neuroscience: science of the brain in hindi

Neuroscience: The Science of the Brian

This is the Hindi language translation of the public education booklet. This translation

was made for The BNA by:

� The National Brain Research Centre, Haryana, India � We are also grateful for the assistance of Vijiyalakshmi Ravindrath. National

Brain Research centre, New Delhi, India

The British Neuroscience Association (BNA) commissioned the booklet for the purposes of teaching young people in the UK about their Brain and Neuroscience the

science of the brain. The booklet contains short explanatory chapters on different

subjects written by experts in each topic. The original booklet was published in 2004.

In 2005 the International Brain Research Organisation (IBRO) purchased the copyright

of the booklet. We have commissioned members of our organisation to translate the

booklet in multiple languages. In addition to the Hindi version that you are now reading the booklet is available in a further sixteen languages also contained on this

CDROM.

We hope that you will use these translations for the purpose of improving public

understanding and awareness of the brain and the importance of brain research. IBRO and the BNA are happy for you to make printed copies or clone theses PDF files.

However this should not be done for profit. For more information please read the

additional information that is appended at the end of the booklet.

Contents

Pages 2-61: Neuroscience The Science of the Brain (hindi version)

Page 62-72: Additional information (English only).

An introduction to IBRO and the CDROM:

Please contact to Foxit Software for the licensed copy.Web Site:www.FoxitSoftware.comSales and Information:[email protected] Support:[email protected]

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Cysdeksj vkSj vU; laLFkkuksa esa gekjs ennxkj lgdfeZ;ksa dksA muds uke var esa fn, x, gSaA

fczfV’k U;wjkslkbal ,lksfl,’ku ¼ch,u,½ fczVsu dk ,d O;kolkf;d fudk; gS] tks raf=dk oSKkfudksa dks izfrfuf/kRo djrk gS vkSj LokLF; vkSj jksx

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Nk= Hkh gSaA ch,u, dh okf”kZd cSBd vkerkSj ij olar ds fnuksa esa gksrh gS] tks uohure vuqla/kku ds izLrqrhdj.k dks ,d eap iznku djrh gSA

;g ns’k Hkj esa vusd LFkkuh; lewg fu;fer :i ls xksf”B;k¡ vk;ksftr djrk gS vkSj ;s lewg dbZ ckj vke turk ds lkFk xfrfof/k;ksa dk

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http://www.bna.org.uk/ ns[ksaA

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lkoZtfud vkSj O;fDrxr ykHkksa dk Kku vkxs c<+kuk vkSj ,d vfHkxE; vkSj rRlaca/kh rjhds ls LokLF; vkSj jksx esa efLr”d ij tkudkjh dk

izlkj djuk gSA raf=dkfoKkuh vkSj euksfpfdRlh; fodkj yk[kksa yksxksa dks izHkkfor djrs gaSa tks gj vk;q ds gksrs gaSa vkSj blls jk”Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkk

ij xaHkhj izHkko iM+rk gSA bu leL;kvksa dk gy ikus ds fy, o”kZ 1997 esa 70 iz[;kr raf=dkfoKkfu;ksa us izkfIr ;ksX; vuqla/kku y{;ksa dh ?kks”k.kk

ij gLrk{kj fd, vkSj efLr”d ds fodkjksa rFkk raf=dk foKku ds egRo ds izfr tkx#drk c<+kus dk opu fn;kA rHkh ls 24 ;wjksih; ns’kksa dk

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}kjk izdkf’kr lokZf/kdkj lqjf{kr fczfV’k U;wjkslkbal ,lksfl,’ku 2003

bl iqLrd ds lokZf/kdkj lqjf{kr gSaA oS/kkfud vioknksa vkSj laxr

laxzghr ykblsaflax djkjukeksa ds Áko/kkuksa ds v/khu fczfV’k U;wjkslkbal

,lksfl,’ku dh fyf[kr vuqefr ds fcuk fdlh Hkh fgLls dk iqu%mRiknu

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raf=dk foKku % efLr”d dk foKku gekjs fljksa ds vanj vjcksa&[kjcksa NksVh dksf’kdkvksa ls feydj cuk ,d vk’p;Ztud vax gS ftldk Hkkj 1-5 fdyksxzke gSA ;g gesa vklikl dh nqfu;k dh vuqefr dk lkeF;Z Ánku djrk gS] gesa lkspus vkSj cksyus dh ‘kfDr nsrk gSA ekuo efLr”d ‘kjhj dk lcls tfVy vax gS] vkSj rdZ fn;k tkrk gS fd bl i`Foh ij ik;k tkus okyk lcls tfVy vax gSA ;g iqfLrdk ;qok Nk=ksa ds fy, ,d ifjp; Lo:i gSA

bl iqfLrdk esa geus le>k;k gS fd ge efLr”d dh dk;Z&Á.kkyh ds ckjs esa fdruk tku ik, gSa vkSj fdruk tkuuk ‘ks”k gSA blds v/;;u esa vusd fo”k;ksa ds MkWDVj vkSj oSKkfud ‘kkfey gSa] tks vkf.od thofoKku ls ysdj Ák;ksfxd euksfpfdRlk rd vkSj ‘kkjhfjdh] ‘kjhj fØ;kfoKku vkSj HkS”kftdh ds fofHkUu fo”k;ksa rd gSaA buds feys&tqys Kku ls ,d u;k fo”k; cuk gS&raf=dk foKku &efLr”d dk foKkuA bl iqfLrdk esa of.kZr efLr”d cgqr dqN dj ldrk gS ijUrq lc dqN ughaA blesa raf=dk dksf’kdk,¡ gksrh gSa tks bldh fuekZ.k bdkb;k¡ gSa&vkSj ;s lc ,d latky ds ek/;e ls vkil esas tqM+h gksrh gSaA ;s latky fo|qr vkSj jklk;fud xfrfof/k dh lrr voLFkk esa jgrh gSaA ge ftl efLr”d dk o.kZu dj jgs gSa og ns[k vkSj vuqHko dj ldrk gSA ;g nnZ dk vuqHko dj ldrk gS vkSj bldh jklk;fud fØ;k,¡ nnZ ds vlqfo/kktud ÁHkkoksa ds fu;a=.k esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA blds vusd Hkkx gesa viuh ifj”Ñr xfrfof/k;k¡ djus ds leUo; esa layXu gksrs gSaA ,d efLr”d tks bu dk;ksZa dks dj ldrk gS vkSj vU; ,sls dk;Z tks iwjh rjg ls lkeus ugha vk, gSa % blesa Øe’k% fodkl gksrk gS vkSj ge blesa ‘kkfey Áeq[k thuksa dk o.kZu djrs gSaA tc buesa ls ,d ;k vf/kd thu Bhd rjg ls dk;Z ugha djrs gSa rks fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;k¡ fodflr gksrh gSa] tSls fMlysfDl;kA bu ds chp esa dbZ lekurk,¡ gSa fd efLr”d dk fodkl dSls gksrk gS vkSj vkxs py dj raf=dk dksf’kdkvksa ds chp lEidZ dSls cny tkrk gS] blds fy, ft+Eesnkj ÁfØ;k&ftls U;wjksuy ÁR;kLFkrk dgrs gSaA ,slk ekuk tkrk gS ÁR;kLFkrk njvly lh[kus vkSj ;kn j[kus esa fufgr gSA gekjh bl iqfLrdk dk efLr”d VsyhQksu uacj ;kn j[k ldrk gS vkSj vkius fiNys lky fØlel esa tks dk;Z fd;k Fkk] mls ;kn j[krk gSA vQlksl dh ckr ;g gS] efLr”d ifjokj ds vodk’k ds {k.k rks ;kn j[krk gS] ijUrq ;g dqN [kkrk ;k ihrk ugha gSA blfy, ;g dqN gn rd lhfer gSA ijUrq ;g ruko esa vk tkrk gS] lkFk gh geus dqN gkWekZsuy vkSj vkf.od ÁfØ;k ij Hkh tkudkjh nh gS] ftlls vR;ar fpark mRiUu gksrh gS&tSls fd geesa ls vusd fdlh ijh{kk ds igys ijs’kku gks tkrs gSaA ,d ,slk le; vkrk gS tc uhan egRoiw.kZ gksrh gS] blfy, tc bldh t+#jr gks] vkjke djuk pkfg,A nq%[k dh ckr ;g gS fd bls jksx yx tkrs gSa vkSj bls pksV Hkh yx tkrh gSA

M ubZ rduhdsa] tSls fd fo’ks”k bysDVªksM tks dksf’kdkvksa dh lrg Li’kZ dj ldrs gSa] Ádk’kh; ÁfrfcEcu ekuo efLr”d LdSfuax e’khusa vkSj flfydkWu fpi esa fLFkr Ñf=e efLr”d ifjiFk vk/kqfud raf=dk foKku ds cnyrs psgjs gsSaA geus bl iqfLrdk esa budk ifjp; fn;k gS vkSj dqN uhfrxr eqÌs vkSj efLr”d vuqla/kku ls mHkjus okys dqN lkekftd fufgrkFkksZa dks Hkh crkus dk Áz;kl fd;k gSA

1 raf=dk Á.kkyh ist 2

2 raf=dk vkSj ,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y ist 4

3 jklk;fud nwr ist 7

4 vkS”kf/k vkSj efLr”d ist 9

5 Li’kZ vkSj nnZ ist 11

6 n`f”V ist 14

7 xfr'khyrk ist 19

8 raf=dk Á.kkyh dk fodkl ist 22

9 fMLysfDl;k ist 25

10 ÁR;kLFkrk ist 27

11 lh[kuk vkSj ;knnk’r ist 30

12 ruko ist 35

13 Áfrj{kk Á.kkyh ist 37

14 uhan ist 39

15 efLr”d ÁfrfcEcu ist 41

16 Ñf=e efLr”d vkSj raf=dk latky ist 44

17 tc pht+sa xyr gks tk,¡ ist 47

18 raf=dk uhfr’kkL= ist 52

19 Áf'k{k.k vkSj thouo`fŸk ist 54

20 vkxs dh iBu lkexzh vkSj vkHkkj ist 56

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U;wjkslkbal dE;qfuVh

fczfV’k U;wjkslkbal ,lksfl,’ku

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raf=dk Á.kkyh efLr”d vkSj es#jTtq n’kkZrh ekuo dsUnzh; raf=dk Á.kkyh

ewyHkwr lajpuk

raf=dk Á.kkyh esa efLr”d] es#jTtq vkSj isjhQsjy raf=dk,¡ ‘kkfey gSaA ;g U;wjkWu uked raf=dk dksf’kdkvksa vkSj fXy;y dksf’kdk uked lgk;d dksf’kdkvksa ls curk gSA

U;wjkWu eq[;r% rhu Ádkj ds gksrs gSaA laosnh U;wjkWu ,sls xzkfg;ksa ls tqM+s gksrs gSa tks ckgjh vkSj van:uh ifjos’k dh fofHkUu fo’ks”krkvksa dk irk yxkrs gSa vkSj ÁfrfØ;k nsrs gSaA Ádk’k] /ofu] ;kaf=d vkSj jklk;fud mÌhiuksa esa cnyko ds Áfr laosnu’khy xzkgh] Jo.k] Li’kZ] xa/k vkSj Lokn dh laosnu’khy :ikRedrkvksa ij dk;Z djrs gSaA tc Ropk ij ;kaf=d] rkih; ;k jklk;fud mÌhiu dk ÁHkko ,d lhek ls vkxs c<+rk gS rks os Ård dks uqdlku igq¡pk ldrs gSa( ;s lqj{kkRed fj¶ysDl rFkk nnZ dh vuqHkwfr mRiUu djrs gSa ¼Li’kZ vkSj nnZ ij v/;k; 5 ns[ksa½A pkyd U;wjkWu] tks eka¡lisf’k;ksa dh xfrfof/k dk fu;a=.k djrs gSa] ok.kh lfgr gj Ádkj ds O;ogkj ds fy, mŸkjnk;h gSA laosnu’khy vkSj pkyd U;wjkWu ds chp fLFkr dksf’kdkvksa dks baVjU;wjkWu dgrs gSaA ekuo efLr”d esa vf/kdka’kr% ;s U;wjkWu gh gksrs gSaA baVjU;wjkWu ljy fj¶ysDl dks ek/;fer djrs gSa vkSj ;s efLr”d ds mPpre dk;Z ds fy, Hkh mŸkjnk;h gSaA yEcs le; ls fXy;y dksf’kdk dk dk;Z U;wjkWu ds ,d leFkZd dk ekuk tkrk Fkk] vc bUgsa raf=dk Á.kkyh ds fodkl esa vkSj o;Ld efLr”d ds dk;ksZa esa ,d egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnkudrkZ ekuk tkrk gSA la[;k esa cgqr gksus ij Hkh ;s U;wjkWu dh rjg lwpuk ds Álkj.k dk dk;Z ugha djrs gSaA

U;wjkWu dh okLrq lajpuk esa ,d dksf’kdkdk; vkSj ^^Áo/kZ** uke nks vfrfjDr [k.Mksa

ds lSV ‘kkfey gSaA bu nks lSVksa eas ls ,d dks ,DlkWu dgrs gSa( budk dk;Z U;wjkWu ls vU; ij lwpuk Álkfjr djuk gS] tks buls tqM+s gksrs gSaA vU; lSV MsaMªkbV dk dk;Z vU; U;wjkWu ds ,DlkWu }kjk Álkfjr dh tk jgh lwpuk ÁkIr djus dk gSA ;s nksuksa Áo/kZ lkbusIl uked fo’ks”k laidZ esa Hkkx ysrs gSa ¼,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y vkSj jklk;fud nwr ij v/;k; 2 vkSj 3 ns[ksa½A U;wjkWuksa dks ,slh tfVy Ja[kyk vkSj latky esa O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gS] ftuds ek/;e ls raf=dk Á.kkyh esa lwpuk Álkfjr dh tkrh gSA

efLr”d vkSj es#jTtq laosnu’khy xzkfg;ksa vkSj ek¡lisf’k;ksa esa ,d yEcs ,DlkWu ds t+fj, tqM+s gksrs gSaA es#jTtq ds nks dk;Z gSa % ;g ljy fj¶yslst+ dk LFky gS] tSls fd ?kqVus ij >Vdk yxuk vkSj xeZ oLrq vkSj fiu pqHkksus ls vax dks gVk ysuk rFkk vkSj Hkh cgqr tfVy fj¶ysDl vkSj ;s nksuksa fn’kkvksa esa efLr”d vkSj ‘kjhj ds chp lwpuk dk vknku&Ánku djrs gaSA raf=dk Á.kkyh dh ;s ewyHkwr lajpuk,¡ lHkh d’ks#dh thoksa esas ,d leku gksrh gSaA ekuo efLr”d esa tks varj iSnk djrk gS og gS ‘kjhj ds vuqikr esa bldk cM+k vkdkj gksukA bldk dkj.k gS fodkl ds nkSjku baVjU;wjkWuksa dh la[;k esa vR;Ur of) gks tkuk] ekuoksa dks i;kZoj.k dh ÁfrfØ;kvksa ds vuUr :i ls O;kid fodYi Ánku djrs gSaA

efLr”d dh ‘kkjhfjdh

efLr”d esa efLr”d LraHk vkSj lsfjczy gsfeLQs;j ‘kkfey gSaA

efLr”d LraHk i'p efLr”d] e/; efLr”d vkSj Mk;ulsQsykWu uked Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gksrk gSA i'p efLr”d okLro esa es#jTtq dk foLrkj gSA blesa U;wjkWuksa dk latky gksrk gS] tks thoUr fØ;kvksa ds fu;a=.k gsrq dsUnz cukrs gSa] tSls fd lk¡l ysuk vkSj jDrnkcA buds vanj U;wjkWu ds usVodZ gksrs gSa] ftudh xfrfof/k bu dk;ksZa dk fu;a=.k djrh gSA i'p efLr”d dh Åijh nhokj ls lsjscsye fudyrk gS] tks xfr’khyrk ds fu;a=.k vkSj le; dks r; djus esa ije dsUnzh; Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS ¼xfr’khyrk vkSj fMlysfDl;k ij v/;k; ns[ksa½A

e/; efLr”d esa U;wjkWuksa dk lewg ‘kkfey gS] ftuesa ls ÁR;sd Áeq[k :i ls jklk;fud nwr ds ,d fo’ks”k Ádkj dk mi;ksx djrk gSA ijUrq buesa ls lHkh lsjsczy gsfeLQs;j rd Á{ksfir djrs gSaA ;g lkspk x;k fd ;s uhan] /;ku vkdf”kZr djus ;k iqjLÑr djus tSls dk;kZsa dh e/;LFkrk ls efLr”d ds mPprj dsUnzksa esa U;wjkWuksa dh lfØ;rk dk ekWMqyu dj ldrs gSaA

2




ekuo efLr”d dk Åij] uhps vkSj ik’oZ ls n`’; lsjsczy gsfeLQs;j vkSj efLr”d LraHk ds chp foHkktu n’kkZus okyk efLr”d dk ik’oZfp=] bldk ,d foLrkj gh lsjscsye gSA

Mk;ulsQsykWu dks nks vyx&vyx {ks=ksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS FkSysel vkSj gkbiksFkSyselA FkSysel dh vksj ls lHkh laosnh Á.kkfy;ksa ls lsjsczy dkWVsZDl dks mÌhiu Hksts tkrs gSa] tks okil FkSysel esa lans’k Hkstrs gSaA efLr”d esa ;g vkxs&ihNs la;kstdrk dk ;g igyw bafVªxqbax Ádkj dk gS&lwpuk dsoy ,d gh fn’kk esa Áokfgr ugha gksrh gSA gkbiksFkSysel esa dk;kZsa dks fu;a=.k fd;k tkrk gS tSls fd Hkkstu djuk vkSj rjy inkFkZ ihuk rFkk ;s ;kSu dk;ksZa esa ‘kkfey gkWjeksuksa ds lzko dk Hkh fu;eu djrk gSA

Lksjsczy gsfeLQs;j esa ,d dsUnzh; csly xSaxfy;k vkSj ,d O;kid fdUrq iryh U;wjy irZ blds pkjksa vksj gksrh gS] ftlls lsjczy dkWVsZDl dk xzs inkFkZ curk gSA csly xSaxfy;k xfr’khyrk dh igy vkSj fu;a=.k f’kjkfLFk ds lhfer LFkku esa fLFkr lsjsczy dkWVsZDl dbZ txg eqM+k gqvk gksrk gS tks U;wjkWu dh irZ dk lrgh {ks= c<+kus esa lgk;d cukus ds fy, ygjnkj gksrk gSA ;g dkWfVZdy Ård ekuoksa esa efLr”d dk lokZf/kd fodflr {ks= gS&;g xksfjYyk dh rqyuk esa pkj xquk cM+k gksrk gSA ;g cM+h la[;k esa fo[kf.Mr {ks=ksa esa caVk gksrk gS] ÁR;sd {ks= viuh irksZa vkSj la;kstuksa ds lanHkZ esa ,d nwljs ls vyx gksrh gSaA bu {ks=ksa esa ls vusd dk;Z Kkr gSa&tSls n`f”V] Jo.k vkSj ?kzk.k {ks=] laosnh {ks= Ropk ls vkSj fofHkUu pkyd {ks=ksa ÁkIr djrs gSa ¼lksek,LFkfVd {ks=½A laosnh xzkfg;ksa ls dkWVsZDl vkSj dkWVsZDl ls ek¡lis’kh rd ;s ekxZ ,d fljs ls nwljs fljs rd tkrs gSaA bl rjg ‘kjhj ds nkfgus fgLls dh xfr’khyrk dk fu;a=.k ckbZ vksj ls dkWVsZDl ls ¼vkSj blds foijhr½ gksrk gSA blh Ádkj] ‘kjhj ck;k¡ v/kZHkkx] nkfgus gsfeLQs;j dks laosnh ladsr Hkstrk gS] mnkgj.k ds fy, ck,a dku dh vkokt+ nkfgus dkWVZsDl esa igq¡prh gSA tcfd efLr”d ds nks fgLls vyx&vyx dke ugha djrs&D;ksafd ck;k¡ vkSj nkfguk lsjsczy dkWVsZDl ,d cM+s Qkbcj VSªSDV ls tqM+k gksrk gS] ftls dkWÁl dSyksle dgrs gaSA LoSfPNd xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, lsjsczy dkWVsZDl dh vko’;drk gksrh gS] Hkk”kk] ok.kh vksj dqN T+;knk dfBu dk;ksZa tSls lkspuk vkSj ;kn j[kukA buesa ls vusd dk;Z efLr”d ds nksuksa vksj ls fd, tkrs gSa] ijarq buesa ls dqN ,d lsjsczy gsfeLQs;j ;k vU; dh vksj ls Hkst fn, tkrs gSaA bu dfBu dk;kZsa esa ls lacaf/kr {ks=] tSls ok.kh ¼tks vf/kdka’k yksxksa esa ckbZ vksj ik’ohZÑr gksrk gS½ dks vfHkKkr fd;k x;k gSA ;|fi] vHkh cgqr dqN tkuuk ‘ks”k gS] fo’ks”kdj dqN vk’p;Zpfdr dj nsus okys eqÌs tSls pSrU;rk vkSj lsjsczy dkWVsZDl ds dk;ksZa dk v/;;u raf=dkfoKku esa vuqla/kku dk lokZf/kd jkspd vkSj lfØ; {ks=ksa esa ls ,d gSA

vk/kqfud raf=dk foKku ds firk] jkeksuh dktky o”kZ 1890 esa vius lw{en’khZ ijA dktky }kjk fy, x, U;wjkWu vkSj muds Áo/kksZa dk fp=

dktky }kjk cukbZ xbZ U;wjkWu dh rLohjsa&;s gh lsjscsye gSaA

lsjsczy gsfeLQs;j lsjscsye efLr”d LraHk FkSysel vkSj gkbiksFkSysel n’kkZus ds fy, efLr”d dh fo”ke dkV FkSysel gkbiksFkSysel csly xSaxfy;k vkSj dkWilZ dSyksle n’kkZrk efLr”d dk fo”ke dkV lsjsczy gsfeLQs;j dkWilZ dSyksle csly xSaxf

baVjusV fyaDl % http://science.howstuffwords.com/brain.htm, http://faculty.washinton.edu/chudler/neurek.html http://psych.honover.edu/krantz/neurotuthtml

3




U;wjkWu ds rhu Ádkj

U;wjkWu vkSj ,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y pkgs U;wjkWu laosnh gks ;k pkyd] cM+k ;k NksVk] buesa lkekU; ckr ;g gS fd budh xfrfof/k fo|qr vkSj jklk;fud] nksuksa Ádkj dh gksrh gSA U;wjkWu vkil esa raf=dk Á.kkyh dh lexz fLFkfr ds fu;eu ds lkFk lg;ksx vkSj ÁfrLi)kZ djrs gSa( blh ds leku fd O;fDr lekt ds fu.kZ; ysus dh ÁfØ;k esa lg;ksx vkSj ÁfrLi)k djrk gSA ,DlkWu ls ÁkIr Áo/kksZa eas ÁkIr jklk;fud ladsr] tks muls lEidZ djrs gSa] os fo|qr ladsrksa esa cny tkrs gSaA ;s ladsr vU; lHkh lkbusIl ds ladsrksa esa ;k rks tqM+ tkrs gSa ;k de gks tkrs gSa vkSj bldk fu.kZ; fy;k tkrk gS fd D;k bu ladsrksa dks vU; dgha Hkstuk gS ;k ughaA rc fo|qr iksVsaf’k;y uhps ,DlkWu ls vxys U;wjkWu ds Áo/kksZa ij lkbusIl ij igq¡prk gS vkSj ÁfØ;k tkjh jgrh gSA

xfr'khy U;wjkWu

tSlk fd geus fiNys v/;k; esa crk;k Fkk] U;wjkWu esa Áo/kZ] ,d

dksf’kdkdk; vkSj ,d ,DlkWu rFkk lkbusfIVd ‘kkfey gSaA ;g lajpuk

blds dk;kZRed mi ÁHkkxksa dks ÁkfIr] lesdu vkSj Álkj.k [k.Mksa dks

Ánf’kZr djrh gSA LFkwy :i ls dgk tk, rks Áo/kZ ÁkfIr djrs gaS]

dksf’kdk dk; lesdu djrs gSa vkSj ,DlkWu Álkj.k djrs gSa&bl ladYiuk

dks /kzqohdj.k dgrs gSa] D;ksafd os ftl lwpuk dk Álaalk/ku djrs gSa] og

,d gh fn’kk esa tkrh gSA

Likbuy pkyd U;wjkWu fijkfeMy dksf’kdk lsjscsye dh iqjfdats dksf’kdk

dksf'kdk dk; dksf'kdk dk;

dksf'kdk dk; ,DlkWu

,DlkWu ,DlkWu

Áo/kZ dksf’kdk dk; ,DlkWu lkbusIl

ÁkfIr lesdu Álkj.k

,d U;wjkWu dh eq[; ladYiuk,¡

fdlh vU; lajpuk dh rjg ;g ,d lkFk tqM+k gksrk gSA U;wjkWu dh ckgjh f>fYy;k¡] olk inkFkksZa dh cuh gksrh gaS vkSj ;s dksf’kdk daadky ds pkjksa vksj yxh gksrh gaS] tks ufydkdkj vkSj rarqor ÁksVhuksa dh NM+ksa ls curk gS] tks Áo/kkasZ vkSj ,DlkWu esa foLrkfjr gksrs gSA ;g lajpuk ,d ufydkdkj dadky ds Åij <kaps ij QSys dSuokl dh rjg gSA U;wjkWu ds fofHkUu Hkkx fujarj :i ls xfr’khy gksrs gS] ,d iqu%O;oLFkk dh ÁfØ;k] tks viuh lfØ;rk vkSj vius iM+kSlh fgLlksa dh xfr’khyrk n’kkZrh gSA Áo/kZ viuk vkdkj cnyrs gaS] buds u, la;kstu curs gaS rFkk iqjkus VwVrs gSa vkSj ,DlkWu ds u, fljs curs gaS] tSls&2 U;wjkWu vf/kd rst+ rjhds ls vkxs c<+us dk ;k vis{kkÑr /khes rjhds ls] Á;kl djrs gaSA

U;wjkWu ds vanj 3 van:uh [k.M gksrs gSaA ;s ÁksVhu ls cus gksrs gaS vkSj vf/kdka’kr%

budk fuekZ.k dksf’kdkdk; esa gksrk gS] tks dksf’kdh; <kaps ds lkFk ifjogu fd,

tkrs gaSA Áo/kksZa ls fudyh NksVh lajpukvksa dks Áo/khZ daVd dgrs gSaA ;s mu LFkkuksa

ij gksrs gaS tgk¡ vaanj vkus okys ,DlkWu tqM+rs gaSA daaVdksa ij varfjr ÁksVhu U;wjkWuy

la;kstdrk ds l`tu vkSj vuqj{k.k ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSaA ;s ÁksVhu

yxkrkj cnyrs jgrs gaS] ,d ds LFkku ij nwljs vk tkrs gaS] tc budk

dke iwjk gks tk,A bl iwjh xfrfof/k dks bZa/ku dh vko’;drk gksrh gS

vkSj bl dk;Z ds fy, bUgsa dksf’kdk ds vanj ekStwn ÅtkZ QSDVjh

¼ekbVksdksafMª;k½ ls ‘kfDr feyrh gSA ,DlkWu ds vaR; fcUnq Hkh o`f)

dkjdksa uked v.kqvksa ds Áfr lfØ;rk n’kkZrs gSaA bu dkjdksa dks vanj

xzg.k fd;k tkrk gS vkSj rc dksf’kdkdk; esa Hkstk tkrk gS] tgk¡ os

U;wjkWuy thuksa dh vfHkO;fDr dks ÁHkkfor djrs gaS vkSj bl Ádkj u,

ÁksVhuksa ds fuekZ.k dkss HkhA ;s U;wjkWu dks yEcs Áo/kZ rd c<+us ;k blds

vkdkj ;k dk;Z esa vU; xfr’khy ifjorZu djus eas l{ke cukrs gaSA

dksf’kdkdk; ls gj le; lwpuk] iks”kd rRoksa vkSj lans’kksa dk

vknku&Ánku gksrk jgrk gSA

U;wjkWu ds rhu Ádkj

Áo/khZ daVd gjs jax dh NksVh lajpuk,¡ gS tks ,d U;wjkWu ds gjs

Áo/kZ ls ckgj fudyrh gaSA bUgha LFkkuksa ij lkbusIl fLFkr gksrs gaSA

4




ÁkIr djuk vkSj fu.kZ; ysuk

dksf’kdk ds ÁkfIr fcUnq ij Áo/kksZa dk vU; dksf’kdkvksa ds vanj vkus okys ,DlkWu ds lkFk utnhdh lEidZ gksrk gS] buesa ls ÁR;sd ehVj ds yxHkx 20 fcfy;u osaa Hkkx ds cjkcj NksVs ls varjky ls vyx fd, tkrs gaSA ,d Áo/kZ vU; dqN ;k vU; gtkjksa U;wjkWuksa ls lEidZ ÁkIr dj ldrk gSA ;s tksM+ ds fcUnq lkbusIl dgykrs gS] ;g ‘kCn xzhd Hkk”kk ls fudyk gS ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS ^^,d lkFk tksM+uk**A lsjsczy dkWVsZDl esa fLFkr buesa ls vf/kdka’k dksf’kdkvksa ds lkbusIl Áo/kZ daVdksa ij fLFkr gksrs gaS] tks det+ksj ls laadsrksa dh [kkst esa NksVs ekbØksQksuksa dh rjg fpids gksrs gSA bu lEidZ fcUnqvksa ij raf=dk dksf’kdkvksa ds chp lEidZ dks lkbusfIVd Álkj.k dgk tkrk gS vkSj blesa ,d jklk;fud ÁfØ;k ‘kkfey gksrh gS ftldk ge vxys v/;k; esa foLrkj ls o.kZu djsaxsA tc Áo/kZ jklk;fud lans’kksa esa ls fdlh ,d dks ÁkIr djrs gS tks bls Hkstus okys ,DlkWu ls vyx gksdj bl varjky ls ckgj vk;k gS] ÁkIr djus okys Áo/khZ daVd ds vanj NksVh&NksVh fo|qr /kkjk,¡ Áokfgr gksrh gSaA dksf’kdk esa vkus okyh bu /kkjkvksa dks mŸkstuk dgrs gaS] vFkok ;s ,slh /kkjk,¡ Hkh gks ldrh gaS tks dksf’kdk ls ckgj vk jgh gks] rc bUgsa laaneu dgrs gaSA fo|qr dh ;s lHkh /kukRed vkSj _.kkRed rjaxas Áo/kksZa esa lafpr gksrh gS vkSj ;s dksf’kdkdk; esa QSy tkrh gSA ;fn ;s cgqr vf/kd lfØ; ugha gks rks fo|qr /kkjk tYnh gh lekIr gks tkrh gS vkSj vkxs dqN ugha gksrk gSA tcfd ;fn fo|qr /kkjk bruh vf/kd c<+ tk, fd og ,d Lrj ls Åij mB ik, rks U;wjkWu dh vksj ls vU; U;wjkWuksa dks lans’k Hkstk tk,xkA

vr% U;wjkWu ,d Ádkj dk dSydqysVj gS&ftlesa yxkrkj tksM+us vkSj ?kVkus dh ÁfØ;k pyrh jgrh gSA tc ;g tksM+us ;k ?kVkus dk dk;Z djrk gS rc ;g vU; U;wjkWuksa ls lans’k ÁkIr djrk gSA dqN lkbusIl mŸkstuk iSnk djrs gSa tcfd dqN laneu djrs gaSA ;s ladsr laaosnuk] fopkj vkSj xfrfof/k dk vk/kkj fdl Ádkj djrs gaS ;g mu usVodZ ij dkQh gn rd fuHkZj djrk gS] ftlesa ;s U;wjkWu fLFkr gSaA

,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y

,d U;wjkWu ls nwljs U;wjkWu ls lEidZ cukus ds fy, U;wjkWuy ladsru lcls igys ,DlkWu ds ek/;e ls ;k=k djrs gSA ;g U;wjkWu bl dke dks fdl Ádkj djrs gSa \ bldk mŸkj HkkSfrd vkSj jklk;fud Áo.krk esa fufgr ÅtkZ ds nksgu vkSj bu cyksa dks ,d l{ke :i ls ,d lkFk feykus ij fuHkZj djrk gSA U;wjkWuksa ds ,DlkWu fo|qr mÌhiu mRiUu djrs gaS] ftls ,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y dgrs gaSA ;s raf=dk rarq ds ek/;e ls ,d jLlh dh rjg Åij&uhps tkrs gq, ,d rjax ds :i esa ;k=k djrs gaSA ;g dk;Z djrk gS D;ksafd ,DlkWuy f>Yyh esa vk;u pSuy gksrs gaS] tks fo|qrh; n`f”V ls vkosf’kr vk;uksa ds ek/;e ls [kqyrs vkSj can gks ldrs gSaA dqN pSuy lksfM;e vk;uksa dks xqtjus nsrs gSa tcfd dqN iksVsf’k;e vk;uksa dks xqtjus nsrs gaSA tc ;s pSuy [kqyrs gS rc lksfM;e ;k iksVsf’k;e vk;u uhps dh vksj jklk;fud vkSj fo|qr Áo.krk ds fo#) Áokfgr gksrs gaS] ;s dksf’kdk ds vanj vkSj ckgj bldh f>Yyh ds fo|qr fo/kzqohdj.k ds ÁR;qŸkj esa dk;Z djrs gSaA

,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y

5




tc dksf’kdk dk; ij ,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y vkjEHk gksrk gS rks rc lcls igys lksfM;e pSuy [kqyrs gSaA lksfM;e vk;uksa dk ,d Lianu dksf’kdk dk; esa tkrk gS vkSj feyh lsd.M ds vanj ,d u;k lkE; LFkkfir gks tkrk gSA rqjar gh ikj f>Yyh oksYVst 100 feyh oksYV igq¡p tkrk gSA ;g vaan#uh f>Yyh ds oksYVst ls c<+rk gS tks _.kkRed gksrk gS ¼yxHkx &70 feyh oksYV½ ls ysdj ,d rd tks /kukRed gksrk gS ¼yxHkx $30 feyh oksYV½A ;g iksVsf’k;e pSuyksa ds chp pyrs gq, iksVsf’k;e vk;u ds ,d Lianu dks vkjEHk djrk gS tks dksf’kdk ds ckgj fudy tk,A ;g lksfM;e vk;u ds vanj vkus ftruh rst+ fØ;k gksrh gS vkSj cnys esa ;g f>Yyh ds iksVsaf’k;y dks vanj dh vksj ekStwn ewy _.kkRed eku rd okil ys vkrh gSA ;g ,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y dh fØ;k mlls Hkh de le; esa iwjh gks tkrh gS] ftruk le; ?kj esa ,d fctyh tykus vkSj mls rqjar can djus esa yxrk gSA mYys[kuh; ckr ;g gS fd bls djus ds fy, dqN gh vk;u dksf’kdk f>Yyh ls ikjxeu djrs gSa vkSj dksf’kdk nzO; ds vanj iksVsf’k;e vkSj vk;uksa dh lkanzrk ,d ,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y ds nkSjku mYys[kuh; :i ls cnyrh ugha gSA ;|fi] yacs le; esa ;s vk;u] vk;u iEiksa ds ek/;e ls larqyu cuk, j[krs gSa ftudk dk;Z vfrfjDr lksfM;e vk;uksa dks ckgj fudky Qsaduk gSA ;g dqN ml Ádkj dh ?kVuk gS tc unh esa rSjrh gqbZ ,d uko ds rys esa NksVk lk Nsn gks tk, vkSj ckYVh ls Hkjdj ;gka Hkjs ikuh dks fudky dj uko dks lqjf{kr dj fy;k tk,] rFkk ikuh ds ml ncko dks lgu djus dh rys dh lexz {kerk dks dksbZ {kfr uk igq¡ps ftl ij uko rSj jgh gSA

,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y ,d fo|qrh; ?kVuk gS] tks tfVy gSA raf=dk rarq fo|qr pkydksa dh rjg dk;Z djrs gS ¼tcfd ;s balqysVsM rkjksa dh vis{kk de l{ke gksrs gSa½A vkSj bl Ádkj ,d fcUnq ij mRiUu ,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y blds ikl fLFkr lfØ; vkSj foJke voLFkk esa ekStwn f>fYy;ksa ds chp vU; Áo.krk dk l`tu djrs gaSA bl Ádkj ,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y fo/kqzohdj.k dh rjax esa lfØ; :i ls vkxs c<+rk gS tks raf=dk rarq ds ,d fljs ls nwljs fljs rd QSy tkrk gSA

,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y dh pkydrk esa vkidks fopkj djus esa ,d letkrrk dh ckr lgk;rk ns ldrh gS fd ,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y okLro esa ,d iVk[ks esa ÅtkZ dh ,d fljs ls nwljs fljs rd gksus okyh xfr’khyrk gSA igyh ckj ÁToyu gksus ij xfrfof/k cgqr rst+h ls ‘kq: gksrh gS ¼tks ,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y ds LFky ij ,DlkWu esa vkus vkSj ckgj tkus okys vk;uksa ds led{k gksrk gS½] fdUrq ÁToyu ds vkxs c<+us dh lexz xfr vR;ar /kheh gksrh gSA raf=dk rarq dh ,d vnHkqr fo’ks”krk ;g gS fd ekSu jgus dh ,d vof/k ¼fjÝsDVjh vof/k½ ds rqjar ckn ;g f>Yyh viuh foLQksVu {kerk nksckjk ÁkIr dj ysrh gS] rFkk vxys ,D’ku iksVasf’k;y ds fy, ,DlkWu f>Yyh dks rS;kj dj nsrh gSA

dqN fof’k”V leqnzh thoksa esa ik, tkus okys vR;ar cM+s U;wjkWu rFkk muds ,DlkWu dk mi;ksx djrs gq, blesa ls vf/kd Kku yxHkx 50 o”kZ igys fd, x, vk’p;Ztud Á;ksxksa ls Kkr gks pqdk FkkA bu ,DlkWu ds cM+s vkdkj dk gksus ls oSKkfud buds vanj NksVs&NksVs bysDVªksM j[kdj buesa gksus okys fo|qr oksYVst esa ifjorZu dks Kkr dj ldsA bu fnuksa ,d vk/kqfud fo|qr vfHkys[ku rduhd iSp DySfEiax ls raf=dk oSKkfud lHkh Ádkj ds U;wjkWuksa esa vyx&vyx vk;u pSuy ds ek/;e ls vk;uksa dh xfr dk v/;;u dj lds gaS vkSj bl Ádkj bu /kkjkvksa dk gekjs efLr”d dh rjg] vR;ar ‘kq) ekiu fd;k x;k gSA

,DlkWu dk balqys’ku

vusd ,DlkWuksa esa ,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y Bhd rjg ls pyrk gS] cgqr rst ughaA vU; esa ,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y raf=dk esa vR;ar rst+ pyrk gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd ;s ,DlkWu olh; inkFkksZa ls fyiVs gksrs gS] tks ,d balqysfVax vkoj.k dh rjg dk;Z djrk gS] tks ek;fyu ’khFk uked fXy;y dksf’kdk f>fYy;ksa ls cuh gksrh gSaA

vuqla/kku vxz.kh mijksDr raf=dk rarq ¼cSaxuh jax ls ,DlkWu n’kkZ;k x;k gS½A Loku dksf’kdkvksa ¼yky½ esa fyiVs gksrs gSA ;s blds vklikl ls raf=dk esa vkus okys fo|qr ikjs”k.k dk balqys’ku djrs gSA ;s jax ÁfrnhfIr’khy jlk;u gSa tks ,d u, [kkstsa ÁksVhu dkWEiysDl dks n’kkZrs gS bl ÁksVhu dkWEiysDl dks rksM+us ls ,d vkuqokaf’kd jksx gks tkrk gS tks ekalisf’k;ksa dh rdyhQ iSnk djrk gSA

u, vuqla/kku ls gesa mu ÁksVhuksa ds ckjs esa irk pyrk gS tks bl ek;fyu ‘khFk dks cukrs gSaA ;g vkoj.k vk;fud /kkjkvksa dks fudy dj xyr LFkku ij tkus ls jksdrk gSA rkfd fXy;y dksf’kdk,¡ ennxkj :i ls ,d NksVk varjky NksM+ ldasA ;gka vk;u vius lksfM;e rFkk iksVsf’k;e vk;u pSuyksa dk lkanz.k djrs gSA vk;u pSuyksa ds ;s lewg ,sls ,EIyhQk;j dh rjg dk;Z djrs gS tks ,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y dks c<+krk gS vkSj mls cuk, j[krk gS] tSlk fd ;g raf=dk ds vanj pyrk gksA ;g vR;ar rhoz xfr ls gks ldrk gSA okLro esa ek;fyu ;qDr U;jkWu esa ,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y U;wjkWu yxHkx 100 ehVj Áfr lsd.M dh xfr ls py ldrk gSA

,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y dh foHksnh fo’ks”krk gks ldrh gS lHkh dqN ;k dqN ughaA buds vkdkj esa fHkUurk ugha gksrh] dsoy buds gksus dh fLFkfr esa varj gksrk gSA bl Ádkj ,d mÌhiu dh vof/k ;k mldh ‘kfDr dk rjhdk ;g gS fd blls ,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y dh vko`fŸk esa fHkUurk }kjk fdlh vdsyh dksf’kdk esa dksfMr fd;k tk,A lcls vf/kd l{ke ,DlkWu ,d gtkj xquk Áfr lsd.M dh vko`fŸk ij ,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y mRiUu djsaA

,yu gksMdhu vkSj ,aMª;w gDlys dks raf=dk Ásj.kk ds ikjs”k.k dh ÁfØ;k dh [kkst djus ds fy, ukscy iqjLdkj fn;k x;k FkkA mUgksaus IysekmFk esfju ck;ksykWth Á;ksx’kkyk esa fLDOM ds ^^fo’kky ,DlkWu** esa v/;;u fd;kA

baVjusV fyaDl : http://psych.hanover.edu/Krantz/neurotut.html http://www.neuro.wustl.edu/neuromuscular/

6




jklk;fud nwr ,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y lkbusIl uked fo’ks”k {ks=ksa ls ,DlkWu ds ek/;e ls

xqtjrs gS] tgka ,d U;wjkWu ds Áo/kZ nwljs U;wjkWu ds Áo/kksZa ls lEidZ

djrs gSaA buesa ,d Áh&lkbusfIVax raf=dk fljk gksrk gS] tks

iksLV&lkbusfIVax ?kVd ls ,d NksVs varjky }kjk vyx fd;k tkrk

gS] tks vkerkSj ij ,d Áo/khZZ daVd ds Åij fLFkr gksrk gSA ,DlkWu

ds ek/;e ls ,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y ds vkxs c<+us ds fy, mŸkjnk;h fo|qr

/kkjk,¡ bl lkbusfIVd varjky dks Hkj ugha ldrs gaSA bl varjky ls

gksdj xqtjus okys iksj”k.k U;wjksVªkalfeVj uked jklkfud nwr }kjk

iw.kZ gksrs gSaA

o`Ÿkkdkj FkSyksa esa iSd fd, gq,

jklk;fud VªkalfeVj lkbusfIVd tksM+ksa ls

gksdj fueqfDr ds fy, miyC/k gS

Hk.Mkj.k vkSj fueqZfDr

U;wjksVªkalfeVj dks NksVs o`Ÿkkdkj FkSyksa esa tek fd;k tkrk gS] tks

,DlkWu ds fljs ij fLFkr gksrs gSa vkSj bUgsa lkbusfIVd osfldy dgrs

gSaA ;s osfldy Hk.Mkj.k ds fy, gksrs gaS vkSj raf=dk ds fljksa ds ikl

fLFkr osfldy fueqZfDr ds fy, rS;kj gksrs gaSA ,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y vkjEHk

gksus ij dSfYl;e esa tkus ds fy, vk;u pSuy [kqy tkrs gaSaA blls

,atkbe lfØ; gks tkrs gaS] tks vusd ÁhlkbusfIVd ÁksVhuksa ij dk;Z

djrs gaS ftUgsa vyx&vyx uke fn, x, gaS] tSls ^^Lus;j**] ^^Vsxfeu**

vkSj ^^czsfou** tks gky gh esa gq, oSKkfud vUos”k.k dh fo’ks”krkvksa ds

fy, okLro esa vPNs uke gSaA raf=dk oSKkfudksa us gky ghs esa ;g [kkstk

gS fd ;s ÁhlkbusfIVd ÁksVhu vU; ds vklikl Vsfxax vkSj Vªsfiax esa

yxs gksrs gaS] ftlls i;kZIr ek=k esa lkbusfIVd osfldy f>Yyh ds lkFk

tqM+rs gaS] QwVrs gSa vkSj raf=dk ds fljs ls jklk;fud nwr dks ckgj

fueqZDr djrs gaSA

rc ;g nwr lkbusfIVd Dys¶V uked 22 uSuksehVj ds varjky ls

folfjr gksrk gSA tc lkbusfIVd dh f>Yyh raf=dk ds fljs ij okil

Qwy tkrh gS rc buesa lq/kkj gksrk gS] tgka buesa ,d lrr iqu%pØ.k

dh ÁfØ;k esa dke vkus ds fy, U;wjksVªkalfeVj nksckjk Hkj tkrs gaSA tc ,d ckj ;g vU; i{k esa igq¡p tkrk gS] tks vR;ar rst+h ls ,d

feyh lsd.M ls Hkh de le; esa gksrk gS] rc ;g vxys U;wjkWu dh

f>Yyh esa fjlsIVj uked fo’ks”k vkf.od lajpuk ls fØ;k djrk gSA

lkbusfIVd Dys¶V ds vklikl fXy;y dksf’kdk,¡ Hkh ?kwerh jgrh

gSaA buesa ls dqN ds vanj NksVs oSD;we Dyhuj gksrs gSa ftUgsa

VªkaliksVZj dgrs gaS] ftudk dk;Z Dys¶V esa ekStwn VªkalfeVj dks lks[k

ysus dk gSA ;g vxyk ,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y vkjEHk gksus ds igys

jklk;fud nwrksa dks ;gk¡ ls gVk nsrk gSA fdUrq dqN Hkh O;FkZ ugha

tkrk&rc ;g fXy;y dksf’kdk,¡ VªkalfeVj dk Álalkf/kr djrh gSa

vkSj bUgsa Hkfo”; esa mi;ksx ds fy, raf=dk fljksa dh Hk.Mkj.k

osfldy esa Hk.Mkfjr fd;k tkrk gSA fXy;y dksf’kdk }kjk fd;k

tkus okyk j[kj[kko dsoy ,d ek= ek/;e ugha gS ftlds }kjk

U;wjksVªkalfeVj lkbusIl ls gVk, tkrs gSaA dHkh&dHkkj raf=dk

dksf’kdk,¡ VªkalfeVj v.kqvksa dks iqu% muds raf=dk fljksa esa okil

Hkst nsrh gSaA vU; ekeyksa esa VªkalfeVj dks lkbusfIVd Dys¶V esa

vU; jlk;uksa }kjk rksM+k tkrk gSA

vk;u pSuy [kksyus okys nwr

xzkfg;ksa ds lkFk U;wjksVªkalfeVj dh var%fØ;k rkys vkSj pkch ds

leku gSA fdlh xzkgh ¼rkyk½ ds lkFk ,d U;wjksVªkalfeVj ¼pkch½ ds

tqM+us ls vkerkSj ij ,d vk;u pSuy [kqy tkrk gS] bu xzkfg;ksa dks

vk;uksVªkfid xzkgh dgrs gSa ¼fp= ns[ksa½A ;fn vk;u pSuy ls

/kukRed vk;u tSls lksfM;e ;k dSfYl;e Áos’k djrs gaS rks

/kukRed /kkjk ds var%Áokg ls mŸkstuk mRiUu gksrh gSA blds

QyLo:i mŸkstd iksLV lkbusfIVd iksVsaf’k;y uked f>Yyh

iksaVsaf’k;y esa ,d mrkj&p<+ko vkrk gSA Ák:ih rkSj ij ,d U;wjkWu

ij cM+h la[;k esa lkbusIl vkdj feyrs gSa] fdlh ,d le; buesa ls

dqN lfØ; gksrs gS vkSj dqN ugha gksrsA ;fn bu mŸkstd iksLV

lkbusfIVd iksVasf’k;y dk ;ksx ,d Ásj.kk mRiUu djus ds Lrj rd

igq¡p tkrk gS rks ,d u, ,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y dh vko’;drk gksrh gS

vkSj blds ladsr ÁkIrdrkZ U;wjkWu ds ,DlkWu esa mrj tkrs gSa] tSlk

fd fiNys v/;k; esa crk;k x;k FkkA

vk;uksVªkfid xzkgh ¼ck,a½ esa ,d pSuy gksrk gS ftlls gksdj lksfM;e vkSj

iksVsf’k;e tSls vk;u xqtjrs gSaA ;g pSuy o`Ÿk ds :i esa O;ofLFkr 5

mi&bdkb;ksa ls cuk gksrk gSA esVkcksVªkfid xzkgh ¼nk,a½ esa pSuy ugha gksrs ijUrq

dksf’kdk f>Yyh ds vanj th&ÁksVhu ls tqM+s gksrs gSaa tks lans’k vkxs c<+k ldrs gSaA

xzkgh

xzkgh

VªkalfeVj ¼’kh”kZ½ VªkalfeVj th&ÁksVhu

f}rh; nwr

bQsDVj

dksf’kdk ds ckgj

IykTek f>Yyh

var%dksf’kdh;

7




efLr”d esa Áeq[k mŸkstd U;wjksVªkalfeVj XywVkesV gSA raf=dk lfØ;rk esa vR;aaaUr ‘kq)rk dh vko’;drk gksrh gS] ftlds fy, t:jh gS fd vU; U;wjkWu esa ml xfrfof/k dk laneu fd;k tk,A blds fy, laneu dh ÁfØ;k gksrh gSA laned lkbusIlksa ij xzkfg;ksa dh lfØ;rk ls vk;u pSuy [kqy tkrs gSa tks _.kkRed vkosf”kr vk;uksa ds var%Áokg dh vuqefr nsrs gaS vkSj bl Ádkj f>Yyh iksVsaf’k;y esa laned iksLV lkbusfIVd iksVsaf’k;y uked ifjorZu gksrk gS ¼fp= ns[ksa½A ;g ?kVuk f>Yyh ds fo/kzqohdj.k dk fojks/k djrh gS vkSj ÁkIrdrkZ U;wjkWu ds dksf’kdk dk; ij ,d ,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y dh ‘kq:vkr gksrh gSA nks Ádkj ds laned U;wjksVªkalfeVj gksrs gSa&xkck vkSj Xyk;fluA

lkbusfIVd Vªkalfe’ku ,d vR;ar rhoz ÁfØ;k gS] ,d lkbusIl ij ,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y vkjEHk gksus ds le; ls vxys U;wjkWu esa ,d bZih,lih mRiUu gksus rd dh ÁfØ;k vR;ar rhoz&,d lsd.M ds gtkjosa Hkkx ds cjkcj le; ysrh gSA fofHkUu U;wjkWuksa dks cgqr gh de le; ds vanj XywVkesV dh vkiwfŸkZ dk le; fuf’pr djuk gksrk gS] ;fn ÁkIrdrkZ U;wjkWu esa bZih,lih,l ls ,d ubZ iszj.kk dks lgk;rk feyuh gS] vkSj laneu dh ÁfØ;k dks Hkh dk;Z lekIr djus ds fy, blh varjky ds vanj dk;Z djuk gksrk gSA

mŸkstd lkbusfIVd iksVsaf’k;y ¼bZih,lih½ okLro esa f>Yyh ds iksVsaf’k;y esa &70 feyhoksYV ls ysdj 0 feyhoksYV ds chp foLFkkiu gSA ,d laned lkbusfIVd iksVsaf’k;y ¼vkbZih,lih½ dk blds foijhr ÁHkko gksrk gSA

ekWM~;qysV gksus okys lans’k

mŸkstd vkSj laned U;wjksVªkalfeVj dh [kkst ds nkSjku U;wjkWu ls fudyus okys vU; vusd jklk;fud inkFkksZa dh mifLFkfr dk irk pyk gSA buesa ls vusd esVkscksVªkfid xzkfg;ksa uked U;wjkWu dh f>Yyh esa ekStwn ÁksVhuksa ls fØ;k djds raf=dk laca/kh ÁfØ;kvksa dks ÁHkkfor djrs gaSA bu xzkfg;ksa esa vk;u pSuy ugha gksrs] vkSj ;s ges’kk lkbusIl ds {ks= esa ekStwn ugha gksrs] rFkk lcls egRoiw.kZ ckr fd ;s ,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y dh ‘kq:vkr ugha djrs gSaA vc gekjk fopkj gS fd U;wjkWu ds vanj tkus okyh jklk;fud ÁfØ;kvksa dh O;kid Ja[kyk lek;kstu ;k ekWM~;qyu dh gS] vkSj bl Ádkj esVkcksVªkfid xzkfg;ksa dh xfrfof/k dks U;wjksekWM~;qys’ku dgrs gSaA

esVkcksVªkfid xzkgh vkerkSj ij dksf’kdk p;kip; dks ÁHkkfor djus okyh dksf’kdkvksa ds vanj ekStwn ,atkbeksa ls ysdj dksf’kdk ds ckgj ekStwn ,at+kbeksa rd vkil esa tksM+us okys tfVy d.kksa esa ik, tkrs gSaA tc ,d U;wjksVªkalfeVj dks igpkuk tkrk gS vkSj ;g ,d esVkcksVªkfid xzkgh }kjk tqM+k gS] varjky Hkjus okys th&ÁksVhu uked v.kq vkSj f>Yyh ls tqM+s vU; ,atkbe lkewfgd :i ls lfØ; gks tkrs gSaA esVkcksVªkWfid ekU;rk LFky ls VªkalfeVj ds tqM+ko dh rqyuk ,d ÁTtoyu dqath ls dh tk ldrh gSA blls f>Yyh esa vk;u gksus

dh laHkkouk ugha curh] tSlk vk;uksVªkWfid xzkgh djrs gSa] cfYd ;g ‘kh?kzrk ls var% dksf’kdh; f}rh; nwr dks lfØ; dj nsrk gS vkSj tSo jklk;fud fØ;kvksa esa ‘kkfey gks tkrk gS ¼ns[ksa fp=½A rc U;wjkWu dk p;kip; baftu vkjaHk gksrk gS vkSj dk;Z djus yxrk gSA U;wjksekWM~;wys’ku ds ÁHkkoksa esa ‘kkfey gSa vk;u pSuyksa] xzkfg;ksa] VªkaliksVZjksa vkSj thuksa dh vfHkO;fDr esa Hkh ifjorZuA ;s ifjorZu vkjaHk esa /khes gksrs gSa vkSj mŸkstd rFkk laned VªkalfeVjksa }kjk vkjaHk fd, x, ÁHkkoksa dh rqyuk esa yacs le; rd pyrs gSa rFkk buds ÁHkko lkbusl ls vkxs Hkh tkrs gSaA ;|fi] ;s ,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y vkjaHk ugha djrs gSa] U;wjy usVodZ ds ek/;e ls Ásj.kk vkokxeu ij bldk xgjk ÁHkko gksrk gSA

nwr dks vfHkKkr djuk xzkfg;ksa ls tqM+s th&ÁksVhu ij dk;Z djus okys vusd nwr ,flVkby dksyhu] Mksikfeu vkSj ukWj,fMªusfyu gSaA bu VªkalfeVlZ dks fueqZDr djus okys U;wjkWu dks dksf’kdkvksa ij fofo/k Ádkj dk ÁHkko gksrk gS] ijUrq mudk ‘kkjhfjd laxBu Hkh mYys[kuh; gS] D;ksafd ;s la[;k esa de gksrs gSa] ijUrq buds ,DlkWu efLr”d esa O;kid :i ls Á{ksfir gksrs gSa ¼fp= ns[ksa½A ekuo efLr”d esa dsoy 1600 ukWj,fMªusfyu U;wjkWu gksrs gSa] ijUrq ;s efLr”d vkSj es# jTtq ds lkFk fgLlksa dks ,DlkWu Hkstrs gSaA ;s U;wjks ekWM~;qysVjh VªkalfeVlZ fo’kq) laosnh lwpuk ckgj ugha Hkstrs gSa] ijUrq Qkbu V~;wu fc[kjs gq, U;wjksuy leqPp;ksa dks mudk fu”iknu vuqdwyre cukus ds fy, Hkstrs gSaA

uohurk vkSj ruko ds fofHkUu :iksa ds mŸkj esa ukWj,fMªusfyu fueqZDr gksrk gS vkSj bu pqukSfr;ksa ds fy, vyx&vyx tfVy mŸkj dh O;oLFkk djrk gSA cgqr ls usVodksZa dks ;g ^^tkuuk** gksrk gS fd ;g tho ruko esa gSA Mksikekbu ldkjkRed Hkkouk laca/kh fo’ks”krkvksa ls tqM+s efLr”d dsUnzksa ij dk;Z dj tUrq ds fy, ykHkdkjh] dqN fof’k”V ifjfLFkfr;k¡ cukrh gS ¼ns[ks v/;k; 4½A blds foijhr ,flVkby dksyhu nksuksa rjg ls dk;Z djrh gSA ;g vk;uksVªkWfid vkSj esVkcksVªkWfid xzkfg;ksa ij dk;Z djrk gSA lcls igys [kksts x, U;jksVªkalfeVj esa pkyd U;wjkWu ls jsf[kr ek¡lis’kh rarqvksa rd raf=dk ek¡lis’kh tksM+ ls gksdj ladsr Hkstus es vk;fud ÁfØ;kvksa dk mi;ksx djrk gSA ;g ,d U;wjks ekWM~;qysVj ds rkSj ij Hkh dk;Z dj ldrk gSA ;g bl rjg Hkh dk;Z djrk gS mnkgj.k ds fy,] tc vki fdlh ckr ij /;ku dsfUnzr djrs gsa rks efLr”d ds Qkbu V~;wfuax U;wjkWu dsoy mlh lwpuk ij dk;Z djrs gSaA ukWj ,fMªusfyu dksf’kdk,¡ yksdl lh#fy;l ¼,ylh½ esa fLFkr gksrh gSaA bu dksf’kdkvksa ds ,DlkWu e/; efLr”d esa QSys gksrs gSa] tSls gkbiks FkSysel ¼,pokbZih½] lsjscsye ¼lh½ vkSj lsjsczy dkWVsZDlA

lkbusIl ds fo”k; esa ,d vPNh osclkbV: http://synapses.mcg.edu/index.asp ns[ksaA

8




u'khyh nok,¡ vkSj efLr”d vusd O;fDr;ksa esa u’khyh nok,¡ ysdj viuh psruk voLFkk esa ifjorZu djus dh rhoz bPNk gksrh gSA os tkxrs jgus vkSj iwjh jkr u`R;&laxhr es Mwcs jgus ds fy, dqN mÌhid u’khyh nok,¡ ysrs gSaA dqN yksx viuh raf=dkvksa dks ‘kkar j[kus ds fy, flMsfVo ¼funzkdkjd½ ysrs gSaA ;gk¡ rd fd ,sls inkFkZ Hkh ysrs gSa tks mUgsa psru voLFkk ds u, :iksa dk vuqHko djus esa l{ke cukrs gSa vkSj os viuh nSfud fparkvksa dks Hkwy tkrs gSaA ;s lHkh u’khyh nok,¡ efLr”d esa U;wjksVªkalfeVj ds lkFk vkSj vU; jklk;fud nwr Á.kkfy;ksa ls vyx&vyx rjg ls fØ;k djrh gSaA vusd ekeyksa esa] u’khyh nok,¡ ÁkÑfrd efLr”d Á.kkfy;ksa ij fu;a=.k dj ysrh gSa] ftudk laca/k vkuUn vkSj lq[kn vuqHkwfr ls gS&;s euksoSKkfud ÁfØ;k,¡ Hkkstu djus] ihus] ;kSu fØ;k vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd lh[kus vkSj ;knnk’r ds fy, Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSaA

yr iM+us vkSj vknh gks tkus dk ekxZ

efLr”d ij ;k efLr”d dh jDr vkiwfrZ ij dk;Z djus okyh nok,¡ vueksy gks ldrh gSa&tSls fd tks nnZ esa jkgr nsrh gSaA euksjatd u’khyh nok dk mi;ksx ,d iwjh rjg ls vyx Á;kstu gS vkSj blds lkFk tks leL;k tqM+h gS og gS bldk nq#i;ksxA bls mi;ksx djus okys lHkh yksx bl ij fuHkZj ;k blds vknh gks ldrs gSaA rc mUgsa rdyhQnsg ‘kkjhfjd vkSj eukSoSKkfud y{k.kksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS] tc os bldk mi;ksx can dj nsrs gSaA bl fuHkZjrk dh fLFkfr ls bls mi;ksx djus okys yksxksa esa u’khyh nok dh bPNk mRiUu gksrh gS] tcfd ,slk djus ls muds dk;Z] LokLF; vkSj ifjokj ij Li”V :i ls uqdlku gksrk gSA vR;ar vkxs igq¡ps ekeyksa esa u’khyh nok ds vknh O;fDr bUgsa ikus ds fy, vijk/k Hkh dj ldrs gSaA

HkkX; ls gj ,slk O;fDr] tks vkuUn ÁkfIr ds fy, u’khyh nok ysrk gS] bldk vknh ugha cu tkrk gSA fuHkZjrk ds ekeys es au’khyh nok,¡ vyx&vyx ÁHkko j[krh gSa&dksdsu] gsjksbu vkSj fudksfVu ds ekeys esa vf/kd tksf[ke ls ysdj ,Ydksgy] dsukfcl] ,DlVslh vkSj ,EQhVsfeUl ds ekeys esa tksf[ke dqN de gksrk gSA ‘kjhj }kjk bu u’khyh nokvksa ij fuHkZjrk ds c<+us ds nkSjku ‘kjhj

vkSj efLr”d /khjs&/khjs bl u’khyh nok dh mifLFkfr dks viuk ysrs gSa] ijUrq okLro esa efLr”d esa D;k ifjorZu vkrs gSa ;g vHkh jgL; cuk gqvk gSA tcfd] gsjksbu] ,fEQVsfeUl] fudksfVu] dksdsu vkSj

dsukfcl dh fØ;k’khyrk ds ÁkFkfed LFky vyx&vyx gSa] bu lHkh

u’khyh nokvksa esa ,d ckr lkekU; gS fd ;s efLr”d ds dqN fgLlksa esa jklk;fud nwr Mksikfeu dh fueqZfDr dks c<+kok nsrs gSaA ;|fi] vfuok;Z :i ls ;g t+:jh ugha gSa fd ^^vkuUn** dh vuqHkwfr ‘kq: gks tk,A ;g lkspk x;k gS fd Mksifeu dh u’khyh nok ds ÁHkko esa fueqZfDr gh efLr”d esa egRoiw.kZ vafre lkekU; ^^vkuUn** dk ekxZ gSaA ;g mu ladsrksa dks Áfrfuf/kRo djrk gS tks O;fDr dks u’khyh nok ysuk tkjh j[kus dk ÁksRlkgu nsrs gSaA

u'khyh nok,¡&;s fdl Ádkj dk;Z djrh gSa vkSj bUgsa ysus ds fy, D;k [krjs gSa \

,Ydksgy ,Ydksgy efLr”d esa U;wjks VªkalfeVj Á.kkyh ij dk;Z dj lfØ; ¼mŸksftr½ lans’kksa dks /khek djus dk vkSj U;wjy lfØ;rk ds laneu dks ÁksRlkgu nsus dk dk;Z djrk gSA ,Ydksgy dks ÁHkko ,d fMªad ds ckn vkjkensg vkSj vPNs euksfouksn dh voLFkkvksa ls vkxs c<+rk gS vkSj uhan ds vkxs c<+dj pSrU;rk ds [kks tkus dh fLFkfr vk tkrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd iqfyl ‘kjkc ihus vkSj xkM+h pykus ds Áfr bruh dBksj gksrh gs vkSj bl eukso`fŸk dks turk dk Hkh bruk leFkZu ÁkIr gSA dqN yksx ‘kjkc ihdj csgn ukjkt+ vkSj dqN rks fgald gks tkrs gSa vkSj ihus okyksa esa nl esa ls ,d O;fDr ‘kjkc ij fuHkZj gks tkrk gSA yacs le; rd ‘kjkc ihus okys yksxksa ds ‘kjhj dks uqdlku gksrk gS] fo’ks”kdj ;Ñr ¼fyoj½ dks vkSj blls efLr”d dks LFkk;h {kfr igq¡p ldrh gSA tks xHkZorh efgyk,¡ ‘kjkc dk lsou djrh gSa muds f’k’kq ds efLr”d ds {kfrxzLr gks tkus ,oa vYi ;k ean cqf) gks tkus dk tksf[ke gksrk gSA fczVsu esa ‘kjkc ls lacaf/kr jksxksa ls Áfr o”kZ 30]000 yksxksa dh ekSr gks tkrh gSA

92%

76% 46%

13% 16%

2%

rEckdw

‘kjkc

ekfjtqvkuk

VSªaDosykbt+j vkSj

fpfdRld }kjk fy[kh xbZ nok

dksdsu

gsjksbu

32% 15% 9% 9% 17% 23%

,sls O;fDr;ksa dk Áfr’kr ftUgksaus dHkh Hkh u’khyh nok dk mi;ksx ugha fd;kA ,sls O;fDr;ksa dk Áfr’kr tks blds vknh gks x, gSaaA

9




^^tyrh flxjsV okyk dadky** foalsaV oku xks?k] 1885

fudksfVu

fudksfVu lHkh rEckdw mRiknksa dk lfØ; ?kVd gSA fudksfVu efLr”d xzkfg;ksa ij dk;Z djrk gS] tks lkekU;r% U;wjksVªkalfeVj ,flVkby dksyhu dks igpkurk gS( ;g efLr”d esa ÁkÑfrd lpsrd ÁfØ;kvksa ds lfØ;.k dk dk;Z djrk gSA bls ns[krs gq, ;g vk’p;Z dh ckr ughaa gS fd flxjsV ihus okys O;fDr ;g djrs gSa fd blls mUgsa /;ku dsfUnzr djus esa enn feyrh gS vkSj ,d vPNh vuqHkwfr gksrh gSA ijs’kkuh ;g gS fd fudksfVu vR;ar yr yxus okyk inkFkZ gS vkSj vusd flxjsV ihus okys yksx bldk lsou blfy, ugha jksd ikrs D;ksafd os bls ugha ysus ij gksus okys vfÁ; y{k.kksa ls cpus ds LFkku ij bls tkjh j[kuk csgrj le>rs gSaA bldk vkuUn nsj rd pyrk gSA tcfd efLr”d ij blds dksbZ ¼[krjukd ÁHkko fn[kkbZ ugha nsrs] rEckdw ihuk QasQM+ksa ds fy, vR;ar {kfrdkjd gS vkSj blds yacs le; rd lsou ls QsQM+s dk dSalj vkSj QsaQM+ksa dh vU; chekfj;ksa ds lkFk g~n; jksx Hkh gks ldrs gSaA fczVsu esa flxjsV ihus laca/kh jksxksa ds dkj.k Áfr o”kZ 100]000 ls vf/kd yksxksa dh ekSr gks tkrh gSA

dSukfcl

dSukfcl gekjs lkeus ,d igsyh dh rjg lkeus vkrk gS] D;ksafd ;g efLr”d dh ,d egRoiw.kZ ÁkÑfrd Á.kkyh ij dk;Z djrk gS] tks jklk;fud :i ls ,dne dSukfcl dh rjg yxus okys U;wjksVªkalfeVlZ dk mi;ksx djrk gSA ;g Á.kkyh ek¡lisf’k;ksa ds fu;aa=.k vkSj nnZ ds Áfr laosnu’khyrk dk fu;eu djrh gSA ;fn cqf)ekuh ls mi;ksx fd;k tk, rks ,d fpfdRlh; lanHkZ esa dSukfcl ,d vR;ar mi;ksxh nok fl) gks ldrh gSA dSukfcl ,d Ádkj dk bu VkWfDldsaV ;k u’khyh inkFkZ gS] tks vkuUnnk;h vkSj vkjke nsus okyk gks ldrk gSA blls LoIu tSlh fLFkfr cu tkrh gS] ftlesa O;fDr ds eu esa /ofu;ksa] jaxksa vkSj le; dh fLFkfr iwjh rjg ls cny tkrh gSA ,slk Kkr ugha gqvk gS fd bldh vf/kd ek=k ds lsou ls fdlh dh ekSr gqbZ gks] fQj Hkh cM+h ek=k ysus ij dqN yksxksa dks v#fpdj rdyhQ ds nkSjs iM+ ldrs gSaA dSukfcl dk mi;ksx fczVsu esa rhl o”kZ ls vk;q ds yxHkx vk/ks yksxksa us vius thou esa dSukfcl dk de ls de ckj Á;ksx vo’; fd;k gSA dqN yksxksa dk ekuuk gS fd bls vc dkuwuh cuk nsuk pkfg, vkSj ,slk djus ls bldh vkiwfrZ dks vU; [krjukd vkS”kf/k;ksa ls vyx fd;k tk ldsxkA nqHkkZX; ls] tSlk fudksfVu ds lkFk gS] bls ‘kjhj esa Áfo”V djkus dk lcls vf/kd ÁHkkoh rjhdk bls /kq,¡ ds :i

esa ¼Leksfdax½ ysus dk gSA dSukfcl ds /kq,¡ esa fo”kksa dk ogh feJ.k gksrk gS tks flxjsV esa gksrk gS ¼vkSj bls cgq/kk rEckdw ds lkFk fy;k tkrk gS½A dSukfcl dks ihus okykssa esa QsaQM+ksa ds jksx vkSj dSalj gks ldrk gS&tcfd vHkh rd ;g fl) ugha fd;k x;k gS blds nl Á;ksDrkvksa esa ls ,d O;fDr bl ij fuHkZj cu ldrk gS] tks yksx bls csprs gSa] os bl ckr ls Hkyh&Hkkafr ifjfpr gksrs gSaA bldh vf/kd ek=k ckj&ckj ysus ls xkM+h pykus ;k cqf) ds mi;ksx okys dk;Z ugha fd, tk ldrs gSa( Á;ksxksa ls ;g fl) gqvk gS fd dSukfcl ds u’ks esa O;fDr dksbZ tfVy ekufld dk;Z ugha dj ldrk gSA tcfd ;g vHkh rd fl) ugha gqvk fQj Hkh dqN lk{; gSa fd ;qok yksxksa ij bldh cM+h ek=k ls laosnu’khy O;fDr;ksa esa ekufld jksx ‘kkbt+ksÝsfu;k gks ldrk gS ¼ns[ksa ist 51½A ,fEQVsfeUl

,fEQVsfeUl ekuo fufeZZr jlk;u gSa ftlesa ^^MsDlsfMªu**] ^^LihM** vkSj esFkkeQsVkfeu O;qRiUu ftldk uke ^^,DlVslh** gS] ‘kkfey gSA ;g u’khyh nok,¡ efLr”d esa ÁkÑfrd :i ls ik, tkus okys nks U;wjksVªkalfeVj dks fueqZDr dj efLr”d esa dk;Z djrh gSaA igyk gS Mksikfeu&tks laHkor;k l’kDr mŸkstuk vkSj ,fEQVsfeUl ds vkuUnnk;h ÁHkkoksa dks le>krh gSA nwljk gS lsjksVksfuu&tks vPNs gksus dh vuqHkwfr iSnk djus ds fy, mŸkjnk;h ekuk tkrk gS vkSj blls LoIu tSlh fLFkfr iSnk djrs gSa] ftuesa gsywflus’ku ‘kkfey gksrk gSA MsDlsfMªu vkSj LihM eq[;r% Mksikfeu fueqZfDr] ,DlVslh vf/kd lsjksVksfuu dks ÁksRlkgu nsrs gSaA vf/kd ‘kfDr’kkyh gsywflukstsu Mh&,y,lMh efLr”d esa lsjksVksfuu ij Hkh ppkZ dk;Z djrk gSA ,fEQVsfeu ‘kfDr’kkyh euksÌhid gSa vkSj ;s [krjukd fl) gks ldrs gSa fo’ks”kdj vf/kd ek=k esa ysus ijA tUrqvksa ds Á;ksxksa ls Ánf’kZr gqvk gS fd ,DlVslh ls lsjksVksfuu dksf’kdkvksa esa yach] ‘kk;n LFkk;h deh vk ldrh gSA det+ksj iM+ pqds mŸkjnk;h gSA ÁR;sd o”kZ nt+Zuksa ;qok bls ysdj ekSr dh xksn eas lks tkrs gSaA Hk;Hkhr dj nsus okys ‘kkbt+ksÝsfu;k tSls lkbdksfll dh leL;k MsDlsfMªu vkSj LihM ysus ds ckn gks ldrh gSA vki ‘kk;n ;g lksprs jg tk,¡ fd LihM ysus ls vkidks ijh{kk esa lgk;rk fey ldrh gS&ijarq ughaA ;g ,slk ugha djrk gSA

gsjksbu

gsjksbu ekWQhZu uked ouLifr mRikn dk ekuo fufeZr ,d jklk;fud O;qRiUu gSA dSukfcl dh rjg gsjksbu efLr”d esa ml fgLls ij fu;a=.k djrk gS] tks ,.MksfQZUl ds uke ls Kkr U;wjksVªkalfeVlZ dk mi;ksx djrs gSa vkSj ;s ÁkÑfrd :i ls miyC/k gksrs gSaA ;s nnZ ds fu;a=.k esa egRoiw.kZ gSa vr% budh xfrfof/k;ksa dh ÁfrÑfr djus okyh u’khyh nok,¡ fpfdRlk dh n`f”V ls vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gSaA tc gsjksbu dks batsD’ku ;k /kq,¡ ds :i esa fy;k tkrk gS rks blls rqjar vkuUn dh vuqHkwfr gksrh gS&laHkor;k ykHkdkjh ÁfØ;kvksa ij ,.MkWfQZUl ds ÁHkko ds dkj.kA ;g cgqr vf/kd yr yxkus okyh u’khyh nok gS] ijarq tSls&tSls fuHkZjrk c<+rh gS] ;s vkuUnnk;h vuqHko tYnh gh xk;c gks tkrs gSa vkSj buds Lfkku ij rhoz ^^bPNk** iSnk gksrh gSA ;g dkQh [krjukd u’khyh nok gS tks e/;e :i ls vf/kd ek=k esa ¼;g lkal ysus ds fj¶ysDlst+ dk laneu djrk gS½ Hkh ?kkrd gSA gsjksbu ls vusd yksxksa dk thou u”V gks x;k gSA

dksdsu

dksdsu ,d vU; ouLifr O;qRiUu jklk;fud inkFkZ gS] ftlls vkuUnnk;h blls l?ku vkuUn dh vuqHkwfr ds lkFk dk;Z dj ldrk gSA ,fEQVsfuu dh rjg dksdsu ls efLr”d esa vf/kd Mksikfeu vkSj lsjksVksfuu miyC/k gks tkrk gSA tcfd] gsjksbu ds leku dksdsu ,d [krjukd u’khyh nok gSA yksx blds u’ks ds vknh gksdj rqjar gh fgald vkSj xqLlSy cu tkrs gSa [kklrkSj ij ^^ØSd** ds :i esa vkSj rc bldh vf/kd ek=k ysuk thou ds fy, ?kkrd gks ldrk gSA fuHkZjrk dh ftEesnkjh vf/kd gS vkSj dksdsu dh vknr cuk, j[kuk bls ysus okys O;fDr dks vijk/k dh vksj ys tk ldrh gSA

lacaf/kr baVjusV lkbV : www.knowthescore.info, www.nida.nih.gov/Infofax/ecstasy.html,

www.nida.nih.gov/MarijBroch/Marijteens.html 10




Li’kZ vkSj nnZ Li’kZ ,d fo’ks”k vuqHkwfr gS&vkil esa gkFk feykuk] ,d pqEcu] ,d vk’khokZn nsukA ;g nqfu;k ds lkFk gekjk igyk lEidZ gSA gekjs ‘kjhjksa esa lksesVks lsaljh ¼dkf;d laosnh½ nqfu;k ds fofHkUu i{kksa dks igpkuus ds fy, xzkfg;ksa dh ,d J`a[kyk gksrh gS&Li’kZ] rkieku vkSj ‘kjhj dh fLFkfr&blds lkFk nnZ dh laosnuk ds fy, HkhA foHksnu dh {kerk ‘kjhj dh lrg ij vyx&vyx gksrh gS] D;ksafd ;g mu LFkkuksa ij vfr laosnu’khy gksrh gS tSls gekjh vaxqfy;ksa ds fljsA lfØ; vUos”k.k egRoiw.kZ gS] tks eksVj Á.kkyh ds lkFk egRoiw.kZ var%fØ;kvksa dks ladsr nsrk gSA nnZ dh vuqHkwfr gesa lwfpr djrh gS vkSj gekjs ‘kjhj dks gksus okyh {kfr ds Áfr lpsr djrh gSA bldk l’kDr HkkoukRed ÁHkko gS vkSj ;g ‘kjhj vkSj efLr”d ds vanj l’kDr fu;a=.k ds rgr gksrk gSA ehluj df.kdk

,DlkWu

ekdsZYl fMLd Losn xzafFk

#fQuh vaR; vax vkidh Ropk dh lrg esa /kals gq, vusd Ádkj ds vR;ar NksVs laosnh xzkgh isfufl;u df.kdk

bldh ‘kq#vkr Ropk ls gksrh gS

Ropk dh MeZy irZ esa /kals] lrg ds uhps vusd Ádkj ds y?kq xzkgh mifLFkr gksrs gSaA ftl oSKkfud us lw{en’khZ esa bUgsa lcls igys ns[kk] muds uke ij bUgsa isflfu;u vkSj ehluj df.kdk dgk tkrk gSA edsZYl fMLd vkSj #fQuh vaR; fljs Li’kZ ds fofHkUu igyqvksa dk vuqHko djrh gSA bu lHkh xzkfg;ksa esa vk;u pSuy gksrs gSa] tks ;kaf=d fo#i.k ds mŸkj esa [kqyrs gSa] ,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y ij lfØ; gks tkrs gSa] ftUgsaa lw{e bysDVªksMksa ds ek/;e ls Ák;ksfxd :i ls vfHkysf[kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA dqN o”kZ igys oSKkfudksa }kjk dqN vk’p;Z esa Mky nsus okys Á;ksx fd, x,] mUgksaus ,dy laosnh raf=dk ls vfHkysf[kr djus ds fy, viuh Ropk esa bysDVªksM yxk,A buls vkSj bUgha ds leku fu’psrd ls ÁHkkfor tUrqvksa ij fd, x, Á;ksxksa ls gesa Kkr gqvk gS fd igys nks Ádkj ds xzkgh ‘kh?kzrk ls vuqdwfyr gks tkrs gSa vkSj ;s

rst+h ls cnyrs NksVs x<~<ksa ¼dEiu vkSj QM+QM+kgV dh vuqHkwfr½ ds Áfr loksZŸke :i ls ÁfrfØ;k nsrs gSaA edsZYl fMLd Ropk esa LFkk;h :i ls cus x<~<ksa ds Áfr laosnu’khy gksrs gSa ¼nkc dh vuqHkwfr½] tcfd #fQuh fljs /khjs&/khjs cnyrs NksVs x<~<ksa ds Áfr laosnu’khy gksrs gSaA xzkgh {ks= lksesVkslsaljh xzkgh ds fo”k; esa ,d egRoiw.kZ ladYiuk gSA ;g Ropk dk ,slk {ks= gS] tgk¡ ÁR;sd vyx&vyx xzkgh ÁzfrfØ;k nsrk gSA isflfu;u df.kdkvksa dk xzkgh {ks= ehluj df.kdk dh rqyuk esa cM+k gksrk gSA ;s nksuksa rFkk vU; xzkgh feydj lqfuf’pr djrs gSa fd vkids iwjs 'kjhj ij vki gj Ádkj dh laosnuk dh vuqHkwfr dj ldrs gSaA tc ,d ckj bUgsa mÌhiu feyrk gS rks ;s xzkgh laosnh raf=dk ds ek/;e ls Ásj.kk Hkstrs gSa] tks es#jTtq dh i`”B tM+ksa esa Áos’k djrh gSA Li’kZ xzkfg;ksa ls es#jTtq dks tksM+us okys ,DlkWu cM+s ek;fyusVsM rarq gSa] tks vR;ar rsth ls lsjsczy dkWVsZDl dh vksj ckgj ls lwpuk Álkfjr djrs gSaA B.M] xehZ vkSj nnZ dh laosnuk ^^[kqys** fljksa okys ,DlkWu ls dh tkrh gS] tks vis{kkÑr /khjs Álkj.k djrs gSaA rki ds xzkfg;ksa esa vuqdwyu ¼ns[ksa Ák;ksfxd ckWDl½ n’kkZ;k tkrk gSA lksesVkslsaljh dkWVsZDl uked dkWVsZDl eas ÁkFkfed laosnh {ks= ij Á{ksi.k ds igys esMqyk vkSj FkSysel esa Li’kZ djus ds fy, blesa fjys LVs’ku gksrs gSaA e/;js[kk dks ikj djus okyh raf=dk,¡ ,slh gksrh gSa fd ‘kjhj ds nk,¡ Hkkx dk Áfrfuf/kRo ck;k¡ xksyk)Z ¼gsfeLQs;j½ vkSj ck,¡ dk Áfrfuf/kRo nk;k¡ xksyk)Z djrk gSA

rkieku vuqdwyu ij ,d Á;ksx

;g cgqr ljy Á;ksx gSA vkidks ,d ehVj yach /kkrq NM+] tSls VkWoy jsy vkSj

ikuh dh nks ckfYV;k¡ pkfg,A ,d ckYVh esa dkQh rst+ xeZ ikuh vkSj nwljh esa

ftruk B.Mk laHko gks mruk j[kk tk,A nksuksa ckfYV;ksa esa viuk ,d&,d gkFk

j[ksa vkSj bUgsa de ls ,d feuV ds fy, j[ksaA vc vius gkFk fudky ysa] bUgsa

tYnh ls lq[kk yas vkSj /kkrq dh NM+ gkFk esa idM+saA vkidks ,slk yxsxk fd NM+

dk rkieku nksuksa fljksa ij vyx&vyx gSA ,slk D;ksa \

‘kjhj ls ÁkIr fufof”V ¼tkudkjh½ dks ‘kjhj dh lrg dk Áfrfuf/kRo rS;kj djus ds fy, lksesVkslsaljh dkWVsZDl ds ijs O;ofLFkr :i ls ^^ekufpf=r** fd;k tkrk gSA ‘kjhj ds dqN Hkkx] tSls fd vkidh v¡xqfy;ksa ds fljs vkSj eq¡g esa xzkfg;ksa dh cM+h la[;k gksrh gS vkSj blds laxr laosnh raf=dkvksa dh Hkh mPp la[;k gksrh gSA gekjh ihB tSls fgLlksa esa cgqr de xzkgh vkSj raf=dk,¡ gksrh gSA ;|fi] lksesVkslsaljh dkWVsZDl esa U;wjkWu dk iSfdax ?kuRo ,dlkj gksrk gSA blds QyLo:i] dkWVsZDl esa dksf’kdk lrg

11




dk ^^uD’kk** dkQh fcxM+ tkrk gSA dHkh&dHkh bls laosnh gkseudqyl dgk tkrk gS] ;fn ;g ‘kjhj dh lrg ds vkj&ikj ,dlkj ?kuRo ij QSys Li’kZ xzkfg;ksa dh iwjdrk ds lkFk ;fn ;g okLro esa ekStwn Fkk rks O;fDr esa vk’p;Ziw.kZ foÑfr gksxhA

vki nks fcUnq foHksnu ijh{k.k ds lkFk ‘kjhj esa bl vody laosnu’khyrk dk ijh{k.k dj ldrs gSaA dqN isij fDyi ysdj bUgsa ;w vkdkj esa eksM+sa] dqN dk fljk 2&3 ls-eh- Hkkx NksM+ nsa] vU; dks ikl ls eksM+sa rc vius ,d fe= dh vk¡[kksa ij iÍh cka/kdj mls dgsa fd bu isij fDyi ds fljs vkids ‘kjhj ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa dks Li’kZ djsA vkidks ,d fljk vuqHko gqvk ;k nks \ D;k dHkh ,slk gqvk fd vkidks nks fDyi ls Li’kZ djus ij Hkh vkidks ,d dk gh vuqHko gks \ ,slk D;ksa gqvk \

gksequdqylA ‘kjhj ds bl fgLls ls vkus okys xzkfg;ksa dh la[;k

ds vuqikr esa lksesVkslsaljh dkWVZsDl dh lrg ij O;fDr dh Nfo

cukbZ xbZ gSA

foHksnu dh fof’k”V foHksnu {kerk

ckjhd fooj.k tkuus dh {kerk ‘kjhj ds fHkUu Hkkxksa esa vyx&vyx gksrh gS vkSj ;s vaxqfy;ksa vkSj gksBksa ds ikl vR;ar vf/kd gksrs gSa Ropk bruh laosnu’khy gS fd ,d feyhehVj Å¡pkbZ ds lkSosa fgLls ls Hkh de mBs fcUnq dks eki lds&c’krsZ vki mls us=ghu O;fDr;ksa }kjk i<+h tkus okyh czsy fyfi ds vuqlkj fy[ksaA vuqla/kku dk ,d {ks= crkrk gS fd xzkfg;ksa ds fofHkUu Ádkj fdl Ádkj fofHkUu dk;ksZa esa ;ksxnku nsrs gSa] tSls cukoV ds chp foHksn vFkok fdlh oLrq dk vkdkj igpkuukA

Li’kZ dsoy ,d fuf”Ø; vuqHkwfr ugha gS tks dsoy ÁkIr dh xbZ laonsuk ds mŸkj esa lfØ; gksrh gSA ;g xfr’khyrk ds lfØ; fu;a=.k esa Hkh ‘kkfey gSA vki ds gkFk esa ek¡lisf’k;ksa dk fu;a=.k djus okys eksVj dkWVsZDl esa ekStwn U;wjkWu] tks vkidh v¡xqfy;ksa dks fgykrs gSa] mUgsa v¡xqfy;ksa ds fljksa ij fLFkr Li’kZ xzkfg;ksa ls ÁkIr laosnh fufof”V ÁkIr gksrh gSA vki fdls csgrj :i ls igpku ldrs gSa] ,d og oLrq tks vkids gkFk ls fQlyh tk jgh gS ;k laosnh vkSj eksVj Á.kkfy;ksa ds chp

fo”ke okrkZ es: jTtq esa ÁFke fjyst+ ij vkjaHk gksrh gSA blesa eksVj U;wjkWu ij ÁksfÁ;kslsfIVo QhMcSd ‘kkfey gksrk gS vkSj ;g dkf;d laosnh Á.kkyh ds lHkh Lrjksa ij tkjh jgrk gSA ÁkFkfed laosnh vkSj eksVj dkWfVZdy efLr”d esa vyx&cxy fLFkr gksrs gSaA

lfØ; vUos”k.k vuqHkwfr ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSA dYiuk djsa fd vki fofHkUu cukoVksa ds chp foHksn djrs gSa] tSls fd fofHkUu diM+ksa ;k lSaM isij ds vyx&vyx xzsMksa ds chp dk varjA vkids fopkj ls buesa ls dkSu lh ifjfLFkfr lcls ckjhd foHksn iSnk djsxh %

• uewus ij vkidh v¡xqyh dk fljk j[kuk \

• uewus ij vkidh v¡xyh dk fljk fQjkuk \

• vkidh v¡xqyh ds fljs ij uewuksa dks rst+h ls pykuk \

mDr O;ogkjkRed Á;ksxksa ds ifj.kke ;g Á’u mBkrs gSa fd lacaf/kr laonh lwpuk dk fo’ys”k.k efLr”d esa dgk¡ fd;k tkrk gSA dk;kZRed efLr”d ÁfrfcEcu ls lq>ko feyrk gS fd cukoVksa dh igpku ;k oLrqvksa dks Nwdj igpkuus esa dkWVsZDl ds fofHkUu {ks= ‘kkfey gSaA dkWVZsDl ÁR;kLFkrk ds fo”k; esa varn`Zf”V cukus ds fy, efLr”d ÁfrfcEcu Hkh vkjaHk fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls ;g mn~?kkfVr fd;k tkrk gS fd lksesVkslsaljh {ks= esa ‘kjhj dk uD’kk vuqHko ds lkFk cny ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] us=ghu czsy i<+us okys O;fDr;ksa esa ÁFke ¼baMsDl½ v¡xqyh esa dkWfVZdy mifLFkfr vf/kd ek=k esa gksrk gS vkSj rkj ok| ctkus okyksa esa ck,¡ gkFk dh v¡xqfy;ksa esa dkWfVZdy mifLFkfr vf/kd gksrh gSA

nnZ

;|fi T+;knkrj nnZ dks Li’kZ ds lkFk ,d vU; Ropk laosnuk ds :i esa j[kk tkrk gS] ijUrq ;g vusd fHkUu&fHkUu dk;ksZa vkSj ,d vR;ar fHkUu ‘kkjhfjd laxBu ds lkFk ,d Á.kkyh gSA bldh eq[; fo’ks”krk ;g gS fd ;g vfÁ; gksrh gS] ;g gj O;fDr esa vyx&vyx gksrh gS vkSj rkTtqc dh ckr gS mÌhiu ds LoHkko ds ckjs esa nnZ xzkfg;ksa }kjk Hksth xbZ lwpuk ¼,d ?kko vkSj dhM+s ds Mad ds dkj.k mRiUu nnZ esa cgqr de varj gksrk gS½A Ákphu xzhd lH;rk esa nnZ dks ,d laosnuk ds LFkku ij Hkkouk ds :i esa fy;k tkrk FkkA

tUrqvksa esa ,dy laosxh rarqvkasa ls vfHkysf[kr tkudkjh ls mÌhiu ds Áfr mldh ÁfrfØ;k dk irk pyrk gS tks Ård esa {kfr djrs gSa ;k dsoy psrkouh nsrs gSa&l?ku ;kaf=d mÌhiu ¼tSls fd pqHku½] l?ku Å”ek] vkSj vusd Ádkj ds jklk;fud mÌhiuA ijUrq bu Á;ksxksa ls bu fo”k;kRed vuqHko ds ckjs esa ÁR;{k :i ls dqN Hkh irk ugha pyrk gSA

vkf.od thooSKkfud rduhdksa ls vc Kkr gqvk gS fd vusd ukslhlsIVlZ dh lajpuk vkSj fo’ks”krk,¡ D;k gSaA buesa os xzkgh ‘kkfey gSa tks 46 fMxzh lsfYl;l ls vf/kd xehZ ds gksus ij ÁfrfØ;k nsrs gSa] Ård esa vEyh;rk ds Áfr vkSj ,d vk’p;Ztud ckr&fepZ ds lfØ; ?kVdksa ds Áfr laosnu’khy gksrs gSaA l?ku ;kaf=d mÌhiu ds mŸkj nsus okys xzkfg;ksa ds thu vc rd igpkus ugha x, gSa] ijUrq ;s mifLFkr vo’; gksrs gSaA isjhQsjy vQjsaV rarqvksa ds nks oxZ gkfudkjd mÌhiuksa ds mŸkj nsrs gSa % vis{kkÑr rhoz ek;fyysVsM rarq] bUgsa ,ch rarq dgrs gSa vkSj ;s vR;ar ckjhd] /khes] xSj&ek;fyusVsM lh rarq gSaA raf=dkvksa ds nksuksa lSV es: jTtq esa Áos’k djrs gSa] tgk¡ ;s raf=dkvksa dh ,d J`a[kyk ds lkFk tqM+rs gSa] tks lsjsczy dkWVsZDl rd tkrk gSA ,slk djus ds fy, os lkekukUrj vkjksgh ekxZ viukrs gSa] ,d nnZ ds LFkku dh [kkst djrk gS ¼Li’kZ ds ekxZ ds leku½] nwljk nnZ ds HkkoukRed i{k ds fy, mŸkjnk;h gSA

12




ekWQhZu esV&,adsQsfyu

vusd jklk;fud VªkalfeVlZ ds lkFk ,.Mksthul vksfivkWbM esV&,UdkQsfyu blesa ‘kkfey gSaA

nnZ fuokjd ekWQhZu mUgha xzkfg;ksa ij dk;Z djrk gS] ftl ij dqN ,.Mksthul vksfivkWbM fØ;k djrs gSaA

efLr”d LraHk vkSj ,lhlh ¼,aVhfj;j flaxqysV½ vkSj balqyj lfgr dkWVZsDl esa vusd {ks=ksa rd es: jTtq ¼uhps½ ds ,d {ks= ls nnZ ds fy, ,d vkjksgh ekxZA

nwljk ekxZ dkf;d laonh dkWVZsDl dh rqyuk esa dkQh vyx Árhr gksrk gS vkSj blesa ,aVhfj;j flaxqysV dkWVsZDl vkSj balqyj dkWVsZDl ‘kkfey gSaA

efLr”d ÁfrfcEcu Á;ksxksa esa fgIuksfll mi;ksx djrs gq, vc ;g laHko gS fd nnZ dh ^^vfÁ;rk** dks nnZ ls vyx fd;k tk ldsA

Á;ksx esa ‘kkfey O;fDr;ksa us vius gkFk rst+ xeZ ikuh esa Mqck, vkSj fQj bUgsa

nnZ dh rhozrk c<+us ;k ?kVus vFkok nnZ dh vfÁ;rk ds fy, fgtksfll ds ÁHkko esa j[kk x;kA ikWft+VªkWu ,fe’ku VkseksxzkQh ¼ihbZVh½ ds mi;ksx ls ;g Kkr fd;k x;k Fkk fd vuqHko fd, x, nnZ esa cnyko ds nkSjku dkf;d

laosnh dkWVsZDl esa lfØ;rk gqbZ] tcfd nnZ dh vfÁ;rk ds vuqHko ds lkFk ,aVhfj;j flaxqysV dkWVsZDl dh lfØ;rk tqM+h gqbZ gSA

nnZ ds fcuk thou \

gekjh bPNk nnZ ds lzksrksa ls nwj jgus] tSls fd MsafVLV ¼nk¡rksa ds MkDVj½] dh gksrh gS] vki dYiuk dj ldrs gSa fd fdlh nnZ ds fcuk vkidk thou

fdruk vPNk gksxkA ,slk ugha gksrk gSA nnZ ds Áeq[k dk;ksZa esa ls ,d ;g gS fd ge brus l{ke cusa fd nnZ iSnk djus okyh fLFkfr;ksa dks jksd ldsaA ukslhlsfIVo raf=dkvksa esa ,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y es: jTtq esa Áos’k dj Lopkfyr

lqj{kkRed fj¶ysDlst+ vkjaHk djrs gSa] tSls fd fonMªky fj¶ysDlA buls [krjukd ;k Hk;Hkhr djus okyh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks Vkyus dk ekxZn’kZu feyrk gSA

nnZ dk ,d vU; egRoiw.kZ eq[; dk;Z gS xfrfof/k dk laneu ;k #d

tkuk&vkjke djus ls Ård esa gqbZ {kfr dks Bhd djus esa enn feyrh gSA fuLlansg dqN ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ;g egRoiw.kZ gS fd xfrfof/k ;k iyk;u dh ÁfrfØ;k,¡ jksdh ugha tkrh gSaA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls mcjus esa enn ds fy,

‘kjhj fØ;kfoKku dh ÁfØ;kvksa dk fodkl gqvk gS] tks ;k rks nnZ dks nck nsrh gSa ;k mHkkj nsrh gSaA [kksth xbZ ,d ,slh ÁFke ekWM~;qysVjh ÁfØ;k Fkh ,.Mkstsul ,ukYtsfld dh fueqZfDrA laHkkfor pksV dh ifjfLFkfr esa] tSls

fd ;q) Hkwfe esa lSfud] nnZ dh vuqHkwfr ,d vk’p;Ztud Lrj rd ?kV tkrh gS&’kk;n blfy, fd ;s inkFkZ fueZqDr gks tkrs gSaA tUrqvksa ds Á;ksxksa ls irk pyk gS fd efLr”d {ks=ksa ds fo|qr mÌhiu ls] tSls fd]

,DosMDVy xzs inkFkZ ls nnZ ds Lrj esa ,d mYys[kuh; mUu;u gksrk gS vkSj e/;efLr”d ls es: jTtq rd vojksgh ekxZ }kjk bls ekf/;r fd;k tkrk gSA

c<+s gq, nnZ dh daolZ ?kVuk gkbij,Ytsfl;k dgykrh gSA nnZ ds Lrj esa

deh vkrh gS] nnZ dh l?kurk esa o`f) gksrh gS vkSj dHkh&dHkh nksuksa gh ml {ks= ij foLrkfjr gks tkrs gSa] ftl ij nnZ dk vuqHko fd;k tkrk gS vkSj

;gk¡ rd fd fouk’kdkjh mÌhiu dh vuqifLFkfr esa Hkh nnZ vuqHko gksrk gSA ;g ,d Áeq[k fDyfudy leL;k gks ldrk gSA gkbij,Ytsfl;k esa isjhQsjy xzkgh vkSj vkjksgh nnZ ds ekxksZa ds fofHkUu Lrjksa ij tfVy ?kVuk,a

‘kkfey gSaA buesa jklk;fud :i ls ekf/;r mŸkstuk vkSj laneu dh var%fØ;k ‘kkfey gSaA iqjkus nnZ dh fLFkfr esa ns[kk x;k gkbij,Ytsfl;k mŸkstuk esa o`f) vkSj laneu ds ruko ds QyLo:i gksrk gSA blesa ls vf/kdka’k dk dkj.k] laosnh lwpuk dk Álalk/ku djus okys U;wjkWuksa dh

ÁfrfØ;k’khyrk esa cnyko dk gksuk gSA xzkgh v.kqvksa esa egRoiw.kZ cnyko gksrs gSa] tks lacaf/kr U;wjksVªkalfeVlZ dh xfrfof/k dks ekf/;r djrs gSA gkbij,Ytsfl;k dh dksf’kdh; ÁfØ;kvksa dh gekjh le> esa dkQh mUufr

gksus ds ckotwn] iqjkus nnZ dk fDyfudy mipkj vc Hkh nq[kn :i ls vi;kZIr gSA

vuqla/kku vxz.kh ikjEifjd phuh fpfdRlk esa nnZ ls jkgr ds fy, ^^,D;wiapj uked fof/k dk mi;ksx

fd;k tkrk gSA bl fof/k esa ‘kjhj dh esjhfM;u dgh tkus okyh fn’kk ds vuqlkj fo’ks”k

fLFkfr;ksa esa Ropk esa cgqr iryh lqb;k¡ Mkyh tkrh gSa] fQj mipkj djus okyk O;fDr

mUgsa ?kqekrk ;k buesa dEiu iSnk djrk gSA buls fuf’pr :i ls nnZ esa jkgr feyrh

gSA ijUrq vc rd dksbZ ;g ugha crk ldk fd ,slk D;ksa gSa \

pkyhl o”kZ igys bldh dk;Z fof/k tkuus ds fy, phu esa ,d vuqla/kku Á;ksx’kkyk dh

LFkkiuk gqbZA bldh ÁkfIr;ksa ls irk pyk fd dEiu dh ,d vko`fŸk ij fo|qr mÌhiu

ls ,.MkWfQZu uked ,.Mksthul vksfivkWbM dh fueqZfDr ‘kq: gks tkrh gSA buesa ls ,d

gS esV&,UdsQsfyu] ,d vU; vko`fŸk ij mÌhiu ls Mk;ukfQZUl ds Áfr laosnu’khy ,d

vU; Á.kkyh lfØ; gks tkrh gSA bl dk;Z ls ,d de [kphZyh fo|qr ,D;wiapj e’khu

dks fodkl gqvk ¼ck,¡½ ftls nokvksa ds ctk; nnZ ls jkgr ikus esa mi;ksx fd;k tk

ldrk gSA ,d tksM+k bysDVªksM esa ls ,d gkFk ds ^^gsdw** fcUnq ij vkSj nwljk nnZ ds

LFkku ij j[kk tkrk gSA

;fn vki ,D;wiapj ds ckjs esa vkSj vf/kd i<+uk pkgrs gSa rks ;g osclkbV ns[ksa http://acupuncture.com/Acup/AcuInd.htm 13




n`f”V Ekkuo n`f”V ds lanHkZ esa vR;ar lfØ; tho gSa tks nqfu;k ds ckjs esa fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, viuh vk¡[ksa yxkrkj bLrseky djrs gSaA vU; ÁkbesVksa dh rjg lkeus fLFkr us=ksa ds lkFk ge viuh ut+j dk mi;ksx ifjos’k ds vusd i{kksa dks le>us esa djrs gSa tks gekjs ‘kjhj ls nwj fLFkr gSaA Ádk’k ,d Ádkj dh fo|qr pqEcdh; ÅtkZ gS tks gekjh vk¡[kksa esa Áos’k djrh gS] tgk¡ fLFkr Ádk’k xzkfg;ksa ij ;g fØ;k djrh gSA blds lkFk os ÁfØ;k,¡ ‘kq: gksrh gSa ftuls U;wjy Ásj.kk mRiUu gksrh gS vkSj fQj ;g pk{kq”k efLr”d ds ekxkZas vkSj usVodZ ls gksdj xqt+jrh gSA e/; efLr”d vkSj lsjsczy dkWVZsDl dks tkus okys vyx&vyx ekxZ fofHkUu pk{kq”k ¼ns[kus ls lacaf/kr½ dk;Z djrs gSaA bu dk;ksZa esa ‘kkfey gSa & fo’o esa xfr] vkdkj] jax vkSj vU; foHksnh fo’ks”krkvksa dh igpku vkSj Áfrfuf/kRoA buesa lHkh rks ugha fdUrq dqN pSrU;rk rd ugha igq¡prsA dkWVsZDl esa fn[kkbZ nsus laca/kh fofHkUu fu.kZ;ksa ds fy, fo’ks”khÑr U;wjkWu cM+h la[;k esa fo’ks”k pk{kq”k {ks= esa mifLFkr gksr gSaA

vk¡[k ij Ádk’k

vk¡[kksa esa I;wfiy ds ek/;e ls Ádk’k Áos’k djrk gS vkSj vk¡[k ds ihNs jsfVuk ij dkWfuZ;k vkSj ySal dh lgk;rk ls bls Qksdl fd;k tkrk gSA Iywfiy ds pkjksa vksj o.kZ ¼fixesaV½ ;qDr vkjfll gksrk gS] tks QSy ;k fldqM+ ldrk gS] ftlls Ádk’k ds Lrj ds vuqlkj I;wfiy cM+k ;k NksVk gks tkrk gSA ;g eku ysuk lgt gS fd vk¡[k ,d dSejs dh rjg dk;Z djrh gS] ftlls nqfu;k dh ,d ^^Nfo** curh gSA igyk ;g fd ,d Nfo dHkh Hkh fLFkj ugha gksrh gS] D;ksafd vk¡[ksa ges’kk ?kwerh jgrh gSaA nwljs] ;fn jsfVuk ij cuh ,d

Nfo efLr”d dks Hksth tkrh gS rks vxyk lans’k vk,xk ^^ns[k jgsa** vkSj fQj fdlh vU; O;fDr dks bl ij ns[kus dh t+:jr gksxh] ,d ,slk O;fDr tks efLr”d ds vanj gS! fcuk fdlh okLrfod fooj.k ds] ,d vuUr fjxzs’ku dks jksdus ds ekxZ esa gekjs lkeus okLro esa cM+h leL;k lkeus vkrh gS ftls pk{kq”k efLr”d dks lqy>kuk gS & fd ;g vk¡[k ls feys dksM fd, x, lans’k fdl Ádkj mi;ksx esa ykrk gS vkSj fn[kkbZ nsus okyh nqfu;k ds ckjs esa fu.kZ; ysrk gSA ,d ckj jsfVuk ij Qksdl gks tkus ij jsfVuk dh lrg ij O;fLFkr QksVksfjlsIVj Ádk’k dk ÁR;qŸkj nsrs gSa tks NksVs&NksVs fo|qr iksVsaf’k;y mRiUu dj mu ij iM+rk gSA ;s ladsr jsfVuk esa fLFkr dksf’kdkvksa ds usVodZ ds ek/;e ls lkbusIl ls xqt+jrs gSa] blds ckn jsfVuy xSaxfyvkWu dksf’kdk,¡ lfØ; gks tkrh gSa] ftuds ,DlkWu fey dj vkWfIVd raf=dk cukrs gSaA ;s efLr”d esa Áos’k djrh gSa] tgk¡ ;s fof’k”V dk;ksZa ds lkFk fofHkUu {ks=ksa ds ,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y Ásf”kr djrs gSaA

xSaxfyvkWu dksf’kdk

ckbiksyj dksf’kdk

{ksSfrt dksf’kdk

jkWM~l

dksUl

Ádk’k

vk;fjl I;wfiy ySal

dkWfuZ;k

vkWfIVd raf=dk jsfVuk ,ekfØu dksf’kdk

jsfVuk jsfVukA Ádk’k vkWfIVd raf=dk ds rarqvksa ls gksdj xqt+jrk gS vkSj dksf’kdkvksa dk ,d usVodZ ¼mnkgj.k ds fy, ckb iksyj dksf’kdk,¡½ jsfVuk ds ihNs fLFkr jkWM~l vkSj dksUl ij iM+rk gSA

Qksfo;k

CykbaM LikWV

vkWfIVd raf=dk

ekuo us=A us= esa Áos’k djus okyk Ádk’k ihNs fLFkr jsfVuk ij ySal }kjk Qksdl fd;k tkrk gSA ogk¡ xzkgh ÅtkZ dks Kkr djrs gSa VªkalMD’ku dh ÁfØ;k }kjk ,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y ‘kq: djrs gSa tks vkWfIVd raf=dk esa ;k=k djrs gSaA

pk{kq”k Álalk/ku dh bl lcls ‘kq:vkrh voLFkk ds ckjs esa dkQh dqN Kkr fd;k tk pqdk gSA bu dksf’kdkvksa dks jkWM dgrs gSa vkSj la[;k esa dkQh vf/kd ;s Ádk’k xzkgh vU; dh vis{kk yxHkx 1000 xquk vf/kd laosnh gksrs gSa( buls de la[;k esa dksUl gksrs gSaA eksVs rkSj ij dgk tk, rks jkr ds le; vki viuh jkWM~l dh lgk;rk ls vkSj fnu ds le; dksUl dh lgk;rk ls ns[krs gSaA rhu Ádkj ds dksUl gksrs gSa] tks Ádk’k dh fofHkUu rjax nS/;Z ds Áfr laosnu’khy gksrs gSaA ;g dgdj bls dkQh ljy cuk;k tk ldrk gS fd dksUl ls jaxhu n`’; fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa&ijUrq ;s blds fy, thoUr gSaA ;fn bu ij ,d gh jax dk Ádk’k yxkrkj iM+rk gS] rks dksUl bls xzg.k dj ysrs gSa vkSj blds ckn FkksM+s le; ds fy, gekjs jax ds fopkj esa dqN de ;ksxnku djrs gSa ¼ns[ksa Ák;ksfxd ckWDl½A

14




fiNys 25 o”kksZa esa QksVksVªkalMD’ku ¼Ádk’k dk jkWM~l vkSj dksUl esa tkdj fo|qr ladsrksa esa cnyuk½ dh ÁfØ;k ds ckjs esa vusd egRoiw.kZ [kkstsa dh xbZ gSa] jax va/kRo dk vkuqokaf’kd vk/kkj] tks fof’k”V pk{kq”k o.kZdksa dh vuqifLFkfr ds dkj.k jsfVuy usVodZ ds dk;Z vkSj xSaxfyvkWu dksf’kdkvksa ds nks fofHkUu Ádkjksa dh mifLFkfr gSaA buesa ls yxHkx 90 Áfr’kr dksf’kdk,¡ cgqr NksVh gksrh gSa] tcfd vU; 5 Áfr’kr ,e&Ádkj ;k eSXuks lsY;qyj dksf’kdk,¡ gksrh gSaA ge ckn esa tkusaxs fd ,e&Ádkj dh dksf’kdkvksa esa vlkekU;rk ls fMlysfDl;k ds fof’k”V ekeys fufgr gks ldrs gSa ¼v/;k; 9½A

jax vuqdwyu ij ,d Á;ksx

nks cM+s xksyksa ds chp /ku ¼$½ ds ladsr ij U;wure 30 lsd.M ds fy, /;ku dsfUnzr djsaA vc viuk iwjk /;ku fupys /ku ¼$½ ds ladsr ij ys tk,¡A ^^ihys** jax ds nks cM+s xksys vc fdlh vU; jaxksa ds yxrs gSaA D;k vki lksp ldrs gSa fd ,slk D;ksa gqvkA

The

vk¡[k ls efLr”d rd ekxZ pk{kq”k dkWVsZDl esa vusd {ks= ‘kkfey gksrs gSa] tks ns[kus ds fofHkUu igyqvksa ls fuiVrs gSa tSls vkdkj] jax] xfr’khyrk] nwjh vkfnA ;s dksf’kdk,¡ dkWyEl esa O;ofLFkr gksrh gSaA pk{kq”k n`f”V ls ladYiuk xzkgh {ks= dh gS&jsfVuk dk og {ks=] tgk¡ dksf’kdk Nfo ds ÁkFkfedrk okys Ádkj ds Áfr lfØ; gksxkA oh1 esa] dkWfVZdy Álalk/ku ds igys pj.k esa U;wjkWUl ,d fo’ks”k vfHkfoU;kl esa js[kkvksa ;k fdukjksa ds Áfr loksZŸke :i ls ÁfrfØ;k nsrs gSaA ,d egRoiw.kZ [kkst ;g Fkh fd dksf’kdkvksa ds fdlh ,d dkWye esa lHkh U;wjkWUl ,d leku vfHkfoU;kl dh js[kkvksa dk fdukjksa ij fØ;k djsaxs vkSj ikl esa fLFkr dksf’kdk LraHk dqN vyx vfHkfoU;kl ij loksZŸke :i ls fØ;k djrk gS vkSj blh rjg oh1 dh lrg rd ;g tkjh jgrh gSA bldk vFkZ gS dkWfVZdy pk{kq”k dksf’kdkvksa esa fo’o dh O;k[;k ds fy, ,d varfuZfgr laxBu gksrk gS] ijUrq ;g laxBu bE;wVscy ugha gSA nkbZa ;k ckbZa vk¡[k esa xfrfof/k }kjk ,d dksf’kdk fdl lhek rd Ásfjr gks ldrh gS] bls vuqHko ls :ikUrfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA tSlk lHkh laosnh Á.kkfy;ksa ds lkFk gksrk gS] pk{kq”k dkWVsZDl ÁR;kLFkrk n’kkZrk gSA

pk{kq”k Álalk/ku esa vxys dne

ÁR;sd vk¡[k dh vkWfIVd raf=dk efLr”d ls tqM+rh gSA ÁR;sd raf=dk ds rarq vkWfIVd fd,Lek uked lajpuk ij feyrs gSa] buesa ls ^^vk/ks** vkil esa ,d&nwljs dks dkVrs gSa] tgk¡ os nwljh vkWfIVd raf=dk ls vkus okys vk/ks rarqvksa ls feyrs gSa] tks vkil esa dkVrs ugha gSaA ;s xqPNs feydj vkWfIVd VSªDV cukrs gSa] vc buesa nksuksa vk¡[kksa ls vkus okys rarq ‘kkfey gksrs gSa] tks vc lsjsczy dkWVsZDl esa fey tkrs gSa ¼ik’ohZ; tsfudqysV U;fDy;l uked ,d lajpuk esa lkbusfIVd fjys ds ek/;e ls½ blh LFkku ij gekjs vkl&ikl dh nqfu;k dk fp= curk gSA Li’kZ djus ds leku ¼fiNys v/;k; esa½ pk{kq”k fo’o dk ck;k¡ fljk nkfgus gsfeLQs;j esa vkSj nk;k¡ fljk ck,¡ gsfeLQs;j esa feyrk gSA bl U;wjy Áfrfuf/kRo ij nksuksa vk¡[kksa ls tkudkjh vkrh gS vkSj efLr”d ds ihNs fLFkr dksf’kdk,¡ ¼oh1] oh2 uked {ks= esa½ fdlh Hkh vk¡[k esa fn[kus okyh Nfo dks ns[k ldrh gSaA bls gh ckbuksdqySfjVh dgrs gSaA

MsfoM gqcsy

VkWlZVsu ohly

MsfoM gqcsy ¼ck,¡½ vkSj VkWlZVsu ohly ¼Åij½ }kjk pk{kq”k dkWVsZDl ¼ck,¡½ esa dksf’kdkvksa ls dh xbZ fo|qr fjdkWfMZax ls Kkr gqvk fd dqN vn~Hkwr d.k gksrs gSaA buesa vfHkfoU;kl p;u’khyrk] bu dksf’kdkvksa dk lqanj] dkWye laxBu ¼uhps½ vkSj Á.kkyh dh ÁR;kLFkrk ‘kkfey gSA bu [kkstksa ij ukscy iqjLdkj fn;k x;kA

pk{kq”k {ks= ck;k¡ nk;k¡

vkWfIVd raf=dk

vkWfIVd fd,Lek

dkWVsZDl dk ekxZ

pk{kq”k dkWVsZDl

ysVjy tsfudqysV ukfHkd

15




vuqla/kku vxz.kh

;fn vkidh nf”V ugha gks rks D;k vki ns[k ldrs gSa \ efLr”d esa cgqr lkjs pk{kq”k {ks=ksa dh [kkst ls Kkr gqvk gS fd dqN pk{kq”k {kerk,¡ fcuk fdlh psru tkx:drk ds] gks ldrh gSaA dqN yksx ftuds ÁkFkfed pk{kq”k dkWVsZDl ¼oh1½ dks LFkk;h {kfr gks pqdh gS] os vius nf”V {ks= esa phts+ ugha ns[k ldrs gS] ijUrq tc mu ls pht+ksa rd igq¡pus ds fy, dgk x;k] ftUgsa os ns[k ugha ldrs] rks mUgksaus vR;ar ‘kq)rk ls ;g dk;Z fd;kA bl mRlqdrkiw.kZ fdUrq pfdr dj nsus okyh ?kVuk dks ^^CykbaM LikWV** dgras gSaA bls laHkOkr;k vk¡[k ls dkWVsZDl ds vU; fgLlksa rd lekukUrj la;kstuksa }kjk ekf/;r fd;k tkrk gSA

,d O;fDr D;k ns[krk gS] blls vutku jgdj lkekU; O;fDr }kjk ns[kuk ,d nSfud ÁfØ;k gSA ;fn vki dkj pykrs gq, ,d lkFkh ;k=h ls ckr djrs gSa rks vkidh psru tkx:drk dks iwjh rjg ls ckrphr ij funsZf’kr fd;k tk ldrk gS] tcfd vki dkj pykuk tkjh j[krs gSa] flxuy ij :drs gSa vkSj ck/kkvksa ls cprs gSaA ;g {kerk ,d Ádkj dh dk;kZRed Cykb.M lkbV gSA

pk{kq”k dkWVsZDl dh baVªhdsV lfdZVªh ,d cM+h igsyh gS] ftlus raf=dk oSKkfudksa dks igys ls O;Lr fd;k gqvk gSA U;wjkWu ds fofHkUu Ádkj 6 dkWfVZdy irksZa esa O;ofLFkr gksrs gSa] tks LFkkuh; vR;ar ‘kq) ifjiFkksa esa ,d lkFk tqMs+ gksrs gSa] ftls geus vHkh le>uk ‘kq: fd;k gSA buds dqN la;kstu mŸkstd vkSj dqN laned gksrs gSaA dqN raf=dkfoKkfu;ksa us lq>ko fn;k gS fd tSls ,d dEI;wVj esa fpIl gksrh gSa] mlh rjg dSuksfudy dkWfVZdy ekbØkslfdZV gksrk gSA lHkh blls lger ugha gSaA vc ge ekurs gSa fd ,d pk{kq”k {ks= esa lfdZVªh esa vU; ds lkFk vusd lekurk,¡ gSa] ijUrq buesa i;kZIr varj gks ldrs gSa] tks mu fofHkUu ekxksZa dks n’kkZrk gS] ftuesa pk{kq”k efLr”d dk ÁR;sd Hkkx pk{kq”k fo’o ds fofHkUu igyqvksa dh O;k[;k djrk gSA pk{kq”k Hkze ¼dYiuk½ ds v/;;u ls Hkh geas ml Ádkj ds Álalk/ku dh varn`f”V feyrh gS] tks pk{kq”k fo’ys”k.k ds fofHkUu pj.kksa ij tkjh gSA

fczLVy ¼ck,¡½ esa bl Áfl) dSQs okWy dh Vkbysa okLro esa vk;rkdkj gSa&ijUrq ,slh

fn[kkbZ ugha nsrh gSaA Vkbyksa dh O;oLFkk ls js[kkvksa vkSj fdukjksa dk Álalk/ku djus

okys U;wjkWuksa ds chp tfVy mŸkstd vkSj laned var%fØ;kvksa }kjk ,d Hkze mRiUu

gksrk gSA dfut+k f=Hkqt ¼nk,¡½ okLro esa ugha gksrk gS&ijUrq vki bl ns[kuk can ugha

dj ldrs gSa! vkidh pk{kq”k Á.kkyh ;g ^^fu.kZ;** djrh gS fd bl rLohj esa vU;

pht+ksa ds Åij ,d lQsn f=Hkqt gSA

fu.kZ; rFkk vfu.kZ; lsjsczy dkWVsZDl dk ,d Áeq[k dk;Z gS vusd lzksrksa ls ÁkIr laosnh lwpuk cukuk vkSj ml ij dk;Z

djukA fu.kZ; ysuk bl {kerk dk egRoiw.kZ Hkkx gSA ;g lskpus] Kku vk/kkfjr ÁfØ;k dk

^cks/kkRed** Hkkx gSA miyC/k laosnh lk{; dks fopkj esa fy;k tk, vkSj loksZŸke lk{; ij fodYi

pqus tk,¡ ¼tSls fd dk;Z djuk ;k xfrfof/k ugha djuk½ tks ml le; lk{; ij fodYi pqus tk,¡

¼tSls fd dk;Z djuk ;k xfrfof/k ugha djuk½ tks ml le; ÁkIr fd, tk ldrs gSaaA dqN fu.kZ;

tfVy gksrs gSa vkSj dqN dks ysus esa lkspus dh t+:jr gksrh gS tcfd dqN ljy vkSj Lokpkfyr

gksr gSaA ljyre fu.kZ; esa laosnh fufof”V vkSj ekStwnk Kku dk feyk&tqyk :i ‘kkfey gksrk gSA

dsoy dkys vkSj lQsn fcUnq \ vkjaHk esa bl fp= esa js[kkvksa vkSj fdukjksa dks igpkuuk dfBu gksrk gSA ijUrq tc ,d ckj vkidks irk py tk, fd ;g kyes’ku dqŸkk gS] rqjar gh mldk fp= vkidh vk¡[kksa esa vk tkrk gSA pk{kq”k efLr”d laosnh n`’; dh O;k[;k ds vkarfjd efLr”d dk mi;ksx djrk gSA

fu.kZ; ysus dk U;wjy vk/kkj le>us dk ,d rjhdk gS fd O;fDr viuh lkekU; nSfud xfrfof/k;k¡ djs vkSj og tks Hkh xfrfof/k;k¡ djs] mlds U;wjkWu dh xfrfof/k dks vfHkysf[kr fd;k tk,A ge vc feyh lsd.M ‘kq)rk rd vfHkys[ku dh dYiuk dj ldrs gSa] tks efLr”d ds 10 11 U;wjkWuksa esa ls ÁR;sd dh gks ldrh gSA rc gekjs ikl dkQh lkjs vk¡dM+s gksaxs ijUrq blds Álalk/ku dk dk;Z Hkh gksxkA gesa bldh O;k[;k djus esa Hkh dfBukbZ gksxhA bldk dkj.k tkuu ds fy, ,d ckj mu dkj.kksa ds ckjs esa lkspsa fd yksx dk;Z D;ksa djrs gSaA tc ge fdlh dks jsyos LVs’ku dh vksj tkrs ns[krs gSa] mls Lo;a ;k=k djuh gS] Vsªu esa fdlh ls feyus tkuk gS ;k dsoy ^^Vªsu&LikWfVax** djuh gSA ;g Kkr gq, fcuk fd mldk bjknk D;k gSa] muds efLr”d dh lfØ;rk vkSj muds O;ogkj ds iSVuZ ds chp fdlh lg&laca/k dh O;k[;k djuk dfBu gSA

vr% Ák;ksfxd raf=dk oSKkfud O;ogkjxr ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks fo’kq) Ák;ksfxd fu;a=.k ds rgr ykus dk Á;kl djrs gSaA bls ,d fuf’k”V dk;Z dh LFkkiuk }kjk ;g lqfuf’pr djrs gq, fd;k tk ldrk gS fd ekuo bls O;kid vH;kl ds ckn viuh loksZŸke {kerk ds vuqlkj djrs gSa vkSj fQj vius fu”iknu dh fuxjkuh djrs gSaA loksZŸke Ádkj dk dk;Z og gS tc jkspd gksus dh lhek rd i;kZIr tfVy gks] fQj Hkh bruk ljy gks fd mldk fo’ys”k.k fd;k tk lds fd D;k py jgk gSA bldk ,d vPNk mnkgj.k gS mÌhiuksa ds fo”k; esa ,d pk{kq”k fu.kZ; dh ÁfØ;k&cgq/kk nks mÌhiuksa ls vf/kd ugha gks&cgq/kk nks ls vf/kd mÌhiuksa ds lkFk mŸkj ,d ljy fodYi gksrk gS ¼mnkgj.k% Ádk’k dks dkSu ;k fcUnq cM+k ;k vf/kd pednkj gS \½A tcfd ;g dk;Z ljy yxrk gS] fQj Hkh blesa fu.kZ; ysus dk ,d iwjk pØ ‘kkfey gSA laosnh lwpuk xzg.k dh tkrh gS vkSj bldk fo’ys”k.k fd;k tkrk gS( fy, ij fu.kZ;ksa ds lgh rFkk xyr mŸkj gksrs gSa( bl ij Js; fn;k tkrk gS fd D;k fu”iknu lgh Fkk ;k ughaA bl Ádkj dk vuqla/kku ^^n`f”V dh HkkSfrdh** dk ,d Ádkj gSA

xfr vkSj jax ds fo”k; esa jax

bls le; cM+h #fp dk fo”k; gS fd U;wjkWu fdl Ádkj pk{kq”k xfr’khyrk ds fo”k; esa fu.kZ; ysus esa ‘kkfey gSaA pkgs oLrq py jgh gks ;k ugha] vkSj fdl fn’kk esa py jgh gS] ;g euq”;ksa vkSj vU; tUrqvksa ds fy, vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ fu.kZ; gSA vkerkSj ij lkis{k xfr’khyrk ;g ladsr nsrh gS fd ,d oLrq nwljh ikl esa fLFkr oLrq ls fHkUu gSA ekuo efLr”d ÁfrfcEcu rduhdksa ¼v/;k; 14½ ds bLrseky ls vkSj xSj&ekuo tUrqvksa esa vyx&vyx U;wjkWuksa dh xfrfof/k ds vfHkys[ku }kjk efLr”d ds {ks=ksa ds chp la;kstuksa ds iSVuZ dh tk¡p }kjk fof’k”V ‘kkjhfjd {ks=ksa ds :i esa Álalk/ku xfr’khy lwpuk esa ‘kkfey pk{kq”k efLr”d ds {ks=ksa dks vfHkKkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

16




A B

C D

xfr'khyrk dh laosnuk d- ÁkFkfed pk{kq”k dkWVsZDl ¼oh 1½ lfgr canj ds efLr”d dk ik’ohZ; n`’; ckbZa vksj rFkk ,eVh ¼dHkh&dHkh bls oh 5 dgrs gSa½ uked ,d {ks=] ftlesa xfr ds Áfr laosnu’khy U;wjkWu ik, tkrs gSaA [k- xfr ds Áfr laosnu’khy U;wjkWu] ftlesa ,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y ¼[kM+h yky js[kk,¡½ mŸkj if’pe fn’kk esa xfr gksus ds mŸkj esa vf/kdka’kr% rFkk foijhr fn’kk esa gksus ij dHkh&dHkkj iSnk gksrk gSA ,eVh ¼;k oh 5½ ds fofHkUu dkWyeksa esa xfr dh fofHkUu fn’kkvksa ds fy, dksM djrk gSA x- xfr laosnu’khyrk ij Á;ksxksa esa Á;qDr ,d xksykdkj Vhoh LØhu] ftlesa fcUnq vO;ofLFkr :i ls lHkh fn’kkvksa esa ?kwers gSa ¼’kwU; Áfr’kr vklatu½ vFkok lHkh fcUnq ,d gh fn’kk esa ?kwers gSa ¼’kr Áfr’kr vklatu½A ?k- fcUnqvksa dh laHkkfor fn’kk ds canj ds ladsr mudh vklatdrk ¼ihyh js[kk½ c<+us ds lkFk c<+rs gSaA fofHkUu vfHkfoU;klksa ds dkWyeksa ds fo|qr y?kq mÌhiu vf/kekuh fn’kk dk vuqeku foLFkkfir djrs gSa ¼uhyh js[kk½A

bu {ks=ksa] {ks= ,eVh ;k oh 5 ds U;wjkWu ,d canj esa vfHkysf[kr fd, x, gSa] tcfd ;g pyrs fQjrs fcUnqvksa ds iSVuZ ds fo”k; esa ,d ljy pk{kq”k fu.kZ; ysrk gSA buesa ls vf/kdka’k fcUnq fofHkUu fn’kkvksa esa ;kn`fPNd :i ls ?kwers gSa] ijUrq budk dqN fgLlk dsoy ,d gh fn’kk esa gh xfr djrk gS&Åij] uhps] nk,¡ ;k ck,¡A ns[kus okys O;fDr dks iSVuZ dh lexz fn’kk ns[kuh gksrh gSA bl dk;Z dks vklku cukus ds fy, fcUnqvksa ds ,d cM+s lewg dks ,d gh fn’kk esa xfr’khy cukdj O;ofLFkr fd;k gk ldrk gS] ctk; fd bUgsa vyx&vyx fn’kkvksa esa ?kweus fn;k tk,] vFkok yxkrkj ?kweus okys fcUnqvkas dk vuqikr ?kVkdj bUgsa dBksj cuk;k tk,A ;g irk pyrk gS fd oh 5 esa dksf’kdkvksa dh lfØ;rk ‘kq)rkiwoZd xfr ladsr dh ‘kfDr Ánf’kZr djrh gSA U;wjkWu xfr dh ,d fn’kk ds Áfr mŸkj nsrs gS] tc fcUnqvksa dh vf/kekuh xfr fn’kk esa mudk vuqikr c<+rk gSA

vkuUnnk;h ckr ;g gS fd dqN vyx&vyx U;wjkWu ,d ns[kus okys O;fDr dh rjg ls yxrs gSa] pkgs ;g canj gks ;k ekuo] buds O;ogkjxr fu.kZ; ij fd;k tkrk gSA vfHkys[ku djus okys bysDVªksM ds ek/;e ls ,sls U;wjkWuksa dk y?kq mÌhiu ml canj dh lkis{k xfrfof/k;ksa ds fu.kZ; esa i{kikr dj ldrk gSA ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd cM+h la[;k esa U;wjkWu pk{kq”k n`f”V ds Áfr laosnu’khy gSa vkSj ctk, dqN U;wjkWu ds] vusd U;wjkWuksa dh lfØ;rk ij fuHkZj djrs gSaA jax ds ckjs esa fu.kZ; Hkh blh Ádkj vkxs c<+rs gSa ¼vuqla/kku vxz.kh ckWDl ns[ksa½A

usdlZ D;qc esa n`f”V yxkrkj cnyrh jgrh gSA jsfVuk ij Nfo cnyrh ugha gSa] ijUrq vki lcls igys bl D;wc dk Åijh ck;k¡ dksuk ns[krs gSa vkSj /khjs&/khjs tSls ?kqy x;k gks] ,slk yxrk gSA ‘kk;n gh dHkh bls piVh lrg ij vkil eas dkVus okyh js[kkvksa ds lSV ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA bues ls dqN dks U;wjy ladsr [kkstus esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] tgk¡ dqN cnyus ;ksX; vkÑfr;k¡ gksrh gSa] tc fdlh ,d fn, x, le; ij foU;kl ds ckjs esa pk{kq”k efLr”d fu.kZ; ysrk gSA

17




vuqla/kku vxz.kh

jaxhu laosnh dksf’kdk,¡A dqN fof’k”V U;wjkWu Ádk’k dh fofHkUu rjax nS/;ksZa esa lfØ;rk ds vyx&vyx iSVuZ n’kkZrs gSaA dqN yach rjax nS/;Z dk loksZŸke mŸkj nsrs gSa tcfd vU; NksVh ijA vki lksp ldrs gSa fd ;g jax ns[kus ds fy, i;kZIr gSa] ijUrq ,slk ugha gksrk gSA ckbZa vksj dh rqyuk esa nkbZa vksj lSy Qk;fjax dh rqyuk djsaA D;k vkidks dksbZ varj fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ckbZ vksjA eksafMª;u ¼dykdkj fi,V eksafMªu ds uke ij½ uked ,d jaxhu iSpodZ dh Li”V fMt+kbuA ;g Ádk’k dh yach] e/;e vkSj NksVh rjax nS/;ksZa ds fofHkUu la;ktuksa ls Ádkf’kr gS] rkfd ÁR;sd iSuy Ádk’k dk ogh feJ.k n’kkZ,] pkgs gesa vkl&ikl ds iSpksa dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k vyx jax dk fn[kkbZ nsA oh 1 esa vfHkysf[kr] ckbZ vksj dh dksf’kdk lHkh ekeyksa esa mlh lhek rd Qk;j djrh gSA ;g jax dks ns[krh ugha gS] ;g ÁR;sd iSp ls ÁfrfcfEcr led{k rjax nS/;Z feJ.k dk ÁR;qŸkj nsrh gSA

fo’okl djus dk vFkZ gS ns[kuk

oh 5 pk{kq”k mÌhiuksa dh xfr nt+Z djus ds vykok Hkh cgqr dqN djrk gSA ;g ns[kh xbZ xfr dks nt+Z djrk gSA ;fn pk{kq”k rjdhcsa bl rjg dh tkrh gSa fd bu fcUnqvksa dks dsoy vkl&ikl ds fcUnqvksa dh xfr ds ek/;e ls ,d ;k vU; fdlh fn’kk esa pyrs gq, ns[kk tkrk gS] vFkkZr xfr dk Hkze] Hkze ds {ks= esa laxr U;wjkWu ns[kh xbZ xfr ds ck,¡ ;k nk,¡ vyx rjg ls Qk;j djrs gSaA ;fn xfr iwjh rjg ls fcuk fdlh Øe ds gSa] rks nk;ha vksj xfr’khy gksus okys U;wjkWu dk Qk;j vis{kkÑr vf/kd Vªk;y okyk gksrk gS] tc ns[kus okyk ;g fjiksVZ djrk gS fd ;kn`fPNd xfr flxuy ^^nk;ha** vksj ¼vkSj blds foijhr½ py jgk gSA ^^nk;ha** vFkok ^^ck;ha** vksj ds U;wjksuy fu.kZ;ksa ds chp dk varj Ánf’kZr djrk gS fd xfr ds ckjs esa ns[kus okyk D;k ns[krk gS] uk fd pyu’khy mÌhiu dk ije LoHkkoA

pk{kq”k fu.kZ; vkSj vfu.kZ; ds vU; mnkgj.kksa esa ‘kkfey gSa n`f”Vxr y{;ksa dh ÁfrfØ;k] tks okLrfod :i ls vLi”V gSa] tSls fd rFkkdfFkr usdj D;wc ¼fp=½A bl mÌhiu ds Ádkj ds lkFk ns[kus okyk vfu.kZ; dh fLFkfr esa igq¡p tkrk gS] og yxkrkj ,d ls nwljh O;k[;k ds chp my> tkrk gSA blh Ádkj dh Áfr}af}rk ns[kh tkrh gS tc ckbZa vk¡[k [kM+h js[kkvksa dk iSVuZ ns[krh gS vkSj nk;ha vk¡[k {kSfrt js[kkvksa dk iSVuZ ns[krh gSA ifj.kkeh n`f”V dks ckbuksdqyj jkboyjh dgrs gSa] igys tc ns[kus okyk fjiksVZ djrk gS fd [kM+h js[kkvksa dh Áeq[krk gS vkSj fQj nks ckj vkM+h js[kkvksa ds gksus dh fjiksVZ djrk gSA ,d ckj fQj] pk{kq”k dkWVZsDl ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa U;wjkWu n’kkZrs gSa fd ns[kus okys dh n`f”V dc {kSfrt ls Å/okZ/kj dh vksj tkrh gSA

nk;ha vksjA eksafMª;u ds ,d {ks= ij ,d okLrfod jax laosnh dksf’kdk oh 4 esa Qk;j djrh gS] ftls ge yky jax ds :i esa ns[krs gSa] tks vU; dh vis{kk de gSA ;g vody ÁR;qŸkj rjax ÅtkZvksa ds lHkh fVªiysV ds lkFk gksrk gS tks ÁR;sd ls Ánf’kZr gqvkA vr% oh 4 efLr”d dk og {ks= gks ldrk gS tks gesa jax ns[kus esa leFkZ cukrk gS] tcfd dqN raf=dk oSKkfudksa dks ;g ‘kadk gS fd dsoy ;gh {ks= ‘kkfey ugha gSA gekjh fn[kkbZ nsus okyh nqfu;k vn~Hkqr gSA vk¡[kksa esa Áos’k djus okyk Ádk’k gesa vius pkjksa vksj dh nqfu;k dks ns[kus esa leFkZ cukrkgS] ftlesa dykÑfr;ksa ds ek/;e ls ljyre ls ysdj gesa pfdr dj nsus okyh phtsa+ ‘kkfey gSaA blesa yk[kksa djksM+ksa U;wjkWu oh 5 {ks= esa ,d U;wjkWu ds ek/;e ls Ádk’k dh ,d fdj.k dk ÁR;qŸkj nsus okys ,d jsfVuy Ádk’kxzkgh ds dk;Z ls vkjaHk dj vius dk;Z djrs gSa] tks ;g fu.kZ; ysrk gS fd D;k pk{kq”k nqfu;k esa dqN Hkh xfr’khy gSA ;g lHkh gekjs efLr”d ds vanj fcuk fdlh Á;kl ds tkjh jgrk gSA ge bu lc dks le> ugha ikrs gSa] ijUrq raf=dk oSKkfud bl fn’kk esa cM+s dk;Z dj jgs gSaA

dksfyu CySdeksj us ;g le>us esa ;ksxnku fn;k gS fd pk{kq”k Á.kkyh fdl Ádkj fodflr gksrh gSA blesa Hkzw.kh; efLr”d ¼ck;k¡½ esa ekxZ ds

fofHkUu Hkkxksa ds chp var%fØ;kvksa dks v/;;u djus ds fy, dksf’kdk lao/kZu lfgr vxz.kh v/;;u ‘kkfey gSA nk;ha vksj gesa ,DlkWu ¼gjs

jax esa½ fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa] tks vU; rarqvksa ¼larjh jax½ ls tqM+us ds fy, fodkl’khy dkWVsZDl ls fodflr gksrs gSa vkSj tks dkWVsZDl rd c<+us ds

igys ^^gkFk feykuk** pkgrs gSaA

baVjusV fyaDl : faculty.washington.edu/chudler/chvision.html http://www.ncl.ac.uk/biol/research/psychology/nsg

17




xfr ,d xsan dks idM+us ds ckjs esa lkspsaA D;k vklku gS \ ,slk yxrk rks gS] ijUrq bl ljy ls dk;Z dks djus esa Hkh vkids efLr”d dsk vusd mYyss[kuh; dk;Z djus gksrs gSaA ge bu lcdks lgt eku ysrs gSa] fQj Hkh buesa ;kstuk ‘kkfey gksrh gS % xsan gYdh gS ;k Hkkjh \ ;g fdl fn’kk ls vk jgh gS \ ;g fdruh rst+h ls tk,xh \ blesa leUo; gksrk gS % ,d O;fDr xsan dks idM+us ds fy, vius gkFkksa dk leUo; fdl Ádkj djrk gS vkSj bldk loksZŸke rjhdk D;k gksxk \ vkSj bldk fu”iknu gksrk gS % D;k vkids gkFk dks lgh LFkku feyrk gS vkSj vkidh v¡xqfy;k¡ lgh le; ij can gks xbZa \ vc raf=dk oSKkfud ;g tkurs gSa fd efLr”d ds vusd {ks= blesa ‘kkfey gksrs gSaA bu {ks=ksa esa U;wjy xfrfof/k vkns’k dh ,d <hyh J`a[kyk cukus ds fy, tqM+rh gS&,d eksVj Øe&lsjsczy dkWVsZDl vkSj csly xSaxfy;k ls lsjscsye vkSj es: jTtqA

raf=dk ek¡lis’kh; tksM+

eksVj Øe ds lcls fupys LFkku ij] es: jTtq esa eksVj U;wjkWu uked gt+kjksa fo’ks”khÑr raf=dk dksf’kdkvksa dh Qk;fjax nj c<+ tkrh gSA bu U;wjkWuksa ds ,DlkWu ek¡lisf’k;ksa esa tkrs gSa] tgk¡ os ladqpu ;ksX; ek¡lis’kh; rarqvksa dks lfØ; cukrs gSaA ÁR;sd eksVj U;wjkWu ds ,DlkWu ds vafre fljs ,d ek¡lis’kh rarq ds vanj lhfer la[;k ij fo’ks”k raf=dk ek¡lis’kh; tksM+ cukrs gSa ¼uhps fp= ns[ksa½A ,d eksVj U;wjkWu ds ÁR;sd ,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y ds dkj.k raf=dk fljksa ls U;wjksVªkalfeVlZ eqDr gksrs gSa vkSj ek¡lis’kh rarqvksa esa blds laxr ,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y mRiUu gksrk gSA blds }kjk ÁR;sd ek¡lis’kh rUrq ds vanj var% dksf’kdh; Hk.Mkjksa ls dSfY’k;e vk;u mRiUu gksrs gSaA blls ek¡lis’kh rarqvksa esa ladqpu gksrk gS vkSj cy rFkk xfr mRiUu gksrs gSaA

ek¡lisf’k;ksa dk ladqpu iSnk djus ds fy, raf=dk ek¡lis’kh tksM+ ij vyx&vyx ek¡lis’kh rarqvksa ds lkFk raf=dk,¡ fo’ks”k lEidZ cukrh

gSaA tSls&tSls budk fodkl gksrk gS] ÁR;sd ek¡lis’kh rarq ij cgqr lkjh raf=dkvksa ds rarq tkrs gSa] ijUrq U;wjkWuksa ds chp ÁfrLi)kZ ds dkj.k dqN gV tkrs gSaA rc vafre lQy raf=dk ls ^^eksVj ,.M IysV** ¼yky jax dh½ ,d fo’ks”k v.kq fMVsDVj ij U;wjks VªkalfeVj

,flVkby dksyhu fueqZDr djus ds fy, ‘ks”k jg tkrh gSA ;g rLohj ,d daQksdy lw{en’khZ dk mi;ksx djds cukbZ xbZ gSA

ek¡lisf’k;ksa ds lkFk tqM+h fo|qr lfØ;rk dh fjdkWfMZax ¼bysDVªks&ek;ksxzkfQd lfØ;rk½

Hkqtk dh ek¡lisf’k;ksa esa fo|qr dh ?kVuk Ropk esa ek/;e ls ,EiyhQk;j ds lkFk fjdkWMZ dh tk ldrh gS vkSj bu fo|qr&ek;ks xzkfQd fjdkWfMZaXl ¼bZ,eth½ dks ÁR;sd ek¡lis’kh esa lfØ;rk dk Lrj ekius ds fy, bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA ¼Åij fp= ns[ksa½A

es: jTtq fofHkUu fj¶ysDl ekxksZa ds ek/;e ls ek¡lisf’k;ksa ds fu;a=.k esa ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA buesa fonMªky ds fj¶ysDl gSa ftudh ‘kkjhfjd fLFkfr esa Hkwfedk gSA tkuk&ekuk ^^?kqVuk tdZ** fj¶ysDl f[kapko ds fj¶ysDl dk ,d mnkgj.k gS] tks vis{kkÑr fo’ks”k gS] D;ksafd blesa dsoy nks Ádkj dh raf=dk dksf’kdk,¡ ‘kkfey gSa& laosnh U;wjkWu] tks ek¡lis’kh dh yackbZ dk flxuy nsrh gS] ;g xfr’khyrk ds fy, eksVj U;wjkWu ds lkbusV ds ek/;e ls tqM+h gksrh gSA ;s fj¶ysDl vkSj vf/kd tfVy ds lkFk es: ifjiFkksa esa la;ksftr gksrs gSa] tks vf/kdka’kr% O;ogkjksa dks laxfBr djrs gSa] tSls fd pyrs ;k nkSM+rs le; gkFkksa dh xfr’khyrkA buesa eksVj U;wjkWuksa dh lefUor mŸkstuk vkSj laneu ‘kkfey gSA

eksVj U;wjkWu ek¡lisf’k;ksa rd igq¡pus okys vafre lkekU; ekxZ gSa tks vkidh vfLFk;ksa dks xfr’khy cukrs gSaA tcfd] efLr”d esa bu dksf’kdkvksa dh lfØ;rk dks fu;af=r djus dh Áeq[k leL;k gSA fdlh dk;Z fo’ks”k dks djus ds fy, fdl ek¡lis’kh dks xfr’khy cukuk pkfg, vkSj fdruk rFkk fdl Lrj dk \

Øe dk mPpre fcUnq&eksVj dkWVsZDl

eksVj Øe ds foijhr fljs ij lsjsczy dkWVsZDl esa xfr’khyrk ds ÁR;sd rRo ds fy, gt+kjksa&yk[kksa dksf’kdkvksa }kjk vla[; x.kuk,¡ dh tkuh gSaA ;s x.kuk,¡ lqfuf’pr djrh gSa fd xfr lqpk# :i ls vkSj dq’kyrkiwoZd dh xbZ gSA lsjsczy dkWVsZDl rFkk es: jTtq ds eksVj U;wjkWuksa ds chp efLr”d LraHk ds egRoiw.kZ {ks= es: jTtq ls vkus okyh Hkqtkvksa vkSj ek¡lisf’k;ksa dh lwpuk rFkk lsjsczy dkWVsZDl ls tkus okyh lwpuk dks es: jTtq ls tksM+rs gSaA

19




xfr ij ,d Á;ksx

eq>s dkSu pykrk gS \ vius nksLr ds lkFk ;g Á;ksx nk;ha gFksyh ij ,d ot+unkj iqLrd j[ksaA vc ck;ha vksj ls vius nk,¡ gkFk ij

ls iqLrd dks mBk,¡A bl le; vkidk dk;Z nk,¡ gkFk dks fLFkj j[kuk gS! vc nksckjk dksf’k’k djsaA vc dh ckj vki viuk gkFk fLFkj j[ksa vkSj vkidk fe= iqLrd mBk,¡A dqN gh yksx ,slk dj

ikrs gSaA fpUrk ugha djs( vusd ckj Á;kl djus ds ckn vki ml rjg ds Án’kZu ds leku dj ikrs gSa tc vkius Lo;a bls fd;k FkkA

xfr dks fu;af=r djus okys efLr”d ds vusd {ks=

eksVj dkWVsZDl Årdksa dh ,d iryh iÍh gS] tks efLr”d ls lksesVks lsaljh dkWVsZDl ds lkeus ls ÁR;{k :i ls ¼ns[ksa ist 12½ xqt+jrh gSA ;gk¡ iwjs ‘kjhj dk ekufp= gksrk gS % fofHkUu vaxksa ¼es: jTtq esa fLFkr eksVj U;wjkWuksa ds la;kstuksa }kjk½ esa xfr mRiUu djus okyh dksf’kdk,¡ VksiksxzkfQd :i ls O;ofLFkr gksrh gSaA ,d fjdkWfMZax bysDVªksM dk mi;ksx djrs gq, bl ekufp= ds fdlh Hkh Hkkx esa ik, tkus okys U;wjkWu] mlls tqM+h ek¡lisf’k;ksa esa lfØ;rk ds igys yxHkx 100 feyh lsd.M iwoZ lfØ; gks tkrs gSaA eksVj dkWVsZDl esa dksM fd;k x;k lans’k yach cgl dk fo”k; Fkk&D;k dkWVsZDl esa ekStwn dksf’kdk,¡ mu xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, dksM djrh gSa tks og O;fDr djuk pkgrk gS vFkok vyx&vyx ek¡lisf’k;ksa ds fy, dksM djrh gSa ftUgsa bl dk;Z ds fy, igys ladqfpr gksuk pkfg,A bl Á’u dk mŸkj dqN fHkUu gS& vyx&vyx U;wjkWu buds fy, dksM ugha djrs gSaA blds LFkku ij ,d tula[;k dksM mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa U;wjkWuksa ds ,d lewg dh Qk;fjax }kjk xfrfof/k;k¡ fufnZ”V dh tkrh gSA

eksVj dkWVsZDl ds Bhd lkeus egRoiw.kZ Áh&eksVj {ks= gksrs gSa tks ;kstuk xfrfof/k;ksa esa ‘kkfey gSa] ;s xfr ds es: ifjiFk rS;kj djrs gSa] rFkk ml ÁfØ;k esa Hkh ‘kkfey gSa] tks ns[kus dh xfrfof/k;ksa vkSj gko&Hkko dks le>us ds chp fyad canjksa esa fejj U;wjkWu dh [kkst] tks rc ÁR;qŸkj gSa tc canj gkFk dh xfr ns[krk gS vkSj tc tUrq Lo;a os xfrfof/k;k¡ djrk gSA fejj U;wjkWu xfrfof/k;ksa dks lhfer djus vkSj le>us esa egRoiw.kZ fl) gksus dh laHkkouk gSA iSjkbVy dkWVsZDl esa eksVj dkWVsZDl ds ihNs vusd dkWfVZdy {ks= ‘kjhj ds LFkkfud Áfrfuf/kRo vkSj gekjs vkl&ikl ds n`’; vkSj JO; y{;ksa ds lkFk lacaf/kr gksrs gSaA buds vanj ,d ekufp= gksrk gS fd gekjs vax dgk¡ gSa vkSj gekjs lanHkZ esa jkspd y{; D;k gSaA bu {ks=ksa dks {kfr gksus ij]

bl Á;ksx ls irk pyrk gS fd vkids efLr”d ds lsaljheksVj

{ks=ksa esa bl ckjs esa vf/kd Kku gksrk gS tc vki iwjk dk;Z vius&vki djrs gSa] ctk; ml fLFkfr ds] tc vki ns[krs gSa fd vU; dksbZ vkidh xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, ‘kq:vkr ¼fVªxj½ djrk gSA

mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d vk?kkr ¼LVªksd½ ls pht+sa NwV ldrh gSa ;k gekjs pkjksa vksj dh nqfu;k dks misf{kr ;k vLohdkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA rFkkdfFkr iSjkbVy mis{kk okys jksxh pht+sa ¼vkerkSj ij ck;ha vksj½ ugha ns[k ikrs gSa vkSj dqN yksx vius ‘kjhj dk ck;ka fgLlk misf{kr djus yxrs gSaA

csly xSaxfy;k

csly xSaxfy;k lsjsczy gsfeLQs;j dh xgjkb;ksa esa dkWVsZDl ds uhps fLFkr vkil esa tqM+s {ks=ksa dk ,d lewg gSA ;s xfr;ksa dh igy ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSa] tcfd os ;g dSls djrs gSa vHkh Li”V ugha gSA csly

^^--------------------------- fejj U;wjkWu euksfoKku esa ogh Hkwfedk fuHkk,axs tks Mh,u, dh thofoKku esa gS % ;g ,d lkFk ykus dh :ijs[kk Ánku

djsaxs vkSj ekufld {kerkvksa ds iks”kd dks le>kus esa lgk;rk djsaxs tks ;k rks jgL;e; cus jgrs gSa vkSj bu ij Á;ksx ugha fd, tk

ldrs gSaA ;s ÁkbesV efLr”d fodkl dh vksj cM+k dne gSaA**

oh- ,l- jkepanzu

20

iSjkbVy dkWVsZDl eksVj dkWVsZDl

Áh eksVj dkWVsZDl

csly xSaxfy;k ¼vanj½lsjscsye




xSaxfy;k ,d tfVy fQYVj dh rjg dk;Z djrs gSa] dkWVsZDl ¼lsaljh] eksVj] ÁhÝaVy vkSj fyfEcd {ks=½ ds vxys fgLls ls ÁkIr fofo/k buiqV dh fo’kky la[;k esa ls lwpuk pqurs gSaA csly xSaxfy;k dk vkmViqV eksVj dkWVsZDl {ks=ksa dks QhMcSd nsrk gSA

,d lkekU; ekuo eksVj fodkj] ch ikfdZUlu chekjh dks dEidEih vkSj xfr ‘kq: djus esa dfBukbZ ls igpkuk tk ldrk gSA ;g ,slh fLFkfr gS tSlk fd csly xSaxfy;k esa pqfuUnk fQYVj yxk;k x;k gksA leL;k efLr”d ds lCLVsaf’k;k ukbxzk ¼blds dkys jax dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k ;g uke fn;k x;k gS½ uked fgLls esa U;wjkWu ds g~kl ds dkj.k gksrh gS] ftls yEcs] Á{ksfir ,DlkWu csly xSaxfy;k esa U;wjksVªkalfeVj Mksikekbu fueqZDr djrs gSa ¼uhps vuqla/kku vxz.kh ij ckWDl ns[ksa½A Mksikekbu ,DlkWu dh csly xSaxfy;k esa vius y{; ‘kq) O;oLFkk vR;ar vareqZ[kh gS] fofHkUu U;wjksVªkalfeVlZ ds chp egRoiw.kZ var%fØ;k dk lq>ko feyrk gSA ,y&Mksik vkS”kf/k ds lkFk mipkj ls] tks efLr”d esa Mksikekbu esa cny tkrk gS] Mksikekbu Lrj dks Bhd djrk gS vkSj xfr okil ykSVkrk gS ¼ns[ksa v/;k; 16½A

csly xSaxfy;k dks lh[kus esa Hkh egRoiw.kZ ekuk x;k gS] rkfd Qy Ánku djus okyh xfrfof/k;ksa dks pquk tk ldsA

lsjscsye

dh vk;kstuk ls ysdj vkidh Hkqtkvksa dh xfr dh Áksxzkfeax vkSj vkidh Hkqtk ds iksLpjy fj¶ysDl dk lek;kstuA lHkh Lrjksa ij vkidks laosnh lwpuk dks flxuyksa dh /kkjk esa vko’;drk gksxh] tks vkidh ek¡lisf’k;ksa esa tkrh gSA

lsjscsye dh ,d iqjfdats dksf’kdk] blds Áo/khZ xqPN ds o`gr dks ^^vcksZjkbts+’ku** n’kkZrh gqbZA ge ftu dkS’kyiw.kZ xfrfof/k;ksa dks lh[krs gSa ;g muds ‘kq) le; ds fy, vko’;d buiqV~l ÁkIr djrk gSA

lsjscsye dkS’kyiw.kZ dk;Z lqpk# :i ls djuk egRoiw.kZ gSA ;g ,d lqanj U;wjksuy e’khu e’khu gS] ftlesa varfuZfgr dksf’kdk okLrq’kkL= dks foLrkj ls le>k x;k gSA csly xSaxfy;k ds leku ;g eksVj fu;a=.k ls lacaf/kr dkWfVZdy {ks=ksa ds lkFk vkSj efLr”d LraHk lajpukvksa ds lkFk Hkh vPNh rjg ls tqM+k gksrk gSA lsjscsye ds {kfr gksus ls lefUor xfr;k¡] larqyu dk vHkko] yM+[kM+krh vkokt+ vkSj vusd cks/kkRed dfBukb;k¡ vkfn Hkh gks tkrh gSaA ckr tkuh&igpkuh lh yxrh gS \ lsjscsye ij ,Ydksgy dk l’kDr ÁHkko gksrk gSA

lsjscsye eksVj vf/kxE;rk vkSj vuqdwyu ds fy, Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSA yxHkx LoSfPNd xfrfof/k;k¡ eksVj ifjiFkksa ds ifj”Ñr fu;a=.k ij fuHkZj djrh gSa vkSj lsjscsye buds vuqdwyre lek;kstu eas egRoiw.kZ gSu vxz.kh

&mnkgj.k ds fy, le; ds lanHkZ esaA blesa vR;ar fu;fer dkWfVZdy O;oLFkk gS vkSj ,slk Árhr gksrk gS fd blus laosnh Á.kkyh] dkWfVZdy eksVj {ks=] es: jTtq vkSj efLr”d LraHk ls lwpuk dh fo’kky ek=k ,d lkFk fodflr dh gSA dkS’kyiw.kZ xfr;k¡ xzg.k djuk ,d dksf’kdh; vf/kxe ÁfØ;k ij fuHkZj djrk gS ftls nh?kZ vof/k dq”Bk ¼,yVhMh½ dgrs gSa vkSj ;g dqN lkbusfIVd la;kstuksa dh ‘kfDr de djrk gS ¼ÁR;kLFkrk ij v/;k; ns[ksa½A lsjscsye ds dk;ksZa ds vusd fl)kar gSa( vusd esa ;g fopkj fufgr gS fd blls ,d ^^ekWMy** curk gS fd eksVj Á.kkyh dSls dk;Z djrh gS&,d Ádkj dk vkHkklh okLrfod fleqysVj tks vkids ‘kjhj ds vanj flj esa gSA ;g lkbusfIVd ÁR;kLFkrk dk mi;ksx djrs gq, bl ekWMy dk fuekZ.k djrk gS] tks blds varfufgZr usVodZ esa /kalk gksrk gSA vr% bl xsan dks nksckjk idM+sa vkSj bls le>sa fd vkids eksVj Øe ds lHkh Lrjksa ij ‘kkfey gSa&pyu’khy pk{kq”k y{; ds lanHkZ esa xfrfof/k

Mksikekbu ds ckjs esa ,d vuisf{kr dgkuh

fufgr xfrfof/k;ksa vkSj vknrksa ds jlk;u esa U;wjksVªkalfeVj Mksikekbu ‘kkfey gS] tks csly xSaxfy;k eas fueqZDr gksrk gS] tgk¡ ;g esVkcksVªkWfid xzkgh ij dk;Z djrk gS ¼v/;k; 3½A ;gk¡ ;g xfrfof/k ds ,d ÁksRlkgu vkSj mi;qDr :i esa lfØ; gksrk gSA ,d ftKklk iSnk djus okyh ubZ [kkst ;g gS fd Mksikekbu dh fueqZfDr ml le; mPpre gksrh gS tc fjokMZ vuisf{kr gksA vFkkZr~] Mksikekbu U;wjkWu lh[kus dh ,d voLFkk ij lcls vf/kd l’kDr :i ls Qk;j djrs gSa tc lgh vkmViqV ikus ds fy, eksVj Á.kkyh dks ,d l’kDr Ácyu nsus esa okLro esa enn djrk gSA rc xfr;k¡ ,d Øe esa Mksikekbu ds yxkrkj fudyus ds ek/;e ls ,d Ja[kyk esa ca/kh gks ldrh gSaA ckn eas] fo’ks”kdj ;fn tfVy xfr;k¡ vknr cu tkrh gSa] Á.kkyh eqDr :i ls Mksikekbu fjokMZ ds fcuk pyrh gSA bl fcUnq ij fo’ks”kdj ;fn xfr;ksa dks ‘kq) :i ls le; ij fd;k tkuk gS] lsjscsye dh Hkwfedk ‘kq: gks tkrh gSA

xfr fu;a=.k ds ckjs esa raf=dk oSKkfudksa us fdl Ádkj tkudkjh ÁkIr dh] bldk bfrgkl tkusa %

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/brain/ 21




22

A

B

C

D

E F

raf=dk ra= dk fodkl efLr”d dh ewyHkwr ;kstuk gj O;fDr esa ,d leku gksrh gS vkSj lHkh Lru/kkfj;ksa esa ,d leku gksrh gSA bldk fu/kkZj.k O;kid :i ls vkuqokaf’kd Lrj ij fd;k tkrk gS] ijUrq blds usVodZ ds ckjhd fooj.k efLr”d dh oS|qr lfØ;rk }kjk ÁHkkfor gksrs gSa] fo’ks”kd vkjaafHkd thou ds nkSjkuA bldh tfVyrk dks ns[krs gq, ge vc rd iwjh rjg ls ugha le> ik, gSa fd efLr”d dSls fodflr gksrk gS] ijUrq vkuqokaf’kd Økafr ls gky ds o”kksZa esa Li”V varnZ`f”V mHkj dj vkbZ gSA

,d fu”ksfpr v.Mk ysa fQj vuqns’kksa dk ikyu djsa

ekuo ‘kjhj vkSj efLr”d ,d vdsyh dksf’kdk ls fodflr gksrk gS&fu”ksfpr v.MkA ijUrq dSls \ fodkl thofoKku dk fu;a=.k fl)kar ;g gS fd thukse vuqns’kksa dk ,d lSV gS**] tks ‘kjhj ds vax cukrk gS] ;g C;w fÁaV ugha gaSA ;g thukse yxHkx 40]000 thuksa ls cuk gksrk gS tks bl ÁfØ;k dks iwjk djrs gSaA bu vuqns’kksa dk ikyu dkxt+ eksM+us dh phuh dyk gS&,d lhfer lSV tSls eksM+uk] >qdkuk vkSj [kksyuk vkfn ls ,d ,slh lajpuk curh gS ftls ,d CY;w fÁaV ds :i esa of.kZr djus ds fy, vusd vkjs[kksa dh t+:jr gksxhA ,d Hkwz.k ls ‘kq:vkr djrs gq, vkuqokaf’kd vuqns’kksa dk ,d rqyukRed :i ls NksVk lewg dksf’kdkvksa ds fofo/k Ádkj vkSj fodkl ds nkSjku efLr”d ds la;kstu mRiUu djus esa l{ke gksrk gSA

vk’p;Ztud :i ls gekjs thu ÝwV ¶ykb MªkWlksfQyk ds leku gksrs gSaA bl ÝwV ¶ykb ij fd, x, v/;;u /kU;okn ds ik= gSa] ftlesa ekuo raf=dk ra= esa egRoiw.kZ ekus tkus okys vf/kdka’k thu igpkus x, FksA efLr”d dk fodkl v/;;u djus okys raf=dk oSKkfud vusd Ádkj ds tUrqvksa dk ijh{k.k djrs gSa&t+scjk fQ’k] eas<d] eqxhZ vkSj pwgk&ÁR;sd esa ,d fo’ks”k vkf.od ;k dksf’kdh; ?kVuk ds ykHk gSaA ts+cjk fQ’k dk Hkwz.k ikjn’khZ gksrk gS&ÁR;sd dksf’kdk dks fodflr gksrs gq, lw{en’khZ esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA pwgs esa Átuu cM+h rsth ls gksrk gS&blds thukse dk ekufp=.k fd;k x;k vkSj yxHkx iwjh rjg ls Øe Kkr fd;k x;k gSA eqfxZ;k¡ vkSj esa<d vkuqokaf’kd v/;;uksa ds fy, mrus mi;qDr ugha gSa] ijUrq muds Hkwz.k cM+s gksus ls buesa lw{e ‘kY; fØ;k cnyko fd, tk ldrs gSa&tSls fd tc dksf’kdkvksa dks vlkekU; fLFkfr;ksa esa ys tkus ij D;k gksrk gS] bldh tk¡p djukA

vkjafHkd dne ------------------

efLr”d fodkl esa igyk dne dksf’kdk foHkktu gSA ,d vU; eq[; dne dksf’kdk fHkUuu gS] ftlesa vyx&vyx dksf’kdk,¡ foHkktu jksd nsrh gSa vkSj fof’k”V y{k.k ÁkIr djrh gSa&tSls U;wjkWu ;k fXy;y dksf’kdk,¡a fHkUuu ls pht+sa LFkkfud :i esa O;ofLFkr gks tkrh gSaA U;wjkWuksa ds fofHkUu Ádkj iSVuZ fuekZ.k uked ÁfØ;k esa fofHkUu LFkyksa dh vksj pys tkrs gSA

ekuo Hkzw.kkoLFkk ds rhljs lIrkg esa tc Hkwz.k foHkktudkjh dksf’kdkvksa dh dsoy nks la;ksftr ‘khV dk cuk gS] iSVuZ fuekZ.k dh ÁFke Áeq[k

U;wjy IysV eqM+dj U;wjy V~;wc cukrh gSA d- xHkZ/kkj.k ds 3 lIrkg ckn ,d ekuo Hkwz.kA [k- Hkwz.k dh Åijh ¼i`”B½ lrg cukus okyh U;wjy IysVA x- dqN fnu ckn Hkzw.k esa vxys fljs ij cM+k lk flj curk gSA U;wjy IysV nksuksa fljksa ij [kqyh jgrh gS ijUrq chp esa can jgrh gSA x- ?k- ³- flj ls iw¡N rd v{k ds fofHkUu Lrj U;wjy V~;wc vkos”Vu ds fofHkUu pj.k n’kkZrs gq,A




gSA nksgjh irZ dh Åijh lrg ij dksf’kdkvksa ds ,d NksVs VqdM+s dks iwjk efLr”d rFkk es: jTtq cukus dk vuqns’k fn;k tkrk gSA ;s dksf’kdk,¡ U;wjy IysV uked Vsful ds cYys ds vkdkj okyh ,d lajpuk cukrh gSa] ftldk vxyk Hkkx efLr”d cukrk] tks es: jTtq ds ihNs gksrk gSA bu dksf’kdkvksa dk Hkfo”; funsZf’kr djus okys flxuy ml irZ ds uhps ls vkrs gS tks e/; js[kk dk <kapk vkSj Hkwz.k dh ek¡lisf’k;k¡ cukrk gSA vkjafHkd raf=dk ra= ds fofHkUu {ks= thuksa ds fofHkUu mi leqPp; vfHkO;Dr djrs gSa] efLr”d {ks=ksa&vxz efLr”d] e/; efLr”d vkSj i’p efLr”d ds mn~Hko dk fof’k”V dksf’kdh; okLrq’kkL= vkSj dk;ksZa ds lkFk iwokZuqekfur fd;k tkrk gSA

xksy ?kweuk

,d lIrkg ckn U;wjy IysV xksy ?kwe tkrh gS vkSj tqM+dj ,d V~;wc cukrh gS rFkk Hkwz.k esa Mwc tkrh gS] tgk¡ blds Åij Hkkoh ,fiMfeZl cu tkrh gSA vxys dqN lIrkgksa eas dksf’kdk ds vkdkj] foHkktu vkSj Áokl rFkk dksf’kdk ls dksf’kdk vklatu eas ifjorZu lfgr dkQh vf/kd ifjorZu gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] U;wjy V~;wc bl Ádkj eqM+ tkrh gS fd flj dk fgLlk /kM+ ds lkFk 90 va’k ds dks.k ij jgsA ;g iSVuZ Hksnu ds ckjhd ls ckjh Lrj rd vkxs c<+rk gS] varr% ;s u, U;wjkWuksa

neural groove

neural crest

[k

x

?k

³

d 26 fnu

[k 28 fnu

x 35 fnu

?k 49 fnu

xHkZ/kkj.k ds ¼d½ pkj lIrkg vkSj ¼[k½ 7 lIrkg ckn ekuo Hkwz.k dh vkdkfjdhA fofHkUu {ks= foLrkfjr gksrs gSa vkSj flj&iw¡N v{k ds lkFk blesa vusd eksM+ gksrs gSaA

23

U;wjy [kkap

U;wjy ØsLV




dh oS;fDrd igpku cukrs gSaA ;gk¡ ckrsa fcxM+ ldrh gSaA U;wjy V~;wc ds can gksus esa vlQy jgus ij Likbuk ckbfQMk dh fLFkfr curh gS] ;g vkerkSj ij es: jTtq ds fupys fgLls rd lhfer gksrh gSA bl ij ruko gksus thou dks dksbZ [krjk ugha gksrk gSA blds foijhr flj ds ikl blds can ugha gksus ij ,d laxfBr efLr”d iwjh rjg ls vuqifLFkr gks ldrk gS] ftls ,usuflQsyh dgrs gSaA

thou esa viuk LFkku tkusa

iSVfuZax dk varfuZfgr fl)kar ;g gS fd dksf’kdkvksa dks raf=dk ra= ds Á/kku v{kksa ds lkis{k&lkeus ls ihNs vkSj Åij ls uhps&viuh fLFkfr irk gks tkrh gSA okLro esa ÁR;sd dksf’kdk viuh fLFkfr dks bu vkFkksZxksuy funsZ’kkadksa ds lanHkZ esa ekirh gS] tSls fd uD’kk i<+us okyk O;fDr igys ls fu/kkZfjr fcUnqvksa ls viuh fLFkfr ekirk gSA vkf.od Lrj ij ;g ftl Ádkj dk;Z djrk gS og bl Ádkj gS fd Hkwz.k U;wjy V~;wc esa LFkkuhÑr vusd /kqzo.kdkjh {ks=ksa dh LFkkiuk djrk gS] tks flxuy v.kqvksa dk lzko djrk gSA bu ekeyksa esa ls ÁR;sd esa v.kq vius lzksr ls folfjr gksdj nwjh lfgr lkanzrk dk ,d xq.kkad cukrs gSaA fLFkfr dh laosnuk nsus dh ÁfØ;k dk ,d mnkgj.k es: jTtq v{k ij Åij ls uhps ¼MkWlksZosaVªy½ gSA U;wjy V~;wc dk fupyk Hkkx&lksfud gstgkWx ds vk’p;Ztud uke lfgr ,d lzkfor ÁksVhu dks vfHkO;Dr djrk gSA lksfud gstgkWx ¶yksj IysV ls nwj folfjr gksrk gS vkSj ¶yksj IysV ls nwjh ds vuqlkj MkWlksZosaVªy v{k ij ekStwn dksf’kdkvkas dks ÁHkkfor djrk gSA can gksus ij lksfud gstgkWx ,d thu dh vfHkO;fDr dks mÌhfir djrk gS tks ,d fo’ks”k Ádkj dk U;wjkWu cukrs gSaA lksfud gstgkWx dh u;h vYi lkUnzrk eksVj U;wjkWuksa ds vU; thuksa dh vfHkO;fDr dks mÌhfir djrk gSA

jksduk vFkok tkuuk fd vki dgk¡ tk jgs gSaA

tc ,d U;wjkWu viuh igpku cuk ysrk gS vkSj blesa foHkktu :d tkrk gSA ,d ioZrh; ekxZn’kZd ds leku o`f) ‘kadq ,d vuqdwy ekxZ pqus esa vius dkS’kyksa dk bLrseky djrs gq, Årdksa ls xqt+jus ds fy, fo’ks”khÑr gSaA ;fn ;g ,slk djrk gS rks ;g ,DlkWu dks ihNs dh vksj Hkstrk gS] ftl Ádkj ,d dqŸkk fdlh foLrkfjr fu;a=.k esa j[kk tk,A tc ,d ckj bldk y{; o`f) ‘kadq rd igq¡p tkrk gS rc bldh pyus dh ‘kfDr lekIr gks tkrh gS vkSj ;g ,d lkbusIl cukrk gSa ,Dlksuy ekxZn’kZu ,d mPpre [kksth lkgfld dk;Z gS] tks NksVh vkSj cM+h nwfj;ksa ij ‘kq) gSA ;g ,dek= flaxy ekbaMsM ÁfØ;k gS] D;ksafd ;k mPp ‘kq)rk ds lkFk pquh xbZ y{; dksf’kdk gh ugha cfYd bls ikus ds fy, o`f) ‘kadq dks fofHkUu LFkkuksa ds fy, vU; o`f) ‘kadqvksa dks ikj djuk gksrk gSA bl ekxZ ds lkFk] ekxZn’kZu bafxr djrk gS fd o`f) ‘kadq dks vkdf”kZr ;k fodf”kZr djus ls o`f) ‘kadq mUgsa ekxZ <w¡<us esa lgk;rk djrs gSa] tcfd bu ladsrksa dh vfHkO;fDr dk fu;eu djus ds fy, vkf.od ÁfØ;k mŸkjnk;h gSA

fo|qr lfØ;rk }kjk rjk’kuk

U;wjkWuksa dh LFkkfud O;oLFkk rFkk buds tqM+ko dh mPp Lrjh; ‘kq)rk vkjaHk ls ÁkIr dh tkrh gS] raf=dk ra= ds dqN fgLlksa dh ok;fjaax xfrfof/k&vk/kkfjr ifj”dj.k esa Mkyh tkrh gS] tSls fd ,DlkWuksa dh dkV&Nk¡V vkSj U;wjkWuksa dh xgjkbZA ;s {kfr;k¡ O;FkZ Árhr gksrh gSa] ijUrq ;g ges’kk laHko ;k visf{kr ugha gksrk gS fd dsoy bl fuekZ.k ls efLr”d dk lEiw.kZ vkSj =qfVghu fp= cuk;k tk ldsA fodkl dks ^^,d fVadjj** dgk x;k gS&ijUrq ;g ,d f’kYidkj Hkh gSA mnkgj.k

U;wjkWUl ¼uhys½ ls eqdkcyk djus okys ekxZn’khZ ladsrksa ds fofHkUu Ádkj] tks vius ,DlkWu vkSj o`f) dksu foLrkfjr djrs gSa ¼lkeus dh vksj ij daVd½A LFkkuh; vkSj nwj fLFkr D;w ¼ladsr½ o`f) dksu ds fy, vkd”kZd ¼$½ vFko fod”kZd ¼&½ gks ldrs gSaA fof’k”V vkf.od ekxZn’kZd ladsrksa ds mnkgj.k fn, x, gSaA

ds fy,] us= vkSj efLr”d esa U;wjkWuksa ds chp fcUnq ls fcUnq ekufp=.k] tks Li”V :i ls ns[kus ds fy, okafNr gS] ;g jsfVuk esa ÁHkkoh iSVuZ;qDr oS|qr lfØ;rk ds ek/;e ls vkaf’kd :i ls vftZr fd;k tkrk gSA la;kstuksa dks ,d vkjafHkd ,DlqcjsaV lSV ,d egRoiw.kZ vof/k ds nkSjku rjk’kk tkrk gS] ftlds ckn pk{kq”k Á.kkyh dk ewyHkwr iSVuZ iwjk gks tkrk gS] ;g fLFkfr canjksa esa yxHkx vkB lIrkg ij vkSj ekuoksa esa ‘kk;n ,d o”kZ dh vk;q esa vkrh gSA ,d varfuZfgr Á’u ;g gS fd D;k ;g vkjafHkd fodkl dk;ZØe jksx dh otg ls U;wjkWu {kfr ds ekeyksa esa iqu% lfØ; cuk;k tk ldrk gS ¼tSls vYt+hej vkSj ikfdZUlu jksx½ vFkok es: jTtq esa {kfr] ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i ydok gks tkrk gSaA ckn dh fLFkfr esa pksV ds ckn ,DlkWuksa dks nksckjk o`f) ds fy, ÁksRlkfgr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ijUrq D;k ;s nksckjk mi;qDr :i ls tqM+ ldrs gSa] ;g vHkh l?ku tk¡p&iM+rky dk fo”k; gSA

vkuqokaf’kd Økafr

gesa efLr”d dk fuekZ.k djus okys thuksa dk lEiw.kZ dSVykWx rst+h ls ÁkIr gksrk tk jgk gSA vkf.od tho oSKkfud fof/k;k¡ bl vn~Hkqr ‘kfDr ds fy, /kU;okn dh ik= gSa] fodkl ds nkSjku ge tc vkSj tSls pkgsa mudh vfHkO;fDr esa ekWMqyu }kjk thuksa ds dk;Z dk ijh{k.k dj ldrs gSaA vc Áeq[k dk;Z gS ,d dk;Z’khy efLr”d esa dksf’kdkvksa dh ,d irZ dks :ikUrfjr djus okys vkuqokaf’kd fu;a=.k dk Øe Kkr djukA ;g raf=dkfoKku dh cM+h pqukSfr;ksa esa ls ,d gSA

vuqla/kku vxz.kh

LVse dksf’kdk,¡ vU; dksf’kdkvksa ds fofHkUu Ádkjksa dh lHkh Jsf.k;ksa dks :ikUrfjr djus dh laHkkO;rk lfgr ;qDr ‘kjhj dh dksf’kdk,¡ gSaA Hkzw.kh; LVse dksf’kdk,¡ fodkl ds nkSjku cgqr tYnh fodflr gksrh gSaA vU; Ádkj vfLFk eTtk vkSj Hkwz.k uky esa ik, tkrs gSa] tks ,d ek¡ ls mlds uotkr cPps dks tksM+rs gSaA raf=dk oSKkfud bl ckr dks tkuus dk Á;kl dj jgs gSa fd ;fn LVse dksf’kdk dk bLrseky o;Ld efLr”d ds {kfrxzLr U;wjkWuksa dh ejEer ds fy, gksrk gSa bl le; vf/kdka’k dk;Z tarqvksa ij fd;k tk jgk gS] ijUrq vk’kk gS fd var esa ge efLr”d ds jksxksa tSl ikfdZUlUl jksx }kjk {kfrxzLr Hkkxksa dh ejEer djus esas l{ke gksaxsA

24 efLr”d ds fodkl ds dqN fof’k”V pj.kksa ij ÁR;sd feuV vkids efLr”d esa 250]000 dksf’kdk,¡ tqM+ tkrh gSaA blds

fo”k; esa vf/kd tkudkjh ds fy, i<+sa % http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/dev.html




fMLysfDl;k D;k vkidks ;kn gS fd i<+uk lh[kuk fdruk dfBu gS \ cksyus ls vyx] ftlds fodklkRed mn~Hko vR;ar iqjkus gSa] fy[ku vkSj i<+uk vis{kkÑr gky esa gq, ekuoh; vkfo”dkj gSaA ;g ckr dsoy dqN gt+kj o”kZ igys dh ckr gS fd nqfu;k ds lHkh Hkkxksa esa fc[kjs leqnk;ksa us vuqHko fd;k fd cksys x, gt+kjksa ‘kCn vyx&vyx ¼vaxzsth esa 44 Qksuhe½ NksVh /ofu;k¡ ls feydj curs gSa vkSj bUgsa pk{kq”k ladsrksa dh vis{kkÑr NksVh la[;k ls ÁLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bu ladsrksa dks lh[kus esa le; yxrk gS vkSj dqN cPpksa dks blesa dkQh dfBukbZ gksrh gSa ;g cqf)eŸkk esa fdlh Ádkj dh deh ds dkj.k ugha gksrk gS] buds efLr”d dks i<+uk lh[kus esa [kkl rkSj ij dfBukbZ gksrh gSA nl esa ,d O;fDr dks bl fLFkfr dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS] vc raf=dk oSKkfudksa us vc bls fodkl laca/kh fMLysfDl;k dk uke fn;k gSA

fMLysfD;k ,d vke leL;k gSA dqN cPps ;g ugha tku ikrs fd mUgsa i<+uk bruk dfBu D;ksa yxrk gS] tcfd os vius mu nksLrksa ftrus cqf)eku gSa] ftUgsa ;g vklku yxrk gS] fMLysfDl;k ,d jgL; cuk gqvk gSA vusd cPpksa esa vkRe fo’okl [kks tkrk gS] os fonzksgh] xqLlSy vkSj fujadq’k cu tkrs gSaA fMLysfDl;k ls ihfM+r cPps vU; {ks=ksa&[ksy] foKku] vfHkdyu] okf.kT; ;k dyk esa viuh ÁfrHkk dk Án’kZu djrs gSa] c’krZsa fd i<+us dh vkjafHkd leL;kvksa ds dkj.k mUgksaus iwjk vkRefo’okl vkSj vkRe lEeku [kks ugha fn;k gksA vr% fMLysfDl;k ds tSfod vk/kkj dks le>uk vius vki esa egRoiw.kZ gS] cfYsd ;g jgL; ds Hkkj dh jksdFkke esa Hkh ,d ;ksxnku gSA csgrj rjhds ls i<+us dh le> Kkr gksus ls bl leL;k ds bykt ;k mcjus ds fy, jkLrk feysxkA

i<+uk lh[kuk

i<+kbZ dh ÁfØ;k o.kZØekuqlkj pk{kq”k ladsrksa dks muds lgh Øe esa igpkuus ij fuHkZj djrh gS&bls vkFkksZxzkQh dgrs gSa] tks Hkk”kk cPpk lh[k jgk gS vkSj muds lgh Øe esa ‘kCnksa dh vyx&vyx /ofu lquukA blesa fu”d”kZ.k ‘kkfey gS] ftls Qksusfed lajpuk dgrs gSa] rkfd ladsrksa dks lgh /ofu;ksa esa cnyk tk ldsA nqHkkZX; ls vf/kdka’kr% fMLysfDl;k ls ihfM+r O;fDr ‘kCnksa dh vkFkksZxzkfQd vkSj QksuksykWftd fo’ks”krkvksa dk fo’ys”k.k /khes vkSj v’kq) rjhds ls dj ikrs gaSA

bu v{kjksa dk lgh Øe nsus rFkk /ofu dh ‘kq)rk pk{kq”k vkSj JO; ÁfØ;kvksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA vifjfpr ‘kCnksa ds fy, vkSj i<+uk ‘kq: djus ds lkFk igys lHkh vifjfpr gSa] ÁR;sd v{kj dks igpkuk tkrk gS vkSj rc bUgsa lgh Øe esa j[kk tkrk gSA ;g ÁfØ;k mruh ljy ugha gS ftruh yxrh gS] D;ksafd vk¡[kksa dks ,d v{kj ls nwljs v{kj dh vksj tkus esa cgqr de xfr djuh gksrh gSA vk¡[k ds ,d v{kj ij #dus ds nkSjku mls igpkuk tkrk gSA ijUrq mudk Øe mlds }kjk r; fd;k tkrk gS tc vk¡[k ml v{kj ij dsfUnzr Fkh] tc ml v{kj dks ns[kk tk jgk FkkA vk¡[k D;k ns[krh gS] bls vk¡[k dh xfrfof/k Á.kkyh ls ÁkIr ladsrksa ds lkFk lesfdr djus dh vko’;drk gksrh gS i<+kbZ ds nkSjku vk¡[k dh xfr;k¡A isu fjdkWMZj dh Åij vkSj uhps dh xfr;k¡ nk,a vkSj ck,a ds laxr gSaA

vk¡[k dh xfrfof/k Á.kkyh ds pk{kq”k fu;a=.k ij cM+s U;wjkWu eSXukslsY;qyj flLVe ds ,d usVodZ dk ÁHkko gksrk gSA bls ;g uke blfy, fn;k x;k gS D;ksafd U;wjkWu ¼dksf’kdk,¡½ cgqr cM+s gksrs gSa ¼eSXuks½A bl usVodZ dks jsfVuk ls vkjaHk djds lsjsczy dkWVsZDl vkSj lsjsczy ds ekxZ ds t+fj, vk¡[k dh ek¡lisf’k;ksa ds eksVj U;wjkWuksa rd Vsªl fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g pyu’khy mÌhiuksa ds lkFk fo’ks”k :i ls fØ;k djrk gS vkSj blhfy, ;g pyu’khy y{;ksa dk irk yxkus ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSA bl Á.kkyh dh ,d egRoiw.kZ fo’ks”krk ;g gS fd ;g xfr’khy ladsr i<+kbZ ds nkSjku mRiUu gksrk gS] tc vk¡[k mu v{kjksa ds vkxs c<+ tkrh gS] ftlds fy, mUgsa fLFkj fd;k x;k gSA ;g xfr =qfV ladsr vk¡[k dh xfr Á.kkyh esa okil Hksth tkrh gS rkfd vk¡[k iqu% y{; ij vk ldsA blds cnys eSXukslsY;qyj Á.kkyh vk¡[kksa dks fLFkj djus esa ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gS vkSj bl Ádkj buds Øe fu/kkZj.k esa HkhA

ikoksZlsY;qyj irsZa

eSXukslsY;qyj irsZa

100 ekbØksehVj fu;a=.k fMLysfDld

vyx v{kj dq@r~@rk@

,d lkekU; O;fDr vkSj fMLysfDl;k ds dqN Ádkjksa eas lqxfBr ikoksZ vkSj eSXukslsY;qyj dksf’kdkvksa

dks n’kkZrs ik’ohZ; tsuhdqysV ukfHkd dk Ård vfHkjatuA

25

dqŸkk ÁR;{k pk{kq”k fo’ys”k.k

pk{kq”k fo’ys”kd iwjk

‘kCn

vFkZ ¼lhesafVd½

/ofu fo’ys”k.k

dqRrk




raf=dk oSKkfudksa us ik;k gS fd pk{kq”k eSXukslsY;qyj Á.kkyh vusd fMLysfDl;k ihfM+r O;fDr;ksa esa gYdh lh {kfrxzLr gksrh gSA efLr”d ds Årdksa ij ÁR;{k :i ls ns[kuk bls ¼fp=½ mn?kkfVr djus dk ,d rjhdk gS] ijUrq blds lkFk fMLysfDl;k ls ihfM+r O;fDr;ksa dh pk{kq”k xfr dh laosnu’khyrk lkekU; ikBdksa dh rqyuk esa det+ksj gksrh gS vkSj mudh efLr”d rjax d ÁR;qŸkj vlkekU; gksrs gSa tks mÌhiu dh vksj pyrs gSaA efLr”d ÁfrfcEcu ls pk{kq”k xfr ¼efLr”d ÁfrfcEcu ij v/;k; 15 ns[ksa½ ds Áfr laosnu’khy {ks=ksa esa dk;kZRed lfØ;.k ds ifjofrZr iSVuZ dk Hkh irk pyk gSA fMLysfDl;k ls ihfM+r O;fDr ds fu;a=.k vis{kkÑr dj fLFkj gksrs gSa% vr% os vf/kdka’kr% ;g f’kdk;r djrs gSa fd ;s v{kj vkl&ikl rSjrs Árhr gksrs gSa vkSj tc os bUgsa i<+us dk Á;kl djrs gSa rc os LFkku cny ysrs gSaA ;s pk{kq”k Hkze laHkor;k pk{kq”k eSXukslsY;qyj Á.kkyh ds ifj.kke gSa] tks viuh vk¡[ksa fLFkj djus esa vlQy jgrs gSa] tSlk fd vPNh rjg ls i<+us okyksa esa gksrk gSA

/ofu;ksa dks lgh Øe esa j[kuk

fMLysfDl;k ls ihfM+r vusd O;fDr;ksa esa ‘kCnksa dh /ofu;k¡ lgh Øe esa j[kus esa Hkh leL;k gksrh gS ftlls os budk mPpkj.k xyr djrs gSa ¼tSls ykWyhikWi dks ikWyhikWi mPpfjr djuk½ vkSj tYnh&tYnh cksyus okys ‘kCn lewgksa ¼Vax fV~oLVlZ½ esa Hkh ;s vPNs ugha gksrs gSaA tc ;s i<+uk ‘kq: djrs gSa] os v{kjksa dks mu /ofu;ksa esa vuwfnr djus esa vis{kkÑr /khes vkSj v’kq) mPpkj.k djrs gSa] tSls mudh pk{kq”k leL;k,¡] ;g /ofu laca/kh v{kerk laHkork;k ewyHkwr JO; dkS’kyksa dh gYdh v{kerk gSA

ge /ofu dh vko`fŸk vkSj mUgsa yk{k.khÑr djus okys rhozrk ifjorZu esa Áeq[k ifjorZuksa dk irk yxkj Qksuhe uked v{kj /ofu;ksa dk irk yxkrs gSaA bu /ofu ekWMqyuksa dk irk cM+s JO; U;wjkWuksa dh ,d Á.kkyh }kjk yxk;k tkrk gS tks /ofu vko`fŸk vkSj l?kurk esa VSªd ifjorZu djrk gSA bl ckr ds c<+rs Áek.k gSa fd ;s U;wjkWu vPNs ikBdksa vkSj vusd fMLysfDl;k ls ihfM+r O;fDr;ksa esa fodflr ugha gksrs gSa vkSj ;g fd leku Ádkj dh /ofu;ksa ds chp Js.khxr lhek js[kk,¡] tSls fd vaxzsth ds ^ch* vkSj ^Mh* esa lqudj varj ugha dj ldrs gSa ¼ns[ksa fp=½A

vusd fMlysfDl;k ihfM+r O;fDr;ksa esa efLr”d dksf’kdkvksa ds {kfrxzLr fodkl ds lk{; feys gSa] tks i<+us ls tqM+h mudh pk{kq”k vkSj JO; leL;kvksa ls vkxs c<+ xbZ gSA ;s leL;k,¡ mu U;wjkWuksa esa gSa] tks iwjs efLr”d esa usVodZ cukrk gS vkSj ;g VsEiksjy ifjorZruksa dk irk yxkus ds fy, fo’ks”khÑr gSaA dksf’kdkvksa esa os gh lrgh v.kq gksrs gSa] ftuds }kjk os vkil esa ,d&nwljs dks igpkurs gSa vkSj lEidZ cukrs gSa] ijUrq ;s ,.VhckWMh ds geys ds Áfr laosnu’khy gksrs gSaA eSXukslsY;qyj Á.kkyh ls fo’ks”k :i ls lsjscsye dks cM+s buiqV feyrs gSa ¼v/;k; 7 xfr] ns[kas½A jkspd ckr ;g gS fd fMLysfDl;k ls ihfM+r dqN

O;fDr vR;ar DyElh gksrs gSa vkSj cgq/kk mudh fy[kkoV vkerkSj ij [kjkc gksrh gSA raf=dk ÁfrfcEcu ¼ns[ksa ist 4½ vkSj lsjscsye ds p;kip; v/;;uksa ls irk pyrk gS fd fMLysfDl;k ls ihfM+r O;fDr;ksa esa dk;Z esa {kfr gksrh gS vkSj fy[kkoV eas dfBukb;ksa dh rg esa ;gh dkj.k gks ldrk gSA dqN raf=dk foKkfu;ksa dk dguk gS fd dsoy xfr;ka ds fu”iknu ds vykok vkSj cksyuk] ;gka rd ckS/kkRed vk;kstuk ds igyqvksa lfgrA ;fn lgh gks rks lsjscsyj dk;Z eas deh ls i<+us] fy[kus vkSj orZuh lh[kus dh leL;k,¡ c<+ ldrh gSaA D;k fd;k tk ldrk gS \ fMLysfDl;k ds vusd mipkj gSa] ÁR;sd mipkj ,d ladYiuk ij vk/kkfjr gS] tks blesa fufgr dkj.k ds fo”k; esa gksrs gSaA eSXukslsY;qyj ladYiuk ij Qksdl] ijUrq vU; ‘kh”kZ vftZr ifjfLFkfr ds fofHkUu :iksa esa varj djrs gSa] ftls lrgh vkSj xgu fMLysfDl;k dgrs gSa] ftUgsa vyx Ádkj ds mipkj dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA lHkh rjg ds mipkj ‘kh?kz funku ij fuHkZj djrs gSaA

oSKkfud ges’kk bu ckrksa ij fuHkZj ugha djrs vkSj fMLysfDl;k dk loksZŸke mipkj vlgefr dk ,d ,slk {ks= gSA gky esa ;g lq>k;k x;k gS fd ÁR;kLFkrk dh efLr”d dh lkekU; ÁfØ;kvksa dks mi;ksx djrs gq, /ofu;ksa ds fo”k; esa lh[kus ds fy, ,d xyr ekxZ ij tkdj fMLysfDl;k ls ihfM+r O;fDr;ksa esa l’kDr Álalk/ku esa leL;k gksrh gSA fopkj ;g gS fd ;fn cPpksa dks dEI;wVj xse [ksyus dk ÁksRlkgu fn;k tk,] ftlesa os ,slh vkoktsa] lqurs gSa] tks ml fcUnq ij tkdj /kheh gks tkrh gSa tgk¡ Qksusfed lhek js[kk,¡ vf/kd Li”V gks tkrh gSa] rks mUgsa ^^fuHkhZd vkSj ladh.kZ** cuk;k tk ldrk gSA rc /ofu /khjs&/khjs c<+kbZ tkrh gSA ;g nkok fd;k tkrk gS fd ;g cgqr vPNh rjg dk;Z djrk gS] ijUrq vc Hkh Lora= ijh{k.k djk, tk jgs gSaA bl fopkj ds Áfr oSKkfud :i ls jkspd ckr ;g gS fd iwjh rjg ls lkekU; efLr”d ÁfØ;k,¡ vkjafHkd vkuqokaf’kd vlkekU; ds lkFk var%fØ;k }kjk ,d vfrjaftr ÁHkko mRiUu gksrk gSA bl ckr ij cy nsuk egRoiw.kZ gS fd fMLysfDl;k ls ihfM+r O;fDr dqN fopkjkRd fu.kZ;ksa ij vPNh rjg i<+us okyksa ls dqN csgrj gksrs gSa] tSls jax esa Hksn djuk vkSj LFkkuh; ds ctk; oSf’od vkdkjkas esa foHksn djukA bl ckr ls bldh O;k[;k dh tk ldrh gS fd fMLysfDl;k ls ihfM+r vusd O;fDr vkerkSj ij nh?kZ ijkl tqM+ko] vuisf{kr tqM+ko ns[kus vkSj ^lexz* lksp ds ekeys esa csgrj D;ksa gksrs gSaA ;g ;kn j[ksa fd fy;ksukMksZ n foalh] gkal fØfLp;u ,aMjlu] ,fMlu vkSj vkbaLVkbu rFkk vU; vusd jpukRed dykdkj vkSj vkfo”dkjd fMLysfDl;k ls ihfM+r FksA

fMLysfDl;k rFkk lh[kus dh vU; dfBukb;ksa ls lacaf/kr baVjusV lkbV %

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ÁR;kLFkrk bldh dk;Z’kSyh dk ,d uewuk gekjs iwjs thou Hkj gekjs efLr”d esa fujarj cnyko gksrs gSaA efLr”d esa ekStwn cnyko dh ;g {kerk ÁR;kLFkrk dgykrh gS&IykfLVflu ekWMy ds lkFk le:irk }kjk] ftuds vkarfjd fgLlksa dks yxkrkj ,d u;k vkdkj fn;k tk ldsA dqy feyk dj efLr”d ugha] ijUrq vyx&vyx U;wjkWuksa dks fodkl ds nkSjku] tc ge ;qok gSa tc efLr”d dh fdlh pksV ds dkj.k vkSj lh[kus ds nkSjku fofHkUu dkj.kksa ls :ikUrfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ÁR;kLFkrk dh fofHkUu ÁfØ;k,¡ gSa] ftuesa ls lcls egRoiw.kZ lkbusfIVd ÁR;kLFkrk gS&;g bls Kkr djus dk foKku gS fd U;wjkWu vkil esa lEidZ djus dh {kerk dSls cnyrs gSaA

gekjs ‘kjhj esa ÁksVhu fufeZr djus ds fy, Á;qDr gksus okyk ,d lkekU; ,ehuks ,flM XywVkesV gSA vkids lkeus ;g Lokn c<+kus okys eksukslksfM;e XywVkesV ds :i esa vk;k gksxkA ;g ,d U;wjks VªkalfeVj gS tks gekjs efLr”dksa ds lokZf/kd ÁR;kLFk lkbusIl ij dk;Z djrk gS&tks ,yVhih vkSj ,yVhMh Ánf’kZr djrs gSaA lkbusIl ds xzkgh i{k ij mifLFkr XywVkesV pkj Ádkj ds gksrs gSa % buesa ls rhu vk;uksVªkWfid xzkgh gSa vkSj bUgsa ,,eih,] ,u,eMh, vkSj dkbusV uke fn;k x;k gSA pkSFkk Ádkj esVkcksVªkWfid gS vkSj bls ,eth,y;wvkj dgrs gSaA ;|fi] lHkh Ádkj ds XywVkesV xzkgh ,d gh U;wjksVªkalfeVj ds Áfr fØ;k’khy gksrs gSa( ;s dkQh vyx&vyx Ádkj ds dk;Z djrs gSaA vk;uksVªkWfid XywVkesV xzkgh iksLV&lkbusfIVd iksVsaf’k;e mŸkstuk ¼bZih,lih½ mRiUu djus ds fy, vius vk;u pSuyksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSa] tcfd esVkcksVªkWfid vkSj XywVkesV xzkgh] tSlk geus igys U;wjks ekWM~;wysVjh xfrfof/k esa crk;k gS ¼ist 8½] bl ÁR;qŸkj ds vkdkj vkSj LoHkko dk ekWMqyu djrs gSaA lkbusfIVd ÁR;kLFkrk ds fy, lHkh Ádkj egRoiw.kZ gSa] ijUrq ,,eih, vkSj ,u,eMh, xzkgh] ftuds ckjs esa ge lcls vf/kd tkurs gSa vkSj ftUgsa vf/kdka’kr% ;knnk’r ds v.kq ekuk tkrk gSA budk vf/kdka’k Kku mu nokvksa ds Ák;ksfxd dk;ksZa ls feyk gS] tks bu xzkfg;ksa dh lfØ;rk :ikUrfjr djus ij dk;Z djrs gSa ¼ns[kas ckWDl ist ua- 29 ij½A

gekjs Hkfo”; dks u;k :i nsuk

tSlk geus fiNys v/;k; esa ns[kk] thou ds ‘kq#vkrh le; esa U;wjkWuksa ds chp Qkbu V~;wfuax dh t+#jr gksrh gSA tc ge vius ifjos’k esa dk;Z djrs gSa] ;s lkbusfIVd la;kstu cnyuk ‘kq# gks tkrs gSa&buds LFkku ij u, U;wjkWu vk tkrs gSa] mi;ksxh la;kstu vc igys ls vf/kd et+cwr cu tkrs gSa] vkSj tks la;kstu mi;ksx esa ugha vk jgs gSa] os det+ksj ;k dHkh&dHkkj u”V Hkh gks tkrs gSaA lfØ; Ádkj ds lkbusfIVl vkSj tks lfØ; :i ls cnyrs jgrs gSa] os cus jgrs gSa] tcfd ‘ks”k esa dkV&NkaV gks tkrh gSA bldk fl)kar gS mi;ksx djks ;k [kks nks] ftlds }kjk ge vius efLr”d dks <kyrs gSaA

,,eih, xzkgh lcls rst+h ls dk;Z djrs gSaA tc ,d ckj XywVkesV bu xzkfg;ksa ij tqM+ tkrk gS rc ;s ,d Vªkafl,aV ,DlkbVsVjh iksLV lkbusfIVd iksVsaf’k;y ¼tSlk fd v/;k; 3 esa crk;k x;k bZih,lih,l gS½ mRiUu djus ds fy, vius vk;u pSuy [kksy nsrk gSA XywVkesV lsd.M ds dqN fgLls rd ,,eih, xzkgh ij tqM+rk gS vkSj tc ,d ckj ;g vyx gks tkrk gS vkSj bls lkbusIl ls fudky fn;k tkrk gS] vk;u pSuy can gks tkrs gSa vkSj fo|qr laHkkO;rk viuh foJke dh fLFkfr esa igq¡p tkrh gSA ,slk rc gksrk gS tc efLr”d ds U;wjkWu vkil esa ÁR;sd dks rst+h ls lwpuk Ásf”kr djrs gSaA

lkbusfIVd Vªkalfe’ku esa ,d jklk;fud U;wjksVªkalfeVj dh fueqZfDr ‘kkfey gS] tks xzkgh uked fof’k”V ÁksVhu v.kqvksa dks lfØ; cukrs gSaA U;wjks VªkalfeVj fueqZfDr dk ,d lkekU; oS|qr ÁR;qŸkj lkbusfIVd ‘kfDr dk eki gSA ;g cny ldrk gS vkSj ;g dqN lsd.M] dqN feuV ;k iwjs thou Hkj jg ldrk gSA raf=dk oSKkfud fo’ks”k :i ls lkbusfIVd ‘kfDr esa yEcs le; rd fVds jgus okys ifjorZuksa esa #fp j[krs gSa] ftUgsa U;wjksuy lfØ;rk dh laf{kIr vof/k esa mRiUu fd;k tk ldrk gS] mYys[kuh; :i ls nh?kZ vof/k laHkkO;rk Kkr djus] tks mudh ‘kfDr c<+krs gSa vkSj nh?kZ vof/k dqaBk ¼,yVhMh½ tks mUgsa daqfBr djrs gSa] uked nks ÁfØ;kvksa esa mYys[kuh; :i ls ,slk gksrk gSA

XywVkesV lkbusfIVd VfeZuyksa ls fueqZDr gksrk gS] ;g lkbusfIVd Dys¶V ls vkxs c<+rk gS vkSj XywVkesV xzkfg;ksa ds fofHkUu Ádkjksa ls tqM+ tkrk gS&,,eih,] ,u,eMh, vkSj ,eth,y;wvkj@dqN XywVkesV lkbusIl esa dkbusV xzkgh Hkh gksrs gSaA

27




,,eih, xzfg;ksa ds tfj, /kkjk Áos’k djrh gSk

vk/kkjHkwr ikjs”k.k

l?ku mÌhiu l?ku mÌhiu }kjk

eSXuhf’k;e vk;u ckgj tkus ls ,u,eMh, xzkgh eas o`f) vkSj lksfM;e rFkk dSfY’k;e dk bu¶yDl ¼yky vkSj gjs rhj½

,yVhih dk Ásj.k

,,eih, xzkgh la[;k esa o`f)

,,eih, xzkgh n{krk esa o`f)

,,eih, xzkgh jklk;fud :i ls :ikarfjr rkfd vf/kd /kkjk cus vkSj vf/kd bZih,lih

,,eih, xzkgh

la[;k esa o`f)]ftlls /kkjk esa o`f)] vkSj vf/kd bZih,lih

,yVhih ¼,,eih, xzkgh la[;k esa o`f)½ ,yVhih ¼,,eih, xzkgh n{krk esa o`f)½

,u,uMh, xzkgh % izR;kLFkrk ‘kq# djus ds fy, vkf.od izfØ;k XywVkesV iksLV&lkbusfIVd U;wjkWu ij ,u,eMh, xzkfg;ksa ij Hkh tqM+rk

gSA ;s egRoiw.kZ vkf.od e’khusa lkbusfIVd izR;kLFkrk ‘kq# djrh gSaA

;fn lkbusIl dks /khjs&/khjs lfØ; cuk;k tkrk gS rks ,u,eMh, xzkgh

blesa FkksM+h ;k u ds cjkcj Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd

tSls gh ,u,eMh, xzkgh vius vk;u pSuy [kksyrs gSa ;s pSuy

lkbusIl&eSXuhf’k;e vk;u esa mifLFkr vU; vk;u }kjk tqM+rs gSaA

ijUrq tc bu lkbusIl dks vusd Lianuksa ds t+fj, ‘kh?kzrk ls ,d

U;wjkWu ij buiqV ds ,d lewg ij lfØ; cuk;k tkrk gS rks

,u,eMh, xzkgh bl mŸkstuk dks rqjUr vuqHko dj ysrs gSaA ;g cM+h

lkbusfIVd xfrfof/k iksLV&lkbusfIVd U;wjkWu esa cM+k fo/kqzohdj.k

mRiUu djrh gS vkSj blds dkj.k fo|qr fod”kZ.k dh izfØ;k }kjk

,u,eMh, vk;u pSuyksa ls eSXuhf’k;e dks ckgj fudkyk tkrk gSA rc

,u,eMh, xzkgh rqjUr lkbusfIVd lapkj djrs gSaA ;s bl dk;Z dks nks

rjhdksa ls djrs gSa% igyk ,,eih, xzkfg;ksa ds lkeu ;s lksfM;e vkSj

,u,eMh, xzkgh ¼yky½ lh[kus dh vkf.od e’khujh gSaA vk/kkjHkwr lfØ;rk vkSj ,yVhih ¼Åij ck,a½ ds izsj.k ds nkSjku VªkalfeVj tkjh gksrs gSaA og LFky tgk¡ eSXuhf’k;e vk;u ¼NksVs dkys xksys] Åij nk,a½ dSfYl;e vk;u ds pSuy dks CykWd dj nsrh gS] dksf’kdk f>Yyh ds vanj gksrk gS vkSj l?ku fo/kzqohdj.k }kjk foLFkkfir fd;k tkrk gS ¼vxyk fupyk fp=½A ,slk rc gksrk gS tc U;wjkWu dks vU; U;wjkWukas ds lkFk viuh la;kstdrk cnyus dh t+#jr gksrh gSA ,yVhih dk ,,eih, xzkfg;ksa ¼ihys xzkgh] uhps ck,a½ dh cM+h la[;k ;k vf/kd l{ke ,,eih, xzkfg;ksa ¼uhps nk,a½ ds :i esa O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

28




efLr”d dk vH;kl dk;Z iksVsf’k;e dk lapkyu djrs gSa] tks fo/kqzohdj.k esa tqM+ tkrs gSa( nwljk] ;s dSfYl;e vk;u dks U;wjkWu eas Áos’k djus nsrs gSaA nwljs ‘kCnksa esa] ,u,eMh, xzkgh l’kDrU;wjksuy xfrfof/k dk vuqHko djrs gSa vkSj dSfYl;e ds mPpre fcUnq ds :i esa U;wjkWu dks ladsr Hkstrs gSaA dSfYl;e dk ;g mPpre fcUnq Hkh laf{kIr gksrk gS vkSj vf/kd ls vf/kd ,d lsd.M rd pyrk gS] tcfd XywVkesV ,u,eMh, xzkfg;kas ls tqM+rk gSA tcfd] dSfYl;e vk;u ,d egRoiw.kZ v.kq gS] D;ksafd ;g U;wjkWu dks ladsr nsrk gS tc ,u,eMh, xzkfg;ksa dks lfØ; cuk;k tkrk gSA

,,eih, xzkfg;ksa esa ifjorZu gh iwjh dgkuh ugha gSA tSls gh ;knnk’r vf/kd LFkk;h cu tkrh gS rks efLr”d esa lajpukRed ifjorZu gks ldrs gSaA ,yVhMh ds Ásj.k ds ckn vf/kd ,,eih, xzkfg;ksa okys lkbusIl viuk vkdkj cny ysrs gSa vkSj ;s vf/kd cM+s gks ldrs gSa vFkok Áo/kZ esa ls u, lkbusIl fudy ldrs gSa] rkfd vc ,d lkbusIl dk dk;Z nks }kjk fd;k tk ldsA blds foijhr] ,yVhMh ds Ásj.k ds ckn ,,eih, xzkgh [kks nsus ds ckn VwV&QwV ;k ej ldrs gSaA gekjs efLr”d ds HkkSfrd inkFkZ efLr”d lfØ;rk ds mŸkj esa ifjofrZr gksrk gSA efLr”d d leku vH;kl dk;Z&cs’kd ekufld vH;kl dk;Z! et+cwr curh gSa] tc ge dljr djrs gSa] Bhd blh rjg tc ge efLr”d dks T+;knk ls T+;knk mi;ksx djrs gSaa rks gekjs lkbusfIVd la;kstu la[;k esa c<+rs vkSj csgrj :i ls O;ofLFkr gksrs gSaA

;knnk’r ij gkoh eu

ge fdruh vPNh rjg lh[krs gSa ;g gekjh HkkoukRed fLFkfr ij fuHkZj djrk gS&ge Lo;a ls tqM+h ?kVukvksa fo’ks”kdj [kq’kh] mnklh ;k nnZukd vuqHkoksa dks ;kn djus dk Á;kl djrs gSaA ge rc Hkh csgrj :i ls lh[krs gSa tc ge /;ku nsrs gSa! eu dh bu fLFkfr;ksa esa U;wjks ekWM~;wysVjksa dh fueqZfDr ‘kkfey gS] tSls fd ,flVkby dksyhu ¼vf/kd /;ku nsus ds nkSjku½] Mksikekbu] ukWj,fMªusfyu vkSj LVhjkWbM gkWjeksu tSls fd dkWfVZlkWy ¼ukWosYVh] ruko vkSj fpUrk ds nkSjku½A U;wjkWuksa ij ekWM~;qysVj vusd dk;Z djrs gSa] buesa ls vusd ,u,eMh, xzkfg;ksa ds dk;Z esa ifjorZu ds ek/;e ls dk;Z djrs gSaA vU; xfrfof/k;ksa esa ‘kkfey gSa lh[kus ls fof’k”V :i ls tqM+s fo’ks”k thuksa dk lfØ;uA buls cus ÁksVhu ,yVhih dks fLFkj djus rFkk yEcs le; rd fVdkÅ cukus esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA

lkbusIl ij gksus okys NksVs fo|qr oksYVst dh fuxjkuh esa Á;qDr midj.k ,d ckj U;wjkWu ds vanj tkus ij dSfYl;e lkbusIl ds ,dne ckgjh fljs ij ekStwn ÁksVhuksa ls tqM+rk gS] tgk¡ ,u,eMh, xzkgh lfØ; gksrs gSaA buesa ls vusd ÁksVhu HkkSfrd :i ls ,u,eMh, xzkgh ij tqM+s gksrs gSa tks vkf.od e’khu ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA buesa ls dqN ,at+kbe gSa ftUgsa dSfYl;e vk;u lfØ; cukrs gSa vkSj blls lkbusIl ds vanj ;k blds ikl vU; ÁksVhuksa dk jklk;fud :ikUrj.k gksrk gSA ;s jklk;fud ifjorZu ;knnk’r cukus ds vkjafHkd pj.k gSaA

vkids vanj fLFkr MkWDVj

lkbusfIVd ÁR;kLFkrk gekjs efLr”dkas esa ,d vU; egRoiw.kZ dk;Z djrk gS&;g efLr”d dks pksV ls mcjus esa lgk;rk dj ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;fn fdlh fo’ks”k xfr dks fu;af=r djus okys U;wjkWu u”V gks tkrs gSa] tSlk fd ,d vk?kkr ;k flj dh xaHkhj pksV ds nkSjku gksrk gS] lHkh dk u”V gks tkuk t+#jh ugha gSA vf/kdka’k ifjfLFkfr;kas esa U;wjkWu Lo;a o`f) ugha djrsA blds ctk; vU; U;wjkWu u”V gks pqds U;wjkWuksa dh leku dk;kZRed Hkwfedkvksa dks viukrs vkSj dHkh&dHkh bls Lo;a dj ldrs gSa] leku Ádkj ds vU; usVodZ cukrs gSaA ;g nksckjk lh[kus dh ÁfØ;k gS vkSj ;g efLr”d dh nksckjk Bhd gks tkus dh dqN {kerkvksa ij Ádk’k Mkyrh gSA

,,eih, xzkgh% ;knnk’r Hk.Mkfjr djus ds fy, gekjh vkf.od e’khusa

;fn ,u,eMh, xzkgh lfØ;u U;wjkWuksa ds tqM+ko esa ÁR;kLFk ifjorZuksa dks vkjaHk djrk gS rks ‘kfDr esa ifjorZu dks D;k vfHkO;Dr djrk gS \ ,slk gks ldrk gS fd vf/kd jklk;fud VªkalfeVj fueqZDr gksrk gSA ,slk gks ldrk gS] ijUrq gesa ;g vPNh rjg ls irk gS fd ÁfØ;kvksa ds ,d lSV esa lkbusIl ds iksLV&lkbusfIVd i{k ij ,,eih, xzkgh ‘kkfey gksrs gSaA bls djus ds vusd rjhds gSaA ,d rjhdk ,,eih, xzkfg;ksa dks vf/kd l{ke :i ls l{ke cukus dk gS] tSls fd lfØ;u ds nkSjku U;wjkWu esa vf/kd /kkjk Áokfgr djukA nwljk rjhdk ;k gS fd vf/kd ,,eih, xzkfg;ksa dks lkbusIl esa Mkyus esa l{ke cukukA nksuksa gh ekeykas esa blls cM+s bZih,lih curs gSa&,yVhih dh ?kVukA blds foijhr ifjorZu ,,eih, xzkfg;ksa dh n{krk ;k la[;k esa deh ds QyLo:i ,yVhMh gks ldrk gSA ,yVhih ;k ,yVhMh dks Ásfjr djus dh bl ÁfØ;k dh fo’ks”krk ;g gS fd ;g lknk gksrs gq, Hkh HkO; gS&;g ,d ,dy Áo/khZ daVd ds vanj gks ldrk gS vkSj blds }kjk vR;ar LFkkuhÑr rjhd ls lkbusfIVd ‘kfDr dks ifjofrZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g ,slk inkFkZ gS ftlls okLro esa ;knnk’r cuh gksrh gS&,d eqÌk ge ftl ij vxys v/;k; esa ckr djsaxsA

tsQjh okVfdUl] ,d fpfdRlk jlk;uK ftUgksaus ,ih5 ¼uhps½ tSlh vkS”kf/k;ksa ds fodkl }kjk efLr”d esa mŸkstd ikjs”k.k dk v/;;u dk :ikUrfjr fd;k] tks fof’k”V XywVkesV xzkfg;ksa ij fØ;k djrs gSaA

29 lacaf/kr baVjusV fyaDl : http://www.cf.ac.uk/plasticity/index.html http://www.bris.ac.uk/synaptic/public/brainbasic.html




lh[kuk vkSj ;knnk’r gekjh ;knsa gekjs O;fDrRo dks dsUnz gSaA ge esa ls gj ,d O;fDr dks D;k ;kn jgrk gS] ;g lHkh esa fHkUu gksrk gS] ;gk¡ rd fd ,slh fLFkfr;k¡ tc ge ,d lkFk FksA fQj Hkh ge vius fof’k”V rjhdksa es ge lHkh dqN ?kVukvksa] rF;ksa] euksoSKkfud vuqHkwfr;ksa vkSj dkS’kyksa dks FkksM+s le; esa fy,A efLr”d esa fofHkUu fo’ks”krkvksa ds lkFk vusd Ádkj dh ;knnk’r Á.kkyh gksrh gS vkSj ;g fofHkUu U;wjksuy usVodksZa }kjk ekf/;r gksrh gSA ubZ ;knksa dks fuekZ.k lkbusfIVd ÁR;kLFkrk ij fuHkZj djrk gS] ,slk ekuk tkrk gS] bls fiNys v/;k; esa le>k;k x;k gS] ijUrq ge lwpuk iqu% ÁkfIr dh U;wjksuy ÁfØ;kvksa ds ckjs esa vc Hkh dqN fuf’pr ugha dj lds gSaA tc ge viuh ;knnk’r ds fo”k; esa f’kdk;r djrs gSa rks ;s cgqr vPNh fLFkfr esa gksrh gSa] ;g dsoy cw<+s gksus ij ;k fdlh raf=dkfoKku laca/kh leL;k ds dkj.k gksrk gSA gekjs ;knnk’r c<+kus dk Á;kl fd;k tk ldrk gS] ijUrq ,slk djus ls vusd pht+ksa dks Hkwy tkus vFkok ;kn j[kus dh dher ij gksrk gSA

;knnk’r dh O;oLFkk

efLr”d dk ,slk dksbZ {ks= ugha gksrk gS tgk¡ gekjs }kjk lh[kh xbZ lHkh tkudkfj;k¡ Hk.Mkfjr gksus ds fy, ,d= gksrh gSaA dk;Z’khy ;knnk’r vkids efLr”d eas ,d lpsr voLFkk esa lfØ; :i ls tkudkjh cuk, j[krh gSA bl lwpuk ds dkQh cM+s] vf/kd fuf”Ø; Hk.Mkj d{k nh?kZ vof/k ;knnk’r dgykrh gSA

vkarfjd fy[kkoV

pk{kq”k LFkkfud Ldsp iSM

dsUnzh; dk;Zikyu Á.kkyh

JO; vYikof/k Hk.Mkj

pkfc;k¡ dgk¡ j[kh gSa bls ;kn djus esa djrs gSaA drZO; ikyu dh Hkkouk Á.kkyh dk dsUnz gS&;g ,d ,slh fo’ks”krk gS tks lhfer {kerk vkSj n`f”V ls vkrh gSA ;g vf/kdka’kr% dgk tkrk gS fd viuh dk;Z’khy ;knnk’r esa 7 vkSj 2 enksa dk dksbZ Øe ;kn j[k ldrs gSa % ;gh dkj.k gS fd vf/kdka’k VsyhQksu 7 ;k 8 ls vf/kd vadksa ds ugha gksrs gSaA ijUrq bUgsa lgh Øe esa ;kn j[kuk vfuok;Z gSA vki vius fe=ksa ds lkFk cSBddj ,d ljy Á;ksx esa viuh dk;Z’khy ;knnk’r dh {kerk vkSj lhfer n`f”V dk Án’kZu dj ldrs gSaA

vYikof/k ;knnk’r ij ,d Á;ksx

vYikof/k ;k dk;Z’khy ;knnk’r ds ,d ,jy Á;ksx dks

^^ysVj&Liku** dgrs gSaA blds fy, vkidks de ls de nks O;fDr;kas dh t+#jr gksrh gS] tcfd vf/kd yksxksa ds lkFk ;g

csgrj :i ls dk;Z djrk gSA vki esa ls ,d O;fDr de ls

de nks v{kjksa ls ‘kq: djrs gq, v{kjksa dh ,d Ja[kyk xksiuh; :i ls fy[ks] /;ku jgs buls dksbZ ‘kCn ugha cus ¼mnkgj.k ds

fy, ,Dl Vh½A rc ;g O;fDr v{kjksa dh Ja[kyk vkxs pykrk

gS] ,d ckj esa ,d v{kj c<+kdj ¼mnkgj.k ds fy, 5 v{kjksa dh J`a[kyk tSls D;woh,p ds ts+M vkSj 10 v{kjksa okyh J`a[kyk

tSls gh MCY;wlh;wdsD;wchih,lts+M½A buds rS;kj gks tkus ds

ckn Á;ksx ‘kq: gkrk gSA vU; O;fDr ¼;k d{kk½ yxHkx 5 lsd.M ckn ÁR;sd ds v{kjksa dh Ja[kyk dks lqurk gS] vkSj bUgsa

;knnk’r ds vk/kkj ij fy[kus dh dksf’k’k djrk gSA nks v{kjksa

dh Ja[kyk ds lkFk vkjaHk djrs gq, ;knnk’r dh ;g ijh{kk yEch Ja[kyk dh vksj pyrh gSA vf/kdka’kr% yksx 7 ls 8

v{kjksa rd bls ,dne Bhd rjg ls dj ikrs gSa vkSj blds

ckn xyfr;k¡ ‘kq: gksrh gSaA cgqr de yksx 10 v{kjksa rd ‘kq)rkiwoZd ;kn j[k ikrs gSaA bl vYikof/k ;knnk’r dh

{kerk dks ^^lkr ds vkxs&ihNs nks dh tknqbZ la[;k** dgrs gSaA

ekSu fjglZy ywi

efLr”d dh vYikof/k dk;Z’khy ;knnk’r Á.kkyh

dk;Z’khy ;knnk’r

gesa tks uke ;k VsyhQksu uacj dqN gh nsj ds fy, ;kn j[kus gSa] mUgsa fy[kus ds fy, ,d MsLd ij ,d iSM dh rjg] efLr”d esa tkudkjh dh cgqr FkksM+h lh ek=k ‘kq)rkiwoZd blesa cuk, j[kus ds fy, ,d Á.kkyh gksrh gSA ge bldk mi;ksx ckrphr ds Áokg dh O;k[;k ds fy,] ekufld :i ls xf.kr djus vkSj dqN le; igys geus viuh

,d dsUnzh; dk;Zikyu Á.kkyh ls nks vfrfjDr ;knnk’r Hk.Mkjksa }kjk lefFkZr lwpuk Áokg dks fu;af=r fd;k tkrk gSA ,d ekSu fjglZy ywi ds lkFk ,d QksuksykWftdy Hk.Mkj gksrk gS&vkids efLr”d dk og NksVk ;k fgLlk ftldk bLrseky vki Lo;a ls dqN dgus esa djrs gSaA ;gk¡ rd fd ;fn vki dqN ‘kCn ;k la[;k i<+rs gSa rks bl lwpuk dks QksuksykWftdy dksM esa cnyk tkrk gS vkSj bl nks Hkkx okyh Á.kkyh esa FkksM+h nsj ds fy, Hk.Mkfjr fd;k tkrk gSA ,d pk{kq”k LdspiSM gksrk gS tks oLrqvksa dh Nfo;k¡ yEcs le; rd Hk.Mkfjr dj ldrk gS] ftls vki viuh eu dh vk¡[kksa ls vny&cny ldrs gSaA dk;Z ‘khy ;knnk’kr vf/kdka’kr% ÝaVy vkSj iSjkbVy yksCl ij fLFkr gksrh gSA efLr”d ihbZVh vkSj ,Q,evkjvkbZ mi;ksx djrs gq, efLr”d ÁfrfcEcu v/;;uksa ¼ist 41 ns[ksa½ ls bafxr gksrk gS fd dk;Z’khy ;knnk’r ds JO; fgLls vkerkSj ij ck,a ÝaVy vkSj iSjkbVy yksCl ij ikf’oZr gksrs gSa] tgk¡ ;s ok.kh] vk;kstuk

30




vkSj fu.kZ; ysus esa ‘kkfey U;wjksuy usVodkZsa ds lkFk var%fØ;k djrs gSaA bu xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, vPNh dk;Z’khy ;knnk’r vfuok;Z gSA pk{kq”k LdspiSM nk,a gsfeLQs;j esa gksrk gS ¼v/;k; ds var esa ckWDl ns[ksa½A

dk;Z’khy ;knnk’r blesa fdl izdkj ‘kkfey gksrh gS \ tUrq] ;gk¡ rd fd vf/kdka’k Lruik;h tUrqvkas esa gekjs leku vYikof/k ;knnk’r iz.kkyh dk ;g izdkj ugha gksrk gS vkSj ;g vkjafHkd gksfefuM~l esa VsyhQksu uacj ;kn j[kus ds fy, Li”V :i ls fodflr ugha gqbZ Fkh! NksVs cPpksa ds v/;;u ls Hkk”kk lh[kus esa dk;Z’khy iz.kkyh dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk irk pyk gS] ftlls ;g ladsr feyrk gS fd bl iz.kkyh dk fodkl ok.kh ds lkFk gqvk gSA v{kjksa dks ,d js[kk esa j[krs gq, bUgsa ,d okD; ds Øe esa j[kus dh ‘kq)rk lgh vFkZ dks Bhd rjhds ls fudkyus ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSA

nh?kZ vof/k ;knnk’r

nh?kZ vof/k ;knnk’r efLr”d ds O;kid :i ls QSys usVodZ esa fLFkr fofHkUu iz.kkfy;ksa esa Hkh mi foHkkftr dh xbZ gSA fHkUu&fHkUu usVodZ vyx&vyx dk;Z djrs gSaA eksVs rkSj ij dgk tk, rks lwpuk laosnh iz.kkyh esa izos’k djrh gS vkSj fQj mu ekxksZa ij tkrh gS tgk¡ yxkrkj c<+rh fo’ks”khÑr iznku fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] pk{kq”k iz.kkyh esa izos’k djus okyh lwpuk jsf[kr dkWVsZDl ls rFkkdfFkr osaVªy ekxZ esa usVodksaZ dsh ,d lh<+h ds t+fj, ehfM;y VsEiksjy yksCl rd tkrh gS] tks oLrq dk vkdkj] jax] igpku dk Kku djkrs gSa] fd oLrq tkuh&igpkuh gS ;k ugha] tc rd fd bl oLrq fo’ks”k dh dksbZ

cgqr cM+k Hk.Mkj gSa fd Ýkal dh jkt/kkuh isfjl gS] fd Mh,u, {kkj ds tksM+ksa ds Øe ds :i esa vkuqokaf’kd lwpuk dks dksM djrk gS] vkfn vkfnA egRoiw.kZ fo’ks”krk gS fd ;s rF; Jsf.k;ksa esa O;ofLFkr fd, x, gSaA ;knnk’r esa ls dqN [kkstus ds fy, ;g egRo j[krh gS fd [kkst izfØ;k d{k Hk.Mkj d{k ds Vªh vkjs[kksa esa <wa< ldrh gSA ;fn lhesafVd ;knnk’r ml rjg O;ofLFkr dh tk ldrh] ftl rjg dqN yksx vius ?kjksa esa fcuk fdlh O;ofLFkr Øe ds] vLr&O;Lr :i ls ls j[krs rks gesa dqN Hkh ;kn j[kuk cgqr dfBu gks tkrkA HkkX; esa efLr”d mu lHkh lwpukvksa dks pqurk gS] ftls ge Jsf.k;ksa esa dksM djrs gSa] tcfd blls Ldwy esa ,d dq’ky f’k{kd dks lgk;rk feyrh gSA cs’kd] dqN fo’ks”k dq’ky f’k{kd vius Nk=ksa esa fcuk fdlh iz;kl ds bu lajpukvksa dk fuekZ.k dj ikrs gSaA

oLrq

busfuesV ,fuesV

Lruik;h fpfM+;k¡

mM+us okyh fpfM+;k¡ mM+ ugha ldus okyh fpfM+;k¡

xkus okyh fpfM+;k¡ vU; fpfM+;k¡

dSujht+ isafXoUl ;knnk’r cu ugha tkrh] fd bls dc vkSj dgk ns[kk x;k gSA

ftu tUrqvksa ds ckjs esa ge tkurs gSa os ,d isM+ ds :i esa O;ofLFkr gSaA gesa vHkh ;g Kkr ugha gS fd efLr”d ds usVodZ bls dSls djrs gSaA

pht+ksa ds ckjs esa ge dkS’ky Hkh lh[krs gSa vkSj HkkoukRed vuqHkwfr;k¡ vftZr djrs gSaA ;g tkuuk fd ,d fi;kuks okLro esa fi;kuks gS% bls ctkus esa l{ke gksuk ,d vU; ckr gSA lkbfdy pykuk Kkr gksuk mi;ksxh gS] ijUrq lM+dksa ij pykrs le; dqN ifjfLFkfr;k¡ [krjukd gks ldrh gSa ;g de egRoiw.kZ ugha gSA fopkj&foe’kZ iw.kZ vkSj O;kid vH;kl ds ek/;e ls dkS’ky lh[ks tkrs gSa] tcfd HkkoukRed vf/kxE;rk vf/kd rst+ izrhr gksrh gSA T+;knkrj bls rst+ gksuk pkfg,] fo’ks”kdj mu ckrksa esa] ftUgsa lh[kus ls ge ?kcjkrs gSaA lh[kus ds nksuksa izdkj daMh’kfuax dgykrs gSaA fo’ks”khÑr efLr”d {ks= blesa ‘kkfey gSa&csly xSaxfy;k vkSj lsjscsye] tks dkS’ky lh[kus ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSa rFkk HkkoukRed vf/kxE;rk ds fy, ,fexMkyk egRoiw.kZ gSaA vusd tUrq dkS’ky lh[krs gSa&muds thfor jgus ds fy, bldk cM+k egRo gSA

efLr”d {ks=ksa dh lh<+huqek jpuk ftlds ek/;e ls pk{kq”k lwpuk dk izlalk/ku ns[kdj vkSj fQj ;knnk’r ds iz;kstu ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

fo’ys”k.k dh bl lh<+h ds ckjs esa lkspus ds vusd rjhds gSaA igyk] dkWVZsDl esa vusd {ks= gSa tks ,d n`f”Vd izLrqrhdj.k fudkyrs gSaA ftUgsa ge Kkr djuk pkgrs gSaA bls Hk.Mkfjr djus vkSj ckn esa gekjs vklikl dh pht+ksa dk igpkuus esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA lekpkj i=ksa ds dkVwZu] tSls dksbZ jktuhfrK vkfn dks igpkuus dh gekjh {kerk dks ;g ;knnk’r n’kkZrh gSA blls cgqr ut+nhdh laca/k j[kus okyh ;knnk’r dk lhesafVd ;knnk’r dgrs gSa&;g rF;kRed Kku dk

fpEikath us ,d NM+h ls nhedksa dk f’kdkj djus dh dyk lh[kh gSA NksVs fpEikath vius ekrk&firk dks ns[kdj ;g lh[krs gSA

31




;knnk’r [kksuk vkSj efLr”d esa ,filksfMd ;knnk’r dk LFkkuhdj.k

efLr”d esa ;knnk’r iz.kkyh ds vafre izdkj dks ,filksfMd ;knnk’r dgrs gSaA bldk mi;ksx vki vius O;fDrxr vuqHkokas dks ;kn j[kus esa djrs gSaA ?kVukvksa dks ;kn j[kus dh vis{kk rF;ksa dks lh[kuk ,d fopkj ls vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gS fd dksbZ ?kVuk dsoy ,d ckj gksrh gSA ;fn vki Hkwy tk,¡ fd vkius lqcg uk’rs eas D;k [kk;k Fkk ¼vlaHko½ ;k fiNys fØlel esa D;k gqvk Fkk ¼laHkor;k½ vFkok vius Ldwy ds igys fnu vkids lkFk D;k gqvk ¼laHkor;k½] vki bu lcdks d{kk ds vfrfjDr ikB ds leku nksckjk lkeus ugha yk ldrs gSaA ;g iz.kkyh tYnh lh[k yh tkrh gS D;ksafd ,slk gksuk gSA

geus mu raf=dk laca/kh jksfx;ksa ds v/;;u ls ,filksfMd ;knnk’r ds ckjs esa cgqr dqN lh[k fy;k gS] ftUgsa efLr”d ds V~;wej ;k ok;jl laØe.k tSls gihZt+ ,alsfQykbfVl gqvk gks] dHkh&dHkh bl izdkj dh ;knnk’r esa fo’ks”k izdkj dh dfe;k¡ gksrh gSaA bu jksfx;ksa ds lko/kkuhiwoZd v/;;u ls blds ‘kkjhfjd laxBu vkSj vU; iz.kkfy;ksa dks Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

,EusfLVd jksxh mu pht+ksa dks lh[k ldrs gSa] ftUgsa os psru voLFkk esa ;kn ugha j[k ikrs gSaA mUgsa eksVj dkS’ky fl[kk, tk ldrs gSa ;k os mYVh vksj ls i<+uk tYnh lh[k tkrs gSaA

mYVh vksj ls tYnh&tYnh i<+us dk izf’k{k.k ikus esa dqN le; yxrk gSA ;g ,EusfLVd ds lkFk gekjs fy, Hkh lR; gS] ijUrq tcfd ge ;g fl[kk;k tkuk ;kn j[ksaxs] ftls os ;kn ugha j[krsA ;g psru tkx#drk esa vn~Hkqr fola;kstu gSA ,EusfLVd o;fDr lh[krs le; fuf’pr :i ls lpsr gksrk gS] ijUrq ckn esa tkdj bls Hkwy tkrs gSaA ;s yksx chrs le; ls psru tkx#drk ugha ik ldrs gSaA bl rukoiw.kZ fLFkfr ds fy, ftEesnkj {kfr vusd efLr”d ifjiFkksa esa gks ldrh gSA e/; efLr”d ds esfeyjh fudk; vkSj FkSysel uked {ks= lkekU; ;knnk’r ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSa] tSlk fgIiksdSEil uked ehfM;y VsEiksjy yksc lajpuk esa gksrk gSA bu {ks=ksa esa gqbZ {kfr ls ,filksfMd vkSj lhesafVd ;knnk’rksa ds fuekZ.k ij fo’ks”k izHkko iM+rk gSA

^^pksV gekjk mruk /;ku vkdf”kZr ugha djrh gS] ftruk pksV ;k jksx ds ek/;e ls lkekU; dk;Z dks [kqyk NksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA** ¼lj gsujh gSM&20 oha lnh ds raf=dk oSKkfud½ ,Eusfl;k uked fLFkfr ls ihfM+r O;fDr dsoy vk/ks ?k.Vs igys feys vU; yksxksa dks ;kn ugha j[k ikrs gSaA mUgsa ;g ;kn ugha jgrk gS fd mUgksaus vHkh D;k Hkkstu fd;k ;k D;k [kkus tk jgs gSa vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd thou dh lk/kkj.k vfuok;Zrk,a Hkh Hkwy tkrs gSa fd mUgksaus dksbZ pht+ ?kj esa dgk¡ j[kh gSA ,d tfVy vkjs[k fn[kkus ij] tSlk Åij bulSV esa fn[kk;k x;k gS] os bldh izfrfyfi cuk ldrs gSa ijUrq ;g vkjs[k ugha cuk ldrs gSaA lkFk gh geesa ls vf/kdka’k 30 feuV ckn viuh ;knnk’r ls bls cuk ldrs gSaA vf/kdka’kr% muds chekj iM+us ds igys dh dksbZ ckr mUgsa ;kn ugha jgrh gSA bls jsVªkxszM ,Eusfl;k dgrs gSaA

,sls thou esa le; vkSj LFkku esa lHkh lajpukvksa dh deh gksrh gS vkSj bls ^^uhan esa pyus** ds leku ,Eusfl;k ds jksfx;ksa ds ,d O;kid v/;;u }kjk bls le>k;k x;k gSA fQj Hkh ;gh O;fDr viuh Hkk”kk vkSj ‘kCnksa ds vFkZ ij tkudkjh j[krk gS rFkk lkFk dh le>nkjh ls ckrphr djus ds fy, i;kZIr dk;Z’khy ;knnk’r j[krk gSA ,slk rc rd ugha gksrk tc rd og ;s ckrsa mlds lkFk djs] ftlds dqN nsj igys mlds vfLrRo dk fouk’kdkjh vyxko mn~?kkfVr fd;k x;k gSA

NC

Copy

A

Delayed Recall

nks lajpuk,¡ ,filksfMd ;knnk’r ds fy, vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gS&isjhjhuy

dkWVsZDl ¼ihvkj,p½] tks fiNys le; dh tkudkfj;ksa dh vuqHkwfr dk

ekf/;r djrk gS vkSj nwljk fgIiksdSEel tks ?kVukvksa vkSj LFkkuksa ds fy, dksM cukrk gSA

,eusflDl ¼,½ dsoy ckjhd vkjs[k dks ns[k ldrk gS vkSj tfVy vkjs[k dh izfrfyfi Bhd oSlh gh cuk ldrk gS] ijUrq os lkekU;

O;fDr;ksa ¼,ulh½ dh rjg mls nsj rd ;kn ugha j[k ldrk gSA

32




;knnk’r dh vU; iz.kkfy;k¡

efLr”d esa vU; dgha pksV yxus ij vU; ;knnk’r iz.kkfy;k¡ izHkkfor gksrh gSA g~klh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ tSls fd lhesafVd Mhesaf’k;k ¼vYt+hej jksx dk ,d izdkj½ ls lhesafVd ;knnk’r ds [kjkc gks tkus ds vuks[ks iSVuZ cu ldrs gSaA ‘kq#vkr esa jksxh vkidks ;g crkus esa l{ke gksaxs fd iz;ksxkas esa mUgsa ,d fcYyh] ,d dqŸks ;k ,d dkj ;k jsy dh rLohj fn[kkbZ tk jgh gSA ijUrq ckn ea jksx ds nkSjku is pwgs dh rLohj dk pwgk dgus ls fgpdrs gSa] blds LFkku ij os bls ‘kk;n dqŸkk dgsaA bldh iqf”V gksrh gS bl ckr ls fd rF;kRed lwpuk busfuesV lwpuk ls nwj ,d LFkku ij ,fuesV lwpuk ,d lkFk Hk.Mkfjr djus ds lkFk Js.khokj O;ofLFkr dh tkrh gSA

;knnk’r dk raf=dk thofoKku

U;wjksykWftdy jksfx;kas dk lko/kkuhiwoZd v/;;u djus ls gesa efLr”d ds ;knnk’r laca/kh dk;ksZa dks [kkstus ls gesa efLr”d ds ;knnk’r laca/kh dk;ksZa dks [ksktus esa enn feyrh gS] ijUrq ;g tkuuk fd ;s U;wjkWu vkSj jklk;fud VªkalfeVlZ ds lanHkZ esa dSls dk;Z djrs gSa] esa iz;ksx’kkyk tUrqvksa dk mi;ksx djrs gq, vuqla/kku lko/kkuhiwoZ d vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA

raf=dk oSKkfud vc ;g ekurs gSa fd fodkl’khy efLr”d esa U;wjy la;kstuksa dh Qkbu V~;wfuax ds vusd igyw Hkh vkjafHkd vf/kxE;rk ds nkSjku mi;ksx fd, tkrs gSaA ,d f’k’kq vkSj mldh ek¡ ds chp fodflr gksus okys la;kstu dk v/;;u NksVs eqxksZa esa fd;k x;k gS vkSj bls bfDizfVax dgrs gSaA vc ge tkurs gSa fd lh[kus dh ;g

fgIiksdSEil& ;g xkWYth vfHkjatu

dkys jax esa U;wjkWu dk ,d lc&lSV

n’kkZrk gSA

izfØ;k NksVs eqxsZ esa efLr”d esa gksrh gS vkSj xzkfg;ksa ij fueqZDr jklk;fud VªkalfeVlZ ek¡ dh ,d Nfo Hk.Mkfjr djus esa lgk;d gksrh gSA ;g Nfo vR;Ur ckjhdh ls cuh gksrh gS tSls fd NksVs eqxsZ viuh ek¡ ds ihNs pyrs gSa vU; fdlh ds ughaA NksVs tUrqvksa dks ;g tkuus dh vko’;drk Hkh gksrh gS fd os ,d ckj esa FkksM+k lk [kkuk [kkdj tku ldsa fd dkSu lk Hkkstu [kkuk lqjf{kr gS vkSj ;g lh[kuk fd mldk Lokn [kjkc gSA bls dsoy vkuqokaf’kd iwokZuqeku ij ugha NksM+k tk ldrk gS&fodkl dh n`f”V ls V~;wu dh xbZ vf/kxe izfØ;k,¡ dh tk ldrh gSaA bfEizafVax ;k Hkkstu dk Lokn ysus ds nkSjku lfØf;r xzkfg;ksa ds vkxs pydj f}rh; lans’kokgd jlk;uksa dh Ja`[kyk efLr”d dksf’kdkvksa ds ukfHkd dks ladsr Hkstrh gS] tgk¡ thUl dks ;knnk’r fVdkÅ cukus okys fo’ks”k izksVhuksa dks cukus ds fy, lfØ; cuk;k tk,xkA

Iysl lSYl ,d vU; egRoiw.kZ [kkst gSA fgiiksdSEil esa ,sls U;wjkWUl gksrs gSa tks ,D’ku iksVsaf’k;y dsoy rHkh vkjaHk djrs gSa tc tUrq ,d tkus&igpkus LFkku ij gksaA fofHkUu dksf’kdk,¡ i;kZoj.k ds vyx&vyx fgLlksa ds fy, dksM djrh gSa rkfd dksf’kdkvksa dk ,d lewg iwjs {ks= ds ekiu esa ‘kkfey gksA vkl&ikl ds efLr”d {ks= esa fLFkr vU; dksf’kdk,¡ ml fn’kk ds fy, dksM djrh gSa ftl fn’kk esa og xfr’khy gSA nks {ks= ,d lkFk dk;Z djrs gSa&LFkku dk uD’kk vkSj fn’kk dks cks/k&buls tUrq vius vkl&ikl dh nqfu;k ds ckjs esa lh[krk gSA ;g tUrqvksa ds fy, Li”V :i ls cgqr egRoiw.kZ gS] D;ksafd mudh mŸkjthfork ds fy, Hkkstu vkSj ikuh rFkk okil vius ?kj] ?kksalys ;k vU; fdlh fuokl esa vkuk dkQh vge gSA ;g [kksth vf/kxe iz.kkyh lhesafVd vkSj ,filksfMd ;knnk’r ls lacaf/kr gSA ;s tUrq ,d LFkk;h izfrfuf/kRo cukrs gS] tgk¡ pht+sa muds vf/kdkj {ks= esa gSa&Bhd mlh rjg tks Kku ge nqfu;k ds ckjs esa vftZr djrs gSaA LFky dk uD’kk ;knnk’r dh ,d :ijs[kk iznku djrk gS] ftlesa ?kVuk,¡ ;kn j[kh tkuh gSa&tSls fd vafre ckj Hk{kd tUrq dgk¡ fn[kkbZ fn;k FkkA Iysl lSYl dsoy LFkku ds ckjs esa gh dksM ugha djrh] os tUrqvksa igys gks pqdh ?kVuk,¡ ;kn j[kus esa lgk;rk djrh gSaA fgIiksdSEil esa dksf’kdkvksa ds ikl pkj fjdkWfMaZx rkj nks rkjksa ¼1 vkSj 2] dHkh&dHkkh 4½ ij raf=dk iszj.kk tks ,d fo’ks”k LFky ¼xksykdkj vkos”Vd esa yky xeZ fcUnq½ ij Qk;j djus okys U;wjkWu dk izfrfuf/kRo djrs gSaA le; ds iSekus dks foLrkfjr djrs gq, efLr”d dh rhfy;ksa dk vkdkj iznf’kZr gksrk gSA

;s uD’ks vkSj vU; ;knnk’r ds vos’ks”k fdl izdkj curs gSa \ ,d mHkjrk fopkj ;g gS fd ,u,eMh, xzkfg;ksa ij vk/kkfjr lkbusfIVd izR;kLFkrk lfEefyr gSA blds fiNys v/;k; eas geus o.kZu fd;k gS fd lkbusfIVd izR;kLFkrk dks lfØ; cukus ls U;wjkWu ds usVodZ esa la;kstuksa dh ‘kfDr esa cnyko vkrk gS vkSj ;g fd lwpuk Hk.Mkfjr djus dk ,d ekxZ gSA LFkkuksa ds ckjs esa lh[kus ij izHkko rc gksrk gS tc ,u,eMh, xzkfg;ksa dks CykWd djus okyh nok fgIiksdSEil ij

33




yxkbZ tkrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] pwgksa vkSj ew”kdksa dks ikuh dh lrg ds uhps fLFkr ,d LFkku ij Nqis gq, IysVQkeZ dks [kkstus ds fy, ikuh ds ,d iwy esa rSjus dks izf’k{k.k fn;k tkrk gSA ;s viuk jkLrk [kkstus esa Iysl lSYl rFkk gSM Mk;jsD’ku lSYl dk mi;ksx djrs gSa vkSj os ,u,eMh, xzkfg;ksa }kjk izR;kLFkrk ds mi;ksx ls ;knnk’r esa IysVQkWeZ dh lgh fLFkfr ds fy, dksM djrs gSaA thu ukWd vkmV tUrqvksa dks rS;kj fd;k x;k gS] ftuesa ,u,eMh, xzkgh muds fgIiksdSEil ls gVk fn, x, gSaA ;s tUrq lh[kus esa det+ksj gksrs gSa vkSj buesa viw.kZ izdkj dh Iysl lSYl gksrh gSaA fiNys v/;k; esa geus le>k;k gS fd lkbusfIVd Hkkj mŸkstd ,,eih, xzkfg;ksa esa ifjorZu ds ek/;e ls vfHkO;Dr fd, tkrs gSaA gesa vc rd ;g irk ugha gS fd ;fn ;g ;knnk’r ds fy, lR; gS rks ;g rqjUr dh l?ku vuqla/kku dk fo”k; gSA

pwgk iwy ds Nqis gq, IysVQkWeZ rd rSjrk gS ftl ij ;g [kM+k gSA

vuqla/kku vxz.kh yanu ds VSDlh pkydksa dk fdjk, ij VSDlh pykus ds igys ‘kgj ds lHkh jkLrksa ls ifjfpr gksuk iM+rk gSA tc vuqla/kkudrkZvksa us ,d efLr”d LdSuj esa vuqHkoh VSDlh pkyd yxk, vkSj muls dgk fd os

ekcZy vkpZ ls ,fyQsaV ,.M dSly rd tkus dh dYiuk djsa] mUgksaus pkydksa ds nk,a iSjkfgIiks dSEiy dkWVsZDl ¼yky {ks=½ esa vf/kd lfØ;rk ns[khA VSDlh pkydksa dh lajpukRed ,evkjvkbZ LdSu esa muds

fgIiksdSEil ds fofHkUu fgLlksa dks lkis{k lkbt+ vyx&vyx gksrk gS] tks blls lacaf/kr gS fd muesa ‘kgj ds jkLrs ;kn j[kus dh fdruh {kerk gSA tcfd] blds vU; dkjd Hkh gks ldrs gSaA

D;k ge viuh ;knnk’r c<+k ldrs gSa \ crk;k tk jgk gS] ijUrq ;g de egRoiw.kZ ugha gSA fopkj ;g gS fd lwpuk dks fdl izdkj dksM fd;k tkrk gS] bls Hk.Mkfjr] lesfdr ¼fLFkjhdj.k dh izfØ;k½ vkSj fQj iqu% izkfIr dSls dh tkrh gS] bldk ykHk mBk;k tk,A /;ku nsuk] lh[kus ds l=ksa dk vk;kstu vkSj fLFkjhdj.k izfØ;k esa lgk;rk ds fy, ckj&ckj ;kn fnykuk] lHkh blds mnkgj.k gSaA ;knnk’r dh leL;k ls ihfM+r dqN cqtqxZ ^^U;wjks ist** uked isftax iz.kkyh dh dkQh mi;ksxh ik jgs gSaA ;g iz.kkyh mUgsa ;kn fnykrh gS fd mUgsa vxyk dke D;k djuk gS vkSj mUgsa viuk fnu bl izdkj O;ofLFkr djus esa lgk;rk nsrh gS fd vU;Fkk os bu dkeksa dks djuk Hkwy tk,aA ,filksfMd ;knnk’r vkSj lh[kus ds dkS’ky ds fofHkUu izpkyu fl)karksa dks igpkurs gq, Hkh ;g vfuok;Z gS& vki fdlh dkS’ky ds ckjs esa lqudj mls lh[k ugha ldsaxs] tcfd ;gk dk;Z ,filksfMd ;knnk’r ds fy, ,dne Bhd gSA fdlh dkS’ky dks lh[kus ds fy, O;fDr dks ckj&ckj vH;kl djuk pkfg,] tSlk fd laxhr ds f’k{kd ckj&ckj vius Nk=ksa dks ;kn fnykrs gSaA

ge lHkh lksprs gSa fd gekjh ;knnk’r dh {kerk ;k LFkkf;Ro c<+ tk, rks vPNk gksA cw<+s yksx vkerkSj ij viuh ;knnk’r dh f’kdk;r djrs gSaA ;|fi] ;knnk’r esa lq/kkj dh dher pqdkuh gksrh gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd vPNh ;knnk’r ;kn j[kus vkSj Hkwy tkus ds chp dk larqyu gSA ;fn ge bls lq/kkjuk pkgrs gSa rks gesa fnuHkj esa gqbZ O;FkZ ckrksa dks ugha Hkwyuk pkfg, ftUgsa ;kn j[kus dh dksbZ vko’;drk ugha gSA ,d vPNh ;knnk’r dk ^lkj* ;g gS fd ;g efLr”d esa lgh ckrksa dks ;kn vkSj O;ofLFkr djrh gS tks de egRoiw.kZ izrhr gksrk gSA ,slk yxrk gS fd bldh laHkkouk ugha gS fd gekjs ikl ,slh dksbZ xksyh gksxh tks tknw dh rjg gekjh ;knnk’r dks lq/kkj nsxh] de ls de lkekU; yksxksa esaA fodkl ls lqfuf’pr gqvk gS fd ;g iz.kkyh vuqdwyre :i ls larqfyr gSA

;g dgk x;k gS fd okLro esa xaHkhj :i ls Hkwy tkus dk LoHkko mu nokvksa ls c<+ tkrk gS tks ,u,eMh, ;k ,,eih, xzkfg;ksa dks csgrj rjhds ls dke djus nsrh gSa ;k f}rh; lans’kokgd ladsrksa dh Ja`[kyk dks mÌhfir djus okyh nok] ftlds NksVs tUrqvksa esa lh[kus ds v/;;u dks vfHkKkr fd;k x;k gSA raf=dkg~klh jksxksa ds c<+us ds nkSjku Lvsfeax dk dqN ekxZ ikuk Hkh lgk;d gksxk] tSls fd vYt+helZ jksx tks tYnh gh ;knnk’r ls tqM+h dksf’kdkvksa dks izHkkfor djrh gSA bu fnuksa raf=dk foKku esa ekStwnk vUos”k.kksa esa ls ,d gS fo’ofo|ky;ksa] vuqla/kku laLFkkuksa vkSj QkekZL;qfVdy dEifu;ksa esa oSKkfud bl izdkj dh ifj;kstukvksa ij dk;Z djrs gSaA yxHkx lHkh fodflr ns’kksa dh tula[;k tukafddh esa o`)ksa dh cgqyrk c<+us ds lkFk mUgsa yEck vkSj Lora= thou thus ds fy, mipkj dh vR;Ur egŸkk gSA

,yku csMyh]

ftUgksaus dk;Z’khy ;knnk’r dk fopkj fodflr fd;k] ftlesa fofHkUu var% fØ;kRed vusd iz.kkfy;k¡ gksrh gSaA QksuksykWftdy Hk.Mkj] fotq+vksLisfV;y Ldsp iSM vkSj dsUnzh; dk;Zdkjh efLr”d ds fofHkUu fgLlksa esa fLFkr gksrs gSaA

;|fi] dqN oSKkfud ekurs gSa fd nokvksa ds lkFk cks/kkRed vfHk;kaf=dh dh vko’;drk gksxhA vki vHkh cks/kkRed vfHk;kaf=dh ds ckjs esa vf/kd i<+rs lqurs ugha gS] ftruk ubZ nokvksa ds ckjs esa

;knnk’r ds dqN vkSj iz;ksx djuk pkgrs gSa rks ns[ksa

34 http://www.exploratorium.edu/brain_explorer/memory.html




ruko ruko thou dks Hkh izHkkfor djrk gSA ge lHkh bls vuqHko djrs gSaA ijh{kkvksa] [ksydwn esa izfr;ksfxrkvksa ds nkSjku rFkk tc fe=ksa ,oa nq’euksa ls eueqVko gksus ds le; ;g D;ksa gksrk gS vkSj bl nq[knk;h laonsuk dk dkj.k D;k gS\ D;k ;g vPNk gS ;k dqN vkSj gS\ tc dqN xyr gks tkrk gS rc D;k gksrk gS\ raf=dk oSKkfud ;g le>us ‘kq: dj jgs gSa fd efLr”d dSls ruko ds fy, jlk;fud izfrfØ;k lefUor djrk gSA

ruko D;k gS vkSj gesa bldh vko’;drk D;ksa gksrh gS\

ruko tdM+us ds fy, [krjukd gSA ;g dsoy ruko esa gksuk ugha gS & pwafd ges’kk ;g rukoiw.kZ ugha gS& ijUrq ;g ‘kjhj vkSj efLr”d dh izR;k’kk vkSj okLro esa ge fdl pqukSrh dk vuqHko ,oa ,glkl djrs gSa ds chp esy u gksuk gSA

cgqr lh pqukSfr;ka ftudk ge lkeuk djrs gSa] os euksoSKkfud gSa& tSls&tSls ge vdkneh lQyrk] Ldwy Vhe esa txg ikus ds fy, izfr;ksfxrk esa Hkkx ysrs gSa ;k ckn esa vius thou esa ukSdjh ds fy, izfrLi/kkZ djrs gSa rc ;g vU;ksa ds lkFk vU;ksU;fØ;k dh dfBukb;ksa ij fpUru djrs gSA vU; ruko ‘kkjhfjd gSa tSlk fd cgqr vf/kd chekjh ;k dkj nq?kZVuk esa VwVh gqbZ Vkax vf/kdka’k ds lkFk ?kcM+kgV vkSj fpUrk gksrh gSaA

ruko ,d ekSfyd izfØ;k gSA ;g lHkh vaxksa dks izHkkfor djrk gS] ljyre cSDVhfj;k vkSj izksVkstksvk ls ysdj tfVy b;ksdkfj;ksVl tSlkfd eekYl ¼Lru/kkjh½ rdA ,d lsy ds vaxksa vkSj gekjs ‘kjhjksa ds O;f”V lsy esa eksysD;qy fodflr gq, gSa tks vkikrdkyhu flLVeksa dh J`a[kyk eqgS;k djrs gSa tks vizR;kf’kr ckg~; pqukSfr;ksa vkSj muds vkarfjd ifj.kkeksa ls eq[; lsy laca/kh dk;ksZa dh j{kk djrs gaSA mnkgj.k ds fy, fo’ks”k eksysD;qy ftls ghV&’kkWd izksVhu dgk tkrk gS {kfrxzLr izksVhuksa dh j{kk djrk tgka mudh ejEer dh tk ldrh gS ;k gkfujfgr mudk vi{k; fd;k tkrk gS bl izdkj ls lsyksa dh fo”kkDrrk vkSj fuf”Ø;rk ls j{kk djrs gSaA tfVy vaxksa esa tSlkfd ge yksxksa esa gesa izHkkfor djus okys lk/kkj.k pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus esa lgk;rk djus ds fy, ruko flLVeksa us mPp tfVy izfØ;k,a fodflr dh gSaA ;s ruko ls j{kk ds fy, cM+s usVodZ esa CykWd ds fuekZ.k esa lsY;qyj izfrj{kk ra= dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA

ruko vkSj efLr”d

efLr”d }kjk ruko dk cks/k gksrk gS vkSj izfrfØ;k lefUor gksrh gSA efLr”d esa gekjk fLFkfr ds Kku dk ewY;kadu [kwu dh ukM+h esa ‘kkjhfjd ladsrksa ds lkFk vU;ksU;k; fØ;k djrk gS tSlkfd gkjeksu] iks”kd vkSj Toyu’khy eksysD;qy vkSj eq[; vaxksa ,oa laonsukvksa dks fu;af=r djus okyh ifj/kh; ulksa ls izkIr lwpuk ds lkFk ikjLifjd fØ;k djrk gSA efLr”d fof’kf”V vkSj xzsMs izfrfØ;kvksa dh J`a[kyk,a mRiUu djus ds fy, budks la?kfVr djrk gSA ;g ,slk fdl rjg ls djrk gS] dks ge U;wjks,UMªksfØuksykWth ds v/;;u ls le> ik, gSaA ruko ds lkFk ‘kjhj dks <yus ds fy, [kwu esa gkjeksu dk ifjpkyu efLr”d }kjk fu;af=r gksrk gSA

la?k”kZ djuk ;k iyk;u djuk

igpkuus dh lcls ljy izfrfØ;k vuqdEik ¼lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ½ raf=dk ra= dk rRdky lfØ;kUo;u gSA rukoiw.kZ pqukSrh izkIr djus ds i’pkr vkSj mfpr izfrfØ;k dh ifjdYiuk djus ds ckn efLr”d Rofjr xfr ls raf=dk dks lfØ; djrk gS tks efLr”d LVse ds fu;a=.k dsUnzksa ls mRiUu gksrs gaSA buds dkj.k fofHkUu lajpuk esa uksjkMªsukykbu vkSj ,Mªsuy XyS.M ¼tks fdMuh ds Åij fLFkr gksrk gS½ ,Mªsukykbu fuxZe gksrk gSA muds fuxZe ls la?k”kZ ;k iyk;u dh izfrfØ;k de gks tkrh gS& mRÑ”V rkRdkfyd izfrfØ;k tks [krjs ds izR;qrj esa dh tkuh gSA ge lHkh vkjafHkd >qu>quh laosnuk] ilhuk vkuk] ltxrk esa o`f) Rofjr ukM+h LiUn] mPp jDr pki vkSj Hk; dk lkekU; vuqHkwfr igpkurs gSa] ftUgsa ge rukoiw.kZ pqukSrh ds rqjUr ckn ds {k.kksa esa vuqHko djrs gSaA ;s ifjorZu fjlsIVj ¼xzkg~;½ tks jDr oslsYl esa ik, tkrs gSa] ds dkj.k gksrs gS] tks mUgsa fldqM+us dks etcwj djrk gS vkSj gekjk jDr pki Åij gksus yxrk gS vkSj fny esa lhus esa ikSafMax laosnuk mRiUu djus vkSj mls c<+kus dk dk;Z djrk gS tks /kM+du ds :i esa tkuh tkrh gSA Ropk esa Hkh fjlsIVj gSa ftudh otg ls jks,a [kM+s gks tkrs gSa ¼xqt+cEIl½ vkSj vk¡r ¼xV½ esa lkeatL; fofgr vCMksfeuy laonsuk mRiUu djrk gS ftldh vuqHkwfr ge lcdks ruko ds :i esa gksrh gSA ;s ifjorZu ogka gesa la?k”kZ djus dk iyk;u djus ds fy, rS;kj djus ds fufer gksrs gSa vkSj egRoiw.kZ vaxksa ekal isf’k;ksa vkSj efLr”d esa jDr izokg ladsfUnzr djus ds fy, gksrs gaSA

gkbiksFkSysfed & fiV~;wVjh & ,Mªsuy ¼,pih,½ v{k

fgIiksdSEil gkbiksFksykel fiV~;wVjh ,Mªsuy xzafFk ,pih, v{k% dsUnz esa gkbiksFksykel fiV~ohVjh ls gkjeksu ds lzko dks fu;af=r djrk gS tks ,Mªsuy XyS.M ij dk;Z djrk gSA gkjeksu lzko dk ukdkjkRed QhMcSd v{k ds fofHkUu Lrjksa ij eqgS;k djk;k x;k gSA

35




ruko ds izfr nwljk eq[; U;wjks,UMksfØu izfrfØ;k ‘kjhj vkSj efLr”d dks tksM+rs gq, lfdZV dk lfØ;kUo;u gS tks ,pih, v{k dgykrk gSA ;g gkbiksFksykel fiV~;wVjh v{k ,Mªsuy dksVZsDl vkSj fgIiksdSEIkl dks fo’ks”khÑr gkWekZsu izokfgr djus okyk CyM LVªhe gkbos ds tfj, ,d lkFk tksM+rk gSA gkbiksFksysel eq[; efLr”d {ks= gS tks gekjs cgq la[;d gkjeksuksa dks fu;af=r djrk gSA vfexnyk lfgr laonsu’khy lwpuk dk fØ;kUOk;u efLr”d ds {ks=ksa ls vkSj lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ raf=dk izfrfØ;kvksa dks fu;af=r djus okys efLr”d LVse ds {ks=ksa ls etcwr fufo”V izkIr gksrh gSA ;g lefUor gjeksu laca/kh izfrQy mRiUu djus ds fy, bUgsa la?kfVr djrk gS tks lkfdZV ds vxys Hkkx fiV~;wVjh v{k dks mŸksftr djrk gSA blds cnys esa ;g jDr esa lfMªuksdksfVZdksVªksfQu ¼,llhVh,p½ uke dk gjeksu mRlftZr djrk gS ,llhVh,p rc dksfVZlksy dk lzko djus ds fy, ,Mªsuy v{k ds Hkkx dks mŸksftr djrk gSA dksfVZlksy ,d LVsjksbM gkjeksu gS tks vxys pj.k dh ruko izfrfØ;k dks le>us dh dqath gSA ;g jDr ‘kdZjk vkSj vU; esVkcksfyd bZa/kuksa tSlk fd olk ,lhM dks c<+krk gSA ;g cgq/kk izksVhu dh gkfu djrk gS tks bZa/ku esa [kf.Mr gksrs gSa vkSj rRdky isf’k;ksa vkSj efLr”d ds fy, rqjUr pkWdysV ckj dh vko’;drk gksrh gSaA dksfVZlksy ,Mªsuy dks jDr pki c<+kus vkSj FkksM+s le; esa vkidks vPNk eglwl djus esa enn djrk gSA Ldwy dksUlVZ esa ,dy xkuk xkus dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS rks vafre pht tks vki djuk pkgrs gSa og gS] ?kcjkgV okyh phtksa ds fo”k; lksprs jgukA vki bls ;FkklaHko de Lotkx#drk ls djuk pkgrs gSa] dkfVZlksy o`f)] ikpu] tyu vkSj ;gka rd fd t[eksa dk Hkjuk can dj nsrk gs& Li”Vr% ;s phtsa csgrj ckn esa dh tk ldrh gSaA ;g ;kSusPNk Hkh can dj nsrk gSA lfdZV dk vafre dne efLr”d dk dksfVZlksy QhMcSd gSA mPpre l?kurk dk dksfVZlksy fllsIVj fgIiksdSEil esa gS] tks lh[kus vkSj Lej.k djus dh eq[; lajpuk gS ijUrq dksfVZlksy vfexnyk ij Hkh dk;Z djrk gS tks Hk; vkSj ?kcjkgV dk izfØ;kUo;u djrk gSA fuoy izHkko vfexnk dks mŸksftr djuk gS] ;g lacaf/kr lwpuk dk tkuus ds fy, vuqer djuk vkSj ;g lqfuf’pr djus ds fy, lalk/kuksa dh cokZnh vf/kd tfVy ijurq lh[kus dh vuko’;d igyqvksa esa u dh tk, fgIiksdSEil dks can djuk gSA

ruko vifjgk;Z gS] bldh vuqHkwfr ge lc djrs gSA ;g euksoSKkfud] ‘kkjhfjd ;k ¼lkekU;r%½ nksuksa gksrk gSA

nks dksfVZlkys fjlsIVlZ vkSj fldqM+rh fgIiksdSEil dk fooj.k

fgIiksdSEil dk dksfVZlksy ds fy, mPp Lrj ds nks fjlsIVj gS& ftUgsa ge fuEu ,evkj vkSj mPp th fjlsIVj dg ldrs gSaA fuEu ,evkj fjlsIVj ,pih, v{k ds jDr izokg gkbos esa dksfVZlksy ds lkekU; :i ls ifjpkfyr Lrj }kjk lfØ;kfUor gksrk gSA ;g gekjs lk/kkj.k esVkcksfyTe vkSj efLr”d izfØ;k dks vPNh rjg ls pkyw j[krk gSA rFkkfi] tSls&tSls dksfVZlksy Lrj c<+us yxrk gS fo’ks”krk lqcg esa] rc mPp thvkj fjlsIVj vf/kd izcy gksus yxrk gSA tc ge ruko esa vk tkrs gSa rc dksfVZlksy dk Lrj cgqr vf/kd gks tkrk gS] bl fjlsIVj dk lfØ;kUo;u LFkk;h gks tkrk gS vkSj rc tsusfVdy :i ls fu;af=r dk;ZØe }kjk fgIiksdSEil can dj fn;k tkrk gSA bu lcdks ,d lkFk feykus ls vkidks ?kaVh dh vkÑfr dh oØ js[kk feysxhA ;g efLr”d ds dk;Z ds fy, ruko laca/kh mRÑ”V oØ js[kk gS& FkksM+k gks rks vkids fy, vPNk gS blls FkksM+k vf/kd csgrj gS ijUrq vR;kf/kd [kjkc gSA

ruko ds fy, ?kaVs ds vkdkj dk oØA FkksM+k ruko phthsa dks csgrj cuk ldrk gS] ijarq vf/kd ls

ckr fcxM+ ldrh gSA

mnklh vkSj ruko&flLVe dh vfrlfØ;rk

jDr esa vR;kf/kd dksfVZlksy dqN Øksfud efLr”d jksxksa esa ns[kk tkrk gSA fo’ks”k :Ik ls xaHkhj mnklh esa dfVZlksy vfr mRikfnr gksrk gS vkSj gkfy; dk;Z fufnZ”V djrk gS fd bl ifjfLFkfr esa fgIiksdSEil Hkh fldqM+ tkrk gSA ,sls v/;;uksa esa ifj.kkeLo:Ik xaHkhj mnklh dks euksfpfdRld xaHkhj nh?kZof/kd ruko le>rs gSaA ;g lqfuf’pr ugha gS fd of/kZr dksfVZlksy bl chekjh dk eq[; dkj.k gS u fd ;g flQZ xaHkhj euksoSKkfud vlarqyu dk ifj.kke gS vkSj bldh lgorhZ ruko gksrk gSA rFkkfi] dksfVZlksy ds mRiknu vkSj dk;Z dks can djds jksxh dh mYys[kuh; :Ik ls lgk;rk dh tk ldrh gS fo’ks”k dj mu yksxksa esa ftuesa mnklh jks/kh vkS”k/k dke;kc ugha gksrs gSA mnklh jks/kh vkS”kf/k vfrfØ;k’khy ,pih, v{k dks lkekU; cukus esa cgq/kk lgk;rk djrk gSA ,d jk; ;g gS fd os efLr”d esa ,slk ,evkj vkSj thvkj fllsIVj dh l?kurk lek;ksftr djds djrs gSa fo’ks”kdj fgIiksdSEIl esa bl ij dk;Z djus okys U;wjks oSKkfud ruko vlarqyu ds fy, vkSj vf/kd izHkkodkjh mipkj fodflr djus vk’kk j[krs gSa tks QhM cSd fu;a=.k iz.kkyh vkSj vR;kf/kd gkjeksuy ruko izfrfØ;k de djds dk;Z djrs gSaA

ruko vkSj cq<+kik efLr”d dk cw<+k gksuk dk;Z djus esa lk/kkj.k deh ds lkFk gksrk gS fdUrq bl deh O;f”V;ksa esa vUrj gksrk gSA dqN O;fDr vk;q c<+us ds lkFk vPNh vuqHkwfr {kerk cjdjkj j[krs gSa ¼lQy cq<+kik½ tcfd vU; ,slk ugha djrs gSa ¼vlQy cq<+kik½ D;k ge blds fy, eksysD;qyj dks le> ldrs gS\ vlQy cq<+kik esa vlQy cq<+kik dh vis{kk dksfVZlksy Lrj Å¡pk gksrs gSaA bl o`f) ds dkj.k ekufld {kerk esa fxjkoV vkrh gS vkSj efLr”d ijh{k.kksa esa blds lkFk gh fgIiksdSEil ds vkdkj esa deh ns[kh tkrh gSA pwgksa vkSj pqfg;k esa fd, x, iz;ksxksa us n’kkZ;k gS fd tUe ls ruko gkjeksu Lrj fuEu j[kus ;k ek/;e vk;q ls LEkj.k nks”k dks jksdrk gS vU;Fkk ;g vmipkfjr tula[;k esa ns[kk tkrk gSA blfy, ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd ruko ds izfr vR;f/kd gkjeksu izfrfØ;k okys O;f”V vf/kd rukoiw.kZ O;fDr;ksa dk gksuk vko’;d ugha gS ijUrq os gS tks ruko ds izfr vR;f/kd izfrfØ;k djrs gSa&mu yksxksa esa vf/kd Lej.k {k; gksrk gS vkSj c<+rh mez ds lkFk vU; vuqHkwfr laca/kh nks”k ds f’kdkj gksrs gSaA ;fn ;g euq”; ds fy, Hkh lp lkfcr gks rks ge ,sls izHkko ds Hkkj dks de djus esa leFkZ gks ldrs gSa ‘kk;n ruko jks/kh vkS”k/k dk nksgu djds tks ,pih, ruko flLVe dks fu;af=r djrk gSA ruko vk/kqfud thou dh eq[; fo’ks”krk gS& vkSj blds fo”k; vkSj vf/kd dgk tk ldrk gSA ijUrq bldk o.kZu djus ds fy, gesa izfrj{k.k flLVe ykuk gSA

lacaf/kr baVjusV lkbV : http://www.brainsource.com/stress_&_health.htm 36




izfrj{k.k ra= dqN o”kZ igys rd efLr”d dks izfrjf{kr vax ekuk tkrk Fkk pawfd bl ij Áfrjf{kr izfrfØ;k ;k mŸkstuk dk dksbZ izHkko ugha gksrk FkkA fu’p; gh CyM czsu cSfj;j }kjk ckgjh ?kVukvksa ls dqN gn rd izfrjf{kr gksrk gSA ;g okLro esa cSfj;j ugha gS ijUrq efLr”d jDr oslsYl esa fof’k”VhÑr ,aMksFksfy,y lsYl gS tks cM+s eksysD;qYl ds izokg ds fy, ;k jDr ls izfrj{k.k lsyksa ds efLr”d esa izokg esa vis{kkÑr ck/kd gksrs gSaA rFkkfi efLr”d ds izfr ;k lkSHkkX; dk n`f”Vdks.k ukVdh; :Ik ls fiNys n’kdksa esa cny x;k gS pwafd efLr”d izfrj{k.k flLVe laca/kh vuqla/kku dk ifj.kke ijLij fØ;k djrk gSA U;wjksMªE;wuksykWth vc vuqla/kku dk lfØ; {ks= cu x;k gSA

‘kjhj j{kk

izfrj{k.k ra= cqjs vkØe.kdkfj;ksa ds fo:) gekjh izFke j{kk gSA ;s vkØe.kdkjh okbjl] cSDVhfj;k vkSj [kehj tks lkekU; vkSj dksey gksrs gSa tSlk fd tqdke tks vke rkSj ij lHkh tkurs gSa vkSj thou ds fy, [krjukd mnkgj.kkFkZ ,pvkbZoh] esfuatkbfVl ;k V~;wcjDyksfllA gekjh j{kk dbZ rjg ls dk;Z djrs gSA igys igy LFkkuh; :Ik ls fV’;w ds Hkhrj tks laØfer] ?kk;y ;k mŸksftr gksrs gSa ftuds dkj.k lwtu] nnZ] jDr izokg esa ifjorZu vkSj LFkkuh; Toyu’khy v.kq dk mRltZu gksrk gSA vf/kd lkekU; :Ik ls izfrj{kkRed

ACTH

iz.kkyh dk lfØ;u mŸksftr lsy tks C;wdksflV~l vkSj ekbØksQsxl dgykrs gSa vkSj ,D;wV Qsl izksVhu tks vkØe.k LFky ij tkrs gSa] rkfd os vkØe.kdkjh nq’eu dks igpku ldsa] ekj ldsa vkSj mUgsa gVk ldsaA blds vfrfjDr ,D;wV pj.k dh izfrfØ;k tks y{k.k mRiUu djrs gSa ftldk ge lcus vuqHko fd;k gS ¼cq[kkj nnZ] funzk] Hkw[k u yxuk] v#fp gksuk½ buesa ls izR;sd izfrfØ;k laØe.k ls yM+us] ÅtkZ lajf{kr djus vkSj ejEer esa lgk;rk djus esa lgk;rk nsrh gSa ijUrq tc vR;kf/kd lfØ; fd, tkrs gSa vf/kd le; ds fy, os gkfudkjd gks ldrs gSaA vr% mudks lko/kkuh iwoZd fu;af=r djus dh vko’;drk gSA efLr”d vkSj j{kk izfrfØ;k,a

efLr”d ds ckjs esa ;g n`f”Vdks.k fd ;g lajf{kr vax gS] vc og cny x;k gS vkSj bE;wu flLVe ds lkFk blds laca/k dh ,d vyx ifjdYiuk dh xbZ gSA ;g blfy, gqvk D;ksafd ;g vc tku fy;k x;k gS fd efLr”d bE;wu dh jpuk n’kkZrk gS vkSj mŸkstd izfr fØ;k n’kkZrk gS] vkSj okLro esa ;g bE;wu flLVe ls izkIr ladsr ds izfr vkSj {kfrxzLr fV’;w ls izkIr ladsrksa ds izfr izfrfØ;k dj ldrk gS vkSj djrk gSA iqjkus fopkj esa myVQsj gqvk gSA iz;ksxksa ls irk pyk gS fd efLr”d LFkkuh; bE¸;wu flLVe dk egRoiw.kZ fu;a=d vkSj cgqr vf/kd Qsl izfrfØ;k dk fu;a=d gSA jksxksa ds izfr cgqr lh izfrfØ;k,a tSlkfd cq[kkj ¼’kjhj dk rkieku½] funzk vkSj Hkw[k dk fu;a=.k eq[;r% gkbiksFksysel }kjk gksrk gSA

ruko] lkekftd dkjd

efLr”d {kfrxzLr ;k laØfer fV’;wvksa ls ladsr izkIr djrk gS os ewyr% U;wjy ¼laosnh ukM+h }kjk½ ;k gjeksuy ¼ifjpkfyr v.kq }kjk½ gks ldrs gSA U;wjy ladsr lh&Qkbcj ds ek/;e ls izrhr gksrk gS ¼tks nnZ dk Hkh lapkj djrk gS&v/;k; 5 ns[ksa½ vkSj fyoj ls osxl ukM+h ds ek/;e ls &tks vR;kf/kd Qsl izksVhu ds mRiknu ds fy, eq[; LFky gSA efLr”d esa eq[; ifjpkyu ladsrksa dh izÑfr dks iwjh rjg ugha le>k tk ldrk gS ijUrq muesa izksLVkXyS.Mhu ¼ftUgsa ,Lizhu ls jksdk tkrk gS½ vkSj dEyhesaV izksVhu ¼izksVhu dk ckWDl gS tks vkØed lsyksa dks ekjus ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSa½ ijUrq ‘kk;n vfr egRoiw.kZ ladsr gSa izksVhuksa dk lewg tks fiNys 20 o”kksZa eas izdk’k esa vk, ftUgsa lkbVksdkbUl ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA

efLr”d

gkbiksFksysel

lhvkjihg~;weksjy vkSj U;wjy vQjsav

,lhVh,p

j{kk eksysD;qy ds :Ik esa lkbVksdkbUl lkbVksdkbUl ‘kjhj ds izfrdkjd gSaA vc 100 ls Hkh vf/kd gSa vkSj lc le; vkSj vf/kd dh [kkst dh tk jgh gSA ;s izksVhu lk/kkj.kr% fuEu Lrjksa ij ‘kjhj esa mRiUu fd, tkrs gSa ijUrq os jksxksa ;k pksV ds izR;qŸkj esa rsth ls lfØ; fd, tkrs gSaA muesa baVjQsjksu] baVjY;qfdUl] V~;wej esØksfll QSDVj vkSj dsseksdkbUl ‘kkfey gSA buesa ls cgqrksa dh mRiknu {kfrxzLr fV’;wvksa ds Hkhrj LFkkuh; :I ls fd;k tkrk gS vkSj fudV ds lsyksa ij fØ;k djrk gS ijUrq dqN jDr izokg esa izos’k djrs gSa tgka os efLr”d lfgr nwjLFk vaxksa dks ladsr Hkstrs gSaA lkbVksdkbUl gh vf/kdka’k jksxksa vkSj laØe.k ds izfr izfrfØ;k djrk gSA

efLr”d vkSj bE;wu flLVe ds leUo; ds fy, vusd efLr”d Á.kkfy;ka gSa

37

flisFksfVd rf=dk r= fiV~;wVjh

laØe.k

pksV

ÁToyu

,fMªuy

XywdksdkWfVZdkWbM LFkkuh; bQjsaV

bE;wu vkSj izfrj{kk ra=




lkbVksdkbUl ds mRiknu ds fy, mŸkstdksa esa cSDVhfj;y ;k okbjy mRiknu] lsyksa dks {kfr ;k lsy dh mŸkjthfork ds fy, [krjk tSlkfd VkWDlhu ;k fuEu Lrj dk vkWDlhtuA lkbVksdkbUl mRiknu dk nwljk egRoiw.kZ lapkyd gS efLr”d tks U;wjy ladsr fV’;wvksa dks nsus tfj, ¼eq[;r% lgkuqHkwfr laosnh ra= ds }kjk½ ;k gkekZsu ¼tSlk fd ,Mªsuy XyS.M½ ls dksfVZlksy] lkbVksdkbUl dks lfØ; ;k fuf”Ø; dj ldrs gSA

lkbVksdkbUl cgqr ls dk;Z djus okys izksVhu v.kq gSa fo’ks”k :Ik ls bE;wu ra= ijA vf/kdka’k bE;wu ra= dks mŸksftr djrs gSa vkSj mŸkstuk dk eq[; la?kVu tSlkfd lwtu] jDr izokg esa LFkkuh; ifjorZu] vkSj mŸkstd v.kq ds nwljs izokg dk lzkoA os yxHkx lHkh fQft;ksykWftdy ra=ksa esa dk;Z djrs gSa ftlesa ;Ñr ‘kkfey gS tgka os vR;kf/kd Qsl izksVhu dks mŸksftr djrs gSA rFkkfi] ;|fi lkbVksdkbUl vusd dk;ksZa esa Hkkx ysrk gS muesa Hkh egRoiw.kZ fHkUurk gksrh gSA dqN mŸkstuk jks/kh gSa vkSj iwoZ mŸkstuk izfØ;k dk fu”ks/k djrs gSa vf/kdka’kr% fudV ds lsyksa ij LFkkuh; :i ls dk;Z djrs gSa tgka os mRiUu fd, tkrs gSa tcfd vU; ifjpkyu esa fueqZDr gksrs gSa tSlk fd gjeksuA

ruko vkSj bE;wu flLVe

ge lcus lquk gS fd ruko vkSj ?kcjkgV gekjh Áfrj{kk dks de dj ldrs gSa vkSj gesa jksxh cuk ldrs gSaA ge vc u dsoy ;g tkuus yxs gSa fd ,pih, v{k dks lfØ; djds ruko dSls izR;{k :Ik esa efLr”d dks izHkkfor dj ldrk gS ¼ftldk o.kZu fiNys v/;k; esa fd;k tk pqdk gS½] ijUrq dSls ;g bE;wu ra= dks Hkh izHkkfor dj ldrk gS] blesa dksbZ vk’p;Z ugha fd ;g vizR;{k ekxZ ds }kjk djrk gS og Hkh efLr”d ds tfj,A ruko bE;wu ra= dks izHkkfor dj ldrk gS vkSj jksxksa dh laHkkouk c<+rh gS] ijUrq ;g ruko ds izdkj ij fuHkZj gksrk gS vkSj bl ij ge dSls izfrfØ;k djrs gSa] ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA dqN yksx Li”V :i esa lQy gksrs gSaA ;g ruko dk izdkj gS ftlds lkFk ge lek;kstu ugha dj ldrs gSa]

tks gekjh j{kk izfrfØ;kvksa dks cf/kr dj ldrk gS tSlk fd vf/kd dke dk Hkkj eq[; vkinkA ruko vkSj bE;wu ra= ds chp laca/k ds fy, mŸkjnk;h lVhd ra= dk iwjh rjg irk ugha yxk;k x;k gSA ijUrq ge tkurs gSa fd eq[; fo’ks”krk gS gkbiksFksysfed &fiV~;wVjh ,Mªsuy v{k dks lfØ; djuk gSA efLr”d esa ruko ds izfr ,d eq[; izfrfØ;k gkbiksFksysel esa izksVhu mRiknu dk c<+ tkuk gS tks dksfVZdskVªksfQu fjyhftax QSDVj ¼lhvkj,Q½ dgykrk gSA lhvkj,Q ,d vU; gjeksu ,MªsuksdksVªksfQu fjyhftax QSDVj ¼,lhVh,p½ fueqZDr djus ds fy, gkbiksFksysel ls fiV~;wVjh v{k rd FkksM+h nwj dh ;k=k djrk gSA ;g gkjeksu ,Mªsuy v{k esa ifjpkyu ds ekQZr LVsjksbM gkekZsu fueqZDr djus ds fy, ¼ekuo esa dksfVZlksy½ ;k=k djrk gS tks bE;wu dk;ksZa vkSj mŸkstukvksa dks nckus okys vR;f/kd l{keksa esa gSA ijUrq fdLlk blls dgha vf/kd tfVy izrhr gksrk gS pwafd vU; gkekZsuy vkSj U;wjksuy rRo gSa vkSj ge ;g Hkh tkurs gSa fd gYds ruko ds dqN :i gekjs bE;wu dk;ksZa dks lfØ; :Ik ls lq/kkj ldrs gSa

efLr”d ds Hkhrj bE;wu vkSj mŸkstd izfrfØ;k,a

gkfy;k vuqla/kkuksa us n’kkZ;k gS fd cgqr ls j{kk eksysD;qy tSlkfd lkbVksdkbUl Hkh efLr”d ds jksxksa esa lfØ; ;ksxnku djrs gSa tSlk fd cgqy Ldsysjksfll] nkSjk vkSj ,Yt+helZA ,slk yxrk gS fd efLr”d ds Hkhrj gh ,sls eksysD;qy dk vR;kf/kd mRiknu raf=dkvksa uqdlku igq¡pk ldrk gS fo’ks”kdj dqN [kkl lkbVksdkbUl efLr”d laca/kh jksxksa ds fy, fofHkUu izdkj dh mipkj j.kuhfr;ksa dk fodkj bE;wu vkSj mŸksTkd eksysD;qy dks jksdus ds fopkj ls fd;k tk jgk gSA blfy, U;wjks bE;wuksykWth&tks U;wjks foKku ds {ks= esa u;k vkxarqd gS og cM+s efLr”d jksxksa dk vkSj laHkkfor mipkj dk [kqyklk dj ldrk gSA

38 lacaf/kr baVjusV lkbV : http://science.howstuffworks.com/immune-system.htm




funzk

Z Z Z z izR;sd jkf= ge vius ‘k;ud{k esa tkrs gS] fcLrj ij p<+rs gSa rFkk funzk dh vpsr voLFkk esa pys tkrs gSaA ge esa ls vf/kdka’k yksx yxHkx 8 ?kaVs rd lksrs gSa ftldk vFkZ gS fd ge vius thou dk yxHkx ,d frgkbZ fgLlk vpsrkoLFkk esa fcrkrs gSa ftlds dqN Hkkx esa ge LoIukoLFkk esa jgrs gSaA ;fn vki vU; xfrfof/k;ksa tSls nsj jkf= rd ikfVZ;ksa esa ‘kkfey jgus vFkok ijh{kkvksa ds fy, ;kn djus gsrq v/kZjkf= rd i<+us ds fy, bl cgqewY; le; dk iz;ksx djus gsrq funzk dk ifjgkj djus dk iz;kl djrs gSa rks vki dk ‘kjhj rFkk fnekx ‘kh?kz gh vkidks lpsr djsxk fd vkidks ,slk ugha djuk pkfg,A ge funzk dks dqN le; ds fy, Vky ldrs gSa fdUrq dHkh Hkh vf/kd le; ds fy, ugha funzk@tkx`rkoLFkk pØ ‘kjhj rFkk fnekx ¼efLr”d½ dh vusd y;c) xfrfof/k;ksa esa ls ,d gS] os D;ksa fo|eku gSa] buesa efLr”d ds dkSu ls Hkkx ‘kkfey gSa rFkk os fdl izdkj dk;Z djrs gSaA

thou y?kq ¼lkeatL;½ funzk tkxj.k pØ ,d vartkZr lkeatL; gS tks thou ds vkjfEHkd o”kksZa esa Øfed :i ls fnok&jkf= pØ esa vkc) gks tkrk gSA bls gh ldkZfM;u lkeatL; dgk tkrk gS& bls ,slk blfy, dgk tkrk gS D;ksa fd ^ldkZ* yxHkx ds fy, rFkk ^Mkbt+* fnu ds fy, iz;qDr fd;k tkus okyk ySfVu ‘kCn gSA ;g thoui;UZr egRoiw.kZ gS% cPps ¼f’k’kq½ fnu vkSj jkr nksuksa ds nkSjku y?kq vof/k;ksa ds fy, lksrs gSa( NksVs cPps vDlj e/;kgu Hkkstu ds i’pkr >idh ysrs gSa tcfd o;Ld lkekU;r% dsoy ‘kr dks lksrs gSaA funzk vki ds fy, vPNh ¼lsgr ean½ gS& foalVu pfpZy] tks nwljs fo’o;q) ds nkSjku iz/kkuea=h Fks] yxHkx ikap feuV dh dbZ ckj eaf=eaMy cSBdksa ds nkSjku vYikof/k >ifd;ksa ds i{kdkj FksA

fnok&jkf= pØ esa funzk rFkk tkx`rkoLFkk dh lkekU; iSVuZ vkc)rk n`f”Vd O;R;kfldk ds ,dne Åij fgiksFkSYel esa dksf’kdkvksa ds y?kq lewg }kjk va’kr% fu;af=r gSa ftls lqijkdkb,TesfVd U;wfDy;l dgk tkrk gSA U;wjksu] ftu esa viuk lapkyu bdV~Bs ledkfyd cukus ds fy, vius nzqek’eksa ds chp vusd varxzZFkuksa dh vlkekU;rk gS] efLr”d dh tSfod ?kM+h dk Hkkx gSaA ekuoksa esa ;g ?kM+h fnu ls dsoy dqN /kheh nj ij pyrh jgrh gS fdUrq vk¡[k ls fufof”V;ksa }kjk lkekU;r% ;g irk pyrk jgrk gS fd ;g fnu dk le; gS vFkok jkf= dk ge ;g tkurs gSa D;ksafd nh?kkZof/k;ksa ds fy, lHkh izdkj ds ladsrksa ls nwj xgjh xqQkvksa esa jgdj funzk iz;ksx esa Hkkx ysus okys yksx xfrfof/k ds ,sls iSVuZ viukrs gS ftlesa yxHkx 25 ?kaVs dk LoPNsn funzk&tkxj.k pØ gksrk gSA

funzk dh voLFkk,a ¼pj.k½

funzk fcydqy vfØ; izfØ;k ugha gS tSlh og yxrh gSA ;fn fdlh O;fDr dks funzk iz;ksx’kkyk esa ¼ftlesa fcLrj gSa u fd caSp½ mlds rkyw esa bySDVªkMksa ls rkjc) dj fn;k tkrk gS rks efLr”d dk bysDVªks,ulsQsyksxzke ¼bZbZth½ vusd lqLi”V pj.kksa ls xqjtrk gSA tkx`r gksus ij] gekjs efLr”d fuEu&vk;keh oS|qr xfrfof/k n’kkZrs gSaA tc ge lks tkrs gSa rks bZbZth igys rks leery gks tkrs gSa fdUrq fQj Øfed :i ls buds vk;ke esa o`f) gksrh gS rFkk izkf;drk esa dHkh vkrh tkrh gS tSls&tSls ge funzk dh lqLi”V voLFkkvksa dh J`a[kyk ls xqtjrs gSaA bu voLFkkvksa dks /kheh ygj funzk ¼,lMCY;w,l½ dgk tkrk gSA oS|qr xfrfof/k esa bu ifjorZuksa ds dkj.k vHkh rd iw.kZr;k le>s ugha tk lds gSaA rFkkfi] ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd tSls&tSls efLr”d esa U;wjkWu viuh lkekU; fufof”V;ksa ds izfr vuuqfØ;kRed gks tkrs gSa] os Øfed :i ,d nwljs ds lkFk lgpkfyr gks tkrs gSa] tc dadkyh ekalis’kh lapyu dks fu;af=r djus okys U;wjkWu lfØ; :i ls vo:) gks tkrs gS rks vkidh ekalis’kh xfrfof/k lekIr gks tkrh gS fdUrq lkSHkkX;o’k ‘olu iz.kkyh rFkk g`n; dh /kM+du dks fu;af=r djus okys U;wjkWu lkekU; :i ls dk; djrs jgrs gSaA

jkr Hkj ge funzk dh bu fofHkUu voLFkkvksa ls xqtjrs jgrs gSaA muesa ls ,d voLFkk esa bZbZth] iqu% tkxzrkoLFkk dh Hkkafr gks tkrs gSa rFkk gekjh vka[ks gekjh can iydksa ds chp vkxs ihNs gksrh jgrh gSaA ;g funzk dh dfFkr rhoz v{kq lapyu ¼vkjbZ,e½ voLFkk gS tc gekjs }kjk Loiu ysus ds vf/kd laHkkouk gksrh gSA ;fn yksxksa dks vkjbZ,e funzkoLFkk esa mBk;k tkrk gS rks os yxHkx lnSo LoIu ysus dh lwpuk nsrs gSa& ;gk¡ rd fd os yksx Hkh tks vk;ru ;g nkok djrs gS gSa fd mUgsa dHkh LoIu ugha vkrs ¼vius ifjokj ds fdlh lnL; ij iz;ksx ds :i esa bldk iz;kl djsa½A oLrqr%] geesa ls vf/kdka’k izR;sd jkr yxHkx 4 ls 6 ckj y?kq vof/k;ksa ds fy, vkbZ,e funzkeXu gks tkrs gSaA f’k’kq dqN vf/kd vkjbZ,e funzk ysrs gSa rFkk i’kq Hkh vkjbZ,e funzkeXu gksrs gSaA

tkxr

vkjbZ,e

voLFkk 1

voLFkk 2

voLFkk 3

voLFkk 4

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

funzk ?kaVs

,d jkf= esa 8 ?kaVksa dh lkekU; funzk esa fofHkUu funzkoLFkk iSVuZ ‘kkfey gksrs gS ftuesa izR;sd jkr yxHkx 4 ckj vkjbZ,e funzk dh y?kq vof/k;ka ¼yky {ks=½ vkrh gSA

funzk oapu

fnok izdk’k esa lfØ; ,llh,u jkf= esa lqIrkoLFkk esa ,llh,u dqN o”kZ igys] ,d vejhdh ;qok] ftldk uke jSaMh xkbZuj Fkk] us vc

rd ntZ u dh xbZ nh?kZre vof/k ds fy, uhan ds fcuk jg dj fxUuh cqu vkWQ fjdkWMZ esa LFkku cukus dk iz;kl djus rFkk mlesa lQy gksus dk ladYiu fd;kA mldh vkadka{kk 264 ?kaVksa rd fcuk lks, jgus dh Fkh rFkk mlus ,slk dj fn[kk;kA

lqij fdvk,t+esfVd U;wfDy;l efLr”d dh viuh O;fDrxr ?kM+h gSA

39




;g vejhdh ukS lsuk esa fpfdRlksa }kjk Ik;Zosf{kr ,d lko/kkuhiowZd fu;af=r iz;ksx Fkk& fdUrq ,slk iz;ksx ugha Fkk ftls nksgjkus dh ge vkidks vuq’kalk djsaA vk’p;Ztud :i ls og vR;ar vPNh izdkj mŸkjthoh jgkA ftu eq[; dfBukb;ksa dk mlus lkeuk fd;k ¼funzkyq eglwl djus ds vykok½] os Fkha cksyus esa dfBukbZ] ladsUnz.k djus esa vleFkZrk] Lej.k’kfDr gkfu rFkk Hkzkafrtud fnokLoIuA fdUrq mldk ‘kjhj mRÑ”V HkkSfrd fLFkfr esa jgk rFkk og dHkh Hkh euksfof{kIr ugha gqvk vFkok okLrfodrk ls mldk lEidZ ugha VwVkA iz;ksx iwjk djus ds i'pkr] mlus y?kq O;frØe n’kkZ;k] igyh jkr og yxHkx iUnzg ?kaVs lks;k rFkk vuqorhZ jkrksa dks y?kq vfrfjDr vof/k;ksa ds fy, lks;kA bl rFkk vusd vU; le:i iz;ksxksa ds funzk vuqla/kkudrkZvksa dks fo’oLr dj fn;k gS fd funzk ls oLrqr% ykHkkfUor gksus okyk izeq[kr% efLr”d gS rFkk ‘kjhj ugha gSA lko/kkuhiwoZd fu;af=r i'kq iz;ksxksa lfgr vU; v/;;uksa ls Hkh blh izdkj ds fu”d”kZ fudkys x, gSaA

ge D;ksa lksrs gSa\

raf=dk foKku esa vusd eqÌs vHkh igsyh gh cus gq, gSa rFkk funzk muesa ls ,d gSA dqN yksxksa us rdZ fn;k gS fd funzk ek= i'kqvksa dks vpy j[kus rFkk bl izdkj [krjs ls ckgj j[kus dk ,d lqfo/kktud mik; gSA fdUrq blds lkFk blls Hkh dgha vf/kd dqN lacaf/kr gSA funzk oapu iz;ksx gesa ;g lkspus dk foo’k djrs gSa fd vkjbZ,e funzk rFkk ,lMCY;w,l ds dqN pj.k efLr”d dks izÑfrLFk gksus esa leFkZ cukrs gSaA jkf= ds izFke 4 ?kaVksa ds nkSjku gesa bl izdkj dh funzk vkrh gSA laHkor%] ;g efLr”d dks iqu%O;ofLFkr gksus esa lgk;rk djrh gS rFkk ;g vko’;d dk;Z djus dk ,d vPNk dk;Z gS ‘kq”d xksnh esa uko ds lkFk lkn`’;rk djuk tc efLr”d laosnh lwpuk dks izfØ;kfUor ugha dj jgk gS vFkok lrdZ ,oa ,dkxz ugha gksrk vFkok mls gekjh fØ;k,a fu;af=r ugha djuh iM+rh] vuqla/kku ;g Hkh lq>krk gS fd funzk og le; gS tc ge mls lesfdr djrs gS tks geus fiNys fnu lh[kk gS& Lej.k ‘kfDr dh ;g ,d vfuok;Z izfØ;k gSA

lkeatL; ¼y;½ dSls dk;Z djrs gSa\

fofHkUu funzk voLFkkvksa ds chp laØe.kksa ds nkSjku fofHkUu efLr”d {ks=ksa esa U;wjksuksa dh xfrfof/k dks vfHkys[kc) djds y;c) xfrfof/k;ksa ;Fkk funzk ds raf=dk foKkuh izØeksa ds ckjs esa dkQh dqN irk yxk;k x;k gSA buls ,d efLr”d&Lda/k lfØ;.k iz.kkyh dk izdju gqvk gSSSSSA ftlesa ,d izdkj dh vkf.od J`a[kyk izfrfØ;k esa ,Mksuksflu uked U;wjks ekM~;wysVªjh

VªkalehVj lfgr fofHkUu U;wjks ekM~;wysVjh VªkalehVj varxzLr gSaA lgpkyu izØe usVodksZa dks ,d funzk voLFkk ls nwljh voLFkk esa tkus esa lgk;rk djrs gSaa

raf=dk vkuqokaf’kdh ¼U;wjkstsusfVDl½ ls dkQh izxfr gkfly dh xbZ gSA fofHkUu thuksa dks vfHkfpUgkafdr fd;k x;k gS tks ?kM+h dh dkWx ghyksa ¼nar&pØksa½ rFkk fudklksa dh Hkkafr y;c) xfrfu;kedksa ds vkf.od la?kVd gSaA blesa ls vf/kdka’k dk;Z MªkslksfQyk ¼Qy eD[kh½ esa fd;k x;k gS tgka ;g ik;k x;k gS fd nks thu ij ,oa fVe izksVhu mRikfnr djrs gSa tks vius Loa; ds la’ys”k.k dks fofu;fer djus ds fy, var% fØ;k djrs gSaA ,evkj,u, rFkk izksVhu la’ys”k.k fnu esa tYnh gh ‘kq: gks tkrs gSa] izksVhu lafpr gksrs gS] ,d nwljs ds lkFk tqM+ tkrs gSa rFkk ;g lac/ku rc viuk la’ys”k.k jksd nsrk gSA fnokizdk’k izksVhuksa dks voØfer djus esa lgk;rk djrk gS ftudk Lrj varr% ,sls fcanq rd fxj tkrk gS tgka ij rFkk fVe izksVhu cukus okys thu iqu% dke djuk vkjEHk dj nsrs gSaA ;g pØ pyrk jgrk gS rFkk rc Hkh tkjh jgsxk ;fn U;wjksuksa dks ,d jdkch esa thfor j[kk tkrk gSA gekjh rjg ds Lru/kkfj;ksa esa ?kM+h efD[k;ksa dh Hkkafr gh vn~Hkqr :Ik ls le:i rjhds ls izpkyu djrh gSA pwafd ldkZfM;u y; fodklkRed vFkZ esa dkQh iqjkru gSa] blesa laHkor% dksbZ vk’p;Z ugha gS fd ,d gh fdLe ds v.kq ,sls fHkUu thoksa esa ?kM+h dks lapkfyr djrs gSaA

vuqla/kku ekspZ

izdk’k va/ksjk izdk’k va/ksjk

10

20

30

40

izdk’k va/ksjk izdk’k va/ksjk

fnu

lkekU; pwgs ^^tSV ySx** n’kkZrs gSA mRifjorhZ pwgs rRdky ^^?kM+h varj.k** djrs gSaA

pwgs tks tsV ySx ugha n’kkZrs

ldkZfM;u y; ds vkf.od izØeksa ds csgrj vocks/ku dk iz;kl djus ds fy,]] raf=dk foKkfu;ksa us vkuqokaf’kd :I ls ,sls pwgs rS;kj fd, gS ftuesa lqijkfdvk,t esa fVd U;wfDyDl esa vfHkO;Dr thu **fudky fn, tkrs gSa** ;s ohvkbZohvkj 2 pwgsa vPNh izdkj thfor jgrs gSa rFkk lkekU; pwgksa dh Hkkafr gh jkr rFkk fnu ds chp xfrfof/k iSVuksa esa ifjoZru n’kkZrs gSa Åij iSVuZ ds dkys fcanq n’kkZrs gSa fd pwgs dc lfØ; gksrs gS & jkf= esa xfrfof/k dk ,d nSfud y; ¼xzs {ks=½ rFkkfi] og le;} tc ykbVsa can dk nh tkrh gSa] vdLekr 8 ?kaVs vkxs c<`k fn;k tkrk gS ¼yxHkx 25 osa fnu½ rks lkekU; pwgs vius xfrfof/k iSVuksa dks varfjr djus esa dqN fnu yxkdj ^^tSV ySx** n’kkZrs gSaA ukWd vkÅV ¼thu fudkys x,½ pwgsa rRdky varj.k dj ysrs gSaA bl izdkj ds v/;;u ges mu vkf.od izØeksa ds ckjs esa lh[kus esa lgk;rk djrs gS ftuds }kjk izdk’k ldkZfM;u xfrfu/kkZjd thuksa dks izf’kf{kr djrk gSA

lacaf/kr baVjusV lkbV: http://www.hhmi.org/lectures/2000/

40 http://www.cbt.virginia.edu, http://science.howstuffworks.com/sleep.htm




efLr”d Nfodj.k diky oSKkfudksa us lkspk fd os [kksiM+h dh lrg ij xqeVs dk ijh{k.k djds efLr”d dks le> ldsaxsA ;fn ;g vc vLokHkkfod gS] mudh [kksiM+h ds ckgj ls bls ns[kdj efLr”d dks le>us dh egRokdka{kk ;qxksa ls cgqrksa dks vkdf”kZr fd;k gSA vc ge okLro esa vk/kqfud efLr”d Nfodj.k rduhdh ds tfj, ,slk dj ldrs gSaA vk/kqfud LdSuj efLr”d esa jDr izokg vkSj ÅtkZ esVkcksfyTe dh U;wjksuy ,oa Qkbcj ekxZ <kaps dh vkSj tc ge vyx&vyx phtsa djrs gSa rc gksus okys raf=dh; dk;Zdykiksa esa gksus okys ifjorZrjksa dh vk’p;Ztud Nfo iznku djus ds fy, fofHkUu lk/kuksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA

vk/kqfud rduhfd;ksa dh lgt fot;

<kaps dk dk;Z laca/k LFkkfir djus ds iz;kl esa U;wjksykWftLV vkSj U;wjkslkbdksykWftLV }kjk cgqr vf/kd lh[kk x;k tks iksLVekVZe esaa fnekx dh fdlh ,MhVht ;k O;ogkj dks efLr”d lajpuk dh eki ds lkFk lacaf/kr djrs gSaA bl rjg ls efLr”d dk okDl {ks= dh czksdk }kjk igpku dh xbZA bl rjhds dh vusd lQyrk,a Hkh fdUrq bldh Hkh lhek,a gSaA dksbZ Hkh ljy :i ls ;g ugha eku ldrk fd efLr”d ds {ks= dh {kfr ds dkj.k dk;Z dk {k; ml {ks= ds lkekU; dk;Z dks n’kkZrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, vleFkZrk gks ldrh gS pwafd og {ks= dV x;k gks ;k vU; {ks=ksa ls vyx gks x;k gS ftlds lkFk ;g lekU;r% lacaf/kr jgrk gSA ;g Hkh lEHko gS fd {kfrxzLr u gq, efLr”d {ks= dqN dk;Z dj ldrs gSa] tks lkekU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa {kfrxzLr {ks= }kjk fd, tkrs gSaA ;g IykfLVflVh ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA varr% cgqr gh de iSFkksykWftdy pksVsa lVhd dk;kZRed {ks= esa lhfer gSa vkSj tc thfor gSa rc ejht ds v/;;u vkSj ckn esa muds efLr”dksa ds fo’ys”k.k ds chp cgqr vf/kd foyEc gks ldrk gSA

<kapkxr efLr”d Nfodj.k rduhdh yxHkx 30 o”kZ igys fodflr gksuk ‘kq: fd;kA fpfdRlk ‘kjhj ‘kkfL=;ksa }kjk dk;kZRed Nfodj.k izfof/k dk gkfy;k fodkl us fo’ks”k /;ku vkdf”kZr fd;k gSA ;s gesa ‘kCn’k% [kksiM+h ds vanj ns[kus vkSj ekuo efLr”d ds Hkhrj >kadus esa leFkZ cukrk gS&pwafd ;g lksprk] lh[krk vkSj Loiu ns[krk gSA

;g dSls dk;Z djrk gS

raf=dh; dk;Zdykiksa dks ekWuhVj djus ds fy, bysDVªksfQft;ksykWftdy rduhfd;ka lfØ;kfUor U;wjkWuksa dh esEczsu {kerk esa ifjorZuksa ij vk/kkfjr gSaA efLr”d ijh{k.k rduhdh lfØ; U;wjkWu }kjk visf{kr ÅtkZ esVkcksfyTe esa ifjorZuksa dks ekWfuVfjax djds dk;Z djrs gSaA

bysDVªks jlk;u rRp tks U;wjksu ds Hkhrj vkSj ckgj ¼tks flukfIVd vkSj lfUufgr dk;Z {kerk gS½ izHkkfor vk;u izo`Ÿk djrs gSa vius dk;Z ds fy, mUgsa ÅtkZ dh vko’;drk gksrh gsA bl ÅtkZ dk lzksr Xywdkst dk vkWDlhMs’ku gSA lsjscsjy ifjpkyu ds }kjk Xywdkst vksj vkWDlhtu efLr”d esa Hksts tkrs gSaA U;wjksokLdqyj lEidZ dh otg ls lfØ;k {ks=ksa esa lsjscsjy jDr izokg esa LFkkuh; o`f) gksrh gSA ;g cgqr tYnh gksrh gSA vk/kqfud raf=dk Nfodj.k LFkkuh; lsjscsjy jDr izokg esa bu ifjorZuksa dks ekirk gS vkSj U;wjy dk;Zdyki ds lwpdkad ds :i esa mudk mi;ksx djrk gSA fodflr dh tkus okyh igyh dk;kZRed rduhdh dks iksthVªksu ,felu VksekxzkQh ¼ihbZVh½ dgk tkrk FkkA bl izfØ;k esa jsfM;ks ,fDVo VsªllZ dks ekuo ‘kjhj esa izo`Ÿk djuk ‘kkfey gSa tks tSo foKkuh laca/kh feJ.k ls tqM+s gksrs gSa ¼tSlk fd vkS”k/ktks U;wjksVªkWlfeVj fllsIVjksa½A ejht ds flj ds pkjksa vksj fMVsDVj dk fjax U;wfDy;j bZlksVksi }kjk mRlftZr xkek ds lw{e rRoksa le; vkSj mudh fLFkfr fjdkWMZ djrk gS pwafd ;s efLr”d ds vkj&ikj tkrk vkSj u”V djrk gSA ihbZVh dk mi;ksx LFkkuh; lsjsczy jDr izokg esa ifjorZuksa dk uD’kk rS;kj djus ds fy, iz;qDr gks ldrk gSA ,sls ifjeki ds ifj.kke Lo:i ekuo efLr”d ds laosnh] eksVj vkSj vuqHkwfr efLr”d dk;ksZa ds LFkku fu/kkZj.k fd;k x;kA ihbZVh ds vusdkusd nks”k gSa lcls izeq[k ;g gS fd blds fy, jsfM;ks ,fDVo Vsªlj dks izo`Ÿk djuk vko’;d gSA bldk eryc ;g gS fd cgqr ls yksx ihbZVh ijh{k.k ugha djk ldrs gSa] tSlkfd cPps vkSj cPpk tuus dh vk;q dh efgyk,a vkSj vla[; mik; dks ijh{k.k ds nkSjku fd, tkrs gSa] os lhfer gSaA

,d vyx rduhdh ftls eSXusfVd fjlkssusUl besftax dgk tkrk gS] dk fodkl fd;k x;k tks vki&ikj tkus okyk ugha gS vkSj jsfM;ks ,fDVo

ck,a % ÁFke czsu Ldsuj ds fodkl ds fy, ^chVYl* ds fjdkWMZ dh fcØh ls gq, ykHk ls bZ,evkkbZ us lgk;rk nhA buls vkSj ckn esa fodflr gqbZ e’khuksa ls raf=dkfoKkfu;ksa dks efLr”d ds ckjs esa ,d u, rjhds ls

ns[kus esa enn feyhA nk,a % ,d vk/kqfud ,evkjvkbZ LdsujA blesa jksxh dks ,d est+ ij fyVkdj pqEcdksa ds ,d NYys ds chp Hkstk tkrk gS ftlesa 30 feuV ls ysdj ,d ?kaVs rd dk le; yx ldrk gSA

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rRo dh blds fy, vko’;drk ugha gksrh gSA blls fdlh Hkh vk;q ds yksxksa dk ijh{k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,evkbZvkbZ dk mi;ksx vfr lw{ere efLr”d <kapk dh Nfo Ánku djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ,d gkfy;k fodkl tks fM¶;wtu VsUlj besftax ¼MhVhvkbZ½ dgykrk gS] Qkbcj dh lQsn lkexzh dh C;kSjsokj Nfo laHko cukrk gS tks efLr”d {ks= ls tksM+rk gSA

efLr”d dh jDr uyh dk fp=A blesa jDr Áokg vkSj U;wjy xfrfof/k dk irk ykxk;k tk ldrk gSa

dEI;wVj ÁkS|ksfxdh ds lkFk] ihbZVh vkSj ,evkjvkbZ Ldsuj }kjk feys fp= efLr”d ds vanj gksus okys jDr cgko dk Bhd&Bhd irk yxk;k tk ldrk gSA

,evkjvkbZ ÁkS|ksfxdh dh lcls vf/kd mRlkgtud vuqÁ;ksx tks efLr”d ds dk;kZas ds fo”k; esa n’kkZrk gSa % ;g QUD’kuy eSXusfVd fjlksusUl besftax ¼,Q,evkjvkbZ½ dgk tkrk gSA ;g rduhdh jDr esa vkWDlhgheksXyksfcu vkSj fMvkWDlhtsusfVM gheksXyksfcu dh eSXusfVd rRoksa esa fHkUurk ij vk/kkfjr gS ¼blfy, ,Q,evkjvkbZ esa ladsr&CyM vkWDlhtsu’ku&yscy&fMisUMsUV flXuy&chvks,yMh dgk tkrk gS½A pwafd of/kZr U;wjkWuy dk;Zdyki vk;u dh xfr c<+krs gSa tks vk;u iEi dh vko’;drk okyh ÅtkZ dks lfØ; djrk gSA ÅtkZ esVkcksfyTe vkSj vkWDlhtu dh [kir esa o`f) gksrh gSA blls fMvkWDlhtsusfVM gheksXyksfcu esa o`f) vkSj eSXusfVd ladsr esa deh gksrh gSA rFkkfi] vkWDlhtu dh [kir esa o`f) ds ,d lsds.M ds Hkhrj gh LFkkuh; lsjsczy jDr Áokg esa o`f) gksrh gSA lsjsczy jDr Áokg esa o`f) vkWDlhtu dh [kir esa o`f) ls vf/kd ls vf/kd gksrh gS( blfy, vkWDlhgheksXyksfcu vkSj ladsr ds vkdkj esa lkis{k o`f) gksrh gSA of/kZr lsjsczy jDr Áokg dk lVhd ra= vHkh rd vLi”V gS] ijUrq U;wjksVªkalfeVj lacaf/kr ladsrhdj.k vc mŸkjnk;h le>k tkrk gSA

bldk mi;ksx

vki la[;kvksa dks vPNh rjg ?kVk ldrs gSaA ijUrq D;k vkius dHkh efLr”d dks ?kVkus dh ps”Vk dh gS \ blesa dksbZ vk’p;Z ugha fd yM+dk fojks/kkHkkl esa gS ¼dkVZwu½A 2 ;k 3 vk;keksa esa efLr”d dh Nfo dks ?kVkuk MkVk fo’ys”kdksa ds fy, dfBu gks tkrk gSA vf/kdka’k ,Q,evkjvkbZ v/;;uksa esa tc yksx lko/kkuh iwoZd fu;af=r dk;Z esa dk;Zjr jgrs gSa rc chvks,yMh ladsr dk ifjekiu ‘kkfey gSaA ijh{k.k ds nkSjku] ejht pqEcd ds cksj ds vanj ysV tkrk gS] vkSj laosnh ds Áfr muds O;ogkfjd ÁfrfØ;kvksa dks ekWuhVj fd;k tkrk gSA cgqr vf/kd laosnh ÁLrqr fd, tkrs gSa ;k rks n`’; gksrs gSa] ftUgsa inZs ij ejht ds ns[kus ds fy, Á{ksfir fd, tkrs gS ;k JO; {ks= esa gsMQksu ds }kjk miyC/k djk;k tkrk gSA

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xqIr n`’; tSlkfd vuqHkwfr lh[kus] Lej.k djus ;k ;kstuk cukus ds n`’;ksa dk Hkh ijh{k.k djuk laHko gSA cgq/kk ,d ds ckn nwljs dks djus ds fy, nks cgqr gh ,d leku dk;ksZa dh :ijs[kk rS;kj dh tkrh gSA blds ihNs ;g vk’k; gS fd ÁFke dk;Z esa efLr”d dh ÁfØ;k fufgr gksrh gS ftls Á;ksxdrkZ ns[kuk pkgrk gS tcfd nwljs esa ugha gksrh gSA ÁkIr dh xbZ efLr”d dh Nfo;ksa dk Øe ,d nwljs ls vyx dh tkrh gSa rkfd egRoiw.kZ efLr”d dh ÁfØ;k esa lafyIr fof’k”V dk;Zdykiksa esa ifjorZuksa dh fidlsysfVM 2Mh Nfo mRiUu dh tk ldsA bu Nfo;ksa dks 3 vk;keksa ¼fiNys i`”B dk dkVwZu ns[ksa½ esa Nfo dks ÁHkkoiw.kZ rjhds ls O;odyu mRiUu djus ds fy, dEI;wVj }kjk jkf’kÑr fd;k tkrk gSA gkfy;k fodklksas dk vk’k; ;g gS fd ;gka rd fd cgqr gh {kf.kd fopkj ;k efLr”d dh ?kVuk ¼,d ;k nks lsds.M ds varjky dh NksVh ls NksVh ?kVuk½ dk ifjekiu fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g ?kVuk laca/kh ,Q,evkjvkbZ ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA

oh5 {ks= ds lfØ;.k ls xfr ds vocks/k dk Án’kZu gksrk gSA bl {ks= dh fufof”V;ka dkWVsZDl ds oh2 {ks= vkSj iYohukj ¼iqy½ ls vkrh gS tks efLr”d esa xgjkbZ ij fLFkr gksrk gSA lwpuk ds Áokg dk fu;a=.k dk i'pisjkbVy dkWVZsDl ¼ihihlh½ djrk gSA ÁHkkoh la;kstdrk fo’ys”k.k ls buds lkis{k ;ksxnku Kkr fd, tk ldrs gSaA

MkVk fo’ys”k.k dh tfVy Áfof/k;ksa dk mi;ksx ;g ijh{k.k djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS fd D;k dk;Z djus ds nkSjku ladsrksa esa gksus okys ifjorZu lkaf[;dh; :i ls fo’oluh; gSa ;k ughaA ,d cgqr vf/kd Á;qDr gksus okyk fo’ys”k.k iSdst] ftlus Nfodj.k MkVk ds lfØ;kUo;u dk ekudhdj.k fd;k gS] LVSfVdy ikjkesfVªd eSfiax

fnup;kZ ds rkSj ij ÁTofyr gksus okyk esfM,y VsEiksjy yksc dks ns[kus esa vÁR;kf’kr pwd gksukA rFkkfi] u, ijh{k.k :irkfydk,a dqN esa opZqvy okLrfodrk ‘kkfey gSa] os vU; {ks=ksa lfgr Lej.k esa ÁfØ;kUo;u esa vc blds dk;Zdyki n’kkZrs gSa tSlkfd fÁÝUVy dksVsZDl vkSj fÁdqulA u, euksoSKkfud vkSj vU; Nfodj.k voyksduksa ds lkFk feydj lafyIr ;g fofo/k efLr”d {ks= ls gekjh efLr”d ds Lej.k flLVe dh tkudkjh esa iqujh{k.k gqvk gSA

fdl Ádkj ls fofHkUu efLr”d {ks= ijLij lacaf/kr gksrs gS ¼tks

bQsfDVo dusfDofoVh ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS½ ds U;wjy dk;Zdyki dks ns[kus ds fy, u, xf.krh; rduhfd;ksa dk Hkh fodkl fd;k tk jgk gSA ;g mik; gekjs fy, ;g Á’kalk djuk lqdj cukrk gS fd dSls efLr”d {ks= ,d Vhe ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSa u fd ekewyh vyx&vyx dk;kZRed gkWV&LiksV dh rjgA ;g vk’kk dh tkrh gS fd ;s ubZ rduhfd;ka] mPp QhYM {kerk okys pqEcd ds lkFk vkSj vf/kd lVhd Nfo;ka Ánku djrh gSa] tks gesa vuqHkwfr ds lheysl fu;a=.k] fopkj vkSj dk;Z esa ,d nwljs ls ckrphr djrs U;wjkWuksa ds usVodZ dh fØ;kvksa ds ckjs esa cryk,xkA

,d O;fDr dks LdSuj esa vusd Ádkj dh pk{kq”k Nfo;ksa ds ek/;e ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA buesa ls lHkh pk{kq”k dkWVsZDl ds ÁkFkfed {ks=ksa dks ^^tyk,axs**]

tks gS oh1 vkSj oh2A Dysoj ?kVko ds bLrseky ls Kkr gqvk gS fd jax Álalk/ku ¼ck;ka½ oh4 {ks= eas gksrk gS] tcfd xfr ds ÁlaLdj.k ls oh5 lfØ; gks tkrk gSA ¼nk;ha vkSj&,d insZ ij vfu;fer :i ls ?kwers fcUnq½A

vuqla/kku vxz.kh

¼,lih,e½ dgykrk gSA ,lth,e eSiksa dks cgq/kk jaxhu cuk;k tkrk gS] dk;Z

ds lcls xeZ {ks=ksa ds fy, vkx dh rjg ihys jax dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] B.Ms {ks=ksa ds fy, uhyk vkSj dkyk dk Á;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

efLr”d Nfodj.k oSKkfud bu {ks=ksa dks ^^ykbfVax vi** dgrs gSa tc dqN

[kkl dk;Z fd, tkrs gSaA ;fn O;fDr yxkrkj ifjofrZr gksrh psdcksMZ iSVuZ dks /;ku ls ns[krk gS rks ÁkFkfed n’; dksVsZDl esa LFkk;h lfØ;u ns[kk tkrk gSA xfr’khy vkSj jaxhu jax iSVuksZa dk mi;ksx vkSj n`’; flLVe ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa dks lfØ; djus ds fufer fMtkbu dh xbZ vU; mŸkstuk us gesa ekuo n`f”V flLVe dh lajpuk ds ckjs esa cgqr vf/kd ubZ tkudkjh fn;k gSA vU; laosnh ifjorZuksa ds fy, blh rjg ds v/;;u fd, x, gSA ;g lkspus dk LFkkuhdj.k rjhdk us i<+us ds fof’k”V la?kVdksa esa lafyIr efLr”d ds {ks=ksa dh igpku djus esa Hkh lgk;rk dh gSA tSlkfd n`’; ‘kCnksa dks Loj foKkuh dksM esa cnyus] Lojksa dks ,d lEiw.kZ ‘kCn esa lewgc) djuk] ‘kCnksa dk vFkZ fudkyus dh ÁfØ;k vkfnA lh[kus ds dk;kZaa dk Hkh v/;;u fd;k x;k gS] ftleas efLr”d {ks=ksa ls foPNsfnr dk;Z ‘kkfey gS tks nnZ dh ÁR;k’kk vkSj vuqHkwfr djus esa dk;Zjr gSA

fudksl yksxksFksfVl ,d ;qok vuqla/kkudrkZ gS ftlus efLr”d esa U;wjkWuksa ds dk;Zdyki vkSj efLr”d Nfodj.k Á;ksxksa esa ns[ks x, ladsrksa ds chp laca/k dk le>us esa cM+k ;ksxnku fn;k gSA

gkfy;k vuqla/kku ftlesa ,Q,evkjvkbZ ds lkFk fo|qrh; fjdkWfMZax feyk;k

x;k gS us dk;Z {kerk fu”iknu dh vis{kk flukfIVd dk;Zdyki vkSj cksYM ds chp cgqr vf/kd lfUudV laca/k n’kkZ;k gSA blfy, chvks,yMh ladsr bldh dk;Z{kerk ÁfrQy dh vis{kk efLr”d {ks= ds Hkhrj flukfIVd

ÁfØ;kUo;u ds fo’oluh; lwpdkad gSA dk;Z ds LFkku fu/kkZj.k dh rtZ ij chvks,yMh ladsr dh O;k[;k ds fy, bldk egRoiw.kZ fufgrkFkZ gSA

rFkkfi] tSls tSls vuqla/kku c<+rk x;k cgqr ls vk’p;Ztud rF; lkeus vk,A ,d ÁkjafHkd mnkgj.k gS] nh?kkZof/kd Lej.k ds dk;Z esa

lacaf/kr baVjusV fyaDl: http://www.dcn.ed.ac.uk/bic/

43 http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/




raf=dk usVodZ vkSj Ñf=e efLr”d

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okLrfod efLr”d ,d my>u Hkjk vax gSA bldh raf=dk] jDr lsy vkSj nzo ls Hkjh osafVªdYl fyfiM esEczsu izksVhu vkSj vR;f/kd ikuh ls cuh gksrh gSaA vki viuh maxyh ls efLr”d esa Nsn dj ldrs gSa] ekbØksVkse ij dkV ldrs gSa] bldh raf=dkvksa esa bysDVªksM ?kqlk ldrs gSa vkSj blds tfj, jDr pki ns[k ldrs gSaA efLr”d dk v/;;u n`<+rk iwoZd thofoKku vkSj vkS”kf/k;ksa ij dsfUnzr gSa izrhr gksrk gSA rFkkfi] blds ckjs esa vU; rjg dh lksp gS ftlus xf.krKksa] HkkSfrdh foKkfu;ksa] vfHk;ark vkSj dEI;wVj foKkfu;ksa dk /;ku vkdf”kZr fd;k gSA os efLr”d ds ckjs esa lehdj.k fy[kus] dEI;wVj dk eksMy cukus vkSj ;gka rd fd gkMZos;j midj.k cukus ds }kjk lksprs gSa tks gekjs flj ds Hkhrj okLrfod raf=dkvksa dh udy djrs gSaA

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okLrfod efLr”d cgqr vf/kd vuqdwyuh; gksrs gSaA os ,slh phtsa djus esa leFkZ gksrs gSa tSls gLrfyfi i<+uk] ftls geus igys dHkh ugha ns[kk gS vkSj iwjh rjg vutku O;fDr dh cksyh dks le>ukA vkSj os xyr gksus okyh phtksa dks cnkZ’r dj ldrs gSaA os thou Hkj ds fy, ;Fkksfpr vPNh rjg dk;Z djrs gSa ;|fi lsy ejrs gSa vkSj ;gka rd fd o`)koLFkk esa Hkh efLr”d ubZ pky lh[kus esa leFkZ gksrs gSaA vkt ds jkscksV izfrcaf/kr {ks= ds dk;Z djus esa cgqr vPNs gksrs gSa ftuds fy, mudh fMtkbu dh xbZ gSA tSls NksVk lk dkj cukuk ijUrq tc dqN xyr gks tkrk gS rc cnkZ’r ugha dj ldrs gSaA

lHkh okLrfod efLr”d cgqr vf/kd ijLij lacaf/kr raf=dh; usVodksZa ls cus gksrs gSaa mudh raf=dkvksa dks ÅtkZ dh vko’;drk gksrh gs vkSj usVodZ ds fy, txg dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA gekjs efLr”d esa vanktk 100 fcfy;u uoZ lsy 3-2 fefy;u fd-eh- rkj fefy;u&fcfy;u dusD’ku lHkh 1-5 yhVj dh txg esa iSd gksrs gSa ijUrq budk otu dsoy 1-5 fdyksxzke gksrk gS vkSj ekewyh 10 okWV dh [kir djrs gSaA ;fn ge flfydkWu fpIl dk bLrseky djrs gq, ,sls efLr”d cukus dh ps”Vk djrs gSa rks ;g yxHkx 10 esxkokWV [kir djsxk vFkkZr ,d uxj dks fo|qr nsus ds cjkcj fctyhA bl ekeys dks vkSj vf/kd [kjkc gSa rks ,sls flfydkWu efLr”d }kjk mRikfnr rki bls fi?kyk nsxkA gekjh pqukSrh dSls efLr”d ,slh l{kerk vkSj fdQk;rh :i ls dk;Z djrs gSa vkSj efLr”d ds leku e’khu cukus esa leku fl)karksa dk mi;ksx djuk gSA

vkids efLr”d esa 100]000]000]000 dksf’kdk,a gSa vkSj blesa 3]200]000 fdyksehVj yack rkj gS vkSj blds lkFk 1]000]000]000]000]000 lkbusfIVd dusD’ku gSa] tks 1-5 yhVj ds 1-5 fdyksxzke ds vanj iSd fd, x, gksrs gSaA fQj Hkh ;g ,d ukbV cYc ds cjkcj fctyh [kpZ djrk gSA

flyhdkWu esa efLr”d lfdZV cukuk

ladsr nsus dh ÅtkZ ykxr&,d raf=dk ls nwljh rd efLr”d ds fodkl esa lEHkor% ,d eq[; dkjd jgk gSA efLr”d dh dqy ÅtkZ [kir dk yxHkx 50&80 izfr’kr uoZ Qkbcj ds lkFk dk;Z {kerk ds laokgu esa [kir gksrh gS vkSj flukfIVd Vªkalfe’ku esaA ckdh fofuekZ.k vkSj vuqj{k.k esa fy;k tkrk gSA ;g ftl rjg e/kqeD[kh ds efLr”d ds fy, lp gS oSlk gh gekjs efLr”d ds fy, Hkh lp gSA rFkkfi] fMthVy dEI;wVj dh xfr ls ;fn rqyuk dh tk, rks uoZ pki dh xfr cgqr /kheh gS&dsoy dqN gh ehVj izfr lsd.MA Øec) izfØ;d tSls fMthVy dEI;wVj esa] ;g thou vlaHko cuk nsxkA tSo foKkuh efLr”d dk fuekZ.k cgqr vf/kd lekukUrj usVodksZa dh rjg gqvk gSA vf/kdka’k raf=dk,a dbZ gtkj nwljksa ls tqM+s gq, gSA bldks djus ds fy, efLr”d blds rhu vk;keh vk;ru esa lHkh phtksa dk nksgu djrk gS & lsy ds ‘khVksa dks rg esa eksM+dj caMyksa esa dusD’ku cukrk gSA blds foijhr nks vk;keh fpIl vkSj lfdZV cksMksZa }kjk de la[;k ds flyhdkWu raf=dkvksa ds chp lEidZ cukuk lhfer fd;k x;k gSA vr% efLr”d ds foijhr flyhdkWu raf=dkvksa ds chp lh/kk lEidZ xaHkhj :i ls izfrcaf/kr gSA rFkkfi] ikjEifjd bysDVªkWfud dh cgqr vf/kd xfr dk nksgu djds vusdkusd flyhdkWu raf=dk ls pkiksa dks cgqfo| fd;k tk ldrk gS&;g ,d gh rkj ls vusd vyx&vyx lans’k Hkstus dh izfØ;k gSA bl rjg ls flyhdkWu vfHk;ark thofoKkuh usVodksZa dh dusfDVfoVh dh ps”Vk ‘kq: dj ldrs gaSA

fo|qr ?kVkus ijUrq xfr c<+kus ds fy, raf=dh; :i ls izsfjr bathfu;jksa us fMthVy dksfMax dh vis{kk ,ukykWx mi;ksx djus dk tho oSKkfud j.kuhfr viuk;k gSA dkoZj ehM] dSfyQksfuZ;k esa flyhdkWu oSyh dk ,d xq# raf=dk foKku dks izkS|ksfxdh esa ifjorZu dh O;k[;k djus ds fy, ^^U;wjksekfQZd bathfu;fjax dh O;k[;k nh gSA 0 ,l MhthVy dksfMax ds ctk; okWYVst esa yxkrkj ifjorZuksa esa ,ukykWx dksM vkSj 1 ,l esa tSlkfd os vius izkjafHkd mijkT; esa U;wjkWu djrs gSA ¼v/;k; 3½A rc dqN pj.kksa esa ifjdyu fd;k tk ldrk gS pwafd flyhdkWu midj.kksa dh ewy inkFkksZa dk nksgu fd;k tkrk gSA ,ukykWx x.kuk vklkuh ls izkjafHkd ifjx.kuk eqgS;k djkrk gS % tksM+] ?kVko] ?kkrkadh vkSj ,dhdj.k] buesa ls lHkh fMthVy e’khuksa esa tfVy dk;Z gSaA tc raf=dk,a&pkgss os thofoKkuh gksa ;k flyhdkWu&x.kuk djus vkSj fu.kZ; ysrs gSa os yf{kr U;wjkWuksa dks mŸkj nsus ds fy, pki Mkmu ,Xtksu dk ikjs”k.k djrs gSaA pwafd Likbd dksfMax ÅtkZ dh n`f”V ls eagxh gksrh gS] l{ke dksfMax fjMuMslh dks de djds Likbd ds iSVuZ esa izLrqr lwpuk dh ek=k c<+krh gSA ÅtkZ {kerk Hkh ;Fkk laHko de la[;k eas U;wjkWukas dk mi;ksx djds c<+k;h tkrh gSA ;g LislZ dksfMax dgykrk gS vkSj ;g Ñf=e raf=dh; usVodZ cukus okys bathfu;jksa ds fy, ,d nwljk fMtkbu fl)kar eqgS;k djrk gSA

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flyhdkWu jsfVuk

,d thofoKkuh usVodZ dk ljy Ñf=e laLdj.k cuk;k x;k gS tks flyhdkWu jsfVuk dk cuk gS tks izdk’k xzg.k djrk gS vkSj lEiw.kZ ykbfVax ifjfLFkfr esa ifjorZuksa dks Lor% gh izfrQy nsrk gSA ;g nks flyhdkWu U;wjkWuksa dks tksM+rk gS] og n`’; dkWVsZDl esa okLrfod U;wjkWu dh rjg gksrk gS ftldk dk;Z ykbu ds dks.kksa ds ckjs esa lwpuk ,d= djuk vkSj jsfVuk dh Nfo dks foijhr :i esa mRiUu djuk gSA

bl izksVksVkbi esa U;wjkWu baVsxzsV&,.M&Qk;j U;wjkWu dgykrs gSa vkSj U;wjkseksfQZd vfHk;ark budk mi;ksx cgqrk;r esa djrs gSaA os bls bl uke ls tkurs gSa pwafd os Hkkfjr izfrQy tksM+rs gSa] okWYVst dh rjg dksM djrs gSa tks muds flukfIll ij vkrs gSa vkSj dsoy Qk;j ,u ,D’ku {kerk ;fn okWYVst lSV izos’k }kj ij igq¡prk gSA flyhdkWu U;wjkWu vius vki VªkalftLVlZ ls cus gksrs gSa ijUrq VªkaftLVlZ dk mi;ksx djus ds ctk; tSlk fd ikjEifjd fMthVy flLVeksa esa okWYVst dsk fLop djrs vkSj lar`Ir djrs gSa] VkaftLVlZ dks lapkyu muds izkjafHkd nk;js esa gksrk gSA bl nk;js esa os okLrfod U;wjkWuksa ds lsy esEcszu dh rjg dk;Z djrs gSaA vfrfjDr VªkaftLVj okWYVst dh cjkcjh djus vkSj okLrfod vk;u pSuyksa dks le; vk/kkfjr /kkjk izokgksa ds fufer lfØ; pkydRo iznku djrs gSaA ;g y?kq n`’; flLVe dgha vf/kd O;kid Ñf=e n`’; flLVe dks izksVksVkbi gSA ftudk fodkl fd;k tk jgk gS] ijUrq ;gka rd ;g Li”V dj nsrk gS fd ljy fu.kZ; rd igq¡pus ds fy, dSls cgqr ‘kksj&xqy okyk okLrfod nqfu;k dk buiqV dks rsth ls izfØ;kfUor fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g og lc dj ldrk gS ftldks djus ds fy, bldh :ijs[kk rS;kj dh xbZ gSA vki n`’; ds ykbu dk vfHkeq[khdj.k crk,a&vkSj raf=dk foKkuh igys ls gh midj.k ds ijh{k.k vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks izf’kf{kr djus ds fy, bl ljy flyhdkWu n`’; flLVe dk mi;ksx dj jgs gSaA Ñf=e usVodksZa ds ckjs esa vfr egRoiw.kZ pht ;g gS fd os okLrfod nqfu;k eas okLrfod le; vkSj cgqr de fo|qr esa dk;Z djrs gSaA

flfydkWu jsfVuk ds lkeus fLFkr ,d dSejk ySal

Ñf=e raf=dh; usVodZ

Ñf=e raf=dh; usVodZ ¼,,u,u,l½ cgq/kk lh[kus vkSj Lej.k dks v/;;u djus ds fy, iz;qDr gksrs gSA lk/kkj.k% mUgsa ikjEifjd fMthVy dEI;wVj ds lkW¶Vos;j esa Mkyk tkrk gS] muesa vla[; ljy dk;kZRed ,dd gksrs gSa] os usVodZ esa vkil esa tqM+s gksrs gSaA ,,u,u,l dk ljyre :i QhM QkjoMZ ,lksfl,Vj gS ftlesa vkil esa tqM+s buiqV vkSj vkmViqV dh ijrsa gksrh gSa rkfd tc buiqV iSVuZ dks izLrqr iqu% izkIr fd;k tkrk gS rc iSVuZ ls lacaf/kr laxzfgr iSVuZ iqu%izkIr fd;k tkrk gS ¼vxys i`”B ij xf.krh; igsyh dk ckWDl ns[ksa½A ,d vkSj vf/kd tfVy ,,u,u fjdjsaV U;wjy usV gSA ;g ,d gh ijr ls cuk gksrk gS tgka izR;sd ,dd ijLij tqM+k gksrk gS vkSj lHkh ,dd buiqV vkSj vkmViqV ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA lquus esa ;g FkksM+k vpEHkk yxrk gS ijUrq ;g fMtkbu usV dks iSVuZ laxzg djus esa leFkZ cukrk gS u fd dsoy enksa ds tksM+sA bl izdkj ds Lor% foPNsfnr gksus okys usVodZ dks fMdksfMax laxzfgr iSVuZ dh iqu%izokgh [kkst djds izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g n’kkZ;k x;k gS fd 1000 ;wfuV ds usVodZ ds fy,] iqu%izkfIr iSVuZ ds nks”k cgqr vf/kd gksus ds igys yxHkx 150 iSVuZ iqu%izkIr fd, tk ldrs gSaA

,,u,u dh efLr”d ls lekurk muds lwpuk laxzfgr djus vkSj izfØ;kfUor djus esa fufgr gSA ^Kku* ftldh os izfØ;kfUor djrs gSa usVodZ esa gh gksrk gSA fMthVy dEI;wVj dh rjg mudk dksbZ Lej.k LFkku ugha gS ftuds fy, T;ksferh; izfØ;kUo;d vkSj Lej.k dk iM+rky djus okys vyx&vyx gksrs gSaA blds ctk, muesa dUVsaV vkMsªlscy LVksjst gksrs gSaA ,,u,u esa dusD’ku ds Hkkj esa lwpuk ,d= dh tkrh gS] mlh izdkj lh[kus ds nkSjku og flukfIll mudh {kerk cnyrs gSaA ,,u,u dksbZ izfØ;k ds fy, Hkh dk;ZØfer ugha fd, tkrs gSaA izR;sd U;wjkWu Hkhrj esa ewd gS vkSj dqy Hkkfjr buiqV ds vuqlkj izfrfØ;k djrk gSA blds ckotwn mUgsa vkSj prqj dk;ksZa ds fy, izf’kf{kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA yfuZax fu;e tks usVodZ dks izf’kf{kr djrs gSa U;wjkWuksa ds chp lEidZ ds Hkkj dks cndydj ,slk djrs gSa] ,d lkekU; pht+ fu;e gksus ds ukrs og ,d fuf’pr iSVuZ ds fy, usVodZ ds vkmViqV dks xzg.k djrk vkSj bfPNr iSVuZ ls bldh rqyrk djrk gSA rqyuk esa fdlh izdkj dh =qfV dk mi;ksx rc bfPNr fudVre vkmViqV izkIr djus ds fy, la;kstu dk Hkkj dks lek;ksftr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSa usVodZ /khjs&/khjs =qfV ladsr ?kVkdj de dj nsrk gSaA ijUrq ;g /khjs&/khjs dk;Z djrk gSA

=qfV egRoiw.kZ gks tkrh gS&;g usVodZ xyrh ugha djrk gS rks dksbZ Hkh yfuZax lEHo ugha gSA ;g yfuZax dh fo’ks”krk gS ftls utjvankt fd;k tk ldrk gSA izf’kf{kr usVodZ ij tks fdlh rjg dh xyrh ugha djrk gS og dsoy ,d dh izdkj ds buiqV ds fy, izfrfØ;k dj ldrk gSA ,sls usVodksZa dks yk{kf.kd :i ls xSz.M enj dgk tkrk gS] ;g ikSjkf.kd dFkk ds xzS.M enj lsy ls lanfHkZr gS tks ekuo efLr”d esa jgrk gS og rHkh izfrfØ;k dj ldrk gS tc mldh nknh lkeus fn[kkbZ nsrh gS vkSj og dHkh xyrh ugha djrk gSA ;g okLrfod nqfu;k ds vuqiz;ksx ds fy, cgqr mi;ksxh ugha gSa pwafd gesa izR;sd pht lh[kus ds fy, vyx&vyx usVodZ dh vko’;drk gqbZ gSA blds foijhr ,,u,u esa lqLi”V fufgr oLrq buiqV iSVuksaZ dks lkekU; cukus dh mudh {kerk gS mUgsa dHkh izf’k{k.k ugha fn;k x;k gSA os laca/k ns[krs gSa] iSVuZa esa laca/k cukrs vkSj fu;ferrkvksa dh [kkst djrs gSaA vkSj os pwd ds izfr ekuo efLr”d dh rjg gh lgu’khy gksrs gSaA os buiqV iSVuZ ds /ofu ;qDr ;k viw.kZ gksus ds ckotwn vc Hkh laxzfgr iSVuZ iqu%izkIr dj ldrs gSaA ;s thofoKkuh efLr”dksa ds fy, Hkh cgqr egRoiw.kZ fo’ks”krk,a gSa vkSj ,,u,u,l ;s phtsa Hkh dj ldrs gSaA

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vk/kqfud x.kuk izkS|ksfxdh dk fojks/kkHkkl orZeku ,,u,u,l dk fojks/kkHkkl ;g gSa fd os xf.krh; :i esa fMthVy dEI;wVjksa esa udy fd, tkrs gSaA ;g mUgsa okLrfod nqfu;k dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mudk mi;ksx djrk gS] tks cgqr vf/kd lhfer gS] pwafd vuqdj.k le; ysrk gS vkSj blfy, ,,u,u,l okLrfod le; esa dk;Z ugha dj ldrs gSaaA ,,u,u,l vkWVkseksckby pykus ;k gokbZ tgkt mM+kus ds fy, lgh fLFkr gksrh gSa pwafd os /ofu ds chp Hkh etcwr gksrs gSa vkSj dqN usVodZ ds dk;Z u djus ij Hkh pyrs jgrs gSA rFkkfi] fo’ks”kK fLkLVe ftudk iz;ksx lkekU;r% Lor% ik;yV esa fd;k tkrk gS os fMthVy dEI;wVj dk;ZØfer gksrs gSa ftuesa ikjEifjd fu.kZ;kRed lkW¶Vos;j vkSj lqj{kk ds fy, bldks ges’kk lgk;rk nsus dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA ;fn gokbZ tgkt esa dHkh dksbZ pht cqjh rjg [kjkc gks tkrh gS rks ,sls fo’ks”kK flLVe dk;Z ugha dj ldrs gSaA ;fn flyhdkWu U;wjkWu lh[k ldrk gS tks vHkh rd ugha dj ldrs] rc cgqr lh ,slh leL;k,a lekIr gks tk,axhA tSlk fd ge efLr”d ds dk;Z djus ds fo”k; vkSj vf/kd tkurs gSa ge vkSj vf/kd tfVy raf=dh; usVodZ cukus esa leFkZ gksaxs tks okLrfod efLr”d dh rjg dk;Z djsxkA

xf.krh; igsyh fdrkc

fo”k;oLrq lek’kks/; laforfjr Lej.k ,sls rkjksa dh dYiuk djsa tks {kSfrt esa gSa vkSj pkj ds lkFk m/oZ dV gksrk gS muds feyus dh fcUnq ij fLop gSa ¼pSuy d½ ;g eSfVDl Lej.k gSA ck;ujh uEcj ds :Ik esa bls lwpuk izLrqr dh tkrh gS tSlkfd 0011 vkSj 1010 vkSj ge tgka dgh 1 d] 1d ls feyrk gS ogka fLop vkWu djus dh O;oLFkk djrs gS ¼ch dks uhys esa n’kkZ;k x;k gS½A ;s bu nks uEcjksa dks tksfM+;ka feykrs gSaA eSfVªDl izFke tksM+h ds Åij vU; uEcj laxzg dj ldrk gS tSlkfd 1010 vkSj 0110A eSfVªDl dh vafre voLFkk esa 7 fLop gksuh pkfg,A ;fn vc vki igyh la[;k nksckjk izLrqr djrs gSa 0011 & eSfVªDl ds vafre pj.k esa vkSj m/oZ rkj esa djsaV pkyw djus dh O;oLFkk djrs gSa rks vki ik,axs fd la[;k 2120 ds lekuqikr esa rg ij m/oZ rkjksa ls djsV ckgj vk,xkA ;g 0011 ds lkFk igys tksM+h cuk;h xbZ la[;k ugha gSA ijUrq ;fn vki 2120 dks iz;qDr la[;kvksa esa igys dh dqy la[;k ls Hkkx nsa[ks

¼0$0$1$1=2½ baVsxj fMfotu dk mi;ksx djds ¼,slk izdkj tgka vki Lej.k ds ckjs Hkwyrs gSa½ rc vkidks 1010 feysxkA vr% eSfVªDl us Lej.k gS fd 0011] 1010 ds lkFk tkrk gS ;|fi igys ds Åij vU; lans’k laxzg fd;k x;k gSA vki f}rh; la[;k tksM+h ds lkFk bl dk;Z dh tkap dj ldrs gSaA

uksekM vkus okyh lkspus dh e”khu dk pqycqfy;k vfirq

fopkj”khy iztud gSA ;g csyukdkj Vksjlks ds lkFk nks QhV Å¡pk gS] bls vk¡[k] dku] fxz¶j] cktw vkSj bldks irk yxkus esa lgk;rk nsus ds fy, vU; laosnd gSaA okLro eas uksekM dk jkscksV ls vyx djrk gS] og gS ;g fcuk dksMsM vuqns”k ;k fu;eksa sd dk;Z djrk gSA ckotwn blds] blds ikl 10]000 mŸksftr efLr’d lsyksa lfgr dEI;wVj }kjk mŸksftr efLr’d gS vkSj okrkoj.k dh vuqHkwfr djus vkSj izfrfØ;k djus ds fy, fefy;u ls Hkh vf/kd dusD”ku gSA ;g lkSE; fLFkfr esa dk;Z dj ldrk gS vkSj viuh xyfr;ksa ls lh[k ldrk gS tSlkfd ;g NksVk jaxhu D;qc lfgr isu fNrjko ls vpE;k djrk gSA dqN D;qc iV~Vhnkj gksrs gS vkSj fo|qrh; :id ls laokgd gksrs gS tks mUgsa #fpdj cukrs gSaA vU; D;qc /kCcsnkj gksrs gS vkSj fo|qr laokgu ugha djrs tks mUgsa de :fpdj cukrs gSA D;qcksa dks ns[kus }kjk vkSj p[kus ds }kjk vius fxzij ls bysfDVªdy lsalj esa] uksekM /kCcsnkj D;qcksa dks NksM+us ds fy, lh[krk gS vkSj Lokfn’V iV~Vhnkj dks pqurk gSA

A B C D

;g ,d izdkj dk Lej.k gS tks efLr”d ds ikl gSA ;g fof’k”V LFkku ij lwpuk ,d= ugha djrk gS& tSlk fd ihlh esaA lwpuk usVodksZa ds chp forfjr dh tkrh gS laxzfgr dh tkrh gS pwafd flukfIVd Hkkj esa ifjorZd gksrk gS vkSJ blds fufgr rRo ds lanHkZ esa bl iqu% izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA leL;k ;g gS fd bl izdkj ds Lej.k cgqr tYn ljkoksj gks tkrs gSa fo’ks”kdj tc dsoy pkj rkj gksrs gSaA rFkkfi rkjksa dh 1000 tksfM+;ksa ds lkFk eSfVªDl cgqr vf/kd ,d ds ckn nwljk lans’k fcuk vf/kd vM+pu ds gh laxzfgr dj ldrk gSA

lacaf/kr baVjusV fyaDl: www.artificialbrains.com

46 http://www.ini.unizh.ch/




tc dksbZ ckr fcxM+ tk,

efLr”d ,d uktqd vax gSA nq?kZVukvksa ls flj esa pksV yx ldrh gS vkSj efLr”d jksxh gks ldrk gS rFkk lkekU; <ax ls dke djuk can dj ldrk gSA fnekxh chekjh vusd y{k.k iSnk dj ldrh gS vkSj bUgsa le>uk eqf’dy gks ldrk gSA fnekxh chekfj;ksa ds ewY;kadu ds fy, raf=dkfoKkuh ¼U;wjksykWftLV½ ;k eu% fpfdRld }kjk uSnkfud dkS’ky fn[kkus rFkk ifj”Ñr tSo&fpfdRlh; vkdyu ,oa fnekxh besaftax dh t#jr gksrh gSA dqN chekfj;ka tSls fejxh vkSj fMizs’ku & cgqr vke gS] ;gka rd fd o`)ksa vkSj fd’kksjksa esa HkhA vU; jksx dqN de ik, tkrs gSa tSls ‘kkbt+ksÝsfu;k] tks flQZ o`)koLFkk esa vke gksrs gSa tSls vYt+kbej jksx] ysfdu fQj Hkh ;s jksx iaxq dj gh nsrs gSA dqN jksxksa esa vkuqoaf’kdh dk rRo cgqr vf/kd gksrk gSA ftlls ,sls eqf’dy loky mB [kM+s gksrs gSa fd D;k ge ;g tkuuk pkgsaxs fd D;k geesa ,sls laxr mRifjorZu gq, gSa tks gesa ,sls jksxksa dk f’kdkj cuk nsaxsA

raf=dk foKku vuqla/kku us fejxh ls xzLr yksxksa dk thou lq/kkjus ds fy, nks eq[; ;ksxnku fd, gSaA izFker%] mRrstd dh le> fodflr djds] vc rd ,slh nok,a cuk ldrs gSa tks lkekU; fnekxh xfrfof/k dks de fd, fcuk vlkekU; nkSjk izfØ;k dks ef)e dj ldrh gSaA iqjkuh nok,a lkekU; funzkdkjh ¼flMsfVo½ dk dke djrh Fkh tcfd vk/kqfud nok,a dgha vf/kd pqfuank <ax ls dke djrh gSaA nwljs fnekxh besftax dh xq.koRrk esa lq/kkj dk vFkZ gS fd vR;f/kd d”Vnk;d nkSjksa ls xzLr dqN yksxksa ds fy, vc muds nkSjksa ds lzksr dk lgh irk yxk ikuk laHko gks x;k gSA blfy, vc U;wjksltZu ds fy, ;g laHko gks x;k gS fd bl jksxxzLr fnekxh fV’;w dks dkV ns ftlls nkSjksa dh vko`fRr de gks tkrh gS vkSj vHkh rd vizHkkfor fnekxh fV’;w rd mlds QSyus dk tksf[ke Hkh ?kV tkrk gSA dbZ ckj fejxh dh ‘kY;&fpfdRlk vf/kd izcy ekuh tkrh gS ysfdu bldk vlj okdbZ egRoiw.kZ gSA

xM+cM+ flxufyax & fejxh

nkSjs ¼fejxh½ ds le;] O;fDr csgks’k gks tkrk gS vkSj t+Ekhu ij fxj ldrk gS] mldh ‘kjhj vdM+ tkrk gS rFkk og dkairk gSA tc mUgsa gks’k vkrk gS] rks os ;g ns[krs gSa fd mUgksaus viuh t+cku dkV yh gS ;k is’kkc dj fn;k gSA blds ckn os my>u ;k mUkhank eglwl dj ldrs gSaA dbZ cPpksa dks Hkh ;g jksx gksrk gS ysfdu thou esa vkxs pydj mUgsa cgqr de nkSjs iM+rs gSaA ysfdu nqHkkZX;o’k dqN yksxksa dks ;g nkSjk gj lIRkkg ;k gj jkst+ Hkh iM+ ldrk gSA

fljnnZ vkSj ekbxzsu vf/kdrj yksxksa dks dHkh u dHkh fljnnZ gksrk gSA vdlj ;g ekalisf’k;ksa esa ruko ds dkj.k gksrk gS vkSj blds fpUrk ugha djuh pkfg,A dHkh dHkh [kkldj ;fn fljnnZ vdlj gksrk gks ;k Ropk ij pdRrs ;k mYVh ds lkFk lkFk gksrk gS & rks bldk xaHkhj cqfu;knh dkj.k gks ldrk gSA bu fLFkfr;ksa esa] nnZ fnekx ls ugha vkrk cfYd fnekxh ijr ¼ykbfuax½ esfufUtl esa rdyhQ+ ;k f[kapko ls vkrk gSA rks] xM+cM+h gS dgk¡ \ nkSjs ds nkSjku] U;wjkWu }kjk ^^,D’ku iksVsfU’k;y^^

NksM+us esa rst+h ‘kq: gksrh gSA bl pØ dks laned ¼xkck½ vkSj mRrstd ¼XywVkesaV½ U;wjksVªkalfeVjksa }kjk lapkfyr fd;k tkrk gSA tc mRrstdrk esa deh viw.kZ jgrh gS rks nkSjs iM+kslh U;wjkWu ds vfu;af=r bLrseky ls ‘kq: gks ldrs gSaA ;g izfØ;k flQZ ,d gh LFky esa ¼ftlls vkaf’kd nkSjk iM+rk gS½ ;k laiw.kZ dkWVZsDl ¼O;kid nkSjk½ esa QSy ldrh gSA O;kid nkSjs esa bySDVªksbUlSWQsyksxzke ¼bZbZth½ dh lkekU; vYQk y; dk LFkku nksuksa lsjsczy gsfeLQh;j bySfDVªd lfØ;rk dh cM+h] /kheh ledkfyd rjaxsa ys ysrh gS ¼ns[ksa cSdMªkWi½A

fljnnZ dk ,d vf/kd vke dkj.k ekbxzsu gSA lkFk&lkFk flj esa Hk;kud ihM+k ¼vdlj ,d rjQ½ esa yksxksa dks mcdkbZ vkrh gSA pednkj jks’kuh ;k ‘kksj ls rdyhQ+ gksrh gS vkSj mUgsa ^^ekbxzsUl vkWjk^^ eglwl gksrk gS ftlesa pedrh jks’kuh ;k Vs<+h&es<+h ykbusa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ^^vkWjk^^ vdlj ekbxzsu ls igyk gksrk gSA

dHkh&dHkkj iM+us okys nkSjs dkQh vke gSA ysfdu ckj&ckj iM+us okys nkSjs fejxh de ik, tkrs gSa vkSj vf/kd d”Vnk;d gksrs gSaA buds rkRdkfyd dkj.k Li”V ugha gSA fejxh ds jksfx;ksa dks ;s nkSjs Fkdku] Hkkstu u djus] jDr esa ‘kdZjk dh deh] ‘kjkc] ;k Vsyhfot+u dh didaikrh LØhu ls gks ldrs gSaA ihfM+r yksxksa dks lko/kkuh cjruh pkfg,A

vc bl ckr dh laHkkouk fn[kkbZ nsrh gS fd ekbxzsu fnekx ds ml fgLls esa ‘kq: gksrk gS tks lsjsczy jDr okfgdkvksa ls vkus okyh nnZ dh laosnukvksa ij dkjZokbZ djrk gSA fnekxh besftax ekbxzsu dh ‘kq:vkr esa bu fgLlksa esa vf/kd xfrfof/k fn[kkrh gSA bldh izfrfØ;k LoLF;] LFkkuh; jDr&vkiwfrZ esa dqN nsj ds fy, o`f) gks tkrh gS ¼tks pedrh jks’kuh tSls y{k.k iSnk djrh gS½] ftlds rqjUr ckn jDr&izokg de gks tkrk gS ¼tks vLFkk;h detksjh esa izdV gksrk gS½A

cSd MªkWi esa fejxh ds nkSjs ds le; bZbZth fn[kk;k x;k gSA

lsjksVksfuu ¼5 ,pVh½ fjlsIVjksa ds ckjs esa gekjh tkudkjh esa gqbZ izxfr ds dkj.k fiNys n’kd esa ekbxzsu ds nkSjksa ds bykt esa Økafrdkjh cnyko gq, gSaA

47




esa ekbxzsu ds nkSjksa ds bykt esa Økafrdkjh cnyko gq, gSA nokvksa dh ,d ubZ Js.kh dh [kkst dh xbZ gS tks lsjksVksfuu jhlsIVjksa ds fo’ks”k mi lewg dks lfØ; dj nsrh gSaA ;s nok,a&fVªIVSu & ekbxzsu dks mldh ‘kq:vkr esa gh jksd nsus ij vljdkjd gSA ;g mu vusdkusd rjhdksa esa ls ,d gS ftlus U;wjkslk;Ul ds vuqla/kku us fo’o Hkj ds yk[kksa yksxksa ds thou dks lq/kkjus esa ;ksxnku fd;k gSA

Ik;kZIr ÅtkZ dk vHkko & i{kk?kkr

tc yksxksa esa vpkud ‘kjhj ds ,d fgLls esa det+ksjh iSnk gks tkrh gS] rc vke rkSj ij ;g fnekx ds nwljh rjQ dks ÁHkkfor djus okys jDrk?kkr ds dkj.k gksrk gSA lUrqyu] laosnu ;k Hkk”kk vkSj t+cku ij Hkh vlj gks ldrk gSA dbZ ckj ;s vlkekU;rk,a le; ds lkFk&lkFk lq/kj tkrh gS] ;gka rd fd Åijh rkSj ij lkekU; fn[kkbZ nsus yxrh gS] ysfdu i{kk?kkr vHkh Hkh e`R;q vkSj v’kDrrk dk cgqr Ápfyr dkj.k gSA i{kk?kkr vusd ekiksa vkSj vkdkjksa esa ÁdV gksrk gS vkSj blds ifj.kke cgqr gn rd fnekx ds ml fgLls ij fuHkZj djrk gS tks ÁHkkfor gksrs gSaA

tks Hkh xM+cM+h iSnk gqbZ mldk laca/k ml ÅtkZ dh vkiwfrZ ls gS tks fnekx dks dke djus ds fy, t+#jh gksrh gSA U;wjkWu vkSj fXy;k dks dke djus vkSj ft+Unk jgus ds fy, ÅtkZ dh t#jr gksrh gSA lcls egRoiw.kZ ÅtkZ gSa vkDlht+u vkSj Xywdkst ds :i esa dkckZsgkbMªsV( ;s nksuksa feydj ,Vhih] tks dksf’kdkvksa dh ÅtkZ gS] ds fuekZ.k ds fy, vko’;d lkexzh eqgS;k djkrs gSaA ;g ÅtkZ ¼nsf[k, v/;k; 2 vkSj 3½ oS|qr xfrfof/k ds vk/kkj esa jgus okys pktZ gq, vk;u ds Áokg ds fy, t+#jh gSaA U;wjkWu dh ÅtkZ dk yxHkx nks&frgkbZ fgLlk lksfM;e@iksVsf’k;e ist+ uked ,d ,at+kbe dks pykus ds fy, bLrseky gksrk gS tks ^^,D’ku iksVsfU’k;y^^ gks tkus ds ckn lksfM;e vkSj iksVsf’k;e ds vk;uh xzsfM,UV dks iqu%pktZ djrk gSA

i{kk?kkr esa efLr”d dh {kfr vkSj mlds vkl&ikl fiuEczy LFkku ftls {kfrxzLr gksus dk [krjk gS] fn[kkus okyk fp=

Vªkaft+,aV bLFksfed vVSd ¼VhvkbZ,½ uke ÁfØ;k esa] fnekx ds ,d fgLls dks jDr dh vkiwfrZ can gks tkrh gS vkSj ,Vhih dh vkiwfrZ #d tkrh gSA U;wjkWu vius vk;uh xzsfM,UV dks iqu%pktZ ugha dj ikrs vkSj blfy, vkxs ,D’ku iksVsfU’ky lapkfyr ugha dj ldrsA mnkgj.kkFkZ] ;fn ck,a gsfeLQh;j dks eksVj dkWVZsDl dh jDr dh vkiwfrZ dkV nh tk, rks nk;ka cktw vkSj Vkax ydok&xzLr gks tk,xkA ;fn ;g #dkoV tYnh [kRe gks tk, rks U;wjkWu iqu% ,Vhih cuk ldrs gSa] viuh esEczsu dks iqu%pktZ dj ldrs gSa vkSj lkekU; ÁfØ;k ‘kq: rks tk,xhA lkSHkkX;o’k] VhvkbZ, esa dksbZ LFkk;h {kfr ugha gksrhA

i{kk?kkr vf/kd xaHkhj leL;k gSA ;fn jDr dh vkiwfrZ yacs le; rd ugha gks] rks vifjorZuh; {kfr gks ldrh gSA ,Vhih ds vHkko esa] dksf’kdk,a gksfe;ksLVSfll cuk, ugha j[k ldrh vkSj os lwt ldrh gS ,oa QV ldrh gSaA U;wjkWu Hkh vpkud fu/kzoq.k ¼Mhiksyjkbt+½ gks ldrs gSa ftlls laHkkfor :i ls fo”kSys U;wjksVªkalfeVj tSls fd XywVkesaV fu;qfDr gks ldrs gSa vkSj fXy;y dksf’kdk,a] tks vke rkSj ij ,Vhih vkfJr iEi ds tfj, vR;f/kd XywVkesaV dks lkQ+ dj nsrh gS] os Hkh dke djuk can dj ldrh gSA ÅtkZ ds vHkko esa] fnekxh dksf’kdkvksa dk thou cgqr vfuf’pr gks tkrk gSA

i{kk?kkr ds nkSjku gksus okyh ÁfØ;kvksa ds lko/kkuhiwoZd v/;;u ds t+fj, raf=dk foKkuh u, bykt fodflr djus esa lQY gks ik, gSaA vusd i{kk?kkr okfgdkvksa dks vo#) dj nsus okys [kwu ds FkDdks] ¼CYkM DYkkWV½] ds dkj.k gksrs gSa vkSj ^^fV’;w Iykt+feukstu ,DVhos;j ¼Vhih,½ uked FkDdksa dks rksM+us okyh nok ls bykt djus ij FkDdksa dks rksM+k tk ldrk gS vkSj jDr dk Áokg pkyw fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn ;g nok tYnh gh ns nh tk, rks Vhih, dk ifj.kkeksa ij ukVdh; ÁHkko gks ldrk gSA nqHkkZX;o’k i{kk?kkr ds jksxh dks ,slh nok tYnh nsuk ljy ugha gksxk D;ksafd laHkor% jksxh ds ifjokj dks irk gh u gks fd gks D;k jgk gSA

cka, gsfeLQs;j dh dVh gqbZ lrg

vk?kkr LFky

efLr”d dk nk;ka gsfeLQs;j

nk;ka lsjscsye

efLr”d ls tqM+h /kefu;k¡ es: jTtq

vk?kkr LFky ds vklikl {kfrxzLr dksf’kdkvksa dk fiueczy

nokvksa dh ,d ubZ Js.kh ls Hkh bykt fd;k tk jgk gS tks XywVkesaV lfgr U;wjksVªkalfeVjksa] tks i{kk?kkr ds nkSjku fo”kSys Lrjksa rd tek gks tkrs gSa] dks vo#) djrh gSaA ;s nok,a ;k rks Lo;a XywVkesaV jhlsIVjksa dks ;k XywVkesaV }kjk lapkfyr var%dksf’kdk ladsr ekxkZsa dks vo#) dj nsrh gSaA ,slh dbZ nok,a fodflr dh tk jgh gSaA vQlksl gS fd buesa ls fdlh dk Hkh i{kk?kkr ij dksbZ vlj ugha gqvk gSA

vkuqokaf’kd jksx

cgqr le; ls fpfdRld fnekxh jksxksa dks ÁHkkfor LFkku ds vuqlkj igpkurs jgs gSa vkSj mldk bykt djrs jgs gSaA vusd jksxksa ds laca/k esa] mudk uke gh mudh xM+cM+h vkSj fnekx ds ÁHkkfor fgLls dk |ksrd gksrk gS] ftls vdlj ySfVu ;k xzhd dk tkek iguk;k tkrk gS] tSlfd ^^iSjkbVy ,VsfDl;ka ^A fiNys bl o”kkZsa esa vkuqoaf’kdh laca/kh tkudkjh dh ckSNkj us fLFkfr dks iwjh rjg cny fn;k gSA vusd vkuqokaf’kd jksxksa esa] xM+cM+h dgha vkSj gksrh gSA

dqN yksxksa dks fojklr esa ,slh leL;k feyrh gS ftlesa pyus&fQjus ij iwjk fu;a=.k jgrk gS ysfdu le; chrus ij os vf/kdkf/kd yM+[kM+kuk ‘kq: dj nsrs gSaA Likbukslsjscsyj ,VsfDl;k uked ;g jksx & ,slk uke tks jksxksa ds ukedj.k ds Ákphu bfrgkl dks Áfrfcafcr djrk gS & gesa bl jksx dks iSnk djus okys ;FkkrF; thu&nks”kksa dks Li”V djrk gSA vc dbZ vkSj chekfj;ksa dks Hkh muds dkj.k ds vuqlkj oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj uSnkfud vkuqokaf’kd ijh{k.k vc Likbuks lsyscsyj ,VsfDl;k ;k vU; vkuqokaf’kd jksxksa ls xzLr yksxksa ds fy, vke ckr gks xbZ gSA vc jksx&funku igys dh vis{kk dgha tYnh vkSj vf/kd lqfuf’prrk ds lkFk fd;k tk ldrk gSA

48




lh[kus esa v{kerk

‘kkbt+ksÝsfu;k

’kks/k & efYViy LDysjksfll

efYViy LDysjksfll ;qok ckfyx yksxksa dk jksx gSA blesa ckj&ckj det+ksjh] lqu gks tkuk] nksgjk fn[kkbZ nsuk ;k [kjkc larqyu tSls y{k.k gksrs gSa tks Bhd gksus ls igys & okil lkekU; gksus rd & dqN lIrkg rd jgrs gSaA chekjh vkSj Bhd gksus dh vof/k dk pØ bl jksx dh fo’ks”krk gSA

efYViy LDysjksfll raf=dk&iz.kkyh esa ‘kks/k ds dkj.k gksrk gS flesa tyu gksrh gS vkSj fQj og Bhd gks tkrk gSA gekjh izfrj{k.k iz.kkyh cSDVhfj;k ;k ok;jl }kjk iSnk fd, x, laØe.kksa ls yM+us ds cuh gSA dbZ ckj blesa xM+cM+h gks tkrh gS vkSj ;g gekjs gh vaxksa ij izgkj djus yxrh gSA ,slh chekjh dks ^^vkWVksbE;wu jksx^^ dgk tkrk gS vkSj os fdlh Hkh fV’;w dks izHkkfor dj ldrh gSaA ;fn izfrj{k.k iz.kkyh U;wjkWu ds pkjksa rjQ fyiVs ekbfyu ij geyk djrh gS] rks tyu LFkkuh; :i ls gksrh gS tks ^^MhekbZfyus’ku^^ iSnk djrh gSA le; chrus ij tyu vke rkSj ij ‘kkar gks tkrh gS] ekbfyu esa lq/kkj gks tkrk gS vkSj lc lkekU; gks tkrk gSA tyu gksrh D;ksa gS] ;g Li”V ugha gS vkSj ^^MhekbZfyus’ku^^ ds jksxh flQZ ,d gh ckj laf{kIr :Ik ls ihfM+Rk gksrs gSaA ysfdu dqN yksxksa esa fnekx ds fofHkUu fgLlksa dks izHkkfor djus okys ckj&ckj nkSjs iM+us dh izo`fRr gksrh gSA

lh[kus esa v{kerk vkSj ’kkbt+ksÝsfu;k laHkkfor ifjokj dh ihf<+;k n’kkus okyk oa’ko`{k A ;g /;ku nsa fd ;s jksx dbZ ckj ,d ih<+h NksM+ nsrs gSaA

gf.VaXVu jksx ,d raf=dk g~klh jksx gS tks ‘kjhj dh vlkekU; vuSfPNd xfrfof/k ls tqM+k gksrk gS] bl ekeys esa ;g ml MkWDVj ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS ftlus bl jksx dk igys&igy [kqyklk fd;kA ;g gf.VaXVu uked ekuo thukse esa lcls cM+s thu esa ls ,d esa ckjackj mRifjorZu ds dkj.k gksrk gSA ikfdZUlu jksx ¼/khekiu] vdM+u] daidih vkSj yM+[kM+kgV iSnk djus okyk jksx½ ds vkjafHkd :i^^ikfdZu^^ laca/kh thu dksfMax esa xM+cfM+;ksa ds dkj.k gksrs gSaA funku esa enn djus ds lkFk lkFk] vkuqokaf’kd ijh{k.k dk mi;ksx ifjokj ds vU; lnL;ksa dks ;g lykg nsus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gS fd muesa ;g jksx gksus dh ;k vkxs muds cPpksa ds ;g jksx gksus dh fdruh laHkkouk gSaA

pwafd gesa ;g tkudkjh ugha gS fd efYViy LDysjksfll esa tyu D;ksa ‘kq: gksrh gS] ge bls iwjh rjg jksd ugha ldrsA ysfdu gesa ;g t+#j ekywe gS fd bu nkSjksa dks fLVjkW;M tSlh nokvksa dk bLrseky djds NksVk fd;k tk ldrk gSaA cgqr xaHkhj ^^,e,l^^ okys jksfx;ksa ds fy, dqN MkWDVj ;g ekurs gSa fd izfrj{k.k iz.kkyh ds dqN fgLlksa dks ,t+SFkksizhu ;k ch&baVjQsjkWu tSlh nokvksa ls LFkk;h rkSj ij ean djuk ykHkdj gks ldrk gSA vHkh Hkh muds iz;ksx dks ysdj dkQ+h vfuf’prrk cuh gqbZ gSA

ysfdu] Hkys gh vkuqokaf’kdh Økafr us raf=dk iz.kkyh ds jksxksa ls yM+us dk MkWDVjh rjhdk cny fn;k gks] fQj Hkh vHkh yach&[kkst&;k=k ‘kq: gh gqbZ gSA ,d gh izdkj dk thu&nks”k vyx&vyx yksxksa esa vyx&vyx jksx iSnk dj ldrk gS] vkSj vyx&vyx thu&nks”k cgqr leku jksx iSnk dj ldrs gSaA ;g le; ikuk fd bu varjksa dh otg D;k gS vkSj dSls gekjh vkuqokaf’kd lajpuk ml nqfu;k var%fØ;k djrh gS ftlesa vki jgrs gSa vkSj tks vkius vius bnZ&fxnZ clkbZ gS] og gekjs thuksfed ;qx dh vxyh cM+h pqukSrh gSA

izfrj{k.k iz.kkyh ,sls lfU/k LFkkuksa ij Hkh d izgkj dj ldrh gS tgka rf=dk,a ekalisf’k;ksa ls tqMrh gSa] ftls ^^ek;LFksfu;k xzSfol^^ uke jksx iSnk gksrkk] ;k mu raf=dkvksa ij geyk gksrk gS tks lq”kqEuk ls mHkjrh gS] blds if.kkeLo:Ik xqfy;u ckjs flUMªkse^^ uke jksx mRiUu gksrk gSA

tSdfyu M+;w izs&efYViy LDysjksfll ls ihfM+r ,d fo[;kr laxhrK

ppkZ dk eqík

;fn vkidks ;g irk pys fd vkidks vkuqokaf’kd jksx gksus dk [krjk gS rks D;k vki ;g fuf’pr tkuuk pkgsaxs \ D;k tUe ls iwoZ thu dh igpku djuk lgh gksxk vkSj ftuesa jksx gks ldrk gS mudk xHkZikr djkuk \ jksx ds iuius ls igys ihfM+r O;fDr;ksa }kjk ft, x, mu mi;ksxh vkSj ykHkdj o”kkZsa dk D;k \

49




U;wjksfMtsujs’ku &

vYt+hej jksx

ge dkSu gS] vyx&vyx ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk ge ij D;k vlj gksrk gS] ge fdlls Áse djrs gS] ge fdl pht+ ls Hk;Hkhr gksrs gSa] ge D;k ;kn j[krs gS bl lc fØ;kvksa dks gekjk efLr”d gh funsZf’kr djrk gSA euq”; ds LoHkko dk ;g egRoiw.kZ :i ml le; csdkj gks tkrk gS tc gekjk ;g efLr”d /khjs&/khjs det+ksj gksdj dke djuk can dj nsrk gS vFkkZr~ tc vYt+hej jksx tdM+ ysrk gSA vYt+hej jksx Msesaf’k;k dk gh ,d :i gS ftlesa ekufld ‘kfDr yxHkx u”V gks tkrh gSA 65 o”kZ dh vk;q okys O;fDr;ksa esa ;g chekjh yxHkx 5 Áfr’kr vkSj 85 o”kZ ;k mlls vf/kd vk;q okys O;fDr;ksa esa 25 Áfr’kr rd gksrh gSA ;g vR;Ur nq[kn jksx gS% bles lcls igys Lej.k ‘kfDr {kh.k gksrh gS mlds ckn O;fDr dh gjdrsa lkekU; ugha jgrh vkSj vUrr% mldh ekSr gks tkrh gSA vius fÁ;tuksa dks bl rjg dks bl rjg dh fLFkfr esa ns[kuk fd ftlesa os Lo;a dks gh ugha igpku ikrs] cgqr gh ihfM+r O;fDr vius fudV lacaf/k;ksa dks igpkuuk gh can dj nsrs gSa vkSj ge vius jkstejkZ ds /kkuksa tSls fd diMs] iguuk] [kkuk] ugkuk /kksuk vkSj vU; t#jh dk;ksZa ds fy, mu vkfJr gksus yxrs gSa] mudh ns[kHkky djus okyksa dh ftanxh dh ,dne cny tkrh gSA

^^vktdy firkth ;g Hkh ugha tkurs fd eSa dkSu gwaA yxrk gS fd os eq>sfcYdqy Hkh ugha igpkursA mUgsa xqLlk vk tkrk gS] vkSj NksVh&NksVh ckr ij Mj tkrs gSa & eq>s ,slk yxrk gS fd mUgsa ‘kk;n ;g Hkh ekywe ugha gksrk fd muds vkl&ikl D;k gks jgk gSA ‘kq:&’kq: esa ,slk yxrk Fkk og ges’kk pht+ksa dks j[kdj Hkwy tkrs gSaA fQj rks fLFkfr Hkh vkSj Hkh cnrj gks xbZA uhan ugha vkrh Fkh] le; dk Kku ugha gksrk gS] vkSj rks vkSj mUgsa ;g Hkh vkHkkl ugha gksrk Fkk fd os dgka ij gSA vc [kkuk [kkrs gq, mUgsa vius crZuksa dk Hkh irk ugha pyuk vkSj [kkuk [kkus] diM+s iguus ds dke esa mUgsa enn dh t#jr iM+rh gSA eSa ;g lc ugha dj ldrkA**

;g lc D;k gks jgk gSA tSls tSls vYt+hej dh chekjh c<+rh gS efLr”d dh dksf’kdk,a u”V gksrh tkrh gSa] dkjVsDl iryh gksrh tkrh gS vkSj osufVªdy ¼rjy inkFkZ tks efLr”d esa [kkyh LFkku dks Hkjrk gS½ QSyus yxrk gSA jksx dk funku lkekU;r% mlds y{k.kksa ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gS ysfdu bldh ekStwnxh dh fuf’pr :i ls iqf”V jksxh dh e`R;q ds Ik’pkr mldh ‘ko&ijh{kk djus ij gh gksrh gS tc efLr”d lw{en’khZ ijh{k.k ls irk pyrk gS dksf’kdk,a u”V gks pqdh gSa vkSj fc[kjs gq, NksVs NksVs foÑr ,ehykW;M Iykdksa esa cgqr lk ,ehykW;M ÁksVhu vlkekU; :i ls tek gks x;k gS rFkk mlesa jkM dh rjg ds ÁksVhuksa tks efLr”d dh lkekU; dksf’kdk,a gS&Qkbfczysjh Vsaxy tekoM+k gks x;k gSA orZeku vuqla/kku ifj;kstukvksa esa rf=dk euksoSKkfud ijh{k.k fof/k;ksa ds tfj, ftUnk jgrs gq, bl jksx dk funku djus dk Á;kl fd;k tk jgk gSa] ftuesa vYt+hej jksx dh vkjfEHkd voLFkkvksa esa mnkgj.kkFkZ gks jgs ekufld cnykoksa dks igpkuus esa ij /;ku dsfUnzr fd;k tkr gS vkSj bldk ijh{k.k fMÁs’ku ds jksfx;ksa ij fd;k tkrk gSA

efLr”d ds /kCcs ,ehykW;M Iykdksa ¼tSls fd vk;rkdkj esa½ vkSj cgqr xgjs /kCcksa okyh xqfRFk;ksa ¼rhj½ dks n’kkZrs gSaA

iqu% vkuqokaf’kdh us gesa bl jksx dks tkuus dk ekSdk fn;k gS ftlesa thuksa esa ifjorZuksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS ftls ,ehykW;M fÁdlZj ÁksVhu ¼ftlls ,feykW;M curk gS½ vkSj Áslsfufyal ¼ftls ,at+kbe dgrs gSa tk fÁdlZj ÁksVhu dks uhps ykrk gS½ dgk tkrk gSA fo’ks”k :i ls ,iksfy;ks ÁksVhu bZ ¼LiksbZ½ thu ftls ,iksbZ&4 dgk x;k gS dk vkuqokf’kd :i esa :ikUrj.k bl chekjh ds fy, ,d cgqr cM+k [krjk gSA ysfdu vkuqokaf’kdh gh blds fy, iwjh rjg ls ftEesnkj ugha gSA i;kZojf.kd ?kVd tSls fd fo”k vkSj vU; vk?kkr tSls fd nq?kZVuk fnekx ij pksV yxuk vkfn Hkh eq[; bldh [kkl otg cu ldrs gSA

ysfdu vkuqokaf’kdh dkj.k dkQh egRoiw.kZ gSa D;ksafd Á;ksx’kkyk esa 3 i’kqvksa esa vkuqokaf’kdh Mkydj tks uLy rS;kj dh xbZ mlesa bl chekjh ds y{k.k fn[kkbZ fn,A bu ij fd, x, vuqla/kku lksp le>dj Áfrikfnr djuk gksxk] c<+k p<+k dj ughaA ysfdu buls gesa jksx dh ÁfØ;k dh tSfodh dks tkuus esa enn fey ldrh gSA vYt+hej jksx ds Ádksi dks jksdus ds fy, vHkh rd dksbZ bykt ekStwn ugha gS] gkykafd blds fy, cgqr rRijrk ls Á;kl fd;k tk jgk gS vkSj bl chekjh ds bykt gsrq i’kqvksa ij ‘kks/k djuk cgqr mi;ksxh gSA dgk tkrk gSA ds ftu raf=dk dksf’kdkvksa esa dsfedy VªkalehVj ,flVydksyhu dk bLrseky gksrk gS mUgsa ;g chekjh [kkl rkSj ij tYnh idM+rh gSA mu ,utkbuksa tks lkekU;r% bl U;wjksVªkalehVj dks u”V djrh gS] ds ÁHkko dks jksdrs gq, ‘ks”k ,flVdksyhu dh dkjZokbZ dks rst+ djus ds fy, nh xbZ vkS”kf/k;ksa dk i'kqvksa vkSj dqN jksfx;ksa ds ekeyksa] nksuksa ds fy, ekewyh :Ik ls vljnkj ekuk x;k gSA ysfdu ;s vkS”kf/k;ka bl chekjh ds Ádksi dks jksdu esa dke;kc ugha gSaA vkuqokaf’kdh ladsrksa] efLr”d dh cukoV vkSj euksoSKkfud dk;ZÁ.kkyh ds chp laca/k dks tkudkjh vkSj mu ra=ksa dk Kku ftu otg ls ;s dksf’kdk,a u”V gksrh gSa] bu lc rF;ksa dks ysdj bldk gy <w<aus ls vUr esa bl ls jksx ij dkcw ik;k tk ldrk gSA

volknd fodkj ¼fMÁsflio fMlvkMZj½

;g tkudkjh gSjkuh gksrh gS fd fMÁs’ku vkSj U;wjksfMtsujs’ku esa xgjk laca/k gS ysfdu vc ge tkurs gSa fd volkn ls xaHkhj :i ls ihfM+r jksfx;ksa ds efLr”d dh dksf’kdk,a u”V gks ldrh gSA

volkn dh chekjh mu det+ksj euksHkkoksa ls vyx gS] tks vkneh le;≤ ij eglwl djrk gSA ge ;gka lc esa ,d xaHkhj chekjh dh fLFkfr dh ckr dj jgs gS tc vkneh dk g¶rksa vkSj eghuksa rd [kjkc ewM esa jgrk gSA /khjs&/khjs mldh lkjh #fp;ka lekIr gksus yxrh gS vkSj fLFkfr bruh fcxM+

tkrh gS fd volkn ls ihfM+r jksxh ejuk pkgrk gS vkSj gks ldrk gS fd og Lo;a dks ekj gh nsA volkn ds jksxh ds dqN vU; y{k.k bl Ádkj gS% lgh

<ax ls uhan u vkuk] Hkw[k u yxuk fdlh pht+ ij /;ku dsfUnzr u dj ikuk vkSj Lej.k ‘kfDr det+ksj gksukA vkSj thou ds Áfr yxko u jgukA lkSHkkX; ls] bl chekjh dk iwjh rjg bykt+ gks ldrk gSA ,aVhfMÁsLV vkS”kf/k;ksa ls tks

U;wjkekWM~;wysVjh VªkalehVj tSls fd lsjksVksfuu vkSj uksjkMªsukykbu ds ÁHkko dks rst djrh gSa] bl chekjh dk rst+h ls ¼g¶rksa esa½ bykt fd;k tk ldrk gSA fo’ks”k rjg dh ckrphr ds tfj, bykt Hkh cgqr dkjxkj gS vkSj jklk;fud

rFkk euksoSKkfud nksuksa Ádkj dk ,dlkFk bykt rks fo’ks”k :Ik ls ennxkj fl) gks ldrk gSA

vk’p;Z dh ckr gS fd bl

chekjh y{k.k lHkh esa ,d tSls gksrs gSaA fd bl chekjh ds y{k.k lHkh esa ,d tSls gksrs gSaA 5 esa ls 1 vkneh

dqN gn rd volkn dh bl chekjh ls ihfM+r gksrk gSA

xaHkhj vkSj yEcs le; ls pyh vk jgh

volkn dh chekjh ruko iSnk djus okyh gkeksZuksa tSls fd dkafVZlksy tks ruko dh fLFkfr ds

nkSjku rst+h ls iSnk gksrs gSa ¼v/;k;&12½] dk fu;a=.k fcxM+ tkrk gSA

fouklsaV okWu n bEizs’kfuLV isaVj volkn dh chekjh ls xaHkhj :Ik ls ihfM+r FksA

50




ysfdu yEcs le; ls lfØ; gks jgs ruko laca/kh gkeksZu efLr”d dh dksf’kdkvksa fo’ks”k :i ls yykV vkSj duiVh ds ykscksa dks uqdlku igqapk ldrs gSA gky esa irk pyk gS fd ,aVh fMÁslsaV vkS”kf/k;ksa ls efLr”d dh dskf’kdkvksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj gksrk gS vkSj fgIiksdSEil esa u, U;wVªku iSnk fd, tkus dh nj esa o`f) gksrh gSA bl rjg ;s vkS”kf/k;k¡ chekjh ls cpkrh gSa vkSj ;gka rd fd efLr”d ij iM+us okys ruko ds cqjs ÁHkkoksa dks Hkh jksdrh gSA

’kkbt+kssÝsfu;k

vU; euf’pfdRlh; fodkj tks efLr”d dks dsfeLVªh vkSj efLr”d dh lajpuk nksuksa esa vlkekU; ykrh gS] ‘kkbt+ksÝsfu;k dgk tkrk gSA ;g mŸkjksrj o laHkor vixark dh fLFkfr gS tks lkS esa ls ,d O;fDr dks ÁHkkfor djrh gSA ÁkS<+koLFkk ‘kq: gksrs gh bl chekjh ds y{k.k fn[kkbZ nsus yxrs gSa vkSj dSalj ls Hkh T;knk ?kkrd gSA

‘kkbt+ksÝsfu;k dk Áeq[k y{k.k gS foHkze ¼vlkekU; Árhfr;k¡ & lkekU;r% cqjs&cqjs fopkj vkuk tks cgqr Øwj fdLe ds gksrs gSa½ vkSj efrHkze ¼bfUnz;k fodkj gks tkrk gS tc jksxh dh dqN vuqHkwfr gksus yxrh gS tSls fd vkokt+ lqukbZ nsus yxrh gSa tcfd ogka dksbZ ugha gksrk½A lksp&fopkj] ckr djus vkSj dk;Z dh {kerk rst+h ls de fLFkfr dk xyr vFkZ fudkyk tkrk gSA

Ák;% *fo[kafMr O;fDrRo^ ds lkFk tksM+ fn;k tkrk gS tcfd bldk mlls dksbZ laca/k ugha gksrk vkSj u gh ,slk dksbZ fu;e gS fd blls jksxh fgald gks tkrk gSA okLro esa] f’kDRt+ksÝsfu;k jksx ls ihfM+r O;fDr [krjukd gksus dh vis{kk Mjiksd gks tkrk gSA ;g chekjh vkuqokaf’kd gksrh gS ysfdu Áfrdwy fLFkfr;ka] i;kZoj.k vkSj ruko Hkh bl chekjh dk dkj.k gks ldrs gSaA fQj Hkh] tks ;g lHkh euksoSKkfud ifjorZu fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSa eq[; :Ik ls efLr”d jksx dk gh y{k.k gSA cgqr igys ls ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd bl fLFkfr esa efLr”d dks osufVªdy tk c<+ tkrs gSa vkSj efLr”d ds vxzHkkx dh dksf’kdkvksa xfrfof/k /kheh iM+ tkrh gSA

**igys rks gesa ;g irk gks ugha pyk fd gekjh csVh dks D;k gks jgk gSA mlus ;wfuoflVhZ dh i<+kbZ Bhd&Bkd ‘kq: dh vkSj igys o”kZ dh ijh{kk esa mlus dksbZ fnDdr eglwl ugha dhA blds ckn mlesa cnyko vkus yxkA tc og ?kj esa gksrh rks ,dne ‘kkUr vkSj vyx&vyx lh jgrh tcfd igys ckgj tkus ij Hkh og ,slh ugha Fkhaa mlus vius nksLrksa ls feyuk can dj fn;k ckn esa rks geus ns[kk fd og viuh Dykl ls Hkh xSj&gkft+j gksus yxh Fkh vkSj lkjk fnu fcLrj ij iM+h jgrh FkhA fQj ,d fnu mlus gesa dgk fd mls Vsyhfot+u ls ,d fo’ks”k lans’k ÁkIr gqvk gS fd mls fo’ks”k ‘kfDr;ka ÁkIr gSa vkSj mixzg mlds fopkjksa ds VsyhiSFkh }kjk fu;af=r dj jgs gSaA og fcuk otg glaus yxrh vkSj fQj jksuk ‘kq: dj nsrhA og dgrh fd mls vius vkl&ikl yksxksa dh vkokt+ lqukbZ iM+rh gSa tks mls crkrh gSa fd mlus D;k D;k fd;k gSA rc mUur esa irk pyk fd mls rks ‘kkbt+ksÝsfu;k dh chekjh us tdM+ fy;k gSA

og igyh ckj esa nks eghus rd vLirky esa jghA vc og fu;fer :Ik ls /;ku yxkrh gSA gkykafd og vc igys ls dkQh vPNh gS vc mls mixzgksa ds ckjs esa fofp= Ádkj ds fopkj ugha vkus ysfdu vc Hkh og fdlh ckr esa [kkl #fp ugha ysrhA mlus ;wfuoflVhZ dh viuh i<+kbZ can djuh iM+hA gkykafd mlus dqN le; rd fdlh ,d LFkkuh; nqdku ij dke Hkh fd;k ysfdu mls dqN g¶rks ds fy, fQj ls vLirky tkuk iM+k ftlls mldh ukSdjh NwV xbZA vc og igys tSls ugha jgh gSA^^

Mksikekbu fjlsiVlZ dks jksdus okyh vkS”kf/k;ka y{k.kksa dh ckjEckjrk vkSj ÁHkko dks de djus esa lgk;rk gksrh gS] ysfdu og bl chekjh dk mipkj ugha dj ldrhA gky gh esa fd, x, v/;;u ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd tc ,EQsVkekbu tSlh vkS”kf/k;ksa dk Á;ksx djus gq, ijh{k.k fd, tkrs gSa rks ml nkSjku ‘kkbt+ksÝsfu;k ds jksxh ds efLr”d esa fudys Mksikekbu esa vlkekU;rkvksa dks [kkstuk laHko gksrk gSA bl foÑfr ds ckjs esa cgqr dqN irk yxk, tkus dh t#jr gS% ‘ko&ijh{kk ds ckn fd, x, v/;;uksa ls irk pyrk gSA dh fodkl ds nkSjku ftl rjg ls U;wu tqM+rs gSa mlls vlkekU;rk vk ldrh gS vkSj ;g Hkh fd vU; U;wjksVªkalehVj flLVEl tSls fd XyqVkesV] Hkh xyr O;ogkj dj ldrs gSaA

ekufld fodkjksa dh ÁÑfr dks le>us ds gekjs Á;kl esfMdy U;wjkslkbal ds fy, ,d vkf[kjh cM+h pqukSrh dks O;Dr djrs gSaA fpfdRlk vuqla/kku ifj”kn vkSj osyde VªLV vkfn tSls laxBuksa us vxys n’kd esa fd, tkus okys vuqla/kku ds fy, ,tsaMk esa ekufld LokLF; ds eqÌs dks ‘kh”kZ ij j[kk gSA ,d egRowi.kZ orZeku ifj;kstuk esa mu ifjokjksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj ¼ckWDl ns[ks½ ftuesa bl jksx ds gksus dk tksf[ke T;knk gS] jksx dk v/;;u djus ds fy, vkuqokaf’kdh Kku vkSj efLr”d tkap nksuksa ij fopkj fd;k tk jgk gSA **v.kq ¼eksysD;wy½ ls ysdj ‘k¸;kxr mipkj ¼osclkbV½^^ ds chp ds vUrj dks iVuk gh ,d lcls pqukSrhiw.kZ vuqla/kku Á;kl gSA

v uqla/kku {ks=

i fj.kke

tkap drkZ euf’pfdRlk,a thih fo ”k;

chekjh ls ihfM+r gksus okys laHkkfor ifjokj

’kkbt+ksÝsfu;k dk Hkkoh v/;;u

raf=dk vkSj ef’pfdRlh; jksx ds vf/kdka’k v/;;u mUgha yksxksa ij fd, tkrs gSa tks igys ls gh bl jksx ls ihfM+r

gksrs gSA LdkWVyS.M ds vuqla/kkudrkZ bl chekjh ds ihfM+r

gksus dks laHkkouk okys ifjokjksa ds lnL;ksa dk v/;;u djus ds fy, vkuqokaf’kdh laca/kh lwpuk dk Á;ksx dj jgs gSaA ;g

ns[kus ds fy, fd D;k jksx ds vUnj&vUnj fodflr gksus

ds y{k.kksa dk irk yxk;k tk ldrk gS fu;fer vUrjkyksa ij efLr”d dh tkap vkSj efLr”d ds dke djus dh fLFkfr

vkSj okLrfod y{k.kksa ds /;kuiwoZd ijh{k.k fd;k tkrk gSA

51 lacaf/kr baVjusV lkbVsa: Brain and spine foundation: http://www.bbsf.org.uk British epilepsy association: http://www.epilepsy.org.uk Stroke: http://www.strokecenter.org National Institute of Neurological disorders and stroke: http://www.ninds.nih.gov




raf=dk uhfr‘kkL=

,d ckj cgqr igys dh ckr gS ¼tSlkfd ifj;ksa dh dgkuh vdlj ‘kq: gksrh gS½] foKku rFkk izks|ksfxdh ds chp ,d Li”V lqfHkUurk FkhA oSKkfudksa us ^îrk yxkus ds vkuan^^ dks NksM+dj vU; fdlh iqjLdkj ds fcuk le; dh [kkst esa ,d vfu;af=r ekxZ dk ifj’khyu fd;k] og pkgs mUgsa dgha Hkh D;ksa u ys tk,A bathfu;jksa rFkk izkS|ksfxdhfonksa us ml lalkj dks] ftlesa ge jgrs gSa] cnyus ds fy, oSKkfud iz;kl ds ifj.kkeksa dks vuqiz;qDr fd;kA rFkkfi] pkgs ;g rhoz lqfHkUurk fdruh Hkh Hkzked izrhr u gks] ;d ,d ifj;ksa dh dgkuh gS rFkk lnk jgsxhA vktdy oSKkfud ml lkekftd lanHkZ laca/k esa lokZf/kd tkx#d gS ftlesa os dk;Z djrs gSa rFkk fdl izdkj og lanHkZ muds v/;;u dks izHkkfor dj ldrk gSA lekt ij raf=dk foKku ds izHkko ls tqM+s iz’u raf=dk uhfr’kkL= ds lkekU; ‘kh”kZd ds varxZr ,df=r fd, tkrs gSa tks raf=dk foKku n’kZu’kkL= rFkk uhfr’kkL= dk pkSjkgk gSA blesa ;g ‘kkfey gS fd fdl izdkj efLr”d ds laca/k esa [kkstsa ekuoksa ds :i esa gekjs vfLrRo dh Hkkouk dks izHkkfor djrh gSa ¼tSls eR;Zrk dk raf=dk vk/kkj½A ;g lkekftd uhfr ds fy, my>koksa ds ckjs esa gSa ¼tSls cPps dh ‘kS{kf.kd laHkkO;rk½ rFkk fdl izdkj vuqla/kku fd;k tkrk gS ¼tSls Ik’kqvksa ij iz;ksx dk uhfr’kkL= ;k ekuoksa ds lkFk /kks[ks dk iz;ksx½A rFkk ;g bl ckjs esa gS fd fdl izdkj raf=dk foKkuh yksxksa dks ;g lalwfpr djus esa lokZsRre :i ls jr gksxsa fd os D;k djrs gSa rFkk bl ckjs esa fopkj dh lk>snkjh djsaxh fd mUgsa D;k djuk pkfg,A

^êfLr”d ds ckjs esa lkspuk ge lcls lacaf/kr gS ;g ‘kkfCnd vFkZ esa fnekxh dk;Z gS^^

t+d gkWy] dSfyQksfuZ;k fo’ofo|ky;

lkekftd lanHkZ

gkykafd dqN raf=dk foKkuh ;g ekurs gSa fd mudh ladYiuk,a lkekftd okLrfodrk ls fHkUu gSa] ,slk fojyk gh gksrk gSA 17oha ‘krkCnh esa] MsLdkVZsl us ;g Li”V djus ds fy, ,d nzoh; esaVkQksj ¼y{k.k½ dk iz;ksx fd;k fd fdl izdkj efLr”d dh euksn’kk ekalisf’k;ksa dks lapkfyr djrh gS & ;g ty bathfu;jh ls m/kkj fy;k x;k ,d y{k.k gS ftls mUgksaus Ýkalhlh psR;w esa ns[kkA 20oha ‘krh lekIr gksus ij] tks vkS|ksfxd ;qx dh |ksrd gS] raf=dk ‘kjhj foKkfu;ksa us efLr”d dh tfVy ok;fjax dks ,d ^êk;koh [kM~Mh^^ ds :I esa rFkk ckn esa ,d fo’kky ^^nwjHkk”k dsanz^^ ds :Ik esa of.kZr fd;kA vc 21oha ‘krkCnh ds vkjEHk gksus ij] lax.kukRed y{k.k izpqj gSa ;Fkk dkYifud vuqeku fd ^^lsjscjy dksVZsDl futh oYMZ okbM cso dh Hkkafr izpkyu djrk gSA^^ ;s tfVy fopkj lalwfpr djus ds lgk;rkFkZ va’kr% vk’kqys[ku gSa ijUrq lkFk gh ,slh ladYiuk,a Hkh gSa tks oLrqr% ifj”Ñr efLr”d fl)kUrksa esa fufeZr gSaA

raf=dk foKkuh nSuafnolh; fo’o ls dVdj oSKkfud leL;kvksa ds ckjs esa lksp ldrs gSa rFkk lksprs gSaA vdlj ;g fodkl ,d vewrZ vuki’kuki ;qDr fo’o esa gksrk gS ftlesa lR; ds fy, ,d rikse; [kkst ds lfUudj dqN dk;Z oLrqr% fd;k tk jgk gSA pkgs ;g mu vk;fud /kkjkvksa dk ifjdYku djus laca/kh gks tks dk;Z&laHkkO;rk ds izpkj esa varfgZr gSa] dSls jklk;fud lans’k fueqZDr fd, tkrs gSa rFkk dk;Z djrs gSa vFkok fdl izdkj n`f”Vr fo’o ds igyqvksa dk n`f”Vd dksVZSDl esa lsy Qk;fjax izfrfuf/kRo djrh gS & raf=dk foKku esa vusd leL;kvksa dks ,d i`FkDÑr fdUrq o’; rjhds esa <kyk tk ldrk gSA

fdUrq okLrfod fo’o dHkh Hkh cgqr nwj ugha gksrkA tc gesa ,d ckj irk py tk, fd jklk;fud VªkalehVj fdl izdkj dk;Z djrs gSa rks mu LekVZ vkS”k/kksa ds ckjs esa lkspuk LokHkkfod gS tks gesa csgrj Lej.k djus esa lgk;rk dj ldrs gSaA dqN yksx U;wjksVkfDlUl ¼raf=dk ,tsaV½ ds ckjs esa lksp ldrs gSa tks bl laosnh izfØ;k dks ckf/kr djrs gSa tSls ,atkbu vojks/kd tks tSfod la?k”kZ ds ,tsaVksa ls rfud gh nwj gSA

;fn dksbZ ,slk vkS”k/k miyC/k gh tks vkidks ijh{kk ikl djus esa lgk;rk dj lds rks D;k vki bls ysaxsA D;k blesa rFkk fdlh f[kykM+h ds LVhjks;M dk iz;ksx dj viuk fu”iknu lq/kkjus esa vFkok fdlh O;fDr }kjk volknjks/kh nok ysus esa dksbZ varj gSa \ efLRk”d Nfodj.k dk HkfOk”; de dkYifud uSfed f}fo/kkvksa ls f?kjk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] efLr”d Nfodj.k rduhdsa leqfpr ijh{k.k izfØ;kfof/k;ksa ls ‘kh?kz gh O;fDr dh OkkLrfod ;knksa dks feF;k ;knksa ls lqfHkUu djuk O;ogk;Z cuk nsaxhA

52




ÁfrfØ;k esa fHkUurk bl le; cgqr vf/kd gS fdUrq ,d fnu U;k;ky;ksa ds ikl efLr”d LdSfuax ÁkS|ksfxdh miyC/k gksxh & ;g ,d Ádkj dk lsjhczy vaxqfyeqnz.k gSa tks xokgksa dh ;FkkrF;rk dks LFkkfir djus esa lgk;d gks ldrk gSA blls laKkukRed xksiuh;rk ds ckjs esa #fpdj eqn~ns mRiUu gks ldrs gSaA

efLr”d ds ckjs esa u, fu”d”kZ lnSo gekjh Lo;a ds ckjs esa Hkkouk dks la’kksf/kr djrs jgrs gSaA efLr”d ds fodkl ds ckjs esa ÁHkkoiw.kZ fopkjksa esa vusd lkeftd laKku ls lacaf/kr fopkj ‘kkfey gSaA bl ckjs esa mnh;eku tkx#drk gS fd eR;Zrk rFkk lpsruk HkkoukRed efLr”d ls lfUudV ;qfXer gS tks iqjLdkj vkSj naM ds ladsrksa dks ÁfØ;kfUor djrk gS & ,d ,slh laHkkouk ftlds ckjs esa fodklkRed uhfr’kkL= ds ‘kh”kZd ds rgr rdZ fn, x, gSA bu ds ckjs esa vkSj lh[kuk csgrjh ds fy, dkQh ÁHkko’kkyh cy gS tks gesa ,d nwljs dh Hkkoukvksa ds ckjs esa vf/kd voxr djkrk gSA U;wjksu IykfLVflVh dh gekjh orZeku iqjkru ladYiukvksa esa bu fopkjksa dk fuekZ.k djus ls rkRdkfyd vdknfed y{;ksa] tks vdlj ppkZ dk ,dek= dsanz gksrs gSa] ls dgha vkxs f’k{kk ÁHkkfor gks ldrh gSA

;g ekuuk Hkh egRoiw.kZ gS fd raf=dk oSKkfud vius fo”k; ds Hkkoh fn’kkvksa ds ckjs esa lger ugha gSA dqN vkf.od raf=dk thofoKkfu;ksa ds fy, vR; lR; raf=dh; Á.kkyh ds vkf.od la?kVdksa esa lfUufgr gS & ftuesa uohu Mh,u, rFkk ÁksVfed ÁkS|ksfxfd;ksa efLr”d ds iw.kZÙkj Li”Vhdj.kksa dks vk’oLr djrh gSa ftuls vU; raf=dk oSKkfudksa }kjk lkeuk dh tkus okyh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku gksxkA ;g vip;udrkZ dh dk;Zlwph gS ftldk iw.kZ n’kZu’kkL=h; ,oa ÁkS|ksfxdh; fodkl dk vdlj ehfM;k ys[kksa esa xq.kxku fd;k tkrk gSA fdUrq D;k ,slk vip;udrkZ fo’okl mfpr gS \ ;k D;k efLr”d ,oa fnekx ds mPp Lrjh; Li”Vhdj.k gS tks bl Ádkj de ugha fd, tk ldrs \ D;k efLr”d ds la?kVu ls dksbZ mnh;eku y{k.k mRiUu gks jgs gSa \ var%fØ;kRed raf=dk oSKkfudksa dk ,d fHkUu dk;Zlwph esa n`< fo’okl gSA os vk/kqfud raf=dk foKku ds Áfr vf/kd mnkj n`f”Vdks.k ds fy, rdZ nsrs gS tks ,d ,slk n`f”Vdks.k gS tks lkekftd foKkuksa ds lkFk bldh var%fØ;k dk vUos”k.k Hkh djrk gSA ;s ,sls eqn+ns gSa ftu ij lkoZtfud eap ij lgt ppkZ ugha dh tkrh fdUrq fdl Ádkj dk v/;;u fd;k tkuk pkfg,] ;s ,sls ekeys gS ftu ij lekt ds lkFk ijke’kZ fd;k tkuk pkfg,A D;ksafd ,sls vuqla/kku ds fy, Hkqxrku djus esa yksxksa ds dj blesa lgk;d gksrs gSaA

raf=dk uhfr’kkL= & dqN Bksl mnkgj.k

raf=dk uhfr’kkL= esa dqN eqn~ns lkekU; Kku ls dqN vf/kd ;ksxnku nsrs gSA eku yks fdlh Á;ksx ds v/;/khu Lo;alsoh ds efLr”d LdSu ls vÁR;kf’kr :i ls ,d ÁefLr”dh; vlkekU;rk mn~?kkfVr gks tSls efLr”d vcqZn] vFkok dYiuk djsa fd ekuo raf=dk vkuqokaf’kdh LØhu esa dksbZ O;fDr ,sls mRifjorZu dk /kkjd ik;k tk, ftlds dkj.k og fdlh raf=dk g~klh jksx ds Áfr laosnu’khy gksA buesa ls ÁR;sd ekeys esa D;k ml O;fDr dks bl ckjs esa crk;k tkuk pkfg,A lkekU; Kku ;g lq>krk gS fd ;g mÙkjnkf;Ro Lo;alsoh ij Mky fn;k tkuk pkfg, ftls igys gh bl ckjs esa viuh lgefr ;k vlgefr nsus ds fy, dgk tk,xk fd D;k LdSu ds nkSjku irk yxkbZ xbZ dksbZ laxr fpfdRlk lwpuk crkbZ tkuh pkfg,A

rFkkfi] lwfpr lgefr ,d vtZu dk;Z gSA eku yks efLr”d vuqla/kkudrkZ Á/kku ds fy, fdlh u, mipkj dk ijh{k.k dj jgk gS ftlesa vkS”k/k ;k mldk ÁfrLFkkid ikjEifjd :Ik ls Á/kku ds dqN ?kaVksa ds Hkhrj fn;k tkuk gSA ,sls ;kn`fPNd Áksrksdksy ds Bksl oSKkfud dkj.k gSA fdUrq ge ;g ÁR;k’kk ugha dj ldrs fd fdls Á?kkr gksxk rFkk ÁHkkfor O;fDr ds fy, lwfpr lgefr nsuk

vlaHko gks ldrk gSA ;fn ;g O;fDr dks bl Ádkj dh vuqla/kku ifj;kstuk esa Hkkx ysus ls jksds rks ;g mudk rFkk ijorhZ jksfx;ksa dk nh?kkZof/kd vojks/kd gksxkA laca/kh Hkh laHkor% ,slh eu%voLFkk esa ugha gksaxs tgk¡ muds fy, miyC/k le; esa lgefr dk fu.kZ; djuk lgt gksA D;k ge vis{kkÑr c`grj csgrjh ds fy, lwfpr lgefr dk R;kx dj ldrs gSa rFkk vf/kR;kxksa dh ‘kq:vkr dj ldrs gSa \ ;k D;k ,slk djuk ,d Nykok gS \

raf=dk uhfr’kkL= dk ,d vU; egRoiw.kZ igyw Ik’kq Á;ksxksa ls lacaf/kr gSA Ik’kq vius efLr”dksa ij lapkfyr fd, tkus okys vkØked Á;ksxksa ds fy, lgefr Ánku djus dh fLFkfr esa ugha gSA dqN yksxksa ds fy,] ,sls dk;Z dh laHkkouk O;o/kkukdkjh gSA vU;ksa ds fy, blds }kjk LokLF; ,oa jksx esa raf=dh; Á.kkyh dk vocks/ku v?kru] djus ds fy, is’kd’k fd;k tkus okyk volj ,slk gS fd bldk ifj’khyu u djuk vrkfdZd gSA fu”i{k :Ik ls bu eqn~nksa ij okn fookn djuk lgt ugha gS fdUrq ;g vko’;d gS fd ge ,slk djsa rFkk gesa ,slk lEekuiwoZd <ax ls djuk pkfg,A

vf/kdka’k ;wjksih; ns’kksa esa Ik’kq Á;ksxksa dks vR;ar] dBksj rjhds ls fofu;fer fd, tkrs gSaA vuqla/kkudrkZvksa }kjk ikB~;Øeksa esa Hkkx ysuk rFkk ijh{kk,a ikl djuk visf{kr gS ftuesa muds dkuwu ds Kku rFkk mudh l{kerk dh ijh{kk dh tkrh gS rkfd ;g lqfuf’pr fd;k tk lds fd Ik’kqvksa dks vuko’;d ihM+k u nh tk,A ;g O;kid :Ik ls Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS fd rhu vkj & vip;u ¼fjMD’ku½] ifj”dj.k ¼fjQkbuesaV½ rFkk ÁfrLFkkiu ¼fjIyslesaV½ tSo fpfdRldksa }kjk vuqikyu fd, tkus okys vPNs fl)kUr gSaA os ,slk dkuwu ds <kaps ds Hkhrj LosPNk ls djrs gSa rFkk blfy, ;g ;|fi loZlEer :Ik ls rks ugha fdUrq O;kid :i ls yksd lEer gSA raf=dk foKku esa vusd u, fu”d”kZ ÁfrLFkkiu rduhdksa ls mnh;eku gks jgsa gS tSls Ård lao/kZu rFkk lax.kukRed ekWMfyaxA fdUrq ;s ltho efLr”d ds lHkh v/;;uksa dks ÁfrLFkkfir ugha dj ldrs ftuls raf=dk foKku rFkk euksjksxksa ds fy, vusd u, fu”d”kZ rFkk mipkj ÁkIr gks xbZ gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ] ikfdZUlu jksx dk mipkj djus ds fy, ,y&Mksik dk Á;ksx pwgs ds efLRk”d ij ukscy iqjLdkj fotsrk dk;Z ls mnh;eku gqvkA rFkk ubZ rduhdsa #X.k O;fDRk;ksa rFkk #X.k i'kqvksa dh lgk;rkFkZ u, voljksa dh is’kd’k djrh gSA

dsoy lalwpuk …………… ;g ,d igsyhiw.kZ lR; gS fd ftu ns’kksa esa oSKkfud vke turk dks lalwpuk nsus ds lokZf/kd Á;kl djrs gSa] os ns’k ,sls gS tgk¡ oSKkfudksa esa fo’okl ds fuEurj Lrj gSa fdUrq ;g lglaca/k dkj.k ds leku ugha gS rFkk ;g vlaHkkfor gS fd yksxksa dks lekt ij foKku ds ÁHkko ij ppkZ esa jr djus dk ;g ftEesokj Á;kl & rFkk ,slk djus ds fy, dÙkZO; dh c<+rh Hkkouk bl c<+rs gq, vfo’okl dk dkj.k gSA blds ctk; ;g laHkkouk gS fd #fp j[kus okyh turk vf/kd ifj”Ñr gksrh tk jgh gS] u, ^^dfj’ek vkS”k/kksa^^ ds ckjs esa mfpr :i ls vf/kd tkx#d rFkk foKku dh /kheh rFkk dbZ ckj vfuf’pr Áxfr ds ckjs esa vf/kd voxr gksrh tk jgh gSA vfo’okl dks de djuk va/kfo’okl iw.kZ vKkurk esa okil ykSVus dk i{k ysus dk vk/kkj ugha gks ldrkA

raf=dk foKku ds laca/k esa ;qok yksxksa rFkk #fp j[kus okyh turk dks ‘kkfey djus dk ,d dkj.k ;g gS fd raf=dk oSKkfud vHkh Hkh vius {ks= ds vusd dsanzh; rdkZ/kkjksa ds ckjs esa vHkh Hkh vlger gSA i`FkDÑr [kkstksa ds ckjs esa ladsUnz.k djus ds ctk,] ehfM;k ds fy, ;g csgrj gksxk fd og foKku ds ckjs esa ,d ÁfØ;k ds :i esa fopkj djsA ,d ,slh ÁfØ;k tks vfuf’prrk rFkk okn fookn ls Hkjiwj gSA

raf=dk uhfr’kkL= ,d u;k {ks= gSA ;g ,d ftKklq foMEcuk gS fd ;g fjpMZ QsueSu] ,d lS)kfUrd euksfoKkuh Fks ftUgksaus foKku ds dk;Z dks djus dk viuk dkj.k ^^irk yxkus ds vkuan^^ ds :i esa fd;kA foMEcukiw.kZ blfy, D;ksafd ;g QsueSu Fkk ftlus vius dks flj iSj rd ;g dk;Z djus esa Mwcks fn;k fd pSysatj uked ,d vesfjdh varfj{k ‘kVy mM+ku ‘kq: djus gh D;ksa foLQksV xqLr gks x;kA foKku dk ÁHkko ge lc ij iM+rk gSA

lacaf/kr baVjusV lkbVsa : http://www.stanford.edu/dept/news/report/news/may22/neuroethics.html http://www.dana.org/books/press/neuroethics/ 53




izf’k{k.k vkSj dSfj;j

jkst+keaM ySaXkLVu ,fMucxZ fo’ofo|ky; esa raf=dk foKku esa ih,pMh fo|kFkhZ

^êSaus ,&Lrj ij foKku ,oa vaxzst+h dk v/;;u fd;k rFkk

fQj eSa tho fOkKku dk v/;;u djus ds fy, ,fMucxZ xbZA

eSaus vafre o”kZ esa raf=dk foKku esa fo’ks”kKrk gkfly dh rFkk

oLrqr% viuk y{; gkfly fd;kA eSa HkkX;’kkyh Fkh fd eq>s

,fMucxZ fo’ofo|ky; ds laKkukRed raf=dk foKku foHkkx

esa vuqla/kku lgk;d dk in izLrkfor fd;k x;k rFkk ;g

varr% ih,pMh dh vksj ys x;kA^^

tc vusd ;qok fo|kFkhZ foKku ds dSfj;j ds ckjs esa lksprs gS rks muds le{k lQsn dksVksa vkSj iz;ksx’kkykvksa dh Nfo;ka mHkjrh gSA vk’kktud :i ls] ;g iqfLrdk ;g n’kkZus esa dqN gn rd lQy jgh gksxh fd raf=dk foKku ds vusd fHkUu fHkUu igyw gS rFkk efLr”d ij ;g vuqla/kku yksxksa ds thou dks vusd rjhdksa ls Li’kZ djsxkA iz;ksx’kkyk ls vLirky rd rFkk thou ds vusd {ks=ksa esa bl {ks= ds Hkhrj mRlkg’khy voljksa dh fofo/k Jà[kyk gSA

fo’ofo|ky; raf=dk foKku ikB~;Øe

vusd fo’ofo|ky; vc raf=dkfoKku esa voj Lrkud mikf/k;ksa nsrs gSaA vdlj ;g fo”k; thofoKku] ‘kjhjfoKku] QkekZdksYkkWth rFkk euksfoKku tSls fo”k;ksa esa vkjfEHkd o”kkZsa ds izf’k{k.k ds i'pkr fo’ks”kKrk ds :i esa fy;k tkrk gSA vkuqoaf’kdh rFkk vkf.od thofoKku dk Kku Hkh ewY;oku gks ldrk gSA

rFkkfi vkidks buesa ls dqN ikB~;Øeksa esa izos’k gsrq NBh d{kk ls dsoy foKku ds fo”k;ksa dk v/;;u djuk vko’;d ugha gSA baVjusV ij ;wlh,,l i`”Bksa dk v/;;u djds raf=dk foKku ikB~;Øeksa rFkk mudh izos’k vis{kkvksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr djsaA vki fo”k; ds vuqlkj ;k mu fo’ofo|ky; ds vuqlkj bu dh tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrs gSa tgk¡ vki vkosnu djus ds bPNqd gSaA

Fkkel isVh, fpfdRlk fo|kFkhZ ,fMucxZ fo’ofo|ky;

^êq>s fo|ky; ds le; ls gh dSfj;j ds :i esa fpfdRlk dks

viukus dk ‘kkSd Fkk rFkk eSaus ,fMucxZ esa bldh vPNh

izfr”Bk ds dkj.k vkosnu fd;kA r`rh; o”kZ esa eq>s ,d

varorhZ ch,llh ikB~;Øe djus dk volj fn;k x;k rFkk

EkSaus raf=dk foKku i<+us dk p;u fd;kA bl o”kZ eq>s

fpfdRlk esa dsanzd v/;;u djus dk volj izkIr gqvk rFkk

eSaus mlls dkQh dqN lh[kk rFkk OkLrqr% vkuan dk vuqHko

fd;kA^^

fpfdRlk

fczVsu esa fpfdRlk ,d voj Lrkud mikf/k gSA vusd fo’ofo|ky;ksa esa fpfdRLk fo|ky; gSa rFkk gky gh esa vusd u, fpfdRlk fo|ky;ksa ds l`tu ds ek/;e ls izf’kf{kr fd, tk jgs fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k esa foLrkj gqvk gSA fo”k; {ks=ksa ;Fkk U;wjksykWth ¼raf=dk foKku½] U;wjksltZjh ¼raf=dk ‘kY; fpfdRlk½] lkbfd;kVjh ¼euksfoKku½ rFkk jsfM;ksykWth ¼fofdj.k foKku½ esa fo’ks”kKrk izf’k{k.k ds ijorhZ o”kkZsa esa vkrh gS fdUrq vdlj xfeZ;ksa dh NqfÍ;ksa esa rFkk varorhZ o”kkZsa ds nkSjku raf=dk foKku vuqla/kku iz;ksx’kkykvksa esa dk;Z djus ds volj vkrs gSaA fpfdRlk ikB~;Øeksa esa izos’k izkIr djus ds fy, izfrLi/kkZ dkQh dM+h gS fdUrq fpfdRlk ds dSfj;j esa izkIr gksus okys iqjLdkj Hkh Ik;kZIr gSaA

^^fo’ofo|ky; esa dk;Z djus dk fo’ks”kkf/kdkj ckSf)d Lora=rk gSA dksbZ Hkh fnu ,d tSlk ugha gksrkA izR;sd fnu vki dqN u;k lh[krs gS] izR;sd fnu vkidks esgur djuh iM+rh gS rFkk pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA^^

ekfj;k fQV~t+ xksYM] yanu fo’ofo|ky; esa izksQslj

^^bl dk vkd”kZ.k [kkst djus dh laHkkouk] [kkstksa ls vk’p;Zpfdr djus okyk vkuan izkIr djuk rFkk ifj.kkeh varn`f”V dh NksVh NksVh mNkysa Fkk rFkk vHkh Hkh gSaA^^

fjpMZ fjcysLVj] ,fMucxZ fo’ofo|ky; esa raf=dk ‘kjhj foKkuA

54




m|ksx ¼Hks”kt m|ksx½ ubZ nokb;ksa dk fujarj vkfo”dkj fd;k tk jgk gS rFkk mudk fodkl fd;k tk jgk gS rFkk efLr”d vkS”k/k mipkj ds fy, ,d laosnh y{; gSA Hks”kt dEifu;ka rFkk lkFk gh foRrh; lgk;rk nsus okyh vdknfed laLFkk,a vius Lo;a ds vuqla/kku lapkfyr djrh gSA muesa ls vusd iz;ksx’kkyk dkS’kyksa rFkk vuqHko dk fodkl djus dk lgk;rkFkZ m|ksx esa dqN o”kkZsa dk dk;Z izLrkfor djrh gSA raf=dk foKku lfgr fofo/k thofoKkuh foKku ikB~;Øeksa ls Lrkud okaNuh; deZpkjh curs gSa tc muds ikl lgc) iz;ksx’kkyk vuqHko gksA

raf=dkfoKku vuqla/kku

vuqla/kku esa voljksa dh Hkkjh fofo/krk gSA bl {ks= esa efLr”d Nfodj.k rFkk O;ogkjxr v/;;uksa ls ysdj raf=dk ‘kjhj foKkuh rFkk vkf.od vkuqoaf’kdh vuqla/kku rd vusd rRo ‘kkfey gSaA fo’ofo|ky;ksa esa vuqla/kkudrkZ yXu j[kus okys mu fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vius fy, vuqdwy vdknfed v/;;u ekxZ <w<us esa izksRlkfgr djus esa lnSo izLkUu jgrs gSaA

DEI;wfVax ¼ifjdYiu½ m|ksx

raf=dk foKku fo’ofo|ky; esa v/;;u djus ;ksX; fo”k; ds :i esa gekjs fnekx esa ugha mHkjsxk ;fn ge ifjdYiu ;k lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh esa dSfj;j dks viukus ds bPNqd gSaA fQj Hkh] tSlk fd geus bl iqfLrdk esa ns[kk gS] ^^efLr”d & ’kSyh^^ ifjdYiu esa #fp c<+ jgh gS rFkk fo’o O;kih osc ds fodkl ds lkFk blesa vo’; o`f) gksxhA efLr”d foKku ds fpfdRlk fHkUu vuqiz;ksxksa esa #fp c<+rh tk jgh gSA

fo|ky; v/;kiu

raf=dk foKku dks fo|ky;ksa esa fo”k; ds :i esa ugha i<+k;k tkrkA rFkkfi] raf=dk foKku esa mikf/k izkIr Lukrd tho foKku i<+kus ds fy, vR;Ur mi;qDr gksxsa rFkk muds ikl lkaf[;dh; dkS’kyksa lfgr vusd vU; dkS’ky gksaxs tks v/;kiu ds dSfj;j esa vewY; gks ldrs gSaA

foKku rFkk ehfM;k

i=dkfjrk ls jsfM;ks rFkk nwjHkk”k rd] ehfM;k esa vkthfodk izfrLi/khZ rFkk dBksj dk;Z dh vis{kk djus okyh gSA rFkkfi] foKku lapkj ds {ks= esa izos’k ds vusd volj miyC/k gSA foKku esa fujarj mUufr gks jgh gS rFkk ‘kSf{kd rFkk lkoZtfud fgr] nksuksa ds iz;kstukFkZ u, fu”d”kZ lwfpr fd, tkus vko’;d gSA efLr”d vuqla/kku ij dk;Z bldk dksbZ viokn ugha gSA blesa Hkkjh lkekftd #fp fo|eku gS] ftls ehfM;k }kjk Hkyh Hkkafr LohÑr fd;k x;k gS rFkk uohure fu”d”kkZsa esa i;kZIr lkekftd izHkko Mkyus dh laHkkouk gSA fo’ofo|ky; mikf/k izLrqr djus ds nkSjku gkfly dh xbZ vPNh oSKkfud i`”B Hkwfe rFkk vuqla/kku ds vocks/ku ls tfVy fu”d”kkZsa dks vU; oSKkfudksa rFkk turk dks lalwfpr djuk dgha vf/kd lgt gksxk rFkk izHkkoiw.kZ gksxkA

foKku rFkk dyk

foKku rFkk dyk ikjEifjd :Ik ls vuU; ugha gSA dYiuk dks lfUufgr djus okyk vfHkdYi O;kid Jksrkx.kksa@n’kZdksa dks foKku dk izLrqrhdj.k djus esa laosnh gSA vtk;c?kj] nh?kkZ,a rFkk ehfM;k ,oa vU; laxBu oSKkfudksa ,oa dykdkjksa ds chp iz;ksxkREkd] l`tukRed lg;ksxksa dks izksRlkfgr rFkk foRriksf”kr djrs gSaA

lacf/kr baVjusV lkbVsa : http://www.abpi-careers.org.uk/

55 www.gsk.com www.sciart.org

http://www.abpi-careers.org.uk/

http://www.sciart.org/




56

vkHkkj

ge vusd O;fDr;ksa ds _.kh gS ftUgksaus lg~n;rk ls ikB rFkk vkjs[kksa dk ;ksxnku fn;k ftUgsa bl iqfLrdk esa ‘kkfey fd;k x;k gSA gesa vk’kk gS fd uhps nh xbZ lwph ifjiw.kZ gS rFkk ,sls fdlh Hkh O;fDr ls ge {kek izkFkhZ gS ftldk ;ksxnku bl lwph esa ‘kkfey gksus ls jg x;k gSA iwjh iqfLrdk esa dkVZwu %& eMsysuk ehy ,oa jkcVZ fQfydksoLdhA eq[; i`”B %& ihVj czksQh] csojyh DykdZ] ekbdy gkmlj] MsfoM fyaMu] fjpMZ fjcpsLVj] Hkhrjh eq[k i`”B ihVj lksekxzh bysu Lusy fylk dksdsu usyjA v/;k; 1 ¼raf=dh; iz.kkyh½ % esjhuk cs Vh oksxksfy;ks] ukscy eapA v/;k; 2 ¼dk;Z laHkkO;rk½ % Vksfc;kl cksugks;dj] ihVj czksQh] ,fjd dsaMy] ukscy eapA v/;k; 3 ¼jklk;fud eSlsatj½ % esjhu Qhysat v/;k; 4 ¼vkS”k/k rFkk efLr”d½ % yslyh bojlsu] v/;k; 5 ¼Li’kZ ,oa nnZ½ % lwlu ¶yhVoqM &okWdj( gu th’ksax] MksukYM izkblA v/;k; 6 ¼ladYiuk½ % dksyhu CySdeksj] ,aMh MksgVhZ] fcy U;wle] ,aMª;w ikdZj] v/;k; 7 ¼Lianu½ csojyh DykdZ] Vkse fxfyaxokVj] ekbdy gkSlj] fØl fe;ky] fjpMZ fjcpsLVj] oksyÝse ‘kYVt+A v/;k; 8 ¼fodkl’khy raf=dh; iz.kkyh( ,aMª;w yElMu] v/;k; 9 ¼fMlysfDl;k½ tkWu LVhu] v/;k; 10 ¼U;wjksuy IykfLVflVh½ xzkge dksfyfxzt] ,aMª;w MksgVhZ( dSFkh lkbDl] v/;k; 11 ¼lh[kuk ,oa Lej.k ‘kfDr½ VsM ctZj] fyfo;k Mh gkst] xzkge fgp] bfy;kuksj eSDok;j] ,aMª;w MksgVhZ] yslyh vaxj yhMj] Qjsusg o/kkZ [kMse] v/;k; 12 ¼ruko½ % tksukFku lsdy] v/;k; 13 ¼efLr”d ,oa bE;wu ¼izfrjks/ku iz.kkyh½ % uSalh jksFkosyA v/;k; 14 ¼funzk ,oa y;½ % ,aFkksuh gjekj v/;k; 15 ¼efLr”d Nfodj.k½ % ekdZ ckfLVu] fjpMZ Ýsdksfo;kd fudksl yksxksFksfjl] bfyfu;kj eSDok;j] fyaMl Hkjs] ,fytkcsFk #ful] lsehj tSdhA v/;k; 16 ¼U;wVy usVodZ ,oa Ñf=d efLr”d½ % jksMuh Mksxykl] xsjh ,MyeSu] tSQ fØpej] dsoku ekfVZu A v/;k; 17 ¼tc dksbZ ckr fcxM+ tk,½ % eSydkWu eSdfy;ksM] bZo tkuLVksu] okYVj ewj] MsfoM iksfVZ;l] ySu jhM] v/;k; 18 ¼raf=dk uhfr’kkL=½ dksfyu CySdeksj] dsusFk ck;M] LVhQu jksM] fofy;e lSQk;j] v/;k; 19 ¼dSfj;j½ ;oksu ,ysu ¼ch,u,½ foDVksfj;k fxy] Hkhrjh i`”Bkoj.k mnkgj.k % ,fjd dsaMy ¼fgiksØsVl mnkgj.k ds fy,½] fjpMZ ekWfjl i`”Bkoj.k mnkgj.k ,oa ‘kCn % tsfuQj vkYVeSu] MsfoM dksadkj] Likbd xsjsy fgUnh :ikUrj.k % Þjk”Vªh; efLr”d vuqla/kku dsUnz] ekuslj] xqM+xk ¡o] Hkkjrß fczfV’k raf=dkfoKku la?k ,d ykHk ugha dekus okyk fudk; gS rFkk /kekZFkZ la- 264450 ds :Ik esa iathÑr gSA vkxs ds v/;;u

foKku rFkk raf=dk foKku ds ckjs esa lrr~ v/;;u ds fy, vusd jksekapdkjh iqLrdsa miyC/k gSa %& oh ,l jkekpanzu ¼lkanzk CysdLyh½ QSaVEl bu fn czsu % g~;weu uspj ,aM fn vkdhZ VsDpj vkWQ fn ekbaM QksFkZ Mkbesa’ku ifCydds’kUl ¼isij cSd & 6 ebZ 1999½ vkbZ,lch,u % 1857028953 QSaVl vax nnZ rFkk raf=dh; iz.kkyh ds lacaf/kr fodkjksa dk jksekapdkjh o.kZu

vksfyoj lSDl % fn eSu gw feLVqd fgt+ okbQ QkWj , gSV ¼fidkMksj½ fidkMksj ¼isij cSd & 7 uoEcj] 1986½ vkbZ,lch,u % 0330294911 fnekx ij efLr”d {kfr ds izHkkoksa dk ,d euksjatd ¼gkL;kLin½ rFkk Hkyh izdkj fy[kk x;k o.kZu

thu Mksehfud ckWch & fn Mkbfoax csy ,aM fn cVj¶ykbZ QksFkZ ,LVsV ¼isij cSd & 7 ebZ] 2002½ vkbZ,lch,u % 007139845 iz?kkr ds ifj.kke dk ,d vR;ar oS;fDrd rFkk g`n; fonkjd o.kZu

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1

An introduction to IBRO and the CDROM “Neuroscience: Science of the Brain” IBRO: Who we are and what do we do?

IBRO, The International Brain Research Organization, is an international network of neuroscience organizations that promotes and supports neuroscience training and research around the world. Our

members have a common interest in the brain. Some are academic or industrial research scientists who are attempting to learn how the brain works. They also study the changes that occur when the brain goes wrong in the hope of discovering new cures and treatments. Other members are doctors and clinical practitioners who treat patients who suffer from psychiatric illnesses and brain disorders. Many of us are teachers and students.

IBRO is active all around the world. Our members are divided into six regional groups. Our primary purpose is to support young people who wish to enter careers in brain research or become clinicians treating psychiatric disorders. The six world regions are:

• Africa Regional Committee (ARC) • Asia-Pacific Regional Committee (APRC) • Central and Eastern Europe Regional Committee (CEERC) • Latin America Regional Committee (LARC) • US/Canada Regional Committee (NARC) • Western Europe Regional Committee (WERC)

Throughout the world IBRO runs Workshops and Schools, teaching young scientists about the brain (neuroscience) and giving them the opportunity to learn practical skills for research. We provide Studentships and Postdoctoral Fellowships so that aspiring neuroscientists from developing countries can travel and work in the world’s most prestigious laboratories. We help young people who have been tutored by world-renowned neuroscientists to return to their home countries and set up laboratories where they will study the brain disorders that are important to them and their own communities. We help these Returning Scientists to develop their careers in their own countries by giving them access to our equipment exchange program (IBRO-Equip) and knowledge database, IBRO-Edu. We also help young people travel to international conferences where they can present their own research findings for discussion and learn about the most recent advances in their field. The members of IBRO hope that these activities will encourage brilliant young people from all over the world to fulfil their potential as neuroscientists. This is a very important aspiration. The human brain is a fundamental part of our body as the nervous system controls everything that we perceive, think and do. Without a healthy brain, an individual cannot access reliable information about the world, and make appropriate physical and emotional responses. The brain remains one of the least understood parts of our body, yet illnesses relating to the brain affect almost every family. At least one in every four people will suffer a short- or long-term brain disorder at some point in their lives. Brain disorders affect the way we interact with each other and the manner in which our communities and families work. Often there is a progressive deterioration in mental faculties that eventually results in a need for long-term care and prevents the sufferer from making a social or economic contribution to their families. Our limited understanding of the brain means that many brain disorders are presently untreatable and often sufferers are stigmatized. Public Education about the Brain can assist individuals, their families and communities to cope with brain disorders and access help. By working with schoolchildren, we hope to inspire a few young people to become the future brain scientists we so badly need. The CDROM “Neuroscience: Science of the Brain” is part of IBRO’s public education effort. It contains a booklet consisting of short articles about aspects of the brain. The British Neuroscience


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Association (BNA) and European Dana Alliance for the Brain (EDAB) originally commissioned the booklet and the articles are written by leading neuroscientists. IBRO has commissioned the translation of this booklet into over 20 languages. We want to enable you to promote better public understanding of the brain. You are welcome to download these files, print and distribute the material in part or in its entirety to be used as part of any Brain Awareness event. You may also make copies of this CDROM. You may not use this material for personal gain.

The project to translate material for the purpose of public education was initiated in 2005. As a pilot exercise, the booklet was translated into Mandarin and Spanish. Volunteer translators for the remaining versions were recruited to the project in 2006. The project has been managed and organized by K. Esther Binns, Chair of IBRO’s Public Education Committee). Esther would like to express her personal thanks to Duncan Banks of the BNA and Open University, UK for his considerable help and advice. Without Duncan these translations would not have been produced.


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IBRO in your region: the work of the regional committees

Africa Regional Committee (ARC) The ARC is made up of neuroscientists and clinicians who work in Africa. Some of our members also work in Europe and America but are of African origin and hold this world region in very high regard. Africa is IBRO’s poorest region. Many citizens still do not receive any formal education, let alone have the opportunity to attend a university and learn about the brain. Yet there are many extremely talented young people in Africa. There are also several universities with good reputations in medical science and biology. When young Africans are given the opportunity to learn, they exploit this potential to the full. These students are best placed to advance neuroscience in this region by studying the brain disorders that affect people on this continent. In the 1970s, IBRO set out to develop neuroscience research and training in Africa. A series of workshops helped to identify the problems and chart a course of development. This initiative now continues under ARC. One of our major achievements has been the formation of the Society of Neuroscientists of Africa (SONA), which has organized an international neuroscience meeting biennially since 1993. The meetings have been held all over Africa: Nairobi, Kenya; Marrakech, Morocco; Cape Town, South Africa, Dakar, Senegal, and Abuja, Nigeria. The meeting provides a forum for African neuroscientists who rarely have the opportunity to attend international neuroscience conferences to present their work as well as interact with neuroscientists from outside Africa.

Since 2001, ARC has organized IBRO African Neuroscience Schools providing teaching and research training in neuroscience to junior faculty and graduate students. This programme has been highly successful. So far 14 schools have been held and nearly 250 students have participated. Students have gone on to obtain PhD in neuroscience in the USA, Canada and Sweden, as well as to visit laboratories in Italy, Australia and the UK. ARC also supports regional neuroscience meetings in Africa promoting the formation of regional neuroscience societies. To date there are six African neuroscience societies represented on the IBRO Governing Council (Moroccan Association of Neuroscience, Kenya Society for Neuroscience, Association pour la Promotion des Neurosciences (DR Congo), Southern African Neuroscience Society, Nigerian Society for Neuroscience, Society of Neuroscientists of Africa). In addition, a number of African neuroscientists are represented on IBRO committees.

ARC also provides travel support for African neuroscientists to present their work at international conferences. Through the initiative of Marina Bentivoglio, there is also the Levi-Montalcini Fellowship, which provides support for African women to pursue higher degrees in Africa or outside. Through the support of the US/Canada Regional Committee, African students have also attended summer courses at the Marine Biology Laboratory, Woods Hole and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Raj Kalaria is Chair of the African Regional Committee. The booklet on this CDROM has been translated into Arabic, Farsi, French and Swahili at the request of some of our African members. Asia-Pacific Regional Committee (APRC) This Committee covers the most diverse region of IBRO, both geographically and culturally. Member societies cover a vast area, from Japan to Australia and New Zealand and from Jordan to the Philippines. It includes members from wealthy nations with substantial neuroscience research communities such as Japan and Australia, emerging economies such as China and India, much smaller communities such as Iran, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and United Arab Emirates, as well as poorer countries where the only chance to study neuroscience is in another, wealthier country.


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Many languages are used in teaching in this region. This CDROM has translations of the teaching booklet in Arabic, Bengali, Farsi, Hindi, Japanese, Mandarin and Punjabi.

IBRO trains students from the region in the latest neuroscience knowledge and techniques through its

schools in Hong Kong, India and Thailand and associate schools in China, India, Thailand, Iran, and

Singapore. Two more were held in Karachi (mid-November 2006) and Dubai (mid-December 2006).

Local support provides matching funds for the schools programme, e.g the International Society for

Neurochemistry co-sponsored a school in Singapore. There are more than 400 alumni from the

educational programmes organized by APRC.

IBRO offers Exchange Fellowships to young neuroscientists to carry out research for six months in a

host laboratory within the APRC region. Offers are made only to applicants who can provide strong

justification that he/she would return to their home country after the exchange. IBRO supports travel

awards for young people to attend courses in other countries, to present papers in conferences, as

well as to participate in the congresses held by the Federation of Asian and Oceanian Neuroscience

Societies (FAONS) every four years. The 4th FAONS Congress was held in Hong Kong, China,

November 30–December 2, 2006 and included a mini-symposium for IBRO alumni.

New discoveries about the brain from laboratories in the Asia-Pacific region and the rest of the world

will take centre-stage at IBRO's 7th World Congress of Neuroscience in Melbourne, Australia in July

2007. World-class brain research in the Asia-Pacific Region is done in the larger universities (such as

in Tokyo, Osaka, Fukuoka, Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Seoul, Melbourne, Canberra and Sydney),

as well as in Research Centres dedicated to neuroscience such as the RIKEN Brain Research

Institute in Wako, Japan, the Institute of Neuroscience in Shanghai, the Institute of Biophysics in

Beijing, the National Brain Research Centre near Delhi, the National Institute of Mental Health and

Neurological Sciences in Bangalore, the Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute in Sydney, the

Howard Florey Institute in Melbourne, and the new National Neuroscience Institute in Singapore. Ying Shing Chan from Hong Kong has been the Chair of the Asia-Pacific Regional Committee since 2002. Elspeth McLachlan (Sydney) was the Founding Chair when the Committee was established in 1999. Central and Eastern Europe Regional Committee (CEERC) Historically, the CEERC supports brain researchers from all former socialist Eastern European countries and now independent countries that were part of the USSR. Thus, besides Central European countries and Russia, which extends to the Pacific Ocean, the CEERC supports Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaidjan, and Northern Asian countries, too (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenia, Tadjikistan, Kirgizia). At the end of the twentieth century great political change occurred throughout our region. Many Central European countries have now joined the European Union and there has been a revolution in the politics of education, student mobility and science research. In many ways there is now little difference between Western and Eastern European countries in respect of brain research development and achievements. In recognition of the changes that have occurred, IBRO has recently brought together the neuroscience schools programmes of Western and Eastern Europe to create PENS (Programme of European Neuroscience Schools). The CEERC meets each year to discuss strategic issues and applications... In 2006 we awarded 19 stipends to representatives of 12 countries of the region to attend the FENS Forum. Research awards within the region were given to R. Averkin (Ukraine) for work in Russia (Moscow) in 2006, and to M. Balcerzyk (Poland) for a short-term visit to Ukraine (Kiev). A new CEERC initiative, ‘IBRO Lecturers’ Visits to the Region’ resulted in one award (up to 1,500Euros) for the visit of Prof. H. Atwood (Canada) to Kazan (Russia). Eight conferences are supported in 2006.

Thus IBRO is helping to train young Eastern Europeans to pioneer brain research in their home countries. Academics who have received training and support from IBRO include Natalia Lozovava (Ukraine), who is currently working on the effects of cannabis-like chemicals on the brain at the Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Netherlands.


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Pavel Balaban is Chair of the Central and Eastern European Regional Committee. There has been great interest in this translation project throughout Eastern Europe and we have been able to make the following translations: Armenian, Croatian, Greek, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Ukrainian. The translations into Farsi and Arabic may also be useful. Latin American Regional Committee (LARC) The LARC is active throughout Central America, the Caribbean and South America. It is made up of 14 neuroscience societies within the region. The most northerly is Mexico and the most southerly is Chilli. Many people in this region speak either Portuguese or Spanish and this booklet is available in both languages. The French version may be useful in some Caribbean areas. The IBRO schools have helped to train many of the region’s brightest young scientists. During 2006 alone there were five schools located in Argentina, Brazil, Chilli and Venezuela. A strong partnership between LARC and the Spanish Society for Neuroscience has resulted in a regular European School for Latin American students in Seville, Spain.

We are active in supporting the continued education and careers of the IBRO School Alumni through a range of travel and research fellowships. For example, Lucia Francini, Institute for Genetic Engineering and Molecular Biology (INGEBI), Buenos Aires, Argentina, is spending a year in Dr Bruce Lahn’s laboratory, in the Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. Her research relates to determining the genes associated with cognitive skills such as language and learning and the genetic deficits that can lead to problems such as schizophrenia, dyslexia, autism and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We hope that after this period of training Lucia and others will return to work in their home countries.

Help to return home after training is made possible by the Return Home Programme, which has recently announced the award of fellowships to two young neuroscientists in the region. So after respective training periods in Italy and Canada, Elaine Gavioli, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciuma, Brazil and Valeria Della-Maggiore, Dept. of Physiology of the School of Medicine, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina, will return to work in their home countries.

Marta Hallak is Chair of the Latin American Regional Committee.

US/Canada Regional Committee (IAC-USNC/IBRO) and the& Western European Regional Committee (WERC) The Largest and most active communities of brain research are based in either North America or Western Europe where they are well supported by the American Society for Neuroscience (SfN) and the Federation of European Neuroscience Societies (FENS), IBRO works closely with these organizations but reserves much of its resources for the four regions where neuroscience is less well supported. The US/Canada RC and WERC organize schools that bring students from around the world to the premier research departments and locations so that they can experience first-rate research with the worlds leading brain researchers. We support studentships and fellowships for foreign students in North American and Western European laboratories and provide travel fellowships so that students can travel to the world’s most prestigious Brain Science conferences. Biology is widely taught in schools in these areas and neuroscience degrees are available in many universities. The booklet on this CDROM is useful for public education and high-school students (14-18 years) and is available in English and several other European languages (Portuguese, Spanish, French and Greek). Both North America and Western Europe have diverse multicultural populations in which some members of the community use the language of their country of origin rather than the first language of their nation. These individuals can be educationally disadvantaged in schools and communities where science is not taught in their first language. The non-European language translations of this booklet may be of great use for such groups. The full list of languages available can be found at the end of this document.


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IBRO is committed to education and training Workshops and schools Each of the IBRO regions organises schools and workshops so that the regions most promising students can be given training on particular areas of brain research and practical techniques. Together the regional committees run around 20 schools each year. The IBRO schools board supports and links these schools by offering advice on the organisation of individual schools and teaching programmes: Arranging for teaching materials to be shared and disseminated amongst the schools. Working in partnership with other national and international organisations providing similar teaching and learning opportunities. Our aims are to strengthen and expand the programme by attracting sponsors and new partnerships, help to publicize and explain the Programme to the membership and public. All the attendees at IBRO schools are eligible to become IBRO School Alumini and thereby benefit from the mutual support of other students and tutors throughout their future careers in brain research. IBRO is committed to promoting the best practice in all areas of brain research and thus in addition to the above schools we run workshops devoted to the use and role of animals in research. The Visiting Lecture team IBRO is working to bring the best academic teaching on neuroscience to students all over the world. Our Visiting Lecture Team is composed of five internationally recognised researchers who are able to offer an experiment based lecture course in basic neuroscience at host institutions in developing countries. The course normally covers; mechanisms of impulse conduction and synaptic transmission; structure, function and pharmacology of membrane receptors and channels; information processing in sensory systems; regulation of behavioural patterns; and neurodevelopment. Teaching is given in 35 lecturers over nine days. Since 1994 the VLTP has given 31 courses in 20 countries. These are amazing opportunities, as students form developing countries can rarely expect to be taught by world leaders in their field.

Fellowships Students that have attended the courses run by the visiting lecture team or attended IBRO schools may decide to begin a career in brain research. IBRO wants to foster the careers of the most promising young neuroscientists from diverse geographical and scientific areas. We focus our support on the less well-developed countries where funding for research is very limited. Fellowships are offered so that young scientists can broaden the scope of their training in neuroscience by working abroad in good laboratories, or participating at international neuroscience meetings. Return home programme Students who have benefited from the best teaching opportunities through our VLT, Schools and Fellowships have the potential can become excellent neuroscientists. So it will not surprise you to know that they are sought after by academic and industrial institutions all over the world and often tempted to leave their home countries and take jobs in Western Europe and America. IBRO believes that this practice weakens the academic community in developing countries, so we try to encourage our students to make their careers in their country of origin. The return home programme provides grants, fellowships and travel assistance to support the careers of students who return to their countries of origin.


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Alumni Success Stories

Oliver Mazodze an alumnus of IBRO’s African schools in Kenya and South Africa travelled to the UK to spend 6 weeks as a visiting scientist in the neurophysiology laboratory at GlaxoSmithKline"s Harlow research facility.

Oliver is tenured member of the Dept. of Biological Sciences at Bindura University of Science Education in Zimbabwe. Whist in the UK he has learned in vitro electrophysiological techniques for the study of neuronal activity. He intends to use these techniques to begin researching the potential neurophysiologic effects of extracts derived from a widely used African medicinal plant. The training at GSK was under the guidance of Dr Jon Spencer and Professor Andy Randall, two scientists he first met in their capacity as tutors at the IBRO African School held in November 2004 in Nairobi.

Wael Mohamed Yousef attended IBRO schools in Mali and Kenya and now works as an assistant lecturer of neuropharmacology at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Menoufiya, Egypt.

Weal was awarded a scholarship from the Egyptian Government to study fro a PhD in neuropharmacology with Professor Byron C. Jones, Biobehavioral Health and Pharmacology, at Penn State University, USA. During his 5 years in the USA Weal will learn advanced techniques in the neuroscience and work on the development of new drugs needed for many patients suffering from neurological diseases. Afterwards he hopes to return and work in Egypt.

Bin Liu from a small island in the Shandong Province of China is one of just three people who have obtained a doctoral degree from this region. She obtained her PhD in Physiology from Qingdao University in China in 2004 and has since become an Assistant Professor at the Center for New Drugs Evaluation, School of Pharmacy in Shandong University.

In 2005 she won an IBRO Research Fellowship to work in the Department of Anatomy at Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine. Her studies in the USA focused on observing the effects of gonadal steroid hormones against neurotoxins, which target the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system of rodents.

This fellowship has meant that Bin has received training in an excellent laboratory and is now well placed to contribute to neuroscience research in China.

Oliver Mazodze (left) with Andy Randall (right)

Weal Yousef (left) with Byron Jones (right)

Bin Liu


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Dimiter Prodanov from Bulgaria attended an IBRO VLTP course in 1998, in Sofia, Bulgaria. He has recently been awarded the John G. Nicholls Fellowship for 2006. He will spend a year Dr Jean Delbeke of the Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, the Neural Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory at the Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.

The John G. Nicholls IBRO Fellowship was created in honour of John G. Nicholls who headed IBRO’s Visiting Lecture Team Programme (VLTP) from 1994 to 2002. The Fellowship aims to assist annually one promising young researcher who wishes to further his/her training in neuroscience at a distinguished foreign laboratory for one year. The successful candidate is expected to return to his/her home country after the training, bringing new knowledge and skills in the neurosciences.

Dimiter Prodanov


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IBRO and Public Education on the brain

Given the impact that brain disorders can have on individuals, families and their communities and the high global prevalence of these illnesses, we believe that each person needs some understanding of the brain and how this part of our bodies can be kept healthy. So, together with other international organisations that support brain research we are working to improve the public’s general understanding of the central nervous system. The Brain Campaign is an initiative by many like organisation to encourage those involved in research to engage with public and share their knowledge and findings worldwide. While many of the organisations involved have focussed their effort on their own world region, IBRO is committed to public education in neuroscience in the developing world. We actively and financially support activities and events being organised by academics in developing countries and taking place in the most remote locations. We want all people in all corners of the globe to have access to public education about the brain. We want all governments and health programmes to take the brain and psychiatric illness seriously. Since 2003 IBRO has supported this aspiration by helping to finance around 25 public education events in approximately 15 countries. A wide variety of events have received support. Some activities have taken place in schools in remote villages while others attract a massive audience by occurring at agricultural shows or in train stations. Sometimes the event covers many aspects of brain function and disease but at other times the focus is on a single disease or problem (eg Drugs, head injury and epilepsy) that is relevant to the local community.

Many of the events that we have supported in the past have taken place during a single week in March. This week is designated Brain Awareness Week. The organisations supporting Brain Awareness Week, which include IBRO, want this to be a global celebration of the brain where those involved in research explain the latest advances in understanding brain function and treating brain disorders to people all over the world. During Brain Awareness Week 2006 there were several hundred events in over 62 countries.

Brain education events including those that are part of Brain Awareness Week are attempting to spread knowledge of the brain to a wide audience that speaks in many languages. It is often helpful to back up an event with some literature. Unfortunately, suitable written material is often unavailable in local languages. IBRO has recognised this problem and is seeking to address the issue by providing Multilingual teaching materials. The booklet on this CDROM is available in the following languages: Arabic, Armenian, Bengali, Croation, English, Farsi, French, Greek, Hindi, Japanese, Mandarin, Polish, Portuguese, Punjabi, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Spanish, Swahili, and Ukrainian. We hope that some of these translations will be useful in your work to promote better public understanding of the brain. If you would like to access these materials in other languages or are willing to make translations for us in another language we would be delighted to make contact with you.


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Neuroscience: Science of the Brain.

The original “English Language” version of this booklet was prepared and edited on behalf of The British Neuroscience Association and the European Dana Alliance for the Brain by Richard

Morris (University of Edinburgh) and Marianne Fillenz (University of Oxford). You are reading one

of the translations of the booklet that were commissioned by the public education committee of the International Brain Research Organisation. These translations have been made by members

of IBRO as part of their global effort to improve public understanding of the Brain. IBRO is grateful

to all the volunteers who have made these translations possible. See list

The graphic design of the original booklet was by Jane Grainger (Grainger Dunsmore Design

Studio, Edinburgh). We are grateful for contributions from our colleagues in the Division of

Neuroscience, particularly Victoria Gill, and others in the neuroscience community in Edinburgh.

We also thank members of the University Department of Physiology in Oxford, particularly Colin

Blakemore, and helpful colleagues in other institutions. Their names are listed below.

The British Neuroscience Association (BNA) is the professional body in the United Kingdom that represents neuroscientists and is dedicated towards a better understanding of the nervous system in health and disease. Its members range from established scientists holding positions in Universities and Research Institutes through to postgraduate students. The BNA’s annual meetings, generally held in the spring, provide a forum for the presentation of the latest research. Numerous local groups around the country hold frequent seminars and these groups often organise activities with the general public such as school visits and exhibitions in local museums. See http://www.bna.org.uk/ for further information.

The goal of The European Dana Alliance for the Brain (EDAB) is to inform the general public and decision makers about the importance of brain research. EDAB aims to advance knowledge about the personal and public benefits of neuroscience and to disseminate information on the brain, in health and disease, in an accessible and relevant way. Neurological and psychiatric disorders affect millions of people of all ages and make a severe impact on the national economy. To help overcome these problems, in 1997, 70 leading European neuroscientists signed a Declaration of Achievable Research Goals and made a commitment to increase awareness of brain disorders and of the importance of neuroscience. Since then, many others have been elected, representing 24 European countries. EDAB has more than 125 members. See http://www.edab.net/ for further information.

The International Brain Research Organisation Is an independent, international organization dedicated to the promotion of neuroscience and of communication between brain researchers in all countries of the World. A present we represent the interests of about 51,000 neuroscientists in 111 countries. Since our formation in 1960 we have set up a number of active programmes to stimulate international contacts in brain research. We sponsor Symposia and Workshops and Neuroscience schools, worldwide. We offer post-doctoral fellowships and travel grants to students from less favoured countries. We also publish the Journal “Neuroscience”. See http://www.ibro.info/ for further information.

The project to translate this booklet was initiated in 2005 by myself as chair of the IBRO Committee for Public Education. Special thanks are due to Duncan Banks of the British Neuroscience Association and Open University, Milton Keynes, UK who has made it technically possible to make so many translations and produced the CDROM.


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Authors of the original chapters

Chapter Authors

1 Maria Bentivogelio, Nobel Forum 2 Tobias Bohoffer, Peter Brophy, Eric Kandel, Nobel Forum

3 Marianne Fillenz

4 Leslie Iversen

5 Susan Fleetwood-Walker, Han Jiesheng, Donald Price

6 Andrew Parker

7 Beveley Clark, Tom Gillingwater, Michael Hausser, Chris Miall, Richard Ribchester, Wolfram Schultz,

8 Andrew Lumsden

9 John Stein

10 Graham Collingridge, Andre Doherty, Kathy Sykes

11 Ted Berger, Livia dev Hoz, Graham Hitch, Eleanor Maguire, Andrew Doherty, Leslie Underleider, Fareneh Vargha-Khadem

12 Jonathan Seckl

13 Nancy Rothwell

14 Anthony Harmar

15 Mark Bastin, Richard Frackowiak, Nikos Logothetis, Elanor Maguire, Lindsay Murray, Elisabeth Rounis, Semir Zeki.

16 Rodney Douglas, Gerry Eldelman, Jeff Krichmar, Kevan Martin

17 Malcolm Macleod, Eva Johnstone, Walter Muir, David Porteous, Ian Reid.

18 Colin Blakemore, Kenneth Boyd, Stephen Rose, William Saffire

19 Yvonne Allen (BNA), LARC, ARC, APRC, CEERC


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