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© Nokia Solutions and Networks 2015 RA41211EN70GLA0

LTE Radio Parameters 1 [RL70]

LTE Functionalities and Features Overview

Nokia Academy

2 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2015 RA41211EN70GLA0

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LTE/EPC Network Elements

Main references to architecture in 3GPP specs.: TS23.401,TS23.402,TS36.300

LTE-UE

Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)

MME S10

S6a

Serving

Gateway

S1-U

S11

PDN

Gateway

PDN

Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

PCRF

S7 Rx+

SGi S5/S8

Evolved Node B

(eNB)

X2

LTE-Uu

HSS

Mobility

Management

Entity Policy &

Charging Rule

Function

S-GW /P-GW

eNB

HSS: Home subscriber server ( part of IMS)


LTE Radio Interface and the X2 Interface

LTE-Uu interface

• Air interface of LTE

• Based on OFDMA in DL and SC-FDMA in UL

• FDD and TDD duplex methods

• Scalable bandwidth 1.4MHz to currently 20 MHz

X2 interface

• Inter eNB interface

• X2AP: special signaling protocol

• Functionalities:

– For an inter- eNB HO to facilitate handover and provide data forwarding.

– In RRM to provide e.g. load information to neighboring eNBs to facilitate interference management

– Logical interface: It does not need direct site-to-site connection, i.e. it can be routed via core network as well

(E)-RRC User PDUs User PDUs

PDCP

..

RLC

MAC

LTE-L1 (FDD/TDD-OFDMA/SC-FDMA)

TS 36.300

eNB

LTE-Uu

eNB

X2

User PDUs

GTP-U

UDP

IP

L1/L2

TS 36.424

X2-UP

(User Plane) X2-CP

(Control Plane)

X2-AP

SCTP

IP

L1/L2 TS 36.421

TS 36.422

TS 36.423

TS 36.421

TS 36.420

UDP: User Datagram Protocol ( L4 Transport Layer) . Similar to TCP but only provides connectionless service.


S1-MME & S1-U Interfaces

S1-MME interface

• Control interface between eNB and MME

• S1AP:S1 Application Protocol

• MME and UE will exchange non-access stratum signaling via eNB through this interface ( i.e. authentication, tracking area updates)

S1-U interface

• User plane interface between eNB and serving gateway

• Pure user data interface (U=User plane)

MME

Serving

Gateway

S1-MME

(Control Plane)

S1-U

(User Plane)

NAS Protocols

S1-AP

SCTP

IP

L1/L2

User PDUs

GTP-U

UDP

IP

L1/L2

TS 36.411

TS 36.411

TS 36.412

TS 36.413

TS 36.414

TS 36.410

[currently in TS 36.300 §19]

eNB

S1 interface is divided into two parts:


Physical Layer Technologies

FDD Carrier Bandwidth

[MHz]

Number of Resource Blocks

1.4 6

3 15

5 25

10 50

15 75

20 100

- Downlink: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency

Division Multiple Access).

- Uplink: SC-FDMA (Single-Carrier Frequency

Division Multiple Access).

- Both FDD and TDD modes available.

- Subcarrier spacing 15 kHz.

- Scalable bandwidth.

Note: All bandwidth variants are supported by RL70.


7 symbols (0.5 ms)

12

su

bca

rrie

rs

(18

0 k

Hz)

Symbol rate = 168 ksps

• QPSK => 2 bits per symbol => 336 kbps

• 16QAM => 4 bits per symbol => 672 kbps

• 64QAM => 6 bits per symbol => 1.008 Mbps

Resource Block (RB)

• Basic unit of resource

• 12 subcarriers wide in the frequency domain

• 7 symbols long in the time domain

• Thus, 84 symbols per resource block

• Bit Rate per Resource Block depends upon modulation scheme

Exercise - Theoretical RB Capacity

(normal cyclic prefix case)

Bit Rates per

Resource Block

Based upon 3GPP TS 36.211

TTI is 1 ms, i.e. duration of 2 resource blocks


Channel Bandwidth

1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz

QPSK 2.016 5.040 8.400 16.800 25.200 33.600

16QAM 4.032 10.080 16.800 33.600 50.400 67.200

64QAM 6.048 15.120 25.200 50.400 75.600 100.800

64QAM (2×2 MIMO) 12.096 30.240 50.400 100.800 151.200 201.600

64QAM (4×4 MIMO) 24.192 60.480 100.800 201.600 302.400 403.200

• Bit Rates per Resource Block Number of Resource Blocks

• These bit rates are applicable to the bottom of the Physical Layer, i.e. coding rate has not been taken into account

• Also requirement to account for the overheads generated by Reference and Synchronization Signals + other Physical Channels

Exercise - Theoretical LTE Bit Rates - Downlink

Figures in Mbps


Modulation coding 1.4 MHz 3.0 MHz 5.0 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz QPSK 1/2 Single stream 0.7 2.1 3.5 7.0 10.6 14.1 16QAM 1/2 Single stream 1.4 4.1 7.0 14.1 21.2 28.3 16QAM 3/4 Single stream 2.2 6.2 10.5 21.1 31.8 42.4 64QAM 3/4 Single stream 3.3 9.3 15.7 31.7 47.7 63.6 64QAM 4/4 Single stream 4.3 12.4 21.0 42.3 63.6 84.9 64QAM 3/4 2x2 MIMO 6.6 18.9 31.9 64.3 96.7 129.1 64QAM 1/1 2x2 MIMO 8.8 25.3 42.5 85.7 128.9 172.1 64QAM 1/1 4x4 MIMO 16.6 47.7 80.3 161.9 243.5 325.1

LTE Peak Layer 1 Data Rates

• Downlink: Peak Rate 172 Mbps with 2x2 MIMO and 20 MHz

Modulation coding 1.4 MHz 3.0 MHz 5.0 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz QPSK 1/2 Single stream 0.7 2.0 3.5 7.1 10.8 14.3 16QAM 1/2 Single stream 1.4 4.0 6.9 14.1 21.6 28.5 16QAM 3/4 Single stream 2.2 6.0 10.4 21.2 32.4 42.8 16QAM 1/1 Single stream 2.9 8.1 13.8 28.2 43.2 57.0 64QAM 3/4 Single stream 3.2 9.1 15.6 31.8 48.6 64.2 64QAM 1/1 Single stream 4.3 12.1 20.7 42.3 64.8 85.5 64QAM 1/1 V-MIMO (cell) 8.6 24.2 41.5 84.7 129.6 171.1

20 MHz

• Uplink: Peak Rate 57 Mbps with 20 MHz and 16QAM


LTE UE Categories

• All categories support 20 MHz

• 64QAM mandatory in downlink, but not in uplink (except Class 5 and 8)

• 2x2 or higher MIMO mandatory in classes in Classes >1

• Class 6, 7 & 8 added for R10

Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5

10/5 Mbps 50/25 Mbps

100/50 Mbps

150/50 Mbps

299/75 Mbps

Peak rate DL/UL

20 MHz RF bandwidth

20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz

64QAM Modulation DL

64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM

16QAM Modulation UL

16QAM 64QAM 16QAM 16QAM

Yes Rx diversity Yes Yes Yes Yes

Optional MIMO DL 2x2 4x4 2x2 2x2

Class 6 Class 7 Class 8

301/50 Mbps

301/102 Mbps

3000/1500 Mbps

20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz

64QAM 64QAM 64QAM

64QAM 16QAM 16QAM

Yes Yes Yes

8x8 2x2 or 4x4 2x2 or 4x4


RRM Framework Scope of RRM:

Management and optimized utilization of the (scarce) radio resources:

• Provision for each service/bearer/user an adequate QoS (if applicable)

• Increasing the overall radio network capacity and optimizing quality

UE scope: Handover control, power control, Adaptive Modulation and Coding, outer link quality control, MIMO

Cell scope: Radio Admission Control, Congestion Control

eNode B scope: Packet Scheduler (cell scope for simpler implementation)

RAN scope: Load Balancing

Multi-RAT scope: Interworking with GSM/EDGE, UMTS and CDMA2000, inter-RAT HO


RRM Framework

•Radio Admission Control : Admission control will be in charge of deciding when new users (or mobility users) are allowed to establish bearers in the cell

•Handover control: Is in charge of the mobility control within the LTE RRM. Based on UE reported events it will select the appropriate target cell for HO and initiate mobility procedures.

•Packet Scheduler: Is in charge of UL and DL scheduling every TTI and resource allocation. PS will decide which users are scheduled on a TTI basis, the location and the amount of resources allocated to each user.

•AMC (OLQC, OLLA): AMC will perform link adaptation tasks to ensure radio resources are used in the most efficient way possible.

•MIMO: This module is in charge of selecting whether Transmit diversity, Spatial multiplexing or dynamic switching between previous two modes will be employed for every user based on UE feedback

•Power control: For DL it will be a semi static configuration but for UL RRM will provide feedback for closed loop power control to reduce UL interference.

Functional Description of the different RRM Modules


Layer 3 RRM

Connection Mobility Control

Layer 2 RRM

Time Scale

Call Duration

Interhandover Time

Channel Fading Time

Burst or Packet Duration

Traffic, Channel and Location Variations

Radio Admission Control

Fast DL AMC

1 ms

10 ms

100 ms

1 s

10 s

100 s

Load Balancing , Congestion Control

Packet Scheduling (UL/DL), fast ATB ATB = Adaptive Transmission Bandwidth

L3 Signaling Delay

Slow UL Power Control (open/closed

Loop)

Outer Link Quality Control (OLQC)

UE DRX/DTX Control

LTE TTI

Slow UL LA/AMC, Slow UL ATB

Dynamic MIMO

Control

RRM Framework: Time Scale of RRM Functions


RL70 features

Radio Resource Management and Telecom features

LTE1042: Nominal Bitrate for non-GBR bearers LTE1113: eICIC - macro LTE1127: Service Based Mobility Trigger LTE1140: Intra-Frequency Load Balancing LTE1406: Extended VoLTE talk time LTE1496: eICIC - micro LTE1562: Carrier aggregation for multicarriere Node Bs LTE1617: RLF Triggered Handover LTE1691: Uplink intra-eNB CoMP 4Rx LTE1731: Serving PLMN ID Change During X2 Based Handover LTE1800: Downlink interference shaping LTE1803: Downlink carrier aggregation 3 CC - 40 MHz LTE1841: Inter-Frequency Load Equalization LTE1894: Reference signal power deboosting LTE2033: Additional carrier aggregation band combinations - I LTE2050: Load triggered Idle Mode Load Balancing LTE2091: FDD Supercell Extension LTE2112: Dedicated Mobility Thresholds for SRVCC LTE2209: eICIC enhancements - macro


RL70 features

Transport and transmission features

LTE610: Timing over Packet Resilience LTE648: SCTP Multi-homing

LTE891: Timing over Packet with Phase Synch LTE1240: User Layer TCP MSS clamping

LTE1266: BTS and BTS Site Reset Support LTE1710: Sync Hub Direct Forward

LTE1753: Backup IPsec Tunnel

LTE1781: Integrated Multi-GNSS Sync Support


RL70 features

Operability features

LTE908: ANR Inter-RAT UTRAN - Fully UE-based LTE1076: Support of TLS 1.2 LTE1448: VLAN Scan Optimization LTE1474: Basic Multiradio BTS Boot-up LTE1481: OMS LDAP web GUI LTE1634: Remote RF-diagnostics for Flexi Multiradio BTS LTE1634: Remote RF-diagnostics for Flexi Multiradio LTE1685: Neighbor Relation Robustness LTE1721: X2 IP Address Exchange LTE1768: MRO Ping Pong LTE1808: Automatic PUCCH Capacity Optimization LTE1821: Neighbor Detection Optimization for HetNet LTE1822: PCI Assignment Optimization for HetNet LTE1823: Neighbor Prioritization Optimization for HetNet LTE1854: System Upgrade to RL70 LTE1914: RIP (Received Interference Power) measurement report extension/Support RIP initiated alarms LTE1951: Automatic Configuration support for CA for multi-carrier eNBs LTE2020: PRACH Management Optimization for HetNet


RL70 features

Performance monitoring features

LTE1053: Real-time KPI-monitoring with Traffica LTE1491: Additional Layer 1 performance measurements

LTE1501: Measurement Report (MR) addition to cell trace LTE1697: Timing Advance Histogram PM-counter

LTE1740: PM Counters enhancement for RAB-modification/context/TM7 LTE1931: Measurement Report addition with UE Uplink SINR

LTE1935: PM counters for E-RAB HO incoming; RRC/ERAB setup time

LTE1960: PM-Counters for E-RAB Establishment monitoring (non-GBR QCI) LTE2054: Measurement Report addition with PDCP KPI counter subset


RL70 features BTS site solution features

LTE1149: FHFB Flexi RRH 4TX 1900installing Flexi LTE1556: 3-RAT RF Sharing 2G-3G and 2G-4G LTE1719: FXED Flexi RF Module 6TX 1800 LTE1728: FWEA Flexi Zone BTS 1800 (Band 3) LTE1745: Up to 12 optical RF ports for high capacity BTS configurations LTE1746: LTE extended configurations up to 6 frequency bands LTE1961: FWHC Flexi Zone Enhanced BTS 2600 (Band 7, Low Band) LTE1977: RAS configurations in RL70 LTE2002: FWHG Flexi Zone Indoor BTS 2600 (Band 7) LTE2019: Advanced Dual Carrier Operation within same RF Unit LTE2028: Outdoor External GNSS Module with Enhanced Holdover - FYGG LTE2032: FHGA Low Power RRH 2TX 2100 (Trial) LTE2040: FHDA Flexi RRH 2TX 900 LTE2041: FHEF Flexi RRH 2TX 1800installing Flexi LTE2055: FWFA Flexi Zone BTS 1900 (Band 25) LTE2079: LTE-GSM RF sharing with full FBBC support LTE2080: LTE-WCDMA RF sharing with full FBBC support LTE2118: Directional Antenna for 7.2L Micro LTE2136: FWHH Flexi Zone Indoor Pico BTS Band7 + WiFi LTE2212: FWIC FZ Indoor Pico Band AWS with WiFi LTE2213: FWFB FZ Indoor Pico Band PCS (2/25) with WiFi LTE2338: FWHO Flexi Zone BTS 2600 (Band 7, Low Band) LTE2339: FWHN Flexi Zone BTS 2600 (Band 7, High Band) LTE2340: FWHM Flexi Zone Enhanced BTS 2600 (Band 7, High Band) LTE2452: Flexi RAS Single RRH FASA (1.8m/6ft Antenna)


LTE (FDD) RRM & Telecom Roadmap

Services

Cell Resource Groups

Multimedia Priority Service

Capacity / Coverage

Downlink Carrier Aggregation

40 MHz

UL Intra eNB CoMP

Interference Aware Uplink

Power Control

C-Plane Overload Handling

Mobility

RAN Information Management

Support

Inter RAT Handover from

WCDMA

eCS Fallback to CDMA/1xRTT

Inter RAT Handover to eHRPD

RL60

RL70

FDD-LTE15 Under Planning

User Experience & Radio Efficiency

Downlink Carrier Aggregation 3CC -40 MHz

Multiband Carrier Aggregation

Nominal Bitrate

Intra Frequency Load Balancing

eICIC / FeICIC

DL CoMP - DL Interference Shaping

Radio Link Failure Triggered Handover

Service based mobility

Inter Frequency Load Equalization

Site Solutions

Extended RF Connectivity with Multilayer Configurations

Flexi RF Module 6x60W 1800*

3-RAT RF sharing 2G-3G & 2G-4G

Flexi Zone Micro BTS

Operational Excellence

MDT Enhancements

HetNet Deployment Optimization

Real Time KPI Monitoring

MRO for Ping Pong

Inter RAT ANR WCDMA – UE based

Transport

Timing over Packet with Phase Synch

TCP MSS Clamping

SCTP Multi-homing

Timing-over-Packet Resilience

Backup IPsec tunnel

User Experience & Radio Efficiency

Downlink Carrier Aggregation 3 CC - 60 MHz

Flexible SCell Selection

LTE eMBMS

LTE-UTRAN Load Balancing

Site Solutions

Inter eNB RF Sharing

eNode B Power Saving

Flexi Metro RRH 2100

Operational Excellence

Mobility Robustness Optimization Inter RAT

MDT UE measurement logs

Flexi Multiradio BTS Antenna Rx RF-Sniffing

Parameter Level Logging

Transport

Dual U-plane IP Addresses

Source Based Routing in BTS

Hybrid Synchronization

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