noise pollution

NOISE POLLUTION

By- Kunal (13112047) Prachet Sokhiya (13112066) Manish Kumar Sarva (13112051) Nitesh Garg (13112063)

CONTENTS

1. Introduction 2. Concept and Characteristics 3. Sources of Noise Pollution 4. Effects of Noise Pollution 5. Control of Noise Pollution

INTRODUCTION

The word noise comes from the Latin word noxia meaning "injury" or "hurt" . Noise is an unwanted, unpleasant and annoying sound caused by vibration of the matter.

Noise Pollution

Disturbing or excessive noise that may harm the activity or balance of human or animal life. The source of most outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused by machines and transportation systems, motor vehicles, aircraft, and trains.

Types (Sources) of Noise

There are 2 kinds of noise pollution- A. Community Noise/ Environmental Noise (non industrial noise pollution).• Air craft noise• Roadway noise pollution• Under water noise pollution B. Occupational Noise(Industrial Noise Pollution)

CONTRIBUTORS

Community Noise

Community noise (also called environmental noise, residential noise or domestic noise) is defined as noise emitted from all sources, except at the industrial workplace.

Main sources of community noise include road, rail and air traffic, construction and public work, and the neighborhood.

Air Craft Noise Pollution

Noise from planes flying over residential areas impairs people's ability to work, learn in school and sleep, and consequently also results in lowered property values in affected areas.

Roadway Noise Pollution

Roadway noise is the collective sound energy emanating from motor vehicles.

It contributes more to environmental noise exposure than any other noise source, and is constituted chiefly of engine, tire, aerodynamic and braking elements.

Under Water Noise Pollution

This is intense human-generated noise in the marine environment. It is caused by use of explosives, oceanographic experiments,

geophysical research, underwater construction, ship traffic, intense active sonars and air guns used for seismic surveys for oil and related activities.

Occupational Noise Pollution

The many and varied sources of noise is industrial machinery and processes include: rotors, gears, turbulent fluid flow, impact processes, electrical machines, internal combustion engines, pneumatic equipment, drilling, crushing, blasting, pumps and compressors.

Effects of Noise Pollution

HEARING IMPAIRMENT The WHO recommends that unprotected exposure to sound

levels greater than 100 dB should be limited in duration (4 h) and frequency (four times/yr).

The threshold for pain is usually given as 140 dB Levels greater than 165 dB, even for a few milliseconds, are

likely to cause acute cochlear damage


IT DECREASES THE EFFICIENCY OF A MAN Regarding the impact of noise on human efficiency there are number of

experiments which print out the fact that human efficiency increases with noise reduction

. A study by in India suggested that reducing industrial booths could improve the quality of their work.

. Noise can adversely affect performance, for example in reading, attentiveness, problem solving and memory.


LACK OF CONCENTRATION Noise causes lack of concentration. In big cities, mostly all the

offices are on main road. The noise of traffic or the loud speakers of different types of

horns divert the attention of the people working in offices. Deficits in concentration can lead to accidents.


ABORTION There should be cool and calm atmosphere during the pregnancy. Unpleasant

sounds make a lady of irriative nature. Sudden Noise causes abortion in females.

MENTAL ILLNESS Noise pollution may cause or contribute to the following adverse effects:

anxiety, stress, nervousness, nausea, headache, emotional instability, argumentativeness, sexual impotence, changes in mood, increase in social conflicts, neurosis, hysteria, and psychosis.


It Causes Heart Attack Noise Pollution causes Increase in the rate of heart-beat, increased

cholesterol level and Constriction of blood vessels which leads to blood pressure that resulted in heart attack.

Acute exposure to noise activates nervous and hormonal responses, leading to temporary increases in blood pressure, heart rate, and vasoconstriction.

High levels of stress hormones such as cortisol, adrenaline, and noradrenalin can lead to hypertension, stroke, heart failure, and immune problems.


Temporary or permanent Deafness Physicist, physicians & psychologists are of the view that continued

exposure to noise level above. 80 to 100 dB is unsafe, loud noise causes temporary or permanent deafness.

Aggressive Behavior Noise above 80 dB may increase aggressive behavior.


EFFECT ON ANIMALS Noise can have a detrimental effect on animals by causing stress,

increasing risk of mortality by changing the delicate balance in predator/prey detection and avoidance, and by interfering with their use of sounds in communication especially in relation to reproduction and in navigation.

Noise also makes species communicate louder, which is called Lombard vocal response. Scientists and researchers have conducted experiments that show whales' song length is longer when submarine-detectors are on.


Sleep Interference Very high levels of noise can wake people from their sleep with a jerk

and keep them awake or disturb their sleep pattern. This could make them irritable and tired

continuous noise in excess of 60 dB disturbs sleep. Noise more than 100dB can cause problems such as partial deafness.

MEASUREMENT OF NOISE

A decibel is the standard for the measurement of noise. 20 dB is whisper. 40 dB the noise in a quiet office. 60 dB is normal conversation. 80 dB is the level at which sound becomes physically painful. And can be termed as noise.


Sound power level-• Sound power or acoustic power is the rate at which sound energy is

emitted, reflected, transmitted or received, per unit time.• Sound power level (Lw)-


Sound intensity level-• Sound intensity is defined as the sound power per unit area.• Sound intensity level (LI)-


Sound pressure level-• Sound pressure or acoustic pressure is the local pressure deviation from

the ambient (average, or equilibrium) atmospheric pressure, caused by a sound wave.

• Sound pressure level (SPL) (Lp)-


To measure noise, the average pressure level of the sound is measured for a particular amount of time by a weighting scale.

The gadgets used to measure noise are noise level meter, noise dosimeter and impulse-sound level meter. Noise dosimeter can be worn by the person and works better than noise level meter.

Noise Dosimeter

A noise dosimeter is a specialized sound level meter intended specifically to measure the noise exposure of a person integrated over a period of time.

Dosimeters can function as personal or area noise monitors. Current dosimeters are designed to provide the user with parameters such as noise dose, time-weighted average, sound exposure level, as well as peak, maximum, and minimum sound pressure levels.

Noise Level Meter

A noise level meter is used for measurement of sound that travels through air.

It is commonly a hand-held instrument with a microphone. The diaphragm of the microphone responds to changes in air pressure caused by sound waves.

AMBIENT NOISE MONITORING DATA OF 7 MAJOR CITIES IN THE OCCASION OF DEEPAWALI

Source- cpcb.nic.in

Control of Noise Pollution

Noise generation is associated with most of our daily activities. Due to the various adverse impacts of noise on humans and

environment, noise should be controlled. I. Conduct a Noise Assessment II. Take steps to prevent or control the risks

1. the extent of the noise reduction required2. nature of the equipment used 3. the economy aspects of the available techniques

NOISE SURVEY

NO RISK

NOISE HAZARD ZONE

REDUCE EFFECT

REDUCE LEVELNOISE

UCE REDEXPOSURE TIME

SE NOIREDUCTION

URCEAT SO

INTERRUPT TRANSMISSION

PATH

ISOLATE PERSON

PERSONAL EAR

PROTECTION

NOISE NUATING ATTE

UGES REF

OB JATIONROT

MONITORING AUDIOMETRY

Noise Control at Source

The noise pollution can be controlled at the source of generation itself by employing techniques like: Reducing the noise levels from domestic sectors Maintenance of automobiles fitting silencers to exhausts Prohibition on usage of loud speakers using quieter pieces of equipment (or purchase new technology

equipment) Control over vibrations

Control in the transmission path

Installation of barriers Installation of panels or enclosures Green belt development

Using protection equipment

Protective equipment usage :after noise reduction at source and/or after the diversion or engineered control of transmission path

Noise cancellation generators for active noise control are a relatively modern innovation: sound waves with opposite polarity (180° phase at all frequencies) are output through a speaker, causing destructive interference and cancelling much of the noise.

Reducing exposure time

Job rotation Refuges - noise-reduced enclosures for people

1. Noise refuges can be a practical solution in situations where noise control is very difficult, or where only occasional attendance in noisy areas is necessary.

2. The design of refuges will be similar to that of acoustic enclosures, although since the purpose is to keep noise out rather than in, lining the inner surfaces with acoustic absorbent material will not be necessary.

Industrial and Urban planning

Factories Act, 1948 prescribes the protection of workers against high noise levels (noise level > 90 dB (A)). The State Pollution Control Board and Inspector of Factories have powers to administer the control of noise pollution.

The Noise Pollution (REGUATION AND CONTROL) Rules 2000Area

Noise Limits, dB (A)

Day Time Night Time

Silence zone 50 45 Residential

area 55 45

Commercial area

65 55

Industrial area 75 65

Noise Pollution and Noise Control Acts. Prior to the 1987 amendments to the Air Act, 1981, the Act did not

include in it the regulation of noise pollution. But after the 1987 Amendments, noise has been recognised as an air pollutant.

Can it be said that using of the loud speakers is the exercise of the religious freedom enshrined under the Constitution of India ?

SC has held that no religion prescribed that prayers should be performed by disturbing the peace of others (Article 21 of the Constitution guarantees life and personal liberty to all persons.) nor does it preach that it should be through voice-amplifiers or beating of drums . In the name of religion nobody can be permitted to add to noise pollution or violate noise pollution norms. “…. discontinued or at least regulated….”

Exceptions to noise pollution laws

Railways Act, 1890 and Noise Control.-railway locomotives enjoys a statutory protection under the Indian than Railways Act, 1890 against any action for the noise created thereby. There is no provision in the Act, which provides for the regulation of noise by railway locomotives. Sec. 16 of the Act gives statutory authority for the use of locomotives to railway administration.

Under the Indian Aircraft Act, 1934 causing wilful damage or injury is actionable. Although there is no specific provision relating to control of noise pollution from aircrafts. According to Aircraft Act, 1934 and Indian Aircrafts (Public Health) rules, 1946 Government can make rules to control noise pollution for safeguarding health.

Noise restriction regulations and safety regulations are incorporated in the Aircrafts Rules.

CONCLUSION

Whether knowingly or unknowingly, everyone of us contribute to noise pollution, because most of our day-to-day activities generate some noise. Often neglected, noise pollution adversely affects the human being leading to irritation, loss of concentration, loss of hearing.

Identify the sources of noise pollution. Once identified, the reason(s) for increased noise levels should be assessed, efforts shall be made to reduce the undesired noise levels from (unwanted) noise generating sources.