neuroanatomy tutorial
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Neuroanatomy TutorialThis is the first of 3 digital resources provided to you as part of your Neuroanatomy lab for today. Please use these online tools as you see fit to complete the objectives of your. The digital movies in the next two sections can be paused, scrolled, and explored at will. Colours of the “Internal Structures” are coded to the provided sheets.
At the end of the digital component of the lab, the organizers would be grateful if you could complete the quiz and feedback sheet. Questions for the quiz are found under the “Quiz” Section to the right. It is a timed quiz that we’d like you do do individually if you dare.
Objectives3D neuroanatomy is difficult to learn on brain slicesAs important as the structures themselves, the relationship of each structure within the brain is importantPresenting the brain in a 3D model, with the ability to stop the video, rewing, fastforward, might make it easier
CEREBRAL BRAIN LOBESThe cortex region of the brain the most exterior surface. It consists of two types of matter: grey and white. It is divided into two hemispheres (left and right) and several lobes each with a different primary function.
The Frontal Lobe
• Blue in Figures• Located in the anterior portion
of the cortex• Function:
– Ability to recognize future consequences resulting form current actions, and make movement decisions accordingly
• Contains Broca’s AreaA P
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Left View
The Temporal Lobe
• Green in Figure• Located in the lower lateral
portion of the cortex• Function:
– Auditory perception and is home to the primary auditory complex.
• Contains Wernicke’s Area
Frontal View
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Frontal View
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Left View
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The Occipital Lobe
• Pink in Figure• Located in the posterior portion
of the cortex• Function:
– Visual perception and is home to the primary visual cortex
Left View
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Posterior View
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The Parietal Lobe• Yellow in Figure• Located in the superior aspect of
the cortex• Function:
– Integrating sensory information perceived to determine spatial sense and navigation and consequently contains the somatosensory cortex
Posterior View
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The Insular Cortex
• Purple in Figure– Located within the lateral sulcus under an area
called the operculum – an area of the cortex comprised of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes overlying this area
• Function:– Consiousness
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SULCI, GYRI AND FISSURES
The cortex is not a smooth surface, in fact it is comprised of several fissures (Grooves extending through the cotex), sulci (indents or valleys in the cortex) and gyri (bumps or ridges in the cortex) which work to increase the overall surface area of the cortex.
The Longitudinal Fissure
• Pink in Figure• Also known as the
interhemispheric fissure• Divides the cortex into left and
right hemispheresSuperior
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Frontal View
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Posterior View
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The Central Sulcus
• Red in Figure• Found on the exterior of the cortex• Separates the primary somatosensory cortex
within the parietal lobe from the primary motor cortex within the frontal lobe
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The Lateral Sulcus
• Blue in Figure• Found on the lateral aspect of the cortex• Separates the temporal and frontal lobes
Left View
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The Calcarine Sulcus
• Green in Figure• Found on medial and posterior aspect of the
cortex in both hemispheres• This is the area where the primary visual
cortex is concentrated
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The Parieto-Occipital Sulcus
• Purple in Figure• Found on the medial and superior aspect of
the cortex in both hemispheres• Separates the parietal and occipital lobes
and joins the calcarine sulcus
Medial View
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The Precentral Gyrus
• Yellow in Figure• Found anterior to the cetnral
sulcus within the frontal lobe• Contains the primary motor cortex• Function:
– Plan and execute movements
Left View
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The Postcentral Gyrus
• Pink in Figure• Found posterior to the central
sulcus within the parietal lobe• Contains the primary
somatosensory cortex• Function:
– Proprioception, nociception
Left View
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AREAS OF LANGUAGELeft Brain Only
Broca’s Area• Purple in Figure• Found in the Left Frontal Lobe• Involved in Language Processing, speech
production and comprehension• Broca’s Aphasia:
– unable to create grammaticallycomplex sentences and understand their deficit
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Wernicke’s Area• Green in Figure• Found in the Left Parietal Lobe• Wernicke’s Aphasia:
– major impairment of languagecomprehension
– can speak with normal grammar, syntax, rate, intonation and stress, but their language content is incorrect.
Left View
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THE CEREBELLUMThe Little Brain
• Orange in Figure• Located at the posterior and
inferior aspect of the brain, tucked underneath the occipital lobe
• Function:– Fine tune motor activity
through integrating input from the sensory systems
– Does not initiate movement, only adjusts it to smooth it
The Cerebellum
Left View
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INNER BRAIN STRUCTURESThe Diancephalon and Brain Stem
The Thalamus
• Yellow in the figure• Largest structure in the diancephalon• Situated between the cortex and midbrain
bilaterally with a small joined part in between• Function:
– act as a relay between a variety of subcortical areas and the cerebral cortex
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Medial View Left Oblique View
The Hypothalamus
• Pink in the figure• Situated inferior and anterior to the thalamus• Contains the pituitary gland• Function:
– link the nervous system tothe endocrine system via thepituitary gland A P
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Medial View Left Oblique View
The Epithalamus
• Red in the figure• Smallest structure in the diancephalon• Situated posterior to the thalamus• Contains the pineal glands• Function:
– secretion of melatoninA P
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Medial View Left Oblique View
Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
• Green in Figure• Situated between diancephalon
and pons within the brain stem• Function:
– Contains the substantia nigra is closely associated with motor system pathways of the basal ganglia
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Frontal View
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Medial ViewLeft Oblique View
Pons • Purple in Figure• Situated between midbrain and
medulla within the brainstem• Function:
– White mater tracts that conduct signals from the Cortex down to the cerebellum and medulla
– tracts that carry the sensory signals up into the thalamus
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Frontal View
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Medial ViewLeft Oblique View
Medulla Oblongata• Blue in Figure• Situated below the medulla
within the brainstem• Function:
– cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers
– deals with autonomic involuntary functions, such as breathing heart rate and blood pressure
Superior
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Frontal View
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Medial ViewLeft Oblique View
THE VENTRICLE SYSTEMVentricles are the cavities through which Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) circulates around the brain and spinal cord. The ventricles have three main parts which all contribute to CSF production
Lateral Ventricles
• Orange in figure• Located bilaterally, and are the
largest component of the ventricular system
• Function:– CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) produced
here passes into the 3rd ventricle and is used for bathing and cushioningthe brain and spinal cord
Superior View
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Third Ventricle
• Purple in figure• Located centrally between the
two thalami• Function:
– Receives CSF from the lateral ventricles
– Produces CSF and passes it into the 4th ventricle via the aquaductA P
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Medial View
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Fourth Ventricle
• Green in figure• Located centrally as a diamond
shaped projection off of the cerebral aquaduct
• Function:– Receives CSF from the 3rd ventricles– Passes CSF into the
subarachnoid space situated around the brain A P
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Cerebral white matter
• Commissural– Connecting the two hemispheres
• Corpus callosum• Anterior commissure• Posterior commissure
Corpus callosum
Cerebral white matter
• Association– Connect different areas of the hemisphere
• Superior longitudinal fasciculus = arcuate fasciculus – Fonrtotemporal/parietal region– Integration of speech/auditory nuclei
• Inferior longitudinal fasciculus– Temporal and occipital lobes
• Uncinate• Cingulum• Fornix• Stria terminalis
Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus
Uncinate
Cingulum
Cerebral white matter
• Projection– Projection from the cortex to the thalmus, pons,
spinal cord• Thalamic radiation• Corticospinal tracts
Thalamic projections
Left View
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• premotor cortex and frontal eye field • somatosensory association cortex
Corpus callosum
• Rostrum• Genu• Body• Splenium