new instruments for neutrino relics and mass cern, 8 december 2008

New Instruments for Neutrino Relics and Mass CERN, 8 December 2008

Orbital Electron-Capture Decay

of Stored and Cooled Hydrogen-like Ions

in the Experimental Storage Ring, ESR Christophor Kozhuharov, GSI Darmstadt

Outline:

Motivation

Production, separation, storage, cooling, and nondestructive detecting of highly-charged radioactive ions at the FRS-ESR complex

Two-body electron-capture decay of highly-charged ions.

Single-ion decay spectroscopy

Experimental results for EC of H-like 140Pr and 142Pm ions

Some hypotheses on the observed non-exponential decay

8 December 2008 Christophor Kozhuharov, GSI Darmstadt EC-Decay of H-Like Ions

FRS/ESR Mass-and-Lifetime Collaboration

G. Audi, K. Beckert, P. Beller†, F. Bosch, D. Boutin, C. Brandau, Th. Bürvenich, L. Chen, I. Cullen, Ch. Dimopoulou, H. Essel, B. Fabian, Th. Faestermann, B. Franczak, B. Franzke, H. Geissel,

E. Haettner, M. Hausmann, S. Hess, P. Kienle, O. Klepper, H.-J. Kluge, C. Kozhuharov, R. Knöbel, J. Kurcewicz, S.A. Litvinov, Yu. A. Litvinov, Z. Liu, L. Maier, M. Mazzocco, F. Montes,

A. Musumarra, G. Münzenberg, S. Nakajima, C. Nociforo, F. Nolden, Yu. N. Novikov, T. Ohtsubo, A. Ozawa, Z. Patyk, B. Pfeiffer, W. R. Plass, Z. Podolyak, M. Portillo,

A. Prochazka, R. Reuschl, H. Schatz, Ch. Scheidenberger, M. Shindo, V. Shishkin, U. Spillmann, M. Steck, Th. Stöhlker, K. Sümmerer, B. Sun, K. Suzuki, K. Takahashi,

S. Torilov, M. B. Trzhaskovskaya, S. Typel, D. J. Vieira, G. Vorobjev, P.M. Walker, H. Weick, S. Williams, M. Winkler, N. Winckler, D. Winters, H. Wollnik, T. Yamaguchi

UniS


Bound-State β-Decay

M. Jung et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 69 (1992) 2164


Two-body β-decay of highly-charged ions


Fragment Separator

FRS

Secondary Beams of Short-Lived Nuclei

Productiontarget

StorageRingESR

Heavy-IonSynchrotron

SIS

LinearAccelerator

UNILAC

Production & Separation of Exotic Nuclei

Highly-Charged IonsIn-Flight separation

Cocktail or one single nuclear species

≈ 600 MeV/u primary beams400 MeV/u stored beams: fragments e.c. 140Pr, 142Pm, 205Hg, 207Tl, 206Tl, 122I


Experimental Storage Ring, ESR: 108.4 m, 10-11 mbar


Stochastic cooling at the ESR

Combiner Station

Long. Pick-up

Transv. Pick-up

Long. Kicker

Transv. Kicker

ESR storage ring

Stochastic cooling is particularly efficient for hot ion beams (Fixed energy: 400 MeV/u)


Cooling, i.e. enhancing the phase space density at constant beam velocities

The momentum exchange of the ions with the cold collinear e- beam leads to

an excellent emittance

Electron cooling: G. Budker, 1967 Novosibirsk


ESR circumference ≈ 104 cm

At mean distances of about 10 cm and larger the intra-beam-scattering disappears.

For 1000 stored ions, the mean distance amounts to about 10 cm.

'Phase transition' to a linear ion chain

M. Steck et al., PRL 77, 3803 (1996)

Electron cooler

G as-target

Q uadrupole-trip let

Septum -m agnet

D ipole m agnet

Fast kickerm agnet

RF-Acceleratingcavity

Hexapole-m agnets

From the FR S

Extraction

To the S IS

Q uadrupole-dublet

Schottky p ick-ups

Recording the Schottky-noise

0v

v

SchottkyP ick-ups

Stored ion beam

f ~ 2 M H z0

FFT

am plificationsum m ation

____________________________ 128 msec

→ FFT 64 msec_____________________

→ FFT

Real time analyzer Sony-Tektronix 3066

time

SMSSMS

4 particles with different m/q


Sin(1)

Sin(2)

Sin(3)

Sin(4)

1234time

Fast Fourier Transform

SMSSMS

0 1 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 7 0 . 0 8 0 . 00

5

1 0

8 0 . 0 9 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 1 0 . 0 1 2 0 . 0 1 3 0 . 0 1 4 0 . 0 1 5 0 . 0 1 6 0 . 0

1 6 0 . 0 1 7 0 . 0 1 8 0 . 0 1 9 0 . 0 2 0 0 . 0 2 1 0 . 0 2 2 0 . 0 2 3 0 . 0 2 4 0 . 0

240.0 250.0 260.0 270.0 280.0 290.0 300.0 310.0 320.0

know n m asses A q+X unknow n m asses

N um ber of channels 216

R ecord ing tim e 30 sec

188 78+Pt

0

5

10

0

5

10

0

5

10

Frequency / kHz

Inte

nsity

/ ar

b. u

nits

201 84+

194 81+Tl

182 76+Pt182 76+

182 76+

189 79+

Ir

O s

Po

Hg

189 79+Au

177 74+W

196 82+Bi

196 82+Pb

184 77+Pt

184 77+Ir198 83+Bi

191 80+Tl

191 80+Hg

194 81+Au

200 83+Bi

183 76+Ir

183 76+O s

195 81+Tl195 81+PbPb

188 78+ 178 74+Re

190 79+Au

197 82+Bi

197 82+Pb

185 77+Ir

185 77+Pt192 80+Tl

192 80+Hg

199 83+Bi187 78+Pt

187 78+Au

Pb

190 79+Hg

IrAu 181 75+

198 82+Pb

193 80+Tl

193 80+Hg

194 80+Tl194 80+

189 78+

Tl191 79+Hg

187 77+

199 82+ Pb

Hg

196 81+

204 84+

Pt

Pb

Pt Ir186 77+

Po

187 77+Au

BiPbPb

182 75+Ir

194 80+Hg 189 78+Au189 78+

201 83+Po

201 83+Bi184 76+

184 76+O s

191 79+Au

203 84+Po

186 77+Pt

186 77+Ir181 75+R e198 82+Bi

193 80+Pb199 82+

O s181 75+

200 82+Bi

195 80+Tl

197 81+Pb

197 81+Bi 192 79+Hg

192 79+Au

198 81+Bi

198 81+Pb193 79+Tl

193 79+Hg

188 77+Au 205 84+Po

200 82+Pb200 82+Po195 80+Pb

190 78+Hg

190 78+Au

185 76+Pt

202 83+Po

202 83+Bi 197 81+Tl198 81+Pb

188 77+Pt

A q+X

15

0m

,g

6

5+

Dy

150

65

+

Tb

143

6

2+

143

m,g

6

2+

Eu S

m

157

68+

Er

127

55+

Cs

157

6

8+T

m

173

7

5+

166

72

+1

66

72+

180

78

+P

t

Re

Hf

Ta

152

6

6+

152

6

6+

Ho

Dy

159

6

9+

159

6

9+

13

6

59+

Tm

Yb

Pr

W

164

71+

171

74

Lu

16

4

71+

Hf

14

5

6

3+

122

53+

Gd

I

175

7

6+

161

70

+

138

6

0+161

70

+

16

8

7

3+16

8

73+

Os

TaW

Yb

Nd

Lu

14

9

65+

Tb

156

68

+

156

6

8+

Er

Tm

154

67+

154

67+

HoEr

163

71+

147

64

+

14

7

6

4+

147

6

4+

Dy

Tb

Gd

Lu

165

72

+1

65

7

2+

17

2

7

5+

163

7

1+

170

74

+

Hf

TaRe

W

Hf

10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 100000

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

Frequency / H z

Inte

nsity

/ ar

b. u

nits

m ass know n m ass unknow n

300 kHz / 60 MHz Schottky TCAP


Orbital EC-experiments, decay schemes


Well-defined quantum states for parent and daughter ions

I Well-defined states: → bare, 1, 2.. e-

II Quasi 'free': → storage ring/ trap

III Time-resolved decay: → single ions

IV Correlated decay: → change of mass


Cooling at ESR

David Boutin, PhD Thesis, Univ. Giessen, 2005


Two-body beta decay

f scales as m/q

q does not change for the two-body β decay

f changes only if the mass changes, or if the B-field changes.

260 Hz


EC in Hydrogen-like Ions

FRS-ESR Experiment

EC(H-like) = 0.00219(6) s-1 (decay of 140Pr58+)

bare) = 0.00158(8) s-1 (decay of 140Pr59+)

(neutral)= 0.00341(1) s-1 G.Audi et al., NPA729 (2003) 3

Expectations:

EC(He-like) = 0.00147(7) s-1 (decay of 140Pr57+)

EC(H-like)/EC(He-like) ≈ 0.5

EC (neutral atom) ≈1

EC(H-like)/EC(He-like) = 1.49(8)

Yu. A. Litvinov et al., PRL 99, 262501 (2007)


S. Typel and L. Grigorenko

Probability of EC Decay

µ = +2.7812 µN (calc.)

Neutral 140Pr: P = 2.381

Gamow-Teller transition

Electron Capture in Hydrogen-like Ions

H-like 140Pr: P = 3

He-like 140Pr: P = 2

Theory: Z. Patyk et al., PR C77, 014306 (2008)The H-like ion decays by 20% faster than the neutral atom!

λ(H)/λ(He) = (2I+1)/(2F+1)


Nuclear Decay of Stored Single Ions

Time/channel = 30 sec.

Amplitude distributions corresponding to 1,2,3-particles; 1 frame = 128 msec.

Am

plitu

de

Am

plitu

de

Daughter

Mother

We restrict the analysis to 1 to 3 injected ions:1. The Schottky areas have a very large variance.2. The variance of the amplitudes is larger than the step 3→4.3. Problem of 'delayed cooling'

The final data occur within +- 400 msec. in both the computer as well as in the ‘manual’ evaluations; In all cases the ‘appearance’ time has been taken into account.

N. Winckler


Examples of measured time-frequency traces

↕ Time/ch. = 640 msec

Time/ch. = 640 ms


2 140Pr58+

1 140Pr58+

1 140Ce58+

↕ Time/ch. = 64 msec


Properties of measured time↔frequency traces

1. Continuous observation

3. Detection of all EC decays

4. Delay between decay and "appearance" due to cooling

5. 140Pr: ER = 44 eV Delay: 900 (300) msec

142Pm: ER = 90 eV Delay: 1400 (400) msec

from measured frequency: → p transformed to n (hadronic vertex) → bound e- annihilated (leptonic vertex) → ν created at td as νe = a │ν1 > + b ν2 > if conservation of lepton number holds

2. Parent/daughter correlation


2. Experimental results for EC of H-like ions: 140Pr58+


Fast Fourier Transform of the data of 1.+2. run

Frequency peak at f = 0.142 Hz

Yu. A. Litvinov et al.,Phys. Lett. B 664, 124 (2008)


140Pr58+ all runs: 2650 EC-decays from 7102 injections


142Pm60+: 2740 EC decays from 7011 injections


142Pm60+: zoom on the first 33 s after injection


Fits with pure exponential (1) and superimposed oscillation (2)

dNEC (t)/dt = N0 exp {- λt} λEC ; λ = λβ+ + λEC + λloss (1)

dNEC (t)/dt = N0 exp {- λt} λEC(t); λEC(t) = λEC [1+a cos(ωt+φ)] (2)

T = 7.06 (8) s φ = 0.4 (4) a = 0.18 (3)

T = 7.10 (22) s φ = - 1.6 (4) a = 0.23 (4)


3. Some hypotheses on the non-exponential decays


Decay identified by correlated change of atomic mass at time td

Different delay due to emission characteristics of the neutrino

Small total line width(s)

Ћ / ΔtObs (≈ 0.1 s ) ≈ 10 -14 eV >> Ћ / T (≈ 7 s) ≈ 10 -16 eV

No third particle involved

→ daughter nucleus and neutrino entangled by momentum- and energy conservation → EPR scenario

EC in H-like ions for nuclear g.s. → g.s. transitions


µ = +2.7812 µN (calc.)

Coherent excitation of the 1s hyperfine states F =1/2 & F=3/2 Beat period T = h/ΔE ≈ 10-15 s

Decay can occur only from the F=1/2 (ground) state

Periodic spin flip to "sterile" F=3/2 ? → λEC reduced

Quantum beats from the hyperfine states ?


"Classical" quantum beats

Chow et al., PR A11(1975) 1380

Coherent excitation of an electron in two quantum states, separated by ΔE at time t0, e.g. 3P0 and 3P2

Observation of the decay photon(s) as a function of (t-t0)

Exponential decay modulated bycos(ΔE / Ћ (t-t0))

if Δτ<< T = h/ΔE→ no information whether E1 or E2

"which path"? addition of amplitudes

- Δτ -


The electron neutrino appears as coherent superposition of mass eigenstates

The recoils appear as coherent superpositions of states entangled with the electron neutrino mass eigenstates by momentum- and energy conservation

Beats due to neutrino being not a mass eigenstate?

ΔEν ≈ Δ2m/2M = 3.1 · 10-16 eV Δpν ≈ - Δ2m/ 2 <pν> = 2.0 · 10-11 eV

E, p = 0 (c.m.)

M, pi2/2M

νe (mi, pi, Ei)M + p1

2/2M + E1 = E M + p2

2/2M + E2 = E"Asymptotic" conservation of E, p

m12 – m2

2 = Δ2m = 8 · 10-5 eV2

E1 – E2 = ΔEν


cos (ΔE/ћ t) with Tlab = h γ / ΔE ≈ 7s

a) M = 140 amu, Eν = 3.39 MeV (Pr)

b) M = 142 amu, Eν = 4.87 MeV (Pm)

M =141 amu, γ = 1.43, Δ2m12 = 8 · 10-5 eV2

ΔE = hγ / Tlab = 8.4 · 10 -16 eV

ΔEν = Δ2m /2 M = 3.1 · 10 -16 eV

New Experiment on 118Sb (122I)

Decay scheme of 118Sb

Experiment was scheduled: 31.07.2008-18.08.2008

Decay scheme of 122I

Decay statistics

Correlations: 10.808 injections ~1080 EC-decaysMany ions: 5718 injections ~5000 EC-decays

Analyzed :I. About 60% of the overall dataII. About 20% of the overall dataAutomatic analysis is delayed

For the two-body EC decays of H-like 140Pr and 142Pm periodic modulations according to e –λt [1+a cos(ωt+φ)] with Tlab = 2π/ω = 7s, a ≈ 0.20 (4) were found

Statistical fluctuations are not excluded on a c.l. > 3.5 σ

Oscillation period T proportional to nuclear mass M ?

Only a few out of many remaining questions

1. Are the oscillations real ? → still modest statistics

2. Can the coherence be maintained over some 10 s keeping in mind

the confinement in an electromagnetic potential, the continuous interaction,

and the continuous observation ??

How can we improve the statistics, what other systems can we probe,

what other ESR settings can we use?

new instruments for neutrino relics and mass cern, 8 december 2008

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