neo’s escape: plato’s cave, descartes’ evil genius, berkeley & the matrix

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Neo’s Escape: Plato’s Cave, Descartes’ Evil Genius, Berkeley & The Matrix. What’s Real?. Plato’s Republic, Bk VII : The Cave - There are prisoners “in chains” so that they can come to perceive only that which is “projected” before them on “the wall of the cave;” - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Neo’s Escape: Plato’s Cave, Descartes’ Evil Genius, Berkeley & The Matrix
Page 2: Neo’s Escape: Plato’s Cave, Descartes’ Evil Genius, Berkeley & The Matrix

Neo’s Escape:Plato’s Cave,

Descartes’ Evil Genius,Berkeley

& The Matrix

Page 3: Neo’s Escape: Plato’s Cave, Descartes’ Evil Genius, Berkeley & The Matrix

What’s Real?

• Plato’s Republic, Bk VII:– The Cave -

• There are prisoners “in chains” so that they can come to perceive only that which is “projected” before them on “the wall of the cave;”

• What would they believe to be the nature of the real if this is all that they encounter in their life time?

Page 4: Neo’s Escape: Plato’s Cave, Descartes’ Evil Genius, Berkeley & The Matrix

What’s Real?

– The Cave (cont.) -• In fact, however, the cave is a complicated world.

Behind the shackled prisoners is a low wall and just beyond that a road running close to the wall with beings marching up and down carrying all sorts of things on sticks as one would carry a banner in a parade. Light is cast on the “banners” by a fire that stands close to the road and the result is that the paraded “banners” cast shadows on the walls that the prisoners must face.

Page 5: Neo’s Escape: Plato’s Cave, Descartes’ Evil Genius, Berkeley & The Matrix

What’s Real?

– The Cave (cont.) -• But there is light from another source as well. The

mouth of the cave, while a long way up, opens to the light of stars, moon and sun. Indeed the very energy of the cave and all of its contents seems powered by the light from without.

Page 6: Neo’s Escape: Plato’s Cave, Descartes’ Evil Genius, Berkeley & The Matrix

What’s Real?

– Escape from the Cave –• Suppose that a prisoner escaped from his chains.

Likely it would take him some time to adjust to his new view of the world. Indeed, at first, he would not believe what he experienced.

• Moreover, as he ascended through the cave he would at first most likely be blinded by the light he perceived. Only after some time would he be able to gaze steadily at first the fire then the stars, moon and finally the sun.

Page 7: Neo’s Escape: Plato’s Cave, Descartes’ Evil Genius, Berkeley & The Matrix

What’s Real?

– Escape from the Cave (cont.)• Would a prisoner who escaped from the Cave ever

choose to return?

• Plato thinks not …– But?

Page 8: Neo’s Escape: Plato’s Cave, Descartes’ Evil Genius, Berkeley & The Matrix

What’s Real?

– Freeing the other prisoners?• What would be the likely response if the escaped

prisoner were to return to his/her neighbors and report that what they take to be reality is not reality at all?

Page 9: Neo’s Escape: Plato’s Cave, Descartes’ Evil Genius, Berkeley & The Matrix

What’s Real?

• But what is this “reality” to which Plato alludes?

• Answer: the world of Forms;

• But what’s that?– Consider the case of two books …– Plato argues they both must participate in

(exemplify) BOOKNESS!

Page 10: Neo’s Escape: Plato’s Cave, Descartes’ Evil Genius, Berkeley & The Matrix

What’s Real? (Aside about Knowledge)

• How do we come to know about “bookness” and the “world of forms?”

• Plato thinks that true knowledge is knowledge of the world of forms and that the only avenue to true knowledge is our faculty of reason.

• There is no sensory knowledge of physical objects since Physical Objects are mere shadows of the forms they exemplify and “knowledge of shadows” is not knowledge at all.

Page 11: Neo’s Escape: Plato’s Cave, Descartes’ Evil Genius, Berkeley & The Matrix

DESCARTES’ DREAM

FINDING A FOUNDATION

for

HUMAN KNOWLEDGE

Page 12: Neo’s Escape: Plato’s Cave, Descartes’ Evil Genius, Berkeley & The Matrix

Goal: KNOWLEDGE

THAT IS

A. CERTAIN (INDUBITABLE);

B: ABOUT TRULY EXISTING THINGS.

Page 13: Neo’s Escape: Plato’s Cave, Descartes’ Evil Genius, Berkeley & The Matrix

Method: CARTESIAN DOUBT

Descartes’ search for KNOWLEDGE involves a kind of “process of elimination.” He examines the kinds of BELIEFS he might claim to know and considers whether it is possible for him to DOUBT those beliefs. If it is possible, then Descartes does not KNOW them. If he finds a BELIEF THAT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO DOUBT, then this would count as KNOWLEDGE and could serve as a FOUNDATION for other claims to know.

Page 14: Neo’s Escape: Plato’s Cave, Descartes’ Evil Genius, Berkeley & The Matrix

Cartesian Doubt: The Process

CATEGORIES OF BELIEF

1. Beliefs about “distant” things

WHY DUBITABLE?

Senses/memory ARE FALLIBLE

Page 15: Neo’s Escape: Plato’s Cave, Descartes’ Evil Genius, Berkeley & The Matrix

Cartesian Doubt: The Process

CATEGORIES OF BELIEF

2. Beliefs based on “present sensing”

WHY DUBITABLE?

I might be dreaming

Page 16: Neo’s Escape: Plato’s Cave, Descartes’ Evil Genius, Berkeley & The Matrix

More on the “Dream Possibility”

Descartes believes that even if he were dreaming, this would not render dubitable his beliefs about:

A. Simple Mathematical Truths

B.Beliefs that there are things such as extension through space (SHAPE) and time (DURATION) Or, in other words, THAT THERE ARE PERSISTING MATERIAL OBJECTS IN GENERAL.

Page 17: Neo’s Escape: Plato’s Cave, Descartes’ Evil Genius, Berkeley & The Matrix

Cartesian Doubt: The Process (cont.)

CATEGORIES OF BELIEF

3. Beliefs about:A. Simple MathB. That there are

Material Objects in general

WHY DUBITABLE?

EVIL DECEIVER

Page 18: Neo’s Escape: Plato’s Cave, Descartes’ Evil Genius, Berkeley & The Matrix

Cartesian Doubt: The Process (One More Try)

CATEGORIES OF BELIEF

COGITO ERGO SUM

I AM THINKING THEREFORE I EXIST!!!!

WHY DUBITABLE?

INDUBITABLE!!!

Page 19: Neo’s Escape: Plato’s Cave, Descartes’ Evil Genius, Berkeley & The Matrix

Berkeley’s Master Argument

Page 20: Neo’s Escape: Plato’s Cave, Descartes’ Evil Genius, Berkeley & The Matrix

Descartes’ View of Perception

|||||||||

|||||||||

MATERIAL OBJECTREPRESENTATION(IDEA)

KNOWER

causesis directly aware of

Early ModernTwo-Level Realism

(Descartes, Locke ...)

Page 21: Neo’s Escape: Plato’s Cave, Descartes’ Evil Genius, Berkeley & The Matrix

Components of Berkeley’s Argument

• P: everyday, common sense (physical) objects (and states of mind)

• A: things that I am directly aware of by means of my senses (& reflection)

• I: ideas• M: things that DO NOT exist independent

of MIND (i.e., things that are mind dependent)

Page 22: Neo’s Escape: Plato’s Cave, Descartes’ Evil Genius, Berkeley & The Matrix

Berkeley’s Master Argument

• All P are A

• All A are I

• All I are M

• -------------

• All P are M

Page 23: Neo’s Escape: Plato’s Cave, Descartes’ Evil Genius, Berkeley & The Matrix

Berkeley’s Master Argument

• But ifALL EVERYDAY, COMMON SENSE (PHYSICAL) OBJECTS ARE THINGS THAT DO NOT EXIST INDEPENDENT OF MINDTHEN WHAT IS THE CAUSE OF WHAT WE PERCEIVE?

Page 24: Neo’s Escape: Plato’s Cave, Descartes’ Evil Genius, Berkeley & The Matrix

Berkeley’s Idealism (Irrealism)

GOD

SentientEntity (Mind)

IDEAof

SUN

Page 25: Neo’s Escape: Plato’s Cave, Descartes’ Evil Genius, Berkeley & The Matrix

Neo’s Escape:Plato’s Cave, Descartes’ Evil

Genius,Berkeley & The Matrix

• SO while watching the Matrix you should ask yourself WHAT IS REAL?

• Moreover, how would you compare (contrast) the world of the Matrix with those of Plato, Descartes (and his Evil Genius) and Berkeley?