neutral grounding resistor starting, braking ... - aktif.net · pdf filecatalogue 2011 neutral...

Catalogue 2011

Neutral Grounding ResistorStarting, Braking and Discharge ResistorsHarmonic Filter ResistorsLoad Banks

a n A k ti f G r o u p C o m p a n y

Identifies the product as top quality, safe and one step forward of the similar ones.

Symbolizes measurable energy saving products helps to energy continuity.

Identifies smart control logic.

Identifies easy to use products, simplifies the difficult tasks.

Green products, respects to the nature and our future.

Aktif trade mark for Medium voltage switchgears, Switching equipment and Kiosks with high quality and environmentally sensitive

Aktif trade mark for Capacitor Banks, Harmonic Filters, Resistors, Medical Insulated Power Panels, Synchronization and Energy automation Panels with high quality and environmentally sensitive

Aktif trade mark for Measuring, Protection, Automatic Meter Reading, Billing and Energy Management Software.

Aktif trade mark for Measuring, Protection, Control and Power Quality products with high quality, long life and environmentally sensitive

TYPES AND APPLICATIONS

1

TECHNICAL INFORMATIONA 1 Electrical Properties 8A 2 Thermo Dynamical Properties 9

B 1 Neutral Grounding Resistor 12B 2 Starting, Braking and Discharge Resistors 13B 3 Harmonic Filter Resistors 14B 4 Load Banks 15

2

Aktif Raylı Sistemler Ltd.

Aktif Railway Systems (ARS) is established in 2008 for the designing and providing of traction systems' substations as well as providing on-board equipment used on vehicles.

The main purpose of ARS is providing engineering services and products to public bodies and companies in this sector. Even though it is a brand new company, ARS managed to complete successfully both Antalya Light Rail System project as well as Istanbul Metro Stinger System projects.

Aksis Enerji Sistemleri Ltd.

Aksis Energy Metering Systems (AKS) is established in 2003 for providing metering solutions like Automatic Meter Reading, Billing Software in every level of energy sector. The company is focused on saving and efficient using of energy by its Meter Management and Loss & Leakage tracing solutions. AKS answers all expectations in power systems with high quality products and custom design software solutions. AKS customers create over 100 million Euro energy bills using different Metering, Management and Billing methods of AKS.

Aktif Mühendislik Ltd.

Aktif Engineering (AMDT) is established in 1996 Measuring, Protecting and Quality of Electricity. 2200m2 headquarter of AMDT is located in Istanbul consisting of 35 employees. Since establishment AMDT provides high quality engineering, supplying and start-up services for the power quality, energy saving, energy metering, protection. AMDT provides standard and custom designed solutions to domestic and international customers, with over 15 years of experience.

Company Profile

3

Coet S.r.L.

Since establishment in 1962 in Milan, COET has been producing AC/DC switching equipments and panels that are used safely by its customers thanks to the COET's work on industrial and electric equipment and patents obtained in this field. All manufactured products are the result of long technical research and development work. This way, the company is known for the originality and diversity of its planned solutions. COET has been working on Industrial and railway systems and has become one of the leading companies in the field of supplying switching equipments for traction substation.

Aktif Elektroteknik A.Ş.

The company is established to manufacture Switchgears and Kiosks under the name of “Setas” in 1981. First in 2008, company merged to Aktif Group as Aktif Elektroteknik (AET) and then the company becomes international after significant participation of Italian Friem S.p.A in 2009. 9000m2 factory of AET is located in Ankara consisting of over 100 employees. AET operates with its 30 years of manufacturing experience, modernized machinery line, ever increasing know-how, experienced Turkish and Italian R&D teams, quality products type tested by the leading accredited European laboratories and the vision of new ideas to meet with future expectations.

Company Profile

Friem S.p.A.

Friem manufactured over 40 million ampere and 1000 power rectifiers for the worldwide since it's established in Milan at 1950.

Having technical knowledge of energy and electro mechanics along with ability of complete design of conversion systems, FRIEM provides also high voltage DC insulators, DC switches, anodic control and protection products and auxiliary equipments like polarization products to its customers. Friem is a share holder of Aktif Elektronik in Turkey and also COET S.r.L in Italy.

4

Introduction

Aktif Group is in continuous development with its customer oriented activities, advanced engineering know-how, R&D works, software developing abilities and with the continuous support of loyal customers that are attained and protected by precise work and ethical principles of the company.

The group companies have ISO 9001 since 90s and our factory has ISO 14001 Environment and ISO 18001 Occupational Health and Safety Certificates.

Technology

The most important activities of Aktif is R&D and increase the Employee quality which the investment amount of these activities are more than average.

All mechanical projects are designed by 3D-CAD platforms. Power flow, test and quality works are calculated by Worldwide accepted simulation software and ActWin software as well as developing software for different platforms.

In order to increase the production quality and capacity all machinery within the facility are renewed with latest technology equipment in 2009.

Vision

To increase the number of our loyal customers in global market, hence increasing the market share and becoming reputable, reliable and preferred company as worldwide with our;

prominent quality difference,customer oriented approach,innovative activities,open minded approach.

Mission

By the help of our followings mission is continuing to announce product quality and knowledge of our company and country in best possible way by meeting rising customer expectations.

open minded approach high quality policy innovative ideas constantly improved processes polished employees knowledge based decisions

Company Profile

5

High Performance, Durable and Simple

Endurance of our products, which are produced with high level of awareness and accurateness in addition to follow international standards, ensures an outstanding performance for the users. Therefore our products are considered as top of the line products.

Visual simplicity and being user friendly are the design criteria for the software and hardware of our products. Our products have the most simple and functional features for emergency applications as well as persistence of habits and customer satisfaction are basics in design, production and shipment.

Security

The human safety and security are the main concerns in all of our products.

Design, Interlock logics and documentation of our products are implemented, manufactured and tested in order to reach the highest safety level.

Furthermore, services and site works are done according to human safety rules by taking into account the dangerous of electricity.

Service Continuity

The service continuity means efficiency of power consequently profitability of the business.

Our products are designed and manufactured in order to ensure energy sustainability and provide the best service availability.

This policy is the cornerstone of our orientation and training programs and it is fully applied by our technical and administrative staff.

Local & Remote Monitoring

Energy continuity and efficiency can be ensured only by monitoring of equipments local and remotely.

Our products are designed with remote monitoring and management features by the help of our software development abilities on different platforms and hardware capabilities. This will ensure the saving and profitability, directly.

Company Profile

A 1 Electrical PropertiesA 2 Thermo Dynamical Properties

6

88

TechnicalInformation

8

A 1 Electrical Properties

A resistor is a device designed to have a definite amount of resistance R, which is a parameter that relates the voltage and the current at its terminals following the relation:

V= R.I

When a resistor is crossed by a current, a voltage drop takes place at its terminals. On the other hand, when a voltage is applied to the terminals of a circuit, a resistor limits the current flow. At the same time, a resistor absorbs a certain power from the electric circuit:

P= V.I = R.I2

and converts it into heat. The purposes why resistors are employed onboard the trains will be described later in this chapter. The power a resistor dissipates is proportional to its resistance.

Resistance depends on the physical structure of the active elements following the relation:

R= ρ.I/S

where:

ρ : a physical property of the material called resistivity l : length of the resistor S : section of the resistor

A certain resistance is obtained combining these parameters.

It is important to note that the term resistance is often misused as a synonym of resistor. A rheostat is a resistor constructed so that its resistance value may be changed without interrupting the circuit to which it is connected.

R = p · l / S

RI

v

Electric power Thermal power

Resistors Technical InformationA


9

A 2 Thermo Dynamical Properties

The electric power absorbed by a resistor is converted into heat, which is both dispersed towards the surrounding environment and retained by the resistor, which gets hot. A simple equation that can be employed to describe approximately the thermal exchange is:

P= Cth . dϕ / dt + ϕ . 1 / Rth

where:

ρ is the electric power the resistor absorbs ϕ is the temperature difference between the resistor surface and the surrounding environment. Cth is the thermal capacitance of the active material. In other words, it is the ability of the material to retain the heat instead of dissipating it. It is directly proportional to the mass of the material with the following relation: Cth=M·cp where M is the mass and cp is the specific heat.

Rth is the thermal resistance of the resistor. It depends on the ability of the resistor to dissipate heat towards the surrounding environment. It is inversely proportional to the surface of the active elements with the following relation: Rth=1/(α.S) where α is the thermal exchange coefficient and S is the dissipation surface.

The thermal exchange equation has the following solution:θp - θa= P . Rth . (1-e-t / (C.Rth)) where θp is the active element temperature and θa is the environment temperature, and has an exponential trend (see picture 2).

The thermal behaviour of the resistor strongly depends on its mass (through Cth) and on its external surface (through Rth). These two parameters have to be carefully considered while designing a resistor, depending on its working cycle. In case constant power is supplied to the resistor, the dissipating ability should prevail, so that its temperature reaches the nominal value and remains constant, thus the resistor should have a large surface and not be massive. On the other hand, if the resistor's working cycle consists of a sequence of load peaks and no-load periods, the heat retention ability should prevail, so that the temperature remains constant anyway and does not vary like the energy. In this case the resistor should be more massive.

Moreover, the air temperature drop between the resistor's surface and the surrounding environment influences the heat exchange, i.e. the power dissipation. In other words, the largest is the temperature drop between the environment and the active elements, the more heat (i.e. power) is dissipated by the resistor in the environment. For this reason, the cooling system is a key issue in designing a resistor.

Resistor temperature

0 100 300200 400 700500 600 900800 1000

100

50

0

150

200

250

300

350

400

Sıca

klık

[o C] θp−θα

Zaman [s]

Temperature rise of a resistor fed with constant power

“JF” elements with the primary insulation stage.

A resistor section (or bank) made of “RL” elements.

Resistors Technical Information A


B 1 Neutral Grounding ResistorB 2 Starting, Braking and Discharge ResistorsB 3 Harmonic Filter ResistorsB 4 Load Banks

10

12131415

Types andApplications

12

B 1 Neutral Grounding Resistor

Short circuits between phase and ground can result in irreversible damage to networks and equipments; it is therefore of the utmost importance to be able to control and reduce their effects: Grounding Resistors limit the fault current that arises due to phase-neutral short circuits. Grounding through resistor offers several advantages with respect to alternative methods (such as insulated grounding, direct grounding or grounding through a reactance). The main advantages are: easier detection of fault location, limitation of fault current, no transient over voltages.

Relevant parameters in the design of a Neutral Grounding Resistors may vary greatly: Our standard products were developed (for the most common requirements) along with tailored projects, each developed and customized according to the required characteristics. Our products range from Low Voltage systems (<1kV) to High Voltage (132kV insulation class), as well as from very low fault current values (tens of Amps) to very high (>10kA).

The essential pieces of information needed to design a Grounding Resistors are:

Nominal Voltage Fault Current Fault Duration (10s is customary)

Other relevant parameters are:

Protection degree of enclosure; from IP00 - i.e. no enclosure - to IP55, standard solution IP23 Enclosure finish; our standard is mild galvanized, but different stainless steel (such as AISI304 or AISI316) are also available. Painting in the desired RAL color is also an option Continuous current rating; it may affect significantly the performance of the resistor, especially when high IP degrees are required Environment and Elevation; we design resistors for the harshest industrial or natural settings Auxiliary components; during our many years of operation we have selected a number of trusted suppliers for a wide choice of ancillary components, such as Current Transformers, Switches, Disconnectors, etc.

Applications

Energy

Industry

Resistors Types and ApplicationsB


13

B 2 Starting, Braking and Discharge Resistors

Starting and Braking Resistors are widely employed for controlling motors during start and/or stop.

Starting Resistors may be used for wound rotor induction motor and DC wound motor (this last type of motor is less and less common): adding a series resistor to each rotoric phase reduces the current and improves the starting torque. Starting Resistors may also be employed for squirrel cage induction motors, where series resistors added to the stator, limit initial current to three times its nominal value. Starting Resistors for squirrel cage motors are also known as Ballast Resistor.

The essential pieces of information needed to design a Starting Resistor are:

Horsepower Rotor/Stator Voltage Rotor/Stator Current RPM Application; different applications require different solutions

Crane control is a quite common application for Braking Resistors: during descent the load, especially if heavy, may cause the motor to generate power as if it were lifting. Resistors are thus used to avoid unwanted and uncontrolled acceleration.

Braking Resistors for large motors are customized to best comply with any requirement: we have developed special Breaking Resistors for important research institutes (among them Max Planck Institute) and for energies in excess of 3400MJ.

Disexcitation of large capacitors and inductors must be carried out with care to avoid impulsive currents that could damage them permanently. Discharge Resistors limit the peak current and protect the capacitive/inductive device.

The essential pieces of information needed to design a Discharge Resistors are:

Nominal Voltage Discharge Current Discharge Duration

Discharge Resistors are often connected with research institutes and they require a very high level of customization, sometimes also leading to the development of new technologies for resistive elements.

Applications

Industry

On-board

Resistors Types and Applications B


14

B 3 Harmonic Filter Resistors

Fundamental frequency fFirst harmonic 2fSecond harmonic 3f

Quality of power is becoming ever more important for both suppliers and end users, as the number of devices that may feed harmonics in power systems is increased, resulting in higher line losses, interferences and resonances. Please ask Aktif's Power Quality Catalogue for more details about harmonics.Harmonic Filters - made up by capacitors, inductors and resistors - help clearing harmonics which inevitably tend to occur. The LC circuit filters all spurious frequencies and only lets fundamental frequency through, while the Harmonic Filter Resistors (Harmonic Filters Resistors, also referred to as Damping Resistors) dissipate harmonic currents into heat.

Typical fields of applications for Harmonic Filters Resistors are HVDC networks and electrical induction furnaces.

Our team of experienced engineers designs the best solution for the different characteristics required and the most diverse environment. Custom design Harmonic Filters Resistors from a few kW power up to tens of MW, as well as B.I.L. up to 600kV. Our Harmonic Filter Resistors employ non-magnetic low temperature-coefficient elements, to minimize Ohmic value drift and therefore preventing excessive power increase.

They also show low parasitic inductance values, which is a key feature for the effective design of damping elements.

The essential pieces of information needed to design an Harmonic Filters Resistors are:

- Nominal Voltage - Current or Power Ohmic Value (with tolerance in %)


- B.I.L.- Required Insulation Level; HV terminal to hearth, LV terminal to earth, between terminals- Clearance and Creepage- Enclosure finish; our standard is mild galvanized, but different stainless steel (such as AISI304 or AISI316) are also available. Painting in the desired RAL color is also an option- Environment; we design resistors for the harshest industrial or natural settings- Maximum Inductance- Bushing Layout; top or side mounted- Mounting; three-phase stacked, side by side, others

Temel frekans f ‹lk harmonik 2f ‹kinci harmonik 3f

Resistors Types and ApplicationsB


15

B 4 Load Banks

Load Banks allow to effectively check the efficiency of emergency sets (generators, Uninterrutible Power Supplies…) and can be employed as dummy loads to prevent wet stacking on diesel engines. They represent a reliable and economic way to prolong the lifetime of extremely expensive and important equipments.Custom designs Load Banks to satisfy all requirements, both in terms of power to be dissipated (from tens of kW to tens of MW), of insulation level (from hundreds of Volts up to 36kV insulation class) and of integration of the most diverse power steps, thanks to the wide variety of grid types designed and produced. Thanks to its many years of experience in both industrial and railway field about reliable ventilation curves, and can be therefore offered forced-ventilated Load Banks, whose main advantage is that of allowing higher power-per-element and thus smaller size. Load Banks are suitable for indoor and/or outdoor use; they are placed in enclosures with up to IP23 protection degree. Ventilation can be without distinction horizontal or vertical. Load Banks can be controlled either locally or remotely (on request), through switches and contactors

The essential pieces of information needed to design a Load Banks are:

Nominal Voltage Power Number and type of steps, if any Type of ventilation (natural or forced)


Maximum Ohmic value drifts; in case it is necessary to contain the thermal drift of the resistance value, alloys with extremely low temperature coefficients can be employed Protection degree of enclosure; up to IP23, standard IP20 (vertical ventilation) or IP21 (horizontal ventilation, only for forced air cooled Load Banks) Enclosure finish; our standard is mild galvanized, but different stainless steel (such as AISI304 or AISI316) are also available. Painting in the desired RAL color is also an option Environment and Elevation; we design resistors for the harshest industrial or natural settings Auxiliary components; contactors for step switching

Applications

Energy

Industry

Resistors Types and Applications B


Head OfficeBayraktar Blv. Şehit sk. No: 5 Aktif Plaza 34775 Ümraniye Istanbul - TürkiyeTe l : +90 216 314 93 20Fax : +90 216 314 93 60

FactoryAkşemsettin mah. Çatalca sk. No:113 06930 Sincan Ankara - TürkiyeTe l : +90 312 269 46 02 Fax : +90 312 269 45 01

E-mail : [email protected] : www.aktif.net

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neutral grounding resistor starting, braking ... - aktif.net · pdf filecatalogue 2011 neutral...

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