nhd works cited 2015 (2)
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NHD Works Cited 2TRANSCRIPT
Bibliography Primary Sources: Arriola, Gus. "Gordo." Environment and Society Portal. 1984. Print. “Gordo” is a daily comic strip created by Gus Arriola and was the first major comic with Hispanic characters. It honored Rachel Carson on the anniversary of her death with both a Sunday and weekday strip, which assisted in my research by allowing me to understand how environmentalists felt towards Carson’s work. It also helped in my research by strengthening the impact of her legacy and its continuing relevance twenty years after her death. Carson, Rachel. "Environmental Hazards: Control of Pesticides and Other Chemical Poisons." Subcommittee on Reorganization and International Organizations of the Committee on Government Operations. 4 June 1963. Rachel Carson Council. Web. This source was a transcript of Rachel Carson’s testimony before the congressional subcommittee that was investigating the claims made in her book. It was one of her last public appearances and final plea to the public to change the way we treat our ecosystems. She discusses the sources of contamination and the ways the government can help to fix it, inserting real pieces of legislation into her argument to strengthen her point. It helped me to understand her perspective on the issue after the publication of Silent Spring and to strengthen my own project by hearing her side of her public battle. Carson, Rachel. Silent Spring. Boston: Mariner, 1962. Print. This book was the basis for the entirety of my research. Written by Rachel Carson in 1962, it demonstrates the clear, climactic style of writing that allowed her to explain pesticide use and its effects so poignantly to the American public. This writing style was also helpful to me-‐ by hearing Carson’s own words, I was able to capture the spirit of her fight and place it into my own project. This edition also included an introduction by Linda Lear, which detailed Carson’s background as a writer, and an afterward by Edward O. Wilson about Silent Spring’s effect on the environmental movement. DDT-‐ For Control of Household Pests. United States Department of Agriculture Mar. 1947: Print. This was an advertisement run by the USDA condoning the use of the DDT pesticide for controlling pests inside the home. It is significant because at this time, even the government was in support of the damaging pesticide-‐ it
wasn’t until Rachel Carson that it was considering harmful. It helped me to capture why the public believed DDT was good and understand the appeal that allowed it to become such an integral part of American culture. DDT on the Farm. 1952. Valhalla Movement, Montreal. This photograph depicted four men on a farm-‐ two city officials observing as two farmers sprayed DDT on their crops. Since none of the men are wearing any protection, it helped me to understand the misinformation the public received about the “safety” of synthetic pesticides. It also contributed to my website by demonstrating how liberally DDT was used, especially on crops. Doomsday for Pests. Prod. Jerry Fairbanks. Sherwin-‐Williams DDT, 1947. Film. This was a propaganda film advertising “Pestroy,” a new pesticide brand created by Sherwin-‐Williams. It discusses the benefits of DDT and presents it as a “miracle” product. To do this, it depicted scientists in high-‐tech laboratories and other imagery seen as new and advanced. It aided me in my research by showing me first-‐hand exactly how DDT became popularized-‐ through the deliberate use of advertising that showed only the benefits of DDT. Eisenstaedt, Alfred. Rachel Carson at Microscope. 1963. Chatham University, Pittsburgh. This is a photograph of Rachel Carson sitting at a microscope in her home examining a petri dish under a microscope. It was taken by Alfred Eisenstaedt, the photographer responsible for the iconic Times Square kiss photo after V-‐J day. This photo was an example of those neglected by the press because it portrayed Rachel Carson as the scientist she was, which helped me to understand how she was shown in popular culture by her critics. "Go Ahead and Eat, Says Cranberry Expert." Mirror News [Los Angeles] 11 Nov. 1959: n. pag. Print. This source was a newspaper article about the Cranberry Scare of 1959, one of the first environmental trepidations in American history. It helped me to understand the feelings the public had towards the environment in 1959 that allowed them to accept and fight for Silent Spring. I also included a photograph of the article in my project as it strengthens the idea that environmentalism was just starting to grow in the late 1950’s. Konig, George. Child Delousing. 1945. National Public Radio, Texas.
This was a photograph of a child being sprayed directly with DDT to cure head lice prior to the DDT ban in 1972. It helped to demonstrate to me just how liberally DDT was used-‐ neither the child nor the nurse administering the “treatment” were wearing any type of protection. It allowed me to understand the reasons why Rachel Carson wanted to change the way the public viewed chemicals-‐ to give the public the protection it so desperately needed. Lear, Linda, ed. Lost Woods: The Discovered Writing of Rachel Carson. Boston: Beacon, 1998. Print. This book was a collection of the “lost” writings of Rachel Carson, including early wildlife writing, journal entries and a letter to her physician near the end of her life. It was an incredibly powerful glimpse at Carson outside of the public eye and gave me valuable insight about her personality and activism. It also contains an introduction by editor Linda Rear about the legacy of Silent Spring itself and how it has permanently embedded itself into American culture. Lehrer, Tom. Pollution. Atlantic Records, 1967. MP3. This was an audio recording of Tom Lehrer’s song “Pollution,” a satirical piano piece about environmental damage in America. It reflected the many environmental issues facing the nation in 1967 and can be considered the first “activist” song of the new movement. It aided in my research by helping me to understand how people during this time felt about pollution and how awareness began to grow about the environmental crusade itself. Malarious Areas of the United States. Digital image. Center for Disease Control. Pan American Health Organization, Dec. 1969. Web. This image depicts four maps of the United States with highlighted portions showing areas infected by Malaria-‐ beginning at 1882 and ending in 1935. It is significant because these statistics were taken prior to Paul Müller’s discovery of DDT, therefore showing how disease carrying insects had ravaged the American south. It allowed me to demonstrate why DDT was used so liberally because of the large numbers of insects. Near Total DDT Ban Announced. Digital image. Michigan State University. Library of Congress, 1972. Web. This was a digital image of a newspaper headline published the year of the DDT ban. While it is just a small clipping, one is able to see the words “Environmental Protection Agency announced,” suggesting that this is one of the agency’s first major achievements. In addition, the size of bold typeset of
the headline allowed me to see how large and controversial a decision the DDT ban was in 1972. Norris, Len. "Silent Spring by Rachel Carson the Pesticide Threat." The Vancouver Sun. Vancouver: 1964. Print. This was a comic depicting a housewife swatting flies with her copy of Silent Spring. It reflected the opinions of Carson’s critics, who believed her to be an irrational woman with a great fear of bugs. This new perspective assisted me in my research by showing me ways that Carson was criticized by the public, which was incredibly beneficial when juxtaposed to the pro-‐Rachel Carson “Peanuts” cartoons. Nutrition Lab at American Cyanamid. 1960. University of New Mexico, New Mexico. This is a photograph of a research lab at American Cyanamid, the chemical company that employed outspoken Rachel Carson critic Dr. Robert White-‐ Stevens. The bright colors and large bottles of chemicals show the stereotypical idea of how new, “harmless” technologies were developed in the 1960’s. It helped me in my project by strengthening my idea of how people felt about chemicals during this time and how those chemicals were created. "Press Conference, 29 August 1962." Interview by John F. Kennedy. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. JFK Foundation, Web. This source was a recording of a press conference held by President John F. Kennedy in 1962, shortly before the Science Advisory Committee had begun to research Silent Spring. It demonstrates Kennedy’s knowledge of the environmental movement, which is crucial to understanding how public sentiment influenced White House actions. It also helps to strengthen the idea that Carson and Silent Spring had become an international movement. Schutz, Bob. Rachel Carson at Typewriter. 1963. AP Images, New York. This is a photograph of Rachel Carson sitting at the typewriter she used to write Silent Spring at her home in Washington, D.C. As a primary source, it helped me to see the way Rachel Carson wanted to be portrayed in the media-‐ as a brilliant writer and scientist-‐ rather than a housewife and mother. I used it in the “publication” section of my website to show how Silent Spring was written. Shapiro, Judy. E-‐mail interview. 28 Jan. 2015. This source was an e-‐mail interview with Judy Shapiro, a woman who grew up during the thalidomide era and the early age of the environmental
movement. Her personal experiences-‐ especially her childhood witnessing victims of thalidomide-‐ helped me gain a new, personal perspective about Rachel Carson’s work. It also helped me to visualize what growing up in an unregulated chemical industry was like. The First Earth Day. 1970. Science Blogs, By Greg Laden. This was a photograph of a rally commemorating the first earth day in the United States in 1970. It depicts the passion and enthusiasm of the American environmental movement by showing a large crowd being led by a supporter. It aided in my research by showing what a significant legacy Rachel Carson left behind and how that legacy still exists today. Use of Pesticides. Rep. President's Science Advisory Committee. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, 15 May 1963. Web. This source was the online publication of “Use of Pesticides,” the report investigating Rachel Carson’s claims as requested by President John F. Kennedy. It is a fifty-‐page document detailing their findings-‐ however, what was most helpful to my research was the last section that requested agencies take action to help the environment. This document was successful in validating Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, silencing chemical companies and taking the first steps towards environmental protection in America. Secondary Sources: Dant, Sara. E-‐mail interview. 13 Feb. 2015. This interview was done over e-‐mail with Dr. Sara Dant, a history professor at Weber State University and expert on environmental politics in the United States. Her responses were unique in that they focused on the power of Rachel Carson’s work because of her gender, a perspective that I did not receive from any other interviewees. Her answers helped me to shape a conclusion and analysis that was more specific to Rachel Carson as a person-‐ not just Rachel Carson as a scientist. Deam, Jim. E-‐mail interview. 2 Feb. 2015. This was an interview conducted over e-‐mail with Dr. Jim Deam, a chemical engineer who has worked in the industry for over 50 years. His perspective was crucial to understanding the impacts of Silent Spring from the industry it most directly affected, and helped me to balance my research by understanding Carson’s story from all possible points of view. Edwards, J. Gordon. "The Lies of Rachel Carson." 21st Century Science & Technology
Summer 1992. Web. This source was a magazine article criticizing Silent Spring written by Dr. J. Gordon Edwards, then a biology professor at San Jose State University and an outspoken critic of Rachel Carson and the DDT ban. It went page by page in Silent Spring, taking Carson’s quotes and analyzing them based on accuracy. While this source was considerably biased, it helped me to understand the flaws in Silent Spring that made Carson the subject of so much controversy. This made my research more balanced overall. Graham, Frank, Jr. Since Silent Spring. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970. Print. This book was exceptional in its ability to describe Rachel Carson’s legacy and the impact she left on the environmental movement. As a field editor for Audubon Magazine, a nature magazine, author Frank Graham Jr.’s writing creates a poignant retrospective about our ecosystems and the destruction we have caused. This source was helpful to me in that it provided specific examples of pesticide use in America and its effects, as well as an appendix detailing specific pesticides (including DDT) and how they work against wildlife. It allowed me to gain a scientific understanding of what we can do to improve the health of our ecosystems, a movement that was sparked by Rachel Carson. Griswold, Eliza. "How ‘Silent Spring’ Ignited the Environmental Movement." The New York Times 21 Sept. 2012: Print. This source is a newspaper article covering Rachel Carson’s impact on the environmental movement. It discusses her early life in Springdale, Pennsylvania, Silent Spring, and the relevance of the reforms made today. It helped me create a more well-‐rounded project by hearing Carson’s story in someone else’s words, giving me new details I would not have discovered otherwise. Hughes, J. Donald. E-‐mail interview. 6 Feb. 2015. This interview was conducted over e-‐mail with Mr. J. Donald Hughes, a Professor Emeritus at the University of Denver and the author of An Environmental History of the World: Humankind's Changing Role in the Community of Life. His responses focused on the movement that came from Carson’s work, which gave me new insight that I was unable to find anywhere else. In addition, Mr. Hughes also directed me to other sources that proved very helpful in my research. Key, Francis S. The Star Spangled Banner. Michel Simone. Rec. 27 Jan. 2009. Smith & Co. MP3.
This was a recording of the Star Spangled Banner as performed by Michel Simone, a concert pianist. Its subtle, proud notes were both respectful and powerful, exactly what I wanted to convey when talking about the legacy of Rachel Carson. It assisted in my research by allowing me to draw emotion from my readers, an important part of honoring the memory of Rachel Carson. Lindblom, Keith. E-‐mail interview. 12 Feb. 2015. This was an e-‐mail interview with Mr. Keith Lindblom, who manages the American Chemical Society's National Historic Chemical Landmarks Program. His responses were especially well-‐rounded in that he included both a historian’s and a chemist’s perspective on Rachel Carson. This included the scientific explanation of what DDT is and how it works against the environment. This helped me to better understand why Carson worked so hard to ban it. Lytle, Mark. E-‐mail interview. 5 Feb. 2015. This interview was conducted over e-‐mail with Dr. Mark Lytle, a professor of historical, environmental and urban studies at Bard College and the author of The Gentle Subversive: Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, and the Rise of the Environmental Movement. Lytle was an incredibly knowledgeable source who discussed Carson’s story in great detail, most specifically what made her so successful as an author. This was a section I found difficult to research and Lytle’s contributions helped me to fully understand this part of Carson’s life. Madison, Mark. E-‐mail interview. 4 Feb. 2015. This source was an e-‐mail interview with Dr. Mark Madison, a historian at the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. His responses helped me to understand Rachel Carson’s story from the perspective of an environmentalist, the group of people she impacted most directly. Additionally, Madison’s responses focused on the role of environmental toxins, helping me to better understand the effect these substances have on the environment. Matthiessen, Peter, ed. Courage for the Earth: Writers, Scientists, and Activists Celebrate the Life and Writing of Rachel Carson. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2007. Print. This book was a collection of writings by scientists and authors detailing Silent Spring’s contributions to science and how they have helped shape a new generation of environmental activism. One of the most helpful of these works was titled “Rachel Carson and Silent Spring” and was written by Al Gore. It discussed the how Carson shaped the role of the environment in
American government and was invaluable to creating my own project about the legacy Carson left. John Hay’s “A Long View of Rachel Carson” was also beneficial-‐ it discussed what made Rachel Carson so successful and her visions for the environment. McKie, Robin. "Rachel Carson and the Legacy of Silent Spring." The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited, 26 May 2012. Web. This article discussed Silent Spring and its impacts largely from the perspective of Rachel Carson. It was written by Robin McKie, a science and technology editor from The Guardian, a Pulitzer Prize winning publication. What was most helpful to my research was the section about the chemical companies’ retaliation against Carson’s claims. This gave me an in-‐depth look at how far the industry really went to protect themselves from Rachel Carson’s “rubbish” research. Musil, Robert. E-‐mail interview. 31 Jan. 2015. This source is an e-‐mail interview with Dr. Robert Musil. Dr. Musil is the president of the Rachel Carson Council and the former CEO of the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize-‐winning Physicians for Social Responsibility. He also holds a Ph.D. from Northwestern University. This was an incredibly in-‐depth interview that covered every aspect of Rachel Carson’s life, from her work to her influence to her gender. Dr. Musil was an extremely beneficial source that helped me to better understand Rachel Carson’s life and legacy. "Preventing Pollution in the Lower Duwamish." King County Archives. King County, 29 Oct. 2014. Web. This was an article discussing river pollution in King County, Washington before environmental regulations were put in place. It also included a timeline of its environmental cleanup-‐ most of it in place after the publication of Silent Spring. This helped my research by showing me the nationwide impact that Carson’s work had and provided an image of the river before cleanup efforts began that I was able to use in my website. Souder, William. On a Farther Shore: The Life and Legacy of Rachel Carson. New York: Crown, 2012. Print. Published on the 50th anniversary of Silent Spring, this source was a retrospective of Rachel Carson’s life and her fight to stop pesticide overuse. It also delved into the attacks from chemical industries and the creation of DDT. It was an excellent overview of Carson’s life, allowing me to supplement my projects with information that I was unable to find elsewhere. Souder is also an accomplished nature writer, giving a unique perspective to Carson’s story that included detailed descriptions of environmental effects.
Stoll, Mark. "Rachel Carson's Silent Spring, A Book That Changed The World." Environment & Society Portal. Rachel Carson Center, 2012. Web. This source was an online exhibit about Rachel Carson and the publication of Silent Spring written by Mark Stoll, a history professor at Texas Tech University. It went into incredible detail about the life and legacy of Rachel Carson, and included many multimedia sources such as videos, audio clips and photos. These helped link me to many other research points I would not have found otherwise, such as the international movement that Silent Spring created. Waddell, Craig, ed. And No Birds Sing: Rhetorical Analyses of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring. Southern Illinois U, 2000. Print. This book was a collection of essays about the effectiveness of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring in conveying the message of widespread pesticide use and the techniques Carson used to do so. One of the most compelling was written by Paul Brooks, Carson’s editor, who discussed the production of the book and its effects. It helped me to realize the widespread influence that Carson had because of her earlier nature writings, a factor I previous did not consider when analyzing Carson’s success. Whorton, James. Before Silent Spring: Pesticides and Public Health in Pre-‐DDT America. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1974. Print. This book discussed health and pesticide usage before the release of DDT. It focused specifically on the increasing insect population, the need for a method of control and the hazards of DDT. Written by Dr. James Whorton, who has a BS degree in science, this source was able to effectively capture the truth about the growing DDT epidemic in relation to Rachel Carson. It helped me to understand how pesticides were treated in the early 19th century and how they become an epidemic. Woodley, Sherrida. E-‐mail interview. 6 Feb. 2015. This source was an e-‐mail interview with Ms. Sherrida Woodley, the author of the speculative fiction novel Quick Fall of Light and a Rachel Carson scholar. This interview focused largely on Carson’s legacy, which helped me adapt my own conclusion to incorporate new ideas on how her work lives on. Ms. Woodley also discussed Rachel Carson’s life before Silent Spring, which was incredibly beneficial to my research.