Topic: Reading and Writing SkillsSubject: EnglishSubmitted to: Miss Mudassar JehanSubmitted by: Safa Murtaza -074 Aiman Murtaza-039 Ayesha Liaqat-042Date: 27-01-2011

Communication is the art of transmitting information,

ideas and attitudes from one person to another.

read

ing

Writ

ing

speaking

listening

Reading is a process of retrieving the meaning of stored information or ideas.

• To acquire knowledge

• Reading helps in mental development

• Improvement of conversational skills

• Helps readers to decipher new words

• Developing vocabulary, language skills

• If the reader don't know anything about a subject, then it will be

difficult for him to grab the information.

The way to understand reading:

Two ways:• 1. calling words – ability to recognize word

structures• 2. understand words – ability to understand the

meaning within the context of the words

One does not exist without the

other.

READING Types

A.Reading according to purpose.

B.According to reading performance.

C.According to Reading Instruction Program.

Skimming,

Scanning,

literature Reading

Intensive Reading

Reading for GeneralComprehension,

Detailed Reading,

A. Reading according to purpose.

1. Skimming

• General understanding of the whole text.

• Fastest type of reading based on purpose.

• Also called rapid-survey reading.

2. Scanning

• Look for specific information in the text.

• It makes you “skip more than you read”.

• Also called search reading.

Comprehension Skills

The ability to use context and prior knowledge to aid reading and to make sense of what one reads and hears.

Comprehension is based on: Knowledge that reading makes sense Readers' prior knowledge Information presented in the text The use of context to assist recognition of words and meaning.

3-Five Basic Steps to Reading Comprehension

• 1. Previewing

• 2. Reading and Comprehending

• 3. Skimming

• 4. Scanning

• 5. Following Up

4. Intensive or functional reading

• Also called word for word type of reading.

• Requires one to read materials related to his/her field of specialization.

• The object of intensive reading demands a great deal of content-area reading.

5. Extensive

• Also called light-type of reading.

• Reading for leisure.

• You love what you read.

6. Literature reading

• Not mainly for pleasure.

• Intends to familiarize readers with different genres of literature pieces:

• Novels, short stories, biography, etc.

B. ACCORDING TO READING PERFORMANCE / RATE OF UNDERSTANDING

1. Speed reading

• Information tends to stay superficially in one’s mind.

• Not a good method if your objective is to gain a deeper understanding of the text.

2. Sub-vocalized reading

• One recognizes the form of the word and internally sounds it in the mind the way one pronounced it as a spoke word.

• Focuses primarily on the form, stress, intonation, phrasing of the language.

• This prevents one from quick reading and comprehension of the text.

3. Proofreading

• To see typographical errors

• Proofreading vs. editing

4. SPE (structure proposition evaluation)

Three stages1.Recognizing language structures2.Making inferences3.Evaluation ideas, reasons, or

conclusions

Judgment is withheld until the text is fully understood.

C. ACCORDING TO READING-INSTRUCTION PROGRAM

1. Read aloud

• Mostly teachers use this in instruction.

• Students will learn good expressions, proper pacing, and correct pronunciation.

2. Shared reading

• It is also called as group reading.

• Enhance IQ level.

• It is necessary for students

3. Guided reading

• Reader is left alone to do silent reading.

• But the reader is motivated by the teacher by various strategies.

• Reader is not totally left alone.

4. Fluency reading• Main objective:

To gain mastery of the

Pronunciation,

Phrasing,

Pausing,

Intonation,

Stress of the text.

• Progress: measured by the number of words one can read aloud and comprehensions Qs answered correctly.

Fluency Reading

Text is read several times

e.g. comprehension reading.

Importance:Taped reading, Timed reading.

6. Developmental reading

Aims to refine one’s reading:

1.Reading readiness in the nursery.

2.Beginning reading.

3.Rapid growth.

4.Refining and widening reading.

7. Selective or key-word reading

• Characterized by skimming and scanning

8. Remedial reading

• One submits himself/herself to a reading program that will give him/her special reading sessions under the guidance of a reading specialist.

• This requires one to reflect on thoughts.

Memory and Concentration

To really learn well, there are two things you need:

1. The ability to

and minimize distractions while you are studying.

2. techniques to help you remember what you have learned.

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concentrate

Memory

Writing SkillsWriting Skills

DefinitionDefinition

• Writing skills are specific abilities which help writers put their thoughts into words in a meaningful form and to mentally interact with the message.

What is Writing?Writing may be: Persuasive writing.

Author hopes to convince and

audience on his/her opinion. Objective writing.

Presents facts and information

organized in an accessible way.

Objective of Writing• To acquire generally useful techniques

for effective writing.

• To utilized easy exercise that can help to improve your reading.

• To become familiar with common working mistakes.

Rules of Effective Writing• Basic Rules

1. Getting to the pointa. Being Concise

b. Paragraphing

c. Framing Effective Questions

2. Use of Nondiscriminatory Language

3. Punctuation.

4. Grammar

5. Spelling

Types of Writing

Formal writingInformal writing

Formal Writing.

It may be:

Letter writingParagraph writingEssay writingStory writingDialogue writing

…etc.

TYPES OF LETTER WRITING

1. Formal Letters: Tone is formal such as Business Letters.

2. Semi-Formal Letters: Tone and style is formal and meant for relatives. Invitation Letters.

3. Informal Letters: Tone and style is relaxed. It is written to relatives, friends, etc.

4. Form Letters: Preprinted, Administration form, Application Form, etc.

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What is Paragraph?

A paragraph usually contains a general idea in one sentence, and 4 - 5 supporting sentences which expand this idea by giving explanation.

The Parts of a Paragraph

1. Topic Sentence:

To introduce the main idea of the paragraph

2. Details:

Main body of the paragraph.

3. Concluding Sentence:

To wrap-up your ideas.

Types of Paragraphs

• For our purposes, here are the basic types of paragraphs:– Narrative– Exposition– Descriptive– Persuasive

Narrative

• Tells a story

• Uses specific details

• Is not a mere listing of events. It has characters, setting, conflict, and resolution.– Time and place are usually established

Exposition

• Informative/explanatory

• Can be included incidentally with narrative or descriptive, but can also stand alone.

Description

• Series of detailed observations

• Usually not used by itself, but rather as a part of a whole

• The challenge is to make it interesting– Imagery– Sensory details; five senses– Similes, metaphors

Persuasive

• Uses direct approach– “Believe me and do it!”

• Calls reader to action or to take a stand on an important issue

• More than just opinion is needed; information, analysis, and context must be given to the reader to let him/her make a decision

Writing a Story

Helpful hints for story writing.

Dilemma

Opening

Build-upResolution

Ending

Story Mountain

Humour

Making the audience laugh as part of telling a story

Crime

Regular cop and robber story (often made into films)

Real-life fiction

Stories in a present day reality

Historical fiction

Ancient traditional stories, myths and legendsEg: Lord of the Rings

Mystery

Thrilling tales of the unknown phenomenonEg: Alien stories, X-Files

Science fiction

Use a setting involving science and technologyEg: Star Wars, The Matrix

Adventure

Action-packed stories with dangerous obstacles to overcome.

Fantasy

Stories with magic and fairytale characters

What is Dialogue?

•When people speak in a piece of writing whether real or imaginary

•The direct speech is set off by quotation marks

•Example: “Hi!”

Why Use Dialogue?

•Makes writing more interesting.

•Reveals more information about the characters and situation.

Some common problems while writing...

• Repetition– repeating words or ideas

• Vagueness and verbosity– using over-long sentences– using imprecise terms

• Lack of analysis– too much description– no clear plan

• Lack of clarity– assumption of knowledge

• Objective: evidence driven.• Accurate : style, referencing, data.• Concise: not wordy, balanced, within word

limit.• Clear: point evident.• Consistent: expression, spelling, grammar.• Convincing: argument and language.• Reader friendly.