neonatal emergencies
TRANSCRIPT
NEONATAL EMERGENCIESASHRAF ALAWADI, MDAssociated professor of
PediatricHead of Pediatric DepT. -
UDH
NEONATAL EMERGENCIES
ASHRAF ALAWADI, MDAssociated professor of Pediatric
Head of Pediatric DepT. -UDH
Neonatal EmergenciesNeonatal Emergencies
• Neonates often present with non-specific or a history of symptoms that may or may not be benign
• In order to recognize which neonates will require life-saving interventions, clinicians need to remain current on these life-threatening illnesses and their management
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Signs and Symptoms• Tachypenia (RR 60/min. or more)• nasal flaring• grunting• retractions• Apnea• Cyanosis
Retractions
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Evaluation• CXR• ABG• Pulse oximetry• Ct chest• Bronchoscope/ Laryngoscope
REPSPIRATORY SYTEM
• Conditions – Anatomic approach• Alveolar
– Hyaline Membrane Disease (HMD) or Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)
– Pneumonia– Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (MAS)
• Parenchymal– Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn (TTN)– Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation– Congenital Lobar Emphysema
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Space-occupying– Air Leak– Effusion– Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
• Airway– Laryngomalacia/tracheomalacia– Tracheal web– Vocal cord paralysis– Choanal atresia
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Extra-pulmonary– Sepsis/meningitis– Congenital Heart Disease– Hypothermia– Metabolic error– Abdominal distention
Hyaline Membrane Disease
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
Pneumonia
Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn
Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation
Pneumothorax
Pneumomediastinum
Pneumopericardium
Chylothorax
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
ALTEALTE
• poorly defined term used to describe any
event that is “frightening to the observer
and is characterized by some
combination of apnea, color change,
marked change in muscle tone, choking
or gagging”
ALTEALTE
• Hospitalization for observation and monitoring
• Common differential diagnosis:– Sepsis, Pneumonia, RSV– Hypothermia, Anemia– Dysrhythmias– Acid/base disturbances
ALTEALTE
– Intracranial hemorrhage, Meningitis/encephalitis
– Pertussis, Hypoglycemia
– Seizures
– GER
– Child abuse
– Inborn errors of metabolism
– Electrolyte abnormalities
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
• Signs and Symptoms• cyanosis – central vs acrocyanosis• tachycardia• tachypnea• murmur• gallop
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
• Evaluation• CXR• EKG• ABG – hyperoxia test• Echocardiography• Cardiac Cath.
Heart Disease and HypoxiaHeart Disease and Hypoxia Cyanotic Heart DiseaseCyanotic Heart Disease
• Terrible T’s:– Transposition of the great arteries (TGA)– Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)– Tricuspid atresia (TA)– Total anomalous pulmonary venous return
(TAPVR)– Truncus arteriosus (TA)
Acyanotic Heart DiseaseAcyanotic Heart DiseaseCongestive Heart FailureCongestive Heart Failure
• Typically presents with symptoms of CHF– Tachypnea
– Tachycardia
– Hepatomegaly
– History of poor or slow feeding
– Sweating or color change with feeding
– Poor weight gain
• More gradual clinical decompensation
• May not present until after the first 2-3 weeks of age
Acyanotic Heart Disease Acyanotic Heart Disease Congestive Heart FailureCongestive Heart Failure
• Causes of CHF in Neonates:– Acyanotic heart disease (VSD, ASD, PDA,
CoA)– Severe anemia– Trauma,Sepsis– SVT– Metabolic abnormalities– SLE, Thyrotoxicosis
Acyanotic Heart DiseaseAcyanotic Heart DiseaseSupraventricular TachycardiaSupraventricular Tachycardia
• SVT is the most common neonatal dysrhythmia (1/25,000 births)
• Signs/symptoms:– Tachycardia– Poor feeding– Irritability– Heart Failure– Shock
• Heart rate sustained at >220 bpm with a QRS < 0.08 seconds
Acyanotic Heart DiseaseAcyanotic Heart Disease Supraventricular TachycardiaSupraventricular Tachycardia
Coarctation of the Aorta
CHF – Coarctation with VSD
GASTRO-INTESTINAL SYSTEM
• Consider pathologic process if vomiting in newborn period
• Difficult to differentiate between a life-threatening cause from a mild viral gastroenteritis or even severe gatroesophageal reflux
• Initial symptoms may be nonspecific
• Bilious emesis is almost always an ominous sign
GASTRO-INTESTINAL SYSTEM
• Signs and Symptoms• polyhydramnios• distention• failure to pass meconium or stool• Vomiting
• Evaluation• Abdominal films• Contrast studies• US
GASTRO-INTESTINAL SYSTEM
• Conditions– Congenital malformations
• Tracheal-Esophageal Fistula (TEF)• Duodenal atresia• Intestinal atresias• Omphalocele, Gastroschisis
– Malrotation with Midgut VolvulusMalrotation with Midgut Volvulus– Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)– Toxic MegacolonToxic Megacolon– Hypertrophic Pyloric StenosisHypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
Tracheoesophageal-fistula
Duodenal Atresia
Intestinal Atresia
Gastroschisis Omphalocele
NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS
NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS
NEC - perforation
Malrotation with Midgut VolvulusMalrotation with Midgut Volvulus
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Signs and Symptoms• seizures• lethargy• irritability/tremors• Hypotonia• coma
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Conditions• Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE)• Intra-cranial Hemorrhage• Drug withdrawal• Malformations• Meningitis• IEM
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Evaluation
– LP– EEG– US– CT/MRI– Metabolic screen
Intra-cranial Hemorrhage
HEMATOLOGIC
• Signs and Symptoms• Pallor• Shock• Early Jaundice• Petechiae• bleeding
HEMATOLOGIC
• Conditions– Acute Blood loss
• Placenta previa• Abrutio placentae• Velamentous cord insertion• Cord accident• Organ rupture
HEMATOLOGIC
• Conditions– Chronic Blood loss
• Maternal-fetal • Twin-twin transfusion• Hemolytic anemias – immune, non-
immune
HEMATOLOGIC
• Conditions– Thrombocytopenia– Polycythemia– Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn– DIC
Endocrine Emergencies
• Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia– Vomiting– Hypoglycemia– Dehydration or even shock
• Neonatal thyrotoxicosis– poor feeding, failure to thrive, tachycardia, – irritability, hyperthermia, vomiting, diarrhea, – thrombocytopenia, respiratory distress,– heart failure and shock
Inborn Errors of MetabolismInborn Errors of MetabolismMetabolic EmergenciesMetabolic Emergencies
• Often have a delayed diagnosis
• Symptoms may be unrecognized because they are uncommon
• Require a high level of suspicion for diagnosis
• Diagnosis should be considered in any infant who does not have any other obvious cause for symptoms
Inborn Errors of MetabolismInborn Errors of Metabolism Metabolic EmergenciesMetabolic Emergencies
• Nonspecific symptoms– Poor feeding– Vomiting– FTT– Tachycardia– Tachypnea– Irritability
Inborn Errors of MetabolismInborn Errors of Metabolism Metabolic EmergenciesMetabolic Emergencies
• More apparent symptoms– Seizures– Lethargy– Hypoglycemia– Apnea– Temperature instability– Acidosis
Inborn Errors of MetabolismInborn Errors of Metabolism Metabolic EmergenciesMetabolic Emergencies
• Labs– Bedside glucose– CBC– Blood Ammonia– ABG– Lactate and Pyrovate levels– LFT’s– Urine for reducing substances and ketones– Blood and urine for organic and amino acids
Inborn Errors of MetabolismInborn Errors of Metabolism
Inborn Errors of MetabolismInborn Errors of Metabolism Metabolic EmergenciesMetabolic Emergencies
• Management– Fluid resuscitation– IV dextrose to prevent further catabolism– Admission to hospital– Genetics consultation
The Misfits MovieThe Misfits Movie
Neonatal EmergenciesNeonatal Emergencies
“THE MISFITS”– T- Trauma (accidental & nonaccidental)
– H- Heart Disease/Hypovolemia/Hypoxia
– E- Endocrine (congenital adrenal hyperplasia, thyrotoxicosis)
– M- Metabolic (electrolyte imbalance)
– I- Inborn Errors of Metabolism: metabolic emergencies
– S- Sepsis (meningitis, pneumonia, UTI)
– F- Formula mishaps (under or overdilution)
– I- Intestinal catastrophes (volvulus, intususception, NEC)
– T- Toxins/poisons
– S- Seizures
ConclusionConclusion
• The mnemonic “THE MISFITS” “THE MISFITS” is a helpful tool that can be readily used to formulate an approach to the most common neonatal emergencies that may present to general pediatricians in their hospital or private offices as well as ED clinicians in the ED department
THANK YOUTHANK YOU