nigeria sovereignty, authority, and power
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Nigeria Sovereignty, Authority, and Power. Presentation Outline . I. Sovereignty, Authority, and Power a) state, regimes, and nations b) Sovereignty c) Sources of legitimacy d) Political culture. I. a) state, regimes, and nations. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
NigeriaSovereignty, Authority,
and Power
Presentation Outline
I. Sovereignty, Authority, and Powera) state, regimes, and nationsb) Sovereigntyc) Sources of legitimacyd) Political culture
I. a) state, regimes, and nations The Nigerian state is a
relatively new creation, established in 1960 after gaining independence from Britain
Prior to 1960 Nigeria was part of British West Africa
Prior to British rule Nigeria was composed of several kingdoms and caliphates
Regimes
British colonial period, 1885-1960
Since Independence (1960): 1) Parliamentary democracy, 1960-1966 2) Military dictatorship, 1966-1979 3) republican democracy, 1979-1985 4) return to dictatorship, 1985-1999 5) republican democracy, 1999- present
British Colonial Rule, 1885-1960Indirect rule
Legacy:discovery of oil English languageEnglish common law Christianity democracy reinforcement of ethnic and
religious divisions
Red shaded areas represent British West Africa
Nigeria today
Military Dictatorship
Nigeria experienced several military coup d'états following independence
Military rule was characterized as authoritarian and corrupt
Democracy was reintroduced again in 1999
Former Nigerian president and dictator Sani Abacha, 1993-1998
His regime was characterized as one of the most corrupt in history and noted for its extensive human rights abuses
Republican Democracy, 1999-present
Sani Abacha’s death in 1998 paved the way for a transition to democracy
1999 Constitution created a presidential system, with checks and balances, modeled on American republican democracy
Since 1999 there have been regular elections for the Presidency, House of Representatives, and Senate
Although criticized as being fraudulent at times, the elections have nevertheless ensured a relatively peaceful transition of power from one government to the next
Nations Nigeria embodies the multi-
nation state It counts over 250 ethnic
groups/nations It is linguistically and culturally
diverse The three largest nations have
tended to dominate politics in Nigeria
1) Hausa-Fulani (North- Muslim)
2) Yoruba (Southwest- Christian)
3) Igbo (Southeast- Christian)
Left: linguistic groups in Nigeria
Nigeria national identity is weak. Most Nigerians tend to identify with their own ethnic group/local nation
I. b) Sovereignty
1) Nigerian federalism 2) Rentier state3) OPEC4) ECOWAS5) Structural Adjustments(IMF)
Nigerian federalism
Nigeria is a federal state composed of 36 states
Each state has its own elected unicameral assembly and elected Governor
Key Features of Federalism Nigeria is a more centralized federal state: The President must win at least 25% in
2/3 of Nigeria’s 36 states in order to be elected
The central government in Abuja controls taxation and distributes and allocates funds to the states
All resources (oil) are under federal jurisdiction
Consultation with the states is not needed in order to amend Nigeria’s constitution
Rentier state
Like Iran, Nigeria is a rentier state Nigeria sovereignty tends to be
stronger when oil prices are higher and lower when oil prices are low
Oil generates 98% of export earning, 83% of government revenue, and constitutes 40% of Nigeria’s GDP
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/02/nigerian-oil/oneill-text
OPEC membership
Like Iran, Nigeria is a member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and thus wields enormous economic and political influence on the world through this organization
ECOWAS
Nigeria plays a leading role in the Economic Community of West African States
It influences the region politically, economically, and has sent peacekeeping forces to states in ECOWAS experiencing instability, most notably in Cote D’Ivoire and Liberia http://www.ecowas.int/
For further inquiry see:
Structural Adjustment (IMF)
Oil prices declined significantly in the mid 1980s; with less oil revenue coming in and mounting debt General Babangida turned to the IMF for assistance
Beginning in 1985, Nigeria accepted IMF loans and help restructuring its debt
In return Nigeria had to cede some economic sovereignty by privatizing certain state-controlled industries, eliminating price controls, and allowing foreign direct investment
I. c) Sources of Legitimacy Nigeria’s instability rests on the fact that there
are few strong sources of legitimacy Its main claim to legitimacy rests on the 1999
Constitution
http://www.nigeriaworld.com/focus/constitution/
For further inquiry into Nigeria’s Constitution see:
1999 Constitution
The 1999 Constitution established independent executive, legislative, and judicial branches, a multi-party system with competitive elections, and a federal system
Rational legal legitimacy
Preamble to the 1999 Nigerian Constitution:
We the people of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, having firmly and solemnly resolve, to live in unity and harmony as one indivisible and indissoluble sovereign nation under God, dedicated to the promotion of inter-African solidarity, world peace, international co-operation and understanding, and to provide for a Constitution for the purpose of promoting the good government and welfare of all persons in our country, on the principles of freedom, equality and justice, and for the purpose of consolidating the unity of our people;
I. d) Political culture
1) Corruption (prebendalism)2) Ethnic and religious cleavages3) Active and engaged civil society
Prebendalism
Nigeria is not the only state which has an extensive patron-client system. Mexico, Russia, Iran, and China have one as well.
Prebendalism differs from other patron-client systems in two ways:
1) the patron always rewards clients with cash instead of land, jobs, or promotions
2) it operates almost exclusively within one’s own ethnic group/nation
Prebendalism in action
Votes and campaigns for government official
Receives government “grants” to plant crops “Patron”Hausa-Fulani government official
“Client”Hausa-Fulanifarmer
Ethnic and religious cleavages Nigeria’s two main cleavages are ethnic and
religious. Unlike other states we have examined this
years (China, Mexico, Iran, Russia, and the U.K.) relatively fewer Nigerians identify with the national state
Rather most Nigerians prefer to identify with their own ethnic group and nation; this has consequently weakened Nigerian national unity
Weak Nigerian identity
Source:Lewis, Peter (2005) Identity, Institutions, and Democracy in Nigeria. Afro Barometer, Working Paper No.68
Religion
Africa’s Muslim-Christian divide is strongly pronounced in Nigeria by virtue of Nigeria’s geography and history.
Northern Africa including the Sahel was Islamicized by Arab traders and Muslim conquest
Southern Africa, by contrast, was more affected by Christian missionaries and European colonization
Nigeria
Politicization of religion
Religion sharply divides Nigerians and has politicized the issues of national unity
http://www.pewforum.org/Politics-and-Elections/Nigerias-Presidential-Election-The-Christian-Muslim-Divide.aspx
Source:
Active and engaged civil society
Nigerians are very actively engaged in civil society
Though there is mistrust of political institutions, Nigerians overwhelmingly support democracy
http://www.pewglobal.org/2003/06/03/chapter-3-judging-democracy/
Source:
Nigerians certainly value democracy, whether they actually have obtained it is another question altogether
Discussion Questions
1) Compare and contrast Nigerian federalism with Mexican and Russian federalism.
2) What is the most unique feature of Nigeria’s political culture compared with the other states we have studied, explain.
3) Nigeria’s current regime only dates back to 1999. Are its sources of legitimacy strong enough to ensure the regime’s survival well into the 21st century?