nineteenth-century american education chapter 21
TRANSCRIPT
Nineteenth-Nineteenth-Century Century
American American EducationEducation
Chapter 21Chapter 21
Nineteenth-Century Nineteenth-Century American EducationAmerican Education • Education during the 19Education during the 19thth century set the century set the
ground work for the educational systems ground work for the educational systems currently in place across the country today. currently in place across the country today. There was a shift from religious control to There was a shift from religious control to state & government control of American state & government control of American education. The emphasis on universal education. The emphasis on universal
public education, inclusion of immigrants, public education, inclusion of immigrants, compulsory schooling, and tax supported compulsory schooling, and tax supported
education all influenced the establishment education all influenced the establishment of common schools and higher education of common schools and higher education
institutions. institutions.
Universal Universal EducationEducation
• Goal of universal education was to Goal of universal education was to create literate citizens who were create literate citizens who were
responsible individuals that would responsible individuals that would engage in civil service. This goal engage in civil service. This goal
included the integration of diverse included the integration of diverse religious and ethnic groups as a religious and ethnic groups as a
means of establishing national unity means of establishing national unity and identity. and identity.
Universal Education Universal Education IssuesIssues
• Belief that education was a means of Belief that education was a means of social advancementsocial advancement
• Belief in the social control theory- Belief in the social control theory- dominant groups would impose their dominant groups would impose their beliefs and values on the lower beliefs and values on the lower socioeconomic classsocioeconomic class
• Dominant groups shaped curriculum Dominant groups shaped curriculum • Property owners opposed paying taxes Property owners opposed paying taxes • Culturally diverse populations were afraid Culturally diverse populations were afraid
of losing their traditions and customs by of losing their traditions and customs by conforming to common schoolsconforming to common schools
Common Common SchoolsSchools
• Community institutions of Community institutions of elementary educationelementary education
• Advocates: Mann, Barnard, Carter, Advocates: Mann, Barnard, Carter, Edwards, Owens, & StevensEdwards, Owens, & Stevens
• American Lyceum MovementAmerican Lyceum Movement• Framework influenced by Prussian Framework influenced by Prussian
elementary school systems & elementary school systems & Pestalozzianism Pestalozzianism
American Lyceum American Lyceum MovementMovement
• Lyceum- origin word Lyceus (location Greece) Lyceum- origin word Lyceus (location Greece) where Aristotle would lecture and teach his where Aristotle would lecture and teach his studentsstudents
• Lyceum Movement- organized adult education Lyceum Movement- organized adult education forum: lectures, speeches, debates, instruction, forum: lectures, speeches, debates, instruction, dramatic performancesdramatic performances
• National American Lyceum organization-National American Lyceum organization-Contributed significantly to adult education (new Contributed significantly to adult education (new form of popular education); Ralph Waldo Emerson, form of popular education); Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry D. Thoreau, Abraham Lincoln, Susan B. Henry D. Thoreau, Abraham Lincoln, Susan B. Anthony, Mark Twain, Emma Hart Willard Anthony, Mark Twain, Emma Hart Willard (supporter of Women’s Education) (supporter of Women’s Education)
American Lyceum American Lyceum MovementMovement
Horace Mann (1796-Horace Mann (1796-1859)1859)
• Father of American Father of American common schoolcommon school
• Educated as a Educated as a lawyerlawyer
• Secretary of Secretary of Massachusetts Massachusetts Board of EducationBoard of Education
• CongressmanCongressman• President of President of
Antioch CollegeAntioch College
Mann’s Educational Mann’s Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy
• Individuals could achieve excellence through Individuals could achieve excellence through reasonable actions & respect for community and lawsreasonable actions & respect for community and laws
• Encouraged upper class to contribute and support Encouraged upper class to contribute and support common schools common schools
• Influenced by Transcendentalist philosophy- Influenced by Transcendentalist philosophy- educating the masses for purposes of instilling educating the masses for purposes of instilling morals and values and deemphasizing material morals and values and deemphasizing material objects; Supporter of Prussian educational systems objects; Supporter of Prussian educational systems
• Assimilation of immigrants into common schoolsAssimilation of immigrants into common schools• Common schools should be governed by school Common schools should be governed by school
boards and the public and should be supported by boards and the public and should be supported by the statethe state
Prussian Education Prussian Education SystemSystem
• Compulsory attendanceCompulsory attendance• National testingNational testing• National curriculumNational curriculum• National teacher trainingNational teacher training• Mandatory KindergartenMandatory Kindergarten• Skills for industrialized world & ethics and Skills for industrialized world & ethics and
discipline educationdiscipline education• http://www.answers.com/topic/prussian-edhttp://www.answers.com/topic/prussian-ed
ucation-systemucation-system
Henry Barnard (1811-Henry Barnard (1811-1900)1900)
• Secretary of the State Secretary of the State Board of Board of Commissioners of Commissioners of Common Schools in Common Schools in Connecticut Connecticut
• Conservative Conservative philosophically and philosophically and politically politically
• Supporter of economic Supporter of economic individualismindividualism
• Supporter of improving Supporter of improving teacher educationteacher education
Common School Common School LegislationLegislation
• Tenth Amendment Constitution- education Tenth Amendment Constitution- education was decentralized and states were granted was decentralized and states were granted authority over educational systemsauthority over educational systems
• Allow school districts to function Allow school districts to function administratively and implement taxesadministratively and implement taxes
• Development of school districts & fundingDevelopment of school districts & funding• Compulsory and tax supported educationCompulsory and tax supported education
Secondary Secondary EducationEducation
• Latin Grammar Schools- Latin Grammar Schools- upper preparatory upper preparatory classical curriculumclassical curriculum
• Academy Schools- College Academy Schools- College prep courses, English prep courses, English courses, Teacher courses, Teacher education courses education courses (Military, Scientific, (Military, Scientific, Commercial Academies); Commercial Academies); concerns with curriculum concerns with curriculum design & lack of universal design & lack of universal accreditation systemaccreditation system
• Academies were replaced Academies were replaced by public high schools by public high schools
Women in the 19Women in the 19thth CenturyCentury
• Early 19Early 19thth century- role of wife, mother, house century- role of wife, mother, house keeperkeeper
• Childbearing (health concern) & high infant Childbearing (health concern) & high infant mortality rates concerns for womenmortality rates concerns for women
• Late 19Late 19thth century- wife, mother, worked outside century- wife, mother, worked outside of home (labor/skilled workers), & consumersof home (labor/skilled workers), & consumers
• Reform: Woman’s Christian Temperance Reform: Woman’s Christian Temperance Movement & Women’s Suffrage Movement & Women’s Suffrage
• Mary Wollstonecraft, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, & Mary Wollstonecraft, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, & Susan B. Anthony Susan B. Anthony
Women and Education in Women and Education in the 19the 19thth Century Century
• Public support of education for boys & girlsPublic support of education for boys & girls• Belief- Women should be educated because Belief- Women should be educated because
they raise children & moral companions of men they raise children & moral companions of men (opposition of college education for women)(opposition of college education for women)
• College educated women often did not marry; College educated women often did not marry; Women treated unequally in CollegesWomen treated unequally in Colleges
• Mind set-”The proper education of a man Mind set-”The proper education of a man decides the welfare of an individual; but educate decides the welfare of an individual; but educate a woman, and the interests of a whole family are a woman, and the interests of a whole family are secured” Catherine Beechersecured” Catherine Beecher
• http://womenshistory.about.com/library/etext/bl_http://womenshistory.about.com/library/etext/bl_etext_index.htmetext_index.htm
Initiatives for womenInitiatives for women
• The first coeducational college The first coeducational college established, Oberlin College, 1833. established, Oberlin College, 1833.
• First all women colleges, (first enduring) First all women colleges, (first enduring) Vassar, 1861 and Bryn Mawr, 1880—Vassar, 1861 and Bryn Mawr, 1880—first graduate school for women.first graduate school for women.
• Yet in 1850 Antoinette Brown Yet in 1850 Antoinette Brown completed theology, but refused completed theology, but refused degree. (Oberlin)degree. (Oberlin)
Women continuedWomen continued
• Significant women—a few more renowned: Significant women—a few more renowned: • 1840s Elizabeth Blackwell first American 1840s Elizabeth Blackwell first American
woman to receive a medical degree.woman to receive a medical degree.• South Carolina, Limestone Springs Female South Carolina, Limestone Springs Female
High School founded, 1845 “pioneering High School founded, 1845 “pioneering occurrence in the South.”occurrence in the South.”
• Elizabeth Palmer Peabody first English Elizabeth Palmer Peabody first English speaking kindergarten, Boston 1860s.speaking kindergarten, Boston 1860s.
• Maria Mitchell, Vassar, first woman Maria Mitchell, Vassar, first woman admitted American to Academy of Arts admitted American to Academy of Arts and Sciences.and Sciences.
Women continuedWomen continued
• Emma Hart Willard created beginnings of Emma Hart Willard created beginnings of advanced ed for women with Middleburg advanced ed for women with Middleburg Seminar for Women, Vermont. Her subsequent Seminar for Women, Vermont. Her subsequent essay “A Plan for Female Education” influential essay “A Plan for Female Education” influential in promoting cause of learning for women.in promoting cause of learning for women.
• 1875 six women elected to school committee 1875 six women elected to school committee by men and are allowed to vote on committee.by men and are allowed to vote on committee.
• By 1900 women represent 75 % of teachersBy 1900 women represent 75 % of teachers
High SchoolsHigh Schools
• High schools emerged as High schools emerged as urbanization continued and their urbanization continued and their curriculum became much more curriculum became much more focused on the industrial focused on the industrial requirements rather than on the requirements rather than on the classics. State supported taxation for classics. State supported taxation for high schools came under attack in high schools came under attack in Michigan in 1874. Michigan in 1874.
CollegesColleges
• Colleges were still following much of Colleges were still following much of the familiar European structure calling the familiar European structure calling for the classics and being primarily for for the classics and being primarily for religious purposes through the early religious purposes through the early portion of the century, but began to portion of the century, but began to change to meet the changing change to meet the changing economic, social and industrial economic, social and industrial requirement, especially with the Morrill requirement, especially with the Morrill acts.acts.
Morrill ActsMorrill Acts
• Provided land the Provided land the sale/rental of which sale/rental of which provided funds for the provided funds for the states to create states to create universities.universities.
• Morrill Acts-federal Morrill Acts-federal government required government required land grant colleges to land grant colleges to provide military provide military training, agricultural, training, agricultural, and mechanical and mechanical training training
• 1890 provided 1890 provided same opportunity same opportunity to create colleges to create colleges for African for African Americans.Americans.
Teacher Education & Teacher Education & Normal SchoolsNormal Schools
• During the 1830s and 40s normal During the 1830s and 40s normal school, originally two year school, originally two year institutions, were created for institutions, were created for educating teachers. They were later educating teachers. They were later expanded to three years and finally expanded to three years and finally emerged as full four year degree emerged as full four year degree granting universities. granting universities.
African American Ed African American Ed MilestonesMilestones• 1840s still illegal to teach slaves to read1840s still illegal to teach slaves to read• 1849 Mass refuses Sarah Brown entrance 1849 Mass refuses Sarah Brown entrance
to public school & sets basis for Plessy v to public school & sets basis for Plessy v Ferguson—1896)Ferguson—1896)
• 1850 Cooper Union, NY first to ban 1850 Cooper Union, NY first to ban admission based on race, religion, or coloradmission based on race, religion, or color
• 1855 Massachusetts passes anti school 1855 Massachusetts passes anti school segregation law 6 yrs too late for Brownsegregation law 6 yrs too late for Brown
• 1860s AA schools still segregated even in 1860s AA schools still segregated even in North—rundown buildings etc.North—rundown buildings etc.
African American continuedAfrican American continued
• 1860s; Several black institutions emerge: 1860s; Several black institutions emerge: Howard University, Morehouse College, Howard University, Morehouse College, Fisk University, and Hampton InstituteFisk University, and Hampton Institute
• 1877 500,000 black children in school in 1877 500,000 black children in school in spite of southern efforts.spite of southern efforts.
• 1881 Spelman College first Black Female 1881 Spelman College first Black Female Liberal Arts College foundedLiberal Arts College founded
• 1883 Booker T. Washington founded 1883 Booker T. Washington founded Tuskeegee InstituteTuskeegee Institute
More African AmericanMore African American
• Fanny Jackson Coppin becomes Head of Fanny Jackson Coppin becomes Head of Institute for Colored Youth in Philadelphia Institute for Colored Youth in Philadelphia and trains teachers to work in inferior and trains teachers to work in inferior schools provided for African American schools provided for African American students.students.
• 1890 Second Morrill Land Grant Act passed 1890 Second Morrill Land Grant Act passed established several Black land grant collegesestablished several Black land grant colleges
• 1896 Plessy v Ferguson Supreme Court rules 1896 Plessy v Ferguson Supreme Court rules for separate but equal, applied to schools, for separate but equal, applied to schools, which remains until Brown v. Board of which remains until Brown v. Board of Education in 1954Education in 1954
Review of events of the Review of events of the 19th century19th century
• Public elementary schools and high Public elementary schools and high schools establishedschools established
• First time in 300 years ABC method First time in 300 years ABC method not only method for teaching readingnot only method for teaching reading
• McGuffey reader introduced and is McGuffey reader introduced and is center of reading into 20center of reading into 20thth century century
ReferencesReferences
• http://www.connerprairie.org/historyonline/http://www.connerprairie.org/historyonline/1880wom.html1880wom.html
• http://womenshistory.about.com/library/ethttp://womenshistory.about.com/library/etext/bl_vindication000.htmext/bl_vindication000.htm
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Mannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Mann• http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/
1990/5/90.05.07.x.html1990/5/90.05.07.x.html• http://www.answers.com/topic/prussian-http://www.answers.com/topic/prussian-
education-systemeducation-system• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Prussian_education_systemPrussian_education_system
ReferencesReferences
• http://members.aol.com/AlphaChautauquan/http://members.aol.com/AlphaChautauquan/lyceum.htmllyceum.html
• http://womenhistory.about.com/od/work19th/http://womenhistory.about.com/od/work19th/
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyceum_movementLyceum_movement
• http://kclibrary,nhccd.edu/19thcentury.htmlhttp://kclibrary,nhccd.edu/19thcentury.html
• http://members.aol.com/aacdcrnnea/http://members.aol.com/aacdcrnnea/lawtime.htmlawtime.htm