films adjusted for inflation|most successful

film in box-office history.


Velocity of money - Indirect measurement

1 :nT\, is the Real versus nominal value (economics)|nominal value of

aggregate transactions in a given time frame.


Velocity of money - Indirect measurement

1 (Given the classical dichotomy, nT may be factored into a product P\

cdot T of a price level P and a 'Real versus nominal value (economics)|

real' aggregate value of transactions T.)


United States Note - The Legal Tender Acts

1 However, the end of the war found the greenbacks trading for only

roughly half of their nominal value in gold.


NHL salary cap - 2004–05 negotiations

1 Notwithstanding the cap and the nominal value of the players'

contracts, the CBA stipulates that a fixed percentage of total league

revenues (currently 57%) is to be paid to the players each season


Chinese coins - Wang Mang

1 * Da Quan Wu Shi () is a round coin with a nominal value of

fifty Wu Zhu.


Chinese coins - Emperor Tai Zong (976-97)

1 * 'Chun Hua yuan bao' () (990-94). Written in regular, running, and grass script. There are also small and large iron coins. They

have a nominal value of 10. In 991, 20,000 iron coins were needed in the market for

one roll of silk. Permission was requested to alter the casting to Value Ten coins in the Imperial Script pattern. In one year only 3,000 strings were cast. They were not considered convenient, so casting was

stopped.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html

Chinese coins - Emperor Zhen Zong (998-1022)

1 * 'Xiang Fu yuan bao' () (1008–16). Written in regular script. They are

made of bronze or iron. They come in medium size and large sizes. The

large iron coins were cast from 1014 to 1016 in Yizhou, Sichuan. Their nominal value was 10 cash and

weight 3.2 qian.


Effective aggregate demand

1 The Pigou effect states that a higher price level implies lower Real versus

nominal value (economics)|real wealth and therefore lower consumption (economics)|

consumption spending, giving a lower quantity of goods demanded in

the aggregate


Effective aggregate demand

1 Aggregate demand is expressed contingent upon a fixed level of the

real versus nominal value (economics)|nominal money supply


Gross regional domestic product

1 The GRDP is usually presented in Real versus nominal value (economics)|nominal and real

terms


Islamic banking - Introduction

1 When base metal currencies were first introduced in the Islamic world, the question of paying a debt in a higher number of units of this fiat

money being riba was not relevant as the jurists only needed to be

concerned with the real versus nominal value|real value of money (determined by weight only) rather

than the numerical Value (economics)|value


Britannia - Namesakes

1 * Britannia coins, a series of British gold bullion coins issued since 1987, which have nominal values of 100,

50, 25, and 10 Pound sterling|pounds.


Economy of Lithuania - Development since the 1990s

1 Citizens were given investment vouchers worth LTL 10.5 billion (USD 2.63 billion) in nominal value, which let them participate in assets selling.[http://www.euro.lt/old/ivykiai/vilk_eng.pdf ] By October 1995, they were used as follows: 65% for acquisition

of shares; 19% for residential dwellings; 5% for agricultural

properties; and 7% remained unusedhttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html

Aquitaine - Aquitaine after the Treaty of Verdun

1 After the 843 Treaty of Verdun, the defeat of Pepin II and the death of Charles the Bald, the Kingdom of

Aquitaine (subsumed in West Francia) ceased to have any relevance and

the title of King of Aquitaine took on a nominal value. In 1058, the Duchy of Vasconia (Gascony) and Aquitaine merged under the rule of William VIII,

Duke of Aquitaine. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html

Rec. 601 - Signal format

1 For each 8 bit luminance sample, the nominal value to represent black is 16 and the value for white is 235


Visual acuity - Definition

1 Normal visual acuity is commonly referred to as 20/20 vision (even though acuity in

normally sighted people is generally higher), the metric equivalent of which is 6/6 vision. At 20 feet or 6 meters, a human eye with nominal performance is able to separate

contours that are approximately 1.75 millimetres|mm apart. A vision of 20/40 corresponds to lower than Real versus

nominal value|nominal performance, a vision of 20/10 to better performance.


Engagement - Betrothal

1 The betrothal is now generally part of the Jewish wedding ceremony, accomplished

when the groom gives the bride the ring or another object of at least nominal value.See Talmud Nashim|Kiddushin, Mishna 1:1 and

the main article As mentioned above, betrothal in Judaism is separate from

engagement; breaking a betrothal requires a formal Get (divorce document)|divorce, and violation of betrothal is considered

adultery.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-nominal-value-toolkit.html

Engagement - Engagement rings

1 The latter case refers to betrothal (see above) rather than engagement;

one of the three ways in which betrothal may be accomplished in

Judaism is by the husband giving the bride money or an object of at least

nominal value


Cyclohexane conformation - General

1 However, due to interactions between the hydrogen atoms, the

angles and bond lengths of the actual chair forms are slightly

different from the nominal values


Electrical discharge machining - Generalities

1 Thus the electrical proprieties of the dielectric in the inter-electrodes

volume can be different from their nominal values and can even vary

with time


42 (number) - Mathematics

1 * Given 27 same-size cubes whose nominal values progress from 1 to 27, a 3×3×3 magic cube can be constructed such that every row, column, and corridor, and every

diagonal passing through the center, is composed of 3 cubes whose sum

of values is 42.


National Bank Act - Background

1 Currency notes could be redeemed for only a fraction of their nominal value and land investors began to

rely on loans from abroad


Diocletian - Currency and inflation

1 Since the nominal values of these new issues were lower than their

intrinsic worth as metals, the state was minting these coins at a loss


Assignat - France

1 In the beginning of 1792, they had lost

most of their nominal value


Economic history of the Ottoman Empire - Finance

1 Borrowings were normally at 4 to 5 percent of the nominal value of the

bond, new issues however being sold at prices well below these values netted of commissions involved in

the issue, resulting in a much higher effective borrowing rate – coupled

with a deteriorating financial situation, the borrowing rate rarely

went below 10 percent after 1860.Pamuk, S, 1987, op cit, p


ISO containers - Description

1 A typical container has doors fitted at one end, and is made of corrugated

galvanised iron|corrugated weathering steel. Containers were

originally wide by high, and either a Real versus nominal

value#Measurement|nominal or long. They could be stacked up to

seven units high. At each of the eight corners are castings with openings

for twistlock fasteners. The standard height is now .


Nominal value

1 For example, changes in the nominal value of some Good (economics)|commodity bundle over time can

happen because of a change in the quantities in the bundle or their

associated prices, whereas changes in real values reflect only changes in

quantities


Empire of Brazil - Overview

1 In the period between 1820 and 1840, Fausto says Brazilian exports

had doubled in volume and had tripled in nominal value while the valuation denominated in Pound

sterling|Pounds sterling increased by over 40%


Boris Yeltsin - Privatization and the rise of the oligarchs

1 In late 1992, Yeltsin launched a program of free vouchers as a way to give mass privatization a jump-start. Under the

program, all Russian citizens were issued vouchers, each with a nominal value of

around 10,000 rubles, for purchase of shares of select state enterprises. Although each citizen initially received a voucher of equal

face value, within months most of them converged in the hands of intermediaries who were ready to buy them for cash right away.


Monetary theory - 'Monetary economics' is a branch of economics that provides a framework for analyzing money in its functions as a

medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account. It considers how money, for example fiat currency, can gain acceptance purely because of its convenience as a public good.• James Tobin, 1992.

“money,” The New Palgrave Dictionary of Finance and Money, v. 2, pp. 770-79 in 2008, The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. 2nd

Edition. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?idpde2008_M000217qmoneytopicidresult_number5 Table of Contents]

and [http://www.inomics.com/cgi/repec?handleRePEc:cwl:cwldpp:1013 Abstract.] Reprinted in Tobin, 1996,

Essays in Economics, v. 4, pp. [http://books.google.com/books?idBIWEt8hRH2kCpgPA699lpgPA699dqotswFpCRlGQ4NsigpwwA7_EBhkQn9Z2MP68wW1MxspAhleneiN5yoSbzyJJDQnQfquKTnDwsaXoibook_re

sultresnum7ctresult#PPA139,M1 139]-[http://books.google.com/books?idBIWEt8hRH2kCpgPA699lpgPA699dq

1 and to distinguish valid nominal value|nominal and real monetary

relationships for micro or macro uses, including their influence on the aggregate demand for output.•

Robert Clower, 1967


Chi square test - Chi-squared test for variance in a normal population

1 The test statistic T in this instance could be set to be the sum of

squares about the sample mean, divided by the nominal value for the

variance (i.e


Poverty in Poland - Modern era

1 The report notes, however, that this is mostly due to the fact that the nominal value of poverty line in

Poland has not changed since 2006, thus ignoring inflation


Australian Defence Force - East Timor and after

1 The Government committed to improve the ADF's capabilities by

improving the readiness and equipment of ADF units, expanding the ADF and increasing Real versus

nominal value (economics)|real Defence expenditure by 3% per

year;Thomson (2005b), p


Par value - Stock

1 Thus, par value is the nominal value of a security which is determined by

the issuing company to be its minimum price


Control moment gyroscope - International Space Station

1 Since the CMGs are momentum-exchange devices, external control torques must be used to desaturate

the CMGs, that is, bring the momentum back to nominal value


Crisis of the Third Century - Economic impact

1 Real versus nominal value|Real values continued to be figured in

gold coinage, but the silver coin, the denarius, used for 300 years, was gone (1 pound of gold = 40 gold

aureus|aurei = 1000 denarius|denarii = 4000 sestertius|sestertii)


1980s oil glut

1 The inflation adjusted Real versus nominal value (economics)|real 2004

dollar value of oil fell from an average of $78.2 in 1981 to an

average of $26.8 per barrel in 1986.[http://cta.ornl.gov/data/tedb26/Spreadsheets/Table10_03.xls Oak Ridge

National Lab data]


Scenario Design Power

1 The 'thermal design power' ('TDP'), sometimes called 'thermal design point', refers to the maximum amount of heat

generated by the CPU, which the computer cooling|cooling system in a computer is

required to dissipation|dissipate in typical operation. Rather than specifying CPU's

real CPU power dissipation|power dissipation, TDP serves as the nominal

value for designing CPU cooling systems.


Share Premium

1 'Capital surplus' is a term that frequently appears as a balance sheet item as a component of

shareholders' equity. Capital surplus is used to account for that amount

which a company (law)|firm raises in excess of the par value (nominal

value) of the shares (common stock).


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