new or interesting microfungi ii. dematiaceous hyphomycetes from esher common, surrey

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Trans. Br, mycol. Soc. 77 (2) 279-297 (1981) [ 279 ] Printed in Great Britain NEW OR INTERESTING MICROFUNGI II. DEMATIACEOUS HYPHOMYCETES FROM ESHER COMMON, SURREY By P. M. KIRK Commonwealth My cological Institute, Ferry Lane, K ew, Richmond, Surre y, U.K., TW93AF Notes on some dematiaceous hyphomycetes collected at Esher Common are presented. Belemnospora epiphylla gen. et sp.nov, and B. pinicola sp.nov., Cirrenalia lignicola sp.nov., Corynesporopsis gen.nov. and C. quercicola (Borowska) comb.nov., Digitodesmium elegans gen. et sp.nov., Endophragmiella fallacia sp.nov., E. suttonii sp.nov., Polysc ytalum [agicola sp.nov., and Virgariella ovoidea sp.nov., are described and illustrated, and Ba ctrodesmium submoniliforme, Endophragmiella pallescens and E. subolivacea are recorded from the British Isles for the first time. BACTRODESMlUM SUBMONILIFORME Hol.- Jech., Folia geobot, phytota x. 7: 416 (1972 ). (Fig. 1) This distinct species of Bactrodesmium Cooke (1883) was described by Holubova-[ecbova (1972) from bark of Fagus s yl oatica L. collected in Czechoslovakia. It is characterized by pale brown to brown, elongate ellipsoid to sub-fusiform, (S- ) 8-10 septate conidia which are constricted at the septa and borne on distinctly moniliform, septate, very pale brown conidiophores. The conidia are indistinctly distoseptate, i.e, pigmentation of the reduced cell lumen is equal to that of the' thick- ened' cell wall, and the area around the septal pore is unthickened. In the other species of Bactrodesmium with pale brown conidia, B. spilo- meum (Berk. & Broome) Mason & S. Hughe s (Hughes, 19S3) and B. pallidum M. B. Elli s (19S9), the distoseptate nature of the conidium is more apparent due to differences in pigmentation and the area around the septal pore is usually distinctly thickened. The moniliform conidiophores of B. submoniliforme are unique in the genus. There are minor differences in conidium size between the present collection and the holotype, In the present collection conidia are (2S -) 30-38 (- 40) x 7-8'S (-9) pm and (S- ) 7-8 (- 9) septate whereas in the holotype they are reported as (2S -) 30-42 (-4S ) x (6-) 7-10 (-12 'S) pm and (S-) 8-10 septate. The higher average number of septa in the holotype is undoubtedly a reflexion of the longer conidia present in thi s collection. This is the first record of B. submoniliforme from the British Isles and apparently only the second collection since it was described. I1lustrations: Holubova- Jechova (1972). Specimen examined. On rotten wood of Quercus robur L. , Esher Common, Surrey, U .K., 5 May 1979, P .M. Kirk 4oob, IMl 238430b . Belemnospora P.M. Kirk gen.nov. (etym, Belemn (Gr.), dart +spora) Coloniae effusae, minute pilosae, pallide brunneae ad brunneae, saepe inconspicuosae, Mycelium plerumque superficiale, ex hyphis anastomosis, pallide brunneis ad brunneis, laevibus, septatis compositum, Conidio- phora semi-macronematosa ad macronernatosa, mono- nernatosa, solitaria, simplicia, pall ide brunnea ad brunnea, laevia, septata, Cellulae conidiogenae holo- blasticae, monoblasticae, in conidiophoris incorporatae, terminale s, cylindricae, percurrentes. Conidia aero- genosa, solitaria, secedentia schizolyticc, sicca, laevia, cylindrica, cum basem truncatam et apicem acutum, cum vel sine septis, Species typica: Belemnospora epiphylla P.M. Kirk Colonies effuse, minutely hairy, pale brown to brown, often inconspicuous. Mycelium mostly superficial, composed of a network of anastomosing, pale brown to brown, smooth, septate hyphae. Conidiophores semi-macronematous to macro- ncmatous, mononematous, solitary, simple, pale brown to brown, smooth, septate. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, monoblastic, integrated, terminal, cylindrical, percurrent, Conidia aerogenous, soli- tary, seceding schizolytically, dry, smooth, cylin- drical , with the base truncate and apex pointed, with or without septa.

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Trans. Br, mycol. Soc. 77 (2) 279-297 (1981)

[ 279 ]

Printed in Great Britain

NEW OR INTERESTING MICROFUNGIII. DEMATIACEOUS HYPHOMYCETES FROM

ESHER COMMON, SURREY

By P. M. KIRK

Commonwealth My cological Institute, Ferry Lane, K ew,Richmond, Surrey, U.K., TW93AF

Notes on some dematiaceous hyphomycetes collected at Esher Common are pre sented.Belemnospora epiphylla gen. et sp.nov, and B. pinicola sp.nov., Cirrenalia lignicola sp.nov.,Corynesporopsis gen.nov. and C. quercicola (Borowska) comb.nov., Digitodesmium elegansgen. et sp.nov., Endophragmiella fallacia sp.nov., E. suttonii sp.nov., Polyscytalum [agicolasp.nov., and Virgariella ovoidea sp.nov., are described and illustrated, and Bactrodesmiumsubmoniliforme, Endophragmiella pallescens and E. subolivacea are recorded from the BritishIsles for the first time.

BACTRODESMlUM SUBMONILIFORME Hol.-Jech.,Folia geobot, phytota x. 7: 416 (1972 ). (Fig. 1)

This distinct species of Bactrodesmium Cooke(1883) was described by Holubova-[ecbova (1972)from bark of Fagus syloatica L. collected inCzechoslovakia. It is characterized by pale brownto brown, elongate ellipsoid to sub-fusiform, (S- )8-10 septate conidia which are constricted at thesepta and borne on distinctly moniliform, septate,very pale brown conidiophores. The conidia areindistinctly distoseptate, i.e, pigmentation of thereduced cell lumen is equal to that of the' thick-ened' cell wall, and the area around the septalpore is unthickened. In the other species ofBactrodesmium with pale brown conidia, B. spilo-meum (Berk. & Broome) Mason & S. Hughes(Hughes, 19S3) and B. pallidum M. B. Elli s (19S9),the distoseptate nature of the conidium is moreapparent due to differences in pigmentation andthe area around the septal pore is usually distinctlythickened. The moniliform conidiophores of B.submoniliforme are unique in the genus.

There are minor differences in conidium sizebetween the present collection and the holotype,In the present collection conidia are (2S-) 30-38(- 40) x 7-8'S (-9) pm and (S- ) 7-8 (- 9) septatewhereas in the holotype they are reported as (2S-)30-42 (-4S ) x (6-) 7-10 (-12 'S) pm and (S-) 8-10septate. The higher average number of septa inthe holotype is undoubtedly a reflexion of thelonger conidia present in thi s collection.

This is the first record of B. submoniliformefrom the British Isles and apparently only thesecond collection since it was described.

I1lustr ations: Holubova-Jechova (1972).

Specimen examined. On rotten wood of Quercus roburL. , Esher Common, Surrey, U .K., 5 May 1979, P.M.Kirk 4oob, IMl 238430b.

Belemnospora P.M. Kirk gen.nov.

(etym , Belemn (Gr.), dart +spora)

Coloniae effusae, minute pilo sae, pallide brunneae adbrunneae, saepe inconspicuosae, Mycelium plerumquesuperficiale, ex hyphis anastomosis, pallide brunneisad brunneis, laevibus, septatis compositum, Conidio-phora semi -macronematosa ad macronernatosa, mono-nernatosa, solitaria, simplicia, pall ide brunnea adbrunnea, laevia, septata, Cellulae conidiogenae holo-blasticae, monoblasticae, in conidiophoris incorporatae,terminales, cylindricae, percurrentes. Conidia aero-genosa, solitaria, secedentia schizolyticc, sicca, laevia,cylindrica, cum basem truncatam et apicem acutum,cum vel sine septis,

Species typica: Belemnospora epiphylla P.M. Kirk

Colonies effuse, minutely hairy, pale brown tobrown, often inconspicuous. Mycelium mostlysuperficial, composed of a network of anastomosing,pale brown to brown, smooth, septate hyphae.Conidiophores semi-macronematous to macro-ncmatous, mononematous, solitary, simple, palebrown to brown, smooth, septate. Conidiogenouscells holoblastic, monoblastic, integrated, terminal,cylindrical, percurrent, Conidia aerogenous, soli-tary, seceding schizolytically, dry, smooth, cylin-drical , with the base truncate and apex pointed,with or without septa.

280 New or interesting mierofungi

I 101'"' I

F ig. 1. Bactrodesmium submoniliforme.

P. M. Kirk 281

Belemnospora epiphylla P.M. Kirk sp.nov.(F ig. 2 A)

Coloniae effusae, minute pilosae, pallide brunneae adbrunneae, Mycelium plerumque superficiale, ex hyphisanastamosis, pallide brunneis ad brunneis, laevibu s,septatis, 1-2 pm Iatis compositum, Conidiophora semi-macronematosa ad macronematosa, mononematosa,solitaria, simplicia, pallide brunnea ad brunnea, laevia,septata, usque ad 35 ,urn alta, 2-3 pm lata, ad apicern2-2 '5/Lm lata,per 1-8 proliferationes elo~gatia ..Cellul~econ idiogenae holoblasticae, monoblasticae, In com-diophoris incorporatae, terminales, cylindricae, per-currente s, Conidia acrogenosa, solitaria, sicca, laevia,cylindrica, cum basem truncatam et apicem acutum,pallidissime brunn ea, r- septata, 9-16 Jim longa , 2-2 '511m lata.

In folio ernortuo ignoto, Esher Common, Surrey,U.K., 7 Apr. 1979, P. M. Kirk 339, IMI 237597,holotypus.

Colonies effuse, minutely hairy, pale brown tobrown. Mycelium mostly superficial, composed ofa network of anastomosing, pale brown to brown,smooth, septate, 1-2jLm wide hyphae. Conidio-phores semi-macronematous to macronematous,rnononematous, solitary, simple, pale brown tobrown, smooth, septate, up to 35 11m high, 2-3 !Lmwide, 2-2'5 !Lm wide at the apex, with 1-8 prolifer-ations. Conidiogenous cellsholoblastic, monoblastic ,integrated, terminal, cylindrical, percurrent. Con-idia aerogenous, solitary, dry, smooth, cylindrical,with the base truncate and apex pointed, very palebrown, r-septate, 9-16!Lm long, 2-2'5 !Lm wid e.

Specimens examin ed. On unidentified dead leaf, EsherCommon, Surrey, U.K. , 7 Apr. 1979, P.M. Kirk 339,IMI 237597,holotype ; On dead leaf of Eucalyptus sp.,Toro say Castle, Isle of Mull, U.K., 20 June 1979,M.C. Clark M79 /95 , IMI240548f; On dead leaf ofRhododendron sp., Esher Common, Surrey, U.K., 25May 1980, P.M. Kirk 615a, IMl 248609a.

Belemnospora pinicola P.M. K irk sp.nov,(Fig. 2 B)

Coloniae effusae, minute pilosae, pallide brunneae adbrunneae, inconspicuosae.Mycelium plerumque super-ficiale, ex hyphis anastomosis, pallide brunneis adbrunneis, laevibus, septatis, 1-2 Jim latis cornpositum.Conidiophora semi-macronematosa ad macronematosa,mononernatosa, solitaria, simplicia, pallide brunn eaad brunnea , laevia, plerumque sine septis, usque ad12/lm alta, 1'5-2 pm lata, per 1-3 proliferationeselongantia, Cellulae conidiogenae holoblasticae, mono-blasticae, in conidiophoris incorporatae, terminales,cylindricae, percurrentes. Conidia acrogenosa, solitaria,sicca, laevia, cylindrica, cum basem truncatam ctapicem acutum, pallidissime brunnea, sine septis,6·5-9 I'm longa, r -5-2 pm lata.

In acubus emortuis Pini syluestris L. , Esher Com-mon, Surrey, U.K., 5 May 1979, P.M. Kirk 410b,IMI 2384331>, holotypus.

Colonies effuse, minutely hairy, pale brown tobrown, inconspicuous. My celium mostly super-ficial, comp osed of a network of anastomosing, palebrown to brown, smooth, septate, 1-2 !Lm widehyphae. Conidiophores semi-macronematous tomacronematous, mononematous, solitary, simple,pale brown to brown, smooth, usually withoutsepta, up to 12!Lm high, i :5-2!Lm wide, with 1-3proliferations. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic,monoblastic, integrated, terminal, cylindrical, per-current. Conidia aerogenous, solitary , dry, smooth,cylindrical, with the base truncate and apexpointed, very pale brown, without septa, 6'5-9 11mlong, l' 5-2 11m wide.

Specim ens examined. On dead needles of Pinus syl-vest ris, Esher Common, Surrey, U.K., 5 May 1979,P.M. Kirk 410b, IMI 238433b, holotype ; same host,Kinloch, Rhum, Hebrides, U.K., July 1977, D.W.Minter, IMI 227198a.

Belemnospora is established for hyphomyceteswhose characteristics are intermediate betweenthose of species presently referred to Ann ello-phorella Subramanian (1962) and SporidesmiumLink ex Fr. (1821) sensu Elli s (1976). Ann ellopho-rella is characterized by integrated, percurrentconidiogenous cells which are both terminal andintercalary on the superficial mycelium. Structur-ally differentiated conidiophores are typicallyabsent. Conidia are vari able in shape, brown to darkbrown and thick walled with transverse and oftenoblique or longitudinal septa.

Sporidesmium as presently circumscribed is alarge and heterogeneous genus. The applicationof the name is not yet stabilised since the holotypespecies, S. atrum Link (1809) is not typified (seeEllis, 1958). Hughes (1979) discussed this situationand indicated that a specimen in Persoon's herb-arium at Leyden which was almo st certainlyexamined by Link serve s to indicate the charactersupon which Link based his genus. Ellis (1958)made this specimen the type of his new speciesS. ehrenbergii M. B. Ellis. This species is charac-terized by obclavate to subfusiform conidia borneon macronematous conidiophores arising frommostly immersed mycelium.

The new species described here and placed inBelemnospora are clearly not closely related toS. ehrenbergii. Their inclusion in Sporidesmiumwould only serve to extend the concepts of thisgenus and further increase the heterogeneity ofthe component species.

Belemnospora epiphylla appears to occur on theleaves of angiosperm trees whereas B. pinicola isapparently restricted to the needles of certainconifers. Both species are widespread but un-

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New or interesting microfungi

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Fig. 2 . A. Belemnospora epiphylla . B. Belemnospora pinicola.

P. M. Kirk

common in the British Isles and they are possiblyoften overlooked.

Cirrenalia lignicola P.M. Kirk sp.nov, (Fig. 3)

Coloniae sparsae, minutae, inconspicuosae, puncti-formes, atrobrunneae, usque ad 50 /Lm latae, Myceliumpartim superficiale, partim in substrato immersurn,ex hyphis ramosis, septatis, laevibus, brunneis, usquead 3 /Lm latis compositum. Conidiophora micronema-tosa, mononematosa, solitaria vel fasciculata, simpliciavel ramosa, pallidissime brunnea, laevia, septata, usquead 2 /Lm lata. Cellulae conidiogenae monoblasticae, inconidiophoris incorporatae, terminales, determinatae.Conidia acrogenosa, solitaria, sicca, helicoidea, laevia,olivaceobrunnea, septata, 15-20/Lm diam, 5-6/Lmcrassa.

In cortice emortuo Fagi syloaticae, Ranmore Com-mon, Surrey, U.K., 15 Feb. 1948, S.}. Hughes,IMI 23634a,holotypus.

Colonies scattered, minute, inconspicuous, punc-tiform, dark brown, up to 50!lm wide. Myceliumpartly superficial, partly immersed in the sub-stratum, composed of branched, septate, smooth,brown hyphae up to 3!lm wide. Conidiophoresmicronematous, mononematous, solitary or fasci-culate, simple or branched, very pale brown,smooth, septate, up to z psi: wide. Conidiogenouscells monoblastic, integrated, terminal, determinate.Conidia aerogenous, solitary, dry, helicoid, smooth,olivaceous brown, septate, 15-20!lm diam, 5-6!lmthick.

Specimens examined. On rotten bark of Fagus syl-uatica, Ranmore Common, Surrey, U.K., 15 Feb.1948, S.}. Hughes, IMI23634a, holotype; On un-identified rotten wood, Slapton Ley Nature Reserve,Slapton, Devon, U.K., 9 Oct. 1974, D.L. Hawksworth3909, IMI 188746b;On rotten woodof Fagussylvatica,Esher Common, Surrey, U.K., 5 May 1979, P.M.Kirk 400C, IMI 238422C; On rotten wood of Quercusrobur, Esher Common, Surrey, U.K, 5 May 1979,P.M. Kirk 407f, IMI 238430f.

Sutton (1973) drew attention to the relativeposition on the helix of the apex and base of theconidium in helicosporous fungi imperfecti. Incontrast to species belonging in genera such asHelicoma Corda (1837), Helicomyces Link ex Link(1824) and Helicosporium Nees ex Fr. (1821) wherethe apex of the conidium is located at the centreof the helix, the apex of the conidium in speciesof Cirrenalia Meyers & Moore (1960) is located atthe periphery.

Sutton (1973) described C. donnae B. Suttonfrom bark of Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. collectedin Canada. This species differed from all thosepreviously referred to Cirrenalia since it was ter-restrial rather than marine in origin and theconidiophores and conidia were aggregated intopunctiform sporodochia. Cirrenalia lignicola is

apparently more closely related to C. donnaethan the other marine species. It produces byfar the most regular and tightly coiled conidiaof any of the species presently assigned to Cirren-alia.

Corynesporopsis P.M. Kirk gen.nov.Coloniae effusae, pilosae, fuscae ad atrae, Myceliumpartim superficiale, partim in substrato immersum, exhyphis ramosis, septatis, pallide brunneis, laevibuscompositum. Conidiophora macronematosa, mono-nematosa, singula vel fasciculata ex apice lateribusquehypharum orientia, erecta, recta, septata, brunnea,basi interdum inflata. Cellulae conidiogenaein conidio-phoris incorporatae, terminales, monotreticae, deter-minatae vel percurrentes. Conidia breviter catenata,in apice conidiophori vel conidii terminali per porumorienta, sicca, laevia, ellipsoidea vel cylindrica, eusep-tata,

Species typica: Corynesporopsis quercicola (Borowska)P.M. Kirk

Colonies effuse, blackish brown to black.Mycelium partly superficial, partly immersed inthe substratum, composed of branched, septate,pale brown, smooth hyphae. Conidiophores macro-nematous, mononematous, arising singly or fasci-culate, terminally and laterally on the hyphae,erect, straight, septate, brown, sometimes swollenat the base. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal,monotretic, determinate or percurrent. Conidiashortly catenate, arising through a pore at theapex of the conidiogenous cell the terminal coni-dium, dry, smooth, ellipsoid to cylindrical, euse-prate.

The primary characteristics of Corynesporopsisare the terminal, determinate or rarely percurrentmonotetric conidiogenous cell and the catenate,cylindrical to ellipsoid, euseptate, conidia. Thegenus is established to accommodate Corynesporaquercicola Borowska (1975) which is not consideredto be congeneric with Corynespora mazei Gussow(1906; syn. Corynespora cassiicola (Berk, & M. A.Curtis) Wei, 1950) the holotype species ofCorynespora Gussow (1906). The essentialcharacteristics of Corynespora are terminal,percurrent, monotretic conidiogenous cells andtypically solitary, obclavate, distoseptate conidia.

The ontogeny of the rarely observed percurrentproliferation in the conidiophore of Corynesporop-sis is not readily apparent. It is not clear whetherthe proliferation originates from an active conidio-genous cell after secession of the catenate conidiaor whether it is the result of regeneration in theconidiophore after a period of interruption ingrowth or damage, or from a conidiogenous cellwhich fails to produce a conidium.

New or interesting microfungi

10 JIm

Fig. 3. Cirrenalia lignicola.

Corynesporopsis quercicola (Borowska) P.M.Kirk comb.nov. (F ig. 4)

Coryn espora quercicola Borowska, A cta My co-logica 11 : 60 (1975).

Colonies effuse, hairy, dark blackish brown toblack. Mycelium partly superficial, partly immersedin the substratum, composed of branched, septate,pale brown, 2-5 flm wide, smooth hyphae. Conidia-phores macronematous, mononematous, arisingsingly or fasciculate, terminally and laterally onthe hyphae, erect, simple, straight, septate, darkbrown, smooth, 65-130 pm high, 3-4 flm wide,sometimes swollen at the base to 8 ps», Conidio-genous cells integrated, terminal, monotretic, cylin-drical, determinate or rarely percurrent. Conidiashortly catenate, arising through a pore at the apexof the conidiogenous cell and the terminal coni-dium, dry, smooth, broadly ellipsoid to cylindri cal,z-euseptate, (12-) 14-18 fl m long, 6-8 (-9).um wide,outer cells pale brown, middle cell dark brown.

Specim ens examined. On decaying wood of Quercusrobur, Kampinos National Park , Poland , 26 June 1971,A. Borowska WA 20599, holotype of Cory nespora

quercicola (in herb. PR ); On rotten wood of Q. robur,Stoke Woods, Exeter, Devon, U.K., 4 Sept. 1978,P.M. Kirk 251a, IM1232036a ; same host, EsherCommon, Surrey, U.K., 16 Sept. 1979, P.M. Kirk453a, IM1241384a; On inner surface of bark ofPopulus sp., Edenbridge, Orpington, Kent, U.K.,May 1980, Mrs. J. Weightman, 1M! 248565a.

The collection from Devon constitutes the firstrecord of C. quercicola from the British Isles. Itappears to have a widespread distribution inNorthern Europe and a substrate range which isnot restricted to Quercus spp. although, based onthe few collections available, this would seem tobe its pr eferred host.

Digitodesmium P.M. Kirk gen.nov,

Sporodochia sparsa, puncriforrnia, pul vinata, pallidebrunnea ad brunnea. Mycelium in substrate plerumqueimmersum. Conidiophora semi-macronernatosa, mono-nernatosa , fasciculata, ex hypha pallid issime brunnea,laevia, septata, moniliformia composita. Cellulae coni-diogenae holobla sticae, monoblasticae, in conidio-phoris incorporatae, terminales, deterrninatae, globosaead doliiformes, minute cicatricarae, Conidia acrogenosa,solitaria, secedentia schizolytice, euseptata, sicca,

P. M. Kirk

10 urn

Fig. 4. Corynesporopsis quercicola.

286 New or interesting microfungi

digitata, subinde in apice brachiorum calyptra gela-tinosa hyalina induta.

Species typica: Digitodesmium elegans P.M. Kirk

Sporodochia scattered, punctiform, pulvinate,pale brown to brown. Mycelium mostly immersedin the substratum. Conidiophores semi-macro-nematous, mononematous, fasciculate, composedof very pale brown, smooth , septate, moniliformhyphae. Conidiog enous cells holoblastic, mono-blastic, integrated, terminal det erminate, globoseto doliiform, minutely cicatrized. Conidia aero-genous, solitary, seceding schizolytically, eusep-tate, dry, digitate, apex of arms occasionally witha hyaline gelatinous cap .

Digitodesmium elegans P.M. Kirk sp.nov.(Fig. 5)

Sporodochia sparsa, punctiforrnia, pulvinata, pallidebrunnea ad brunnea, 40-80 J1m lata. Mycelium insubstrato plerumque immcrsum, ex hyphis pallidebrunneis, laevibus, septatis, ramosis, 2-4 J1m latiscompositum. Conidiophora semi-macronematosa,mononernatosa, fasciculata, ex hypha pallidissimebrunnea, laevia, septata, moniliformia, 3-4 J1m latacompositum. Cellulae conidiogenae holoblasticae,monoblasticae, in conidiophoris incorporatae, termi-nales, dererminatae, globosae ad doliiformes, minutecicatricatae. Conidia acrogenosa, solitaria, euseptata,sicca, digitata, 45-60 Jim longa, ad basem 2'5-5 Jimlata, cum (2- ) 3-4 (-6) leviter divergentibus brachiis5-6 11m latis, aliquando apice calyptra gelatinosahyalina induta.

In ligno emortuo Quercus roboris, Esher Common,Surrey, U.K., 5 May 1979, P.M. Kirk 407e, IMI238430e, holotypus.

Sporodochia scattered, punctiform, pulvinate,pale brown to brown, 40-80 11m wide. Myceliummostly immersed in the substratum, composed ofpale brown, smooth, septate, branched hyphae2-4 Jim wide. Conidiophores semi-macronematous,mononematous, fasciculate, composed of verypale brown, smooth, septate, moniliform hyphae 3-4 Jim wide. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, mono-blastic, integrated, terminal, determinate, globose todoliiform, minutely cicatrized. Conidia aerogenous,solitary, euseptate, dry, digitate, 45-60 Jim long,2'5-5 Jim wide at the base, with (2- ) 3-4 (- 6)

. slightly divergent arms 5-6 Jim wide, occasionallywith a hyaline gelatinous cap at the apex.

Specimens examined. On rotten wood (? Taxusbaccata L.), Thwaite Hall, Cottingham, E. Yorkshire,U.K., 8 Feb. 1948, J. Webster, IMI23297d; Onrotten wood of Quercus robur, Esher Cornmon, Surrey,U.K., 5 May 1979, P.M. Kirk 407e, 1M! 23843oe,holotype ; On rotten wood of Fagus syloatica, EsherCommon, Surrey, U.K., 16 Sept. 1979, P.M. Kirk 461,IM1241392.

Several genera of dematiaceous hyphomycetesproduce digitate or cheiroid conidia. Whilst theconidia in species of Ch eiromycella Hohnel (1910)and Dictyosporium Corda (1836) are more or lessdist inctly cheiroid those produced by species ofCryptocoryneum Fuckel (1866) are variable andmay appear cheiroid or digitate. True digitateconidia are produced by Cerat osporium Schweinitz(1832). The conidia of Digitodesmium are more orless distinctly digitate but the conidiophores andconidiogenous cells, unlike those of Ceratosporium,are aggregated to form pulvinate sporodochia. BothCheiromycella and Cryptocoryneum are sporodochialbut in the former the conidia are aggregatedinto a slimy mass whilst in th e latter the conidiumis inserted on the conidiogenous cell so that thearms grow downwards towards the sub strate oftenobscuring the conidiophore.

Endophragmiella fallacia P.M. Kirk sp.nov.(etyrn, Latin, 'fallax', deceptive) (Fig. 6)

Coloniae effusae, pilosae, fuscae ad atrae, Myceliumplerumque in substrato immersum, ex hyphis ramosis,laevibus, brunneis ad atrobrunneis, septatis, usque adSlim latis compositum. Conidiophora macronematosa,mononernatosa, singula orientia, crecta, simplicia,recta vel leviter flexuosa, laevia, septata, brunnea adatrobrunnea, apicem versus pallidiora, 90-320 Jim alta,4-6 Jim lata, ad basem usque ad 14 Jim lata inflata, perusque ad 12 proliferationes percurrcntia. Cellulaeconidiogenae monoblasticae, in conidiophoris incor-poratae, terminales, percurrentes, cylindricae, adapicem contractae et truncatae. Conidia late ellipsoideaad cylindrica, plerumque cum basi protuberanti ettruncata , (1-) z-septata, crassitunicata, brunnea, cellulabasi pallidiora, laevia, (16- ) 22-26 (- 30) Jim longa,(9-) 10-12 (- 13) I'm lata, ad basem 2'5-3'5 11m lata,ad basern distincte fractam ob partem cellulae conidio-genae superiorem firnbriara.

In cortice emortuo Betulae pendulae Roth ., EsherCommon, Surrey, U.K., 7 Apr. 1979, P,M. Kirk 326,1M! 237584, holotypus.

Colonies effuse, hairy, dark blackish brown toblack. Mycelium mostly immersed in the sub-stratum, composed of branched, smooth, brownto dark brown, septate hyphae up to 5 Jim wide.Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous,arising singly, erect, simple, straight or slightlyflexuous, smooth, septate, brown to dark brown,paler towards the apex, 90-320 11m high, 4-6 Jimwide , up to 14 Jim wide at the swollen base, withup to 12 percurrent proliferations. Conidiogenouscells monoblastic, integrated, terminal, percurrent,cylindrical, tapered to a truncate apex. Conidiabroadly ellipsoid to cylindrical, usually with aprotuberant truncate base, (1-) z-septate, thickwalled, brown, basal cell paler, smooth , (16- ) 22-26 (- 30) pm long, (9- ) 10-12 (- 13) pm wide, 2'5-

P. M. Kirk

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F ' 5 Digitodesmium elegans.Ig•.

288 New or interesting microfungi

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Fig. 6. Endophragmiella fallac ia,

P. M. Kirk

3' 5 pm wide at the base, with a distinct basalfrill derived from the distal end of the conidio-genous cell.

Specimens examined. On rotten wood of Quercusrobur, Esher Common, Surrey, U.K., 7 Apr. 1979,P.M. Kirk 325, IMI 237583; On rotten bark of Betulapendula, Esher Common, Surrey, U.K., 7 Apr. 1979,P.M. Kirk 326, IMI 237584, holotype.

The conidia of Endophragmiella jallacia aresuperficially similar to those of E. ontariensis S.Hughes (1978c). They are usually z-septate andthe basal cell is paler than the central and apicalcells. However, in E. fallacia the conidia aretypically broadly ellipsoid to cylindrical with aprotuberant truncate base, not broadly obovoidand without a protuberant base as in E. ontariensis.

. ' .;.

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Fig. 7. Endophragmiella pallescens,

New or interesting microfungi

Additionally, in E. ontariensis the apical cell isusually the longest and~destwhereas in E.fal/aciait is usually the central cell. In E. oblonga (Matsu-shima) S. Hughes (1979) the conidia are thin-walled, constricted at the septa and considerablypaler than those of E . [alla cia.

The protuberant truncate base and thick-walledconidia of E. fal/acia are reminiscent of thePseudospiropeslongipilus (Corda) Hol.-Jecho(Holu-bova-Iechova, 1973) anamorph of Me/anommasubdispersum (P . Karst. ) Berl. & Vogl. Pi longipilusis extremely common on bark of Betula sp., thesubstratum of the holotype of E. fal/acia, and itwas this similarity in conidium morphology andsubstrate which prompted the choice of specificepithet for the present fungus.

ENDOPHRAGMIELLA PALLESCENS B. Sutton, Mycol.Pap. 132: 62 (1973). (Fig. 7)

Sutton (1973) described this species as the typeof the genus Endophragmiella B. Sutton (1973).It was collected overgrowing a dead stroma ofCytospora Ehrenb. ex Fr. on Populus tremuloidesMichx. from Canada. Hughes (1978a) redescribedE. pallescens based on additional material fromdecaying wood of various tree s collected in Canadaand Holubova-jechova (1979) found it in Hungarygrowing on wood of Robinia pseudacacia L.

Hughes (1978a ) reported the conidia to bei -septate and (12' 5-) 15-19 x 6'5-9 /lm or 2-septate and 16-23'5 x 7-9 pm. In the presentcollection r-septate conidia are 13-21 '5 x 6'5-8 pmandz-septate conidia are 18'5-24 x 7- 8 pm, slightlylonger than the Canadian material. Additionally,apparently mature and seceded conidia withoutsepta were rarely observed measuring 12-12'5 x6·5/lm. Conidiophores were typically unbranched,initially 50-65 pm high, finally up to 105 pmhigh with up to 8 successive proliferations.

The present collection constitutes the firstrecord of E. pallescens from the British Isles.

Illustrations: Sutton (1973), Holubova-[echova(1979),Hughes (1978 a) ,Verona &Benedek (1975 a).

Specimens examined. On rotten wood of Quercusrobur, Esher Common, Surrey, U.K., 16 Sept. 1979,P.M. Kirk 459a, IMI 241390a. On Populus tremuloides,Whiteshell Provincial Park, Manitoba, Canada, 25July 1966, B.C. Sutton, IMI 144536, holotype.

ENDOPHRAGMIELLA SUBOLIVACEA (Ell. & Ev.) S.Hughes, Fungi Canadenses 129 (1978). (Fig. 8)

Hughes (1978d) described E. subolivacea, basedon Helminthosporium subolivaceum Ell. & Ev.(1888), and placed E. canadensis (Ell. & Ev. ) B.Sutton (1973) into synonymy . The type collectionsof these two names and two recent collections

from Canada were examined by Hughes whoreported that conidium septation was variable.Earlier, Matsushima (1975) reported E. subolivacea(as ' Endophragmia canadensis (Ell. & Ev.) Sutton')from Japan. He described and figured a secondaryconidial state which developed on the conidio-phores and detached conidia. Hughes (1978d) alsonoted the presence of this secondary conidialstate which was later (H ughes, 1979) termed the, synanamorph ' and discus sed the problem sur-rounding the choice of a suitable generic name.

In the present collection the conidia are (1-)z-septate, obovoid, pale brown with the basal cellsomewhat paler and (24-) 28-32 x 12-15 pm.Conidiophores are 140-350 pm high with up to11 successive percurrent proliferations of theapical conidiogenous cell. The synanamorph wasobserved on a single detached conidium. Theconidiogenous cells are ampulliform and producevery narrowly obclavate to narrowly allantoid,6-8 x 0'5 pm, hyaline conidia.

The collection cited below constitutes the firstrecord of E. subolivacea from the British Isles.

Illustrations: Hughes (1978d, 1979), Matsu-shima (1975, as' Endophragmia canadensis' ), Sutton(1973, as Endophragmiella canadensis), Verona &Benedek (1975b, as Endophragmiella canadensis).

Specimens examined. On unidentified rotten wood,Esher Common, Surrey, U.K., 16 Sept. 1979, P.M.Kirk 445, IMI 241376; On bark of Acer rubrum L.,Clyde, N.Y., U.S.A., Oct. 1887, O.F. Cook, holotypeof Helminthosporium suboliuaceum.

Endophragmiella suttonii P.M. Kirk sp.nov,(etyrn. Dr B. C. Sutton) (Fig. 9)

Coloniae effusae, pilosae, fuscae ad atrae, Myceliumplerumque in substrato immersum, ex hyphis ramosis,laevibus, pallide brunneis ad brunneis, septatis, usquead 2'5/lm latis compositum. Conidiophora macro-nematosa, mononematosa, singula orientia, erecta,simplicia, recta vel leviter flexuosa, laevia, septata,pallide brunnea ad brunnea, apicem versus pallidiora,45-110/lm alta, 2-4 /lm lata, ad basem usque ad 6/lmlata leviter inflata, per 1-4 proliferationes elongantia,Cellulae conidiogenae monoblasticae, in conidiophorisincorporatae, terminales, percurrentes, cylindricae adlageniformes, ad apicem conrractae et truncatae,Conidia obovoidea ad pyriformia, 3 (-4) septata, cum2 septa distalia incrassata et septum (vel septa) basalitenui, cellula apicali brunnea ad atrobrunnea, cellulasubapicali pallide brunnea ad brunnea, cellula (velcellulae) basali pallidissime brunnea, laevia, 16-18 Jimlonga, 9'5-11 /lm lata, ad basem 2-2'5 /lm lata, adbasem distincte fractarn ob partern cellulae conidio-genae superiorem fimbriata.

In cortice emortuo Betulaependulae, Esher Common,Surrey, U.K., 14 Apr. 1979, P,M. Kirk 361, IMI237619, holotypus.

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New or interesting microfungi

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P. M. Kirk 293Colonies effuse, hairy, dark blackish brown to

black. Mycelium mostly immersed in the sub-stratum, composed of branched, smooth, palebrown to brown, septate hyphae up to 2' 5 /-lmwide.Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous,arising singly, erect, simple, straight or slightlyflexuous, smooth, septate, pale brown to brown,paler towards the apex, 45-110 /-lm high, 2-4/-lmwide, up to 6 /-lm wide at the slightly swollenbase, with 1-4 percurrent proliferations. Conidia-genous cells mono blastic, integrated, terminal,percurrent, cylindrical to lageniform, tapered toa truncate apex. Conidia obovoid to pyriform, 3(-4) septate, with 2 distal septa thick and basalseptum (or septa) thin, apical cell brown to darkbrown, subapical cell pale brown to brown, basalcell (or cells) very pale brown, smooth, 16-18 /-lmlong, 9'5-11 /-lm wide, 2-2'5 /-lm wide at the base,with a distinct basal frill derived from the distalend of the conidiogenous cell.

Specimens examined. On rotten bark of Betulapendula, Esher Common, Surrey, U.K., 14 Apr. 1979,P.M. Kirk 361, IMI 237619, holotype; same locality,13 Apr. 1980, P.M. Kirk 558a, IM1247248a; samelocality, 25 May 1980, P.M. Kirk 604 and 605a,IMI 248598 and IMI 248599a.

Endophragmiella suttonii would appear to bemost closely related to E. ellisii S. Hughes (1979;syn. Endophragmia biseptata M. B. Ellis, 1959;non Endophragmiella biseptata (Peck) S. Hughes,1978b). It differs from this species by its lessrobust conidiophores, 2-4/-lm wide in E. suttoniiand 3-7}tm wide in E. ellisii, with fewer andusually distinctly shaped proliferations. Theconidia of the two species are superficially similarin terms of size, shape and pigmentation. Theyare, however, quite distinct when observed moreclosely. Whilst those of E. ellisii are typically 2-septate and 3~5'5 /-lm wide at the base, the conidiaof E. suitonii possess one or two additional, typi-cally thin septa towards the base which is only1-1'5 /-lm wide.

In this respect the conidia of E. suttonii areremarkably similar to those of Phragmocephalaglanduliformis (Hohnel) S. Hughes (1955; syn.Endophragmia glanduliformis (Hahnel) M. B. Ellis,1959). Again, in terms of shape, size and pig-mentation, the two species are indistinguishable.Septation is also identical. The bases of the conidiain P. glanduliformis are, however, distinctly widerthan those of E. suttonii at 3·5-5/-lm. In bothspecies the conidia secede rhexolytically, How-ever, in E. suttonii regular successive percurrentproliferations of the Endophragmiella-type (Hughes,1979) are formed following secession of the firstand subsequent conidia, whilst in P. glanduliformisthe mechanism of proliferation, if one exists, is

10

not as readily apparent. Hughes (1979) was unableto arrive at a satisfactory explanation of themechanism involved based on his observations ofthe scant collections available to him and con-sequently regarded P. glanduliformis as a speciesof uncertain allocation. What had previously beenreferred to as successive terminal proliferations(Ellis, 1959) were interpreted by Hughes as re-generative proliferation following damage to orperiods of inactivity in the conidiophore. The sizeof the conidiophores, which are relatively shortin P. glanduliformis (15-55/-lm high) when com-pared to those of E. suttonii (45-100 /-lm high), arean additional difference between the two species.

Polyscytalum fagicola P.M. Kirk sp.nov,(Fig. 10)

Coloniae amphigenae, compactae ad effusae, albae.Mycelium partim superficiale, partim in substrateimmersum, ex hyphis pallide brunneis ad brunneis,laevibus, ramosis, septatis, usque ad 2'5/tm latiscompositum. Conidiophora macronernatosa, mono-nematosa, erecta, recta, simplicia, septata, pallidebrunnea ad brunnea, apicern versus pallidiora, usquead 150/tm alta, 3-4'5 /tm lata, saepe ad basem inflata,Cellulaeconidiogenae in conidiophoris incorporataeveldiscretae, pleurogenosae vel acropleurogenosae, poly-blasticae, denticulatae, forma variabiles. Conidia bre-viter catenata, catenis simplicibus,fragilibus,usque ad4 conidia habentibus, cylindrica,in apicibusrotundata,sine septis, subhyalina, 5-11 ftm longa, 1-1'5 ftm lata.

In folio emortuo Fagi syloaticae, Esher Common,Surrey, U.K., 27 Apr. 1979, P.M. Kirk 395, IMI237971, holotypus.

Colonies amphigenous, compact to effuse, white.Mycelium partly superficial, partly immersed inthe substratum, composed of pale brown tobrown, smooth, branched, septate hyphae up to2' 5 /-lmwide. Conidiophores macronematous, mono-nematous, erect, straight, simple, septate, palebrown to brown, paler towards the apex, up to150 /-lmhigh, 3-4'5 /-lmwide, often slightly swollenat the base. Conidiogenous cells integrated or dis-crete, pleurogenous or acropleurogenous, poly-blastic, denticulate, variable in shape. Conidiashortly catenate, up to 4 in each unbranched,readily fragmenting chain, cylindrical, roundedat the ends, without septa, sub-hyaline, 5-11 }tmlong, 1-1'5 /-lm wide.

Specimens examined. On dead leaves of Fagussyloatica, Cambridge, U.K., 1963, H.J. Hudson,IMI 1029°3; Esher Common, Surrey, U.K., 27 Apr.1979, P.M. Kirk 395, IMI237971, holotype; samelocality, 16 Sept. 1979,P.M. Kirk 460a, IMI 241391a.

The generic limits of Polyscytalum Riess (1853)are not yet clearly defined. However, P. [agicolahas several characters which are similar to those

MYC 77

294 New or interesting microfungi

Fig . 10. Polyscyralum[agicola,

P. M. Kirk 295of P. fecundissimum Riess, the holotype species ofthe genus, that its inclus ion in Polyscytalumpending further revisionary research does notenlarge the concept of the genus excessively.

The distinct denticles persi sting on the conidio-genous cells following conidium secession arereminiscent of those found in Anungitea B. Sutton(1973 ). In A. fragilis B. Sutton, the holotypespecies of the genus, the apex of the denticlesand the terminal scars of the conidia are con-spicuously thickened and are clearly unlike thecorresponding structures in P. fagicola. Addition-ally in A. fragilis there is a single, terminal, activeconidiogenous cell which may become intercalary,and inactive, due to regrowth of the conidiophoreapex whereas in Pi fagicola terminal and /or inter-calary conidiogenous cells are synchronouslyactive.

Virgariella ovoidea P.M. Kirk sp.nov,(Fig. 11)

Coloniae velutinae, atrobrunneae ad fuscae, incon-spicuosae. Mycelium partim superficiaIe, partim insubstrate immersum, ex hyphis paIIide brunneis,laevibus, ramosis, septatis, usque ad 2'5 pst: latiscompositum. Conidiophora macronematosa, mono-nematosa, singula orientia, simplicia, erecta, recta velflexuosa, septata, brunnea, apicern versus paIIidiora,25-60 p.m alta, 2'5-5 p.m lata. Cellulae conidiogenaein conidiophoris incorporatae, terminales,polyblasticae,sympodiales, sine cicatricibus . Conidia ovoidea, sineseptis, atrobrunnea, laevia, 8-9'5 pm longa, 5-6 p.mlata, sine cicatricibus.

In ligno emortuo arboris ignotae, Esher Common,Surrey, U .K., 16 Sept. 1979, P.M. Kirk 452d, IMI241383d, holotypus.

Colonies velvety, dark brown to dark blackishbrown, inconspicuous. Mycelium partly superfic ial,partly immersed in the substratum, composed ofpale brown, smooth , branched, septate hyphaeup to 2'5 pm wide. Conidiophores macronematous,mononematous, arising singly, erect, straight orflexuous, septate, brown, paler towards the apex,25-60 pm high, 2'5-5 pm wide. Conidiogenous cellsintegrated, terminal, polyblastic, sympodial, notcicatrized. Conidia ovoid, without septa, darkbrown, smooth, 8-9'5 pm long, 5-6 pm wide, notcicatrized.

Specimens examined. On dead wood of unknowntree , Esher Common, Surrey, U.K., 16 Sept. 1979,P.M. Kirk 452d, IMI 241383d, holctype ; On rottenwood of Quercus robur, same locality, 13 Apr. 1980,P.M. Kirk 555a, IMI 247245a.

Virgariella S. Hughes (1953) was establishedfor dematiaceous hyphomycetes with simple mono-nematous conidiophores forming non-septate,dark brown, typically thick-walled conidia fromterminal, sympodially proliferating conidiogenouscells. The conidia appear to secede schizolytically.The apex of the short, rather broad, thin-walleddenticle subtending the conidium is not thickened.After secession the denticle collapses to form anind istinct scar. The conidium may have a slightlyraised truncate projection at the point of att ach-ment.

...... :

10 l' lll

Fig. 11. Virgariella ovoidea.

296 New or interesting microfungi

Table 1. Conidial form and size in Virgariella species

Globose to subglobose 6'5-9'5 p,m diamSubglobose to broadly ellipsoid 13-15 x 8-10'5 p,mBroadly ellipsoid to obovoid 5-7'5 x 4-5 p,mOvoid 8-9'5 x 5-6 p,m

V. globigeraV. atraV. fuscopurpureaV.ovoidea

Hughes (1953) designated V. globigera (Sacc. &Ell.) S. Hughes as the holotype, described a secondspecies, V. atra S. Hughes and included V. fusca(Cooke) S. Hughes. Later, Hughes (1958) addedVi fuscopurpurea (Berk, & M. A. Curtis) S. Hughesas an earlier name for V. fusca.

De Hoog (1973) transferred Rhinotrichum psilo-noides Preuss to Virgariella but this species doesnot appear to be congeneric with V. globigera,Matsushima (1975) added two new species, V.oblonga Matsushima and V. sphaerica Matsushimabut these also appear to be incorrectly placed inVirgariella. The conidiophores of the formerspecies have persistent cylindrical denticles whilstthose of the latter species possess slightly raisedthickened scars.

De Hoog (1977) transferred Chloridium hippo-triehoides Corda (1837) to Virgariella stating thatit was close to V. sphaerica. Earlier, Ellis (1976)transferred the name of the same species toPleurophragmium Constantin (1888). However, P.paroisporum (Preuss) Hol.-Jech., considered to bean earlier name for P. bicolor Constantin, thetype species of Pleurophragmium, was transferredto Dactylaria Sacco (1880) by de Hoog & von Arx(1973). Chloridium hippotriehoides is incorrectlyplaced in Virgariella but a suitable genus for itsinclusion is not readily apparent.

The author is indebted to Dr B. C. Sutton forcritically reading the manuscript, Dr S. J. Hughesfor helpful suggestions and Dr D. W. Minter forcorrecting the Latin diagnoses.

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(Received/or publication 20 October 1980)