New Age of Human Achievement Characteristics Renaissance = Rebirth 1300s 1600s Assimilation of classical ideas of ancient Greece and of the Arabic world New Age of Human Achievement Came through Italy Venices and the merchant Republics relationship with the Middle East Scholars searching the libraries of the world for works of ancient Greece Black Death encouraged secularism because of the Catholic Churchs inability to stop the disease New Age of Human Achievement Characteristics Individualism - moral, political, or social outlook that stresses human independence Also increasing urban areas made these changes across society Urbanism Italian City-States Milan ruled by the Visconti dukes Venice ruled by the merchants who elected a Doge Florence ruled by the De Medici family New Age of Human Achievement Niccol Machiavelli Wrote The Prince Said that rulers should do things for the sake of the state Old writers stressed that rulers must behave based on Christian morals Secular Humanism humanist philosophy that upholds reason, ethics, and justice, and specifically rejects the supernatural and the spiritual as warrants of moral reflection and decision- making a non-religious life stance focusing on the way human beings can lead good and happy lives Education Many intellectuals wrote books and open schools based on their ideas Liberal Studies They believed studying these liberal arts let people reach their full potential Math and Science Created the square root, and positive and negative numbers Architecture brought new forms of engineering Rediscovered astronomy and our heliocentric solar system Galileo was excommunicated by the church for writing that the earth revolved around the sun Renaissance Literature Dante The Divine Comedy William Shakespeare Wrote plays in comedic, historic, and tragedy forms Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Julius Caesar Miguel de Cervantes Wrote the comedic romance story of Don Quixote Rebirth of Art Realistic style Developed by a fresco painter Painting becomes technical even mathematical Investigation of movement and human anatomy Human Nudes Masters of the High Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci Realistic painting Dissected human bodies to see how nature worked Raphael Perfected perspective Michelangelo Sistine Chapel ceiling The David Leonardo da Vinci Raphael Michelangelo Northern Masters Albrecht Drer Ritter, Tod und Teufel Jan van Eyck Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride Protestant Reformation I do not accept the authority of popes and councils, for they have contradicted each othermy conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and will not recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise. God help me. Amen. -Martin Luther Before Luther Christian Humanism Goal: Reform the Catholic Church Combine reason and faith Erasmus Belief: the philosophy of Christ Live good lives, no need for salvation Internal religious validation The Church Before Reformation Popes failed the people spiritually Popes gained military power Popes more worried with money Sold indulgences (buying salvation to raise money for the Church) Martin Luther Was a monk and professor in Wittenberg, Germany Believed humans were not saved by good works But through faith in God alone Justification by Faith 95 Theses Luther was upset about the selling of indulgences Especially upset at Johann Tetzel On Oct. 31, 1517, Luther nailed his 95 theses to the Church door in Wittenberg Got help from the German princes Kept only two sacraments (communion and baptism) excommunicated Was made an outlaw by the Edict of Worms Went into hiding and his beliefs spread throughout N. Europe Lutheran Church began Zwingli Switzerland reformer; less elaborate church services and decorations; no relics John Calvin Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion Agreed on justification by faith But believed in predestination Predetermination by God on who will go to Heaven and those who will go to Hell Became stronger than Lutheranism Henry VIII Split with the Catholic Church because the pope refused to annul one of his marriages Created the Church of England Became the Anglican Church (Episcopal) Anabaptists Did not like princes or kings having so much power in the church Adult baptism not infant Each church chose its own leader Were persecuted by Catholics and other protestants alike Catholic Reformation The Society of Jesus, Jesuits Started by Ignatius of Loyola Missionaries used education to teach and spread Catholic doctrine Papal Reform Stopped corruption of the past Council of Trent Faith and good works needed for salvation Indulgences forbidden Results of the Protestant Reformation Religious Conflicts throughout Europe Thirty Years War between France and different kingdoms within the Holy Roman Empire (Germany) and a decades long civil war in France between the Huguenots and the Catholics that ended with the Edict of Nantes, declaring religious freedom except in Paris Church leaders reform the Catholic Church Missionaries start to spread Catholicism more after renewed vigor from the Catholic Reformation Northern Europe becomes largely Protestant Protestant churches practice self- government (except in England) The idea of federalism starts within these churches and spreads to local governments Especially in Switzerland