near field communication

• Near Field Communication

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-near-field-communication-toolkit.html

Mobile payment - Contactless Near Field Communication

1 Near Field Communication (NFC) is used mostly in paying for purchases made in

physical stores or transportation services. A consumer using a special mobile phone

equipped with a smartcard waves his/her phone near a reader module. Most

transactions do not require authentication, but some require authentication using PIN,

before transaction is completed. The payment could be deducted from a pre-paid account or charged to a mobile or bank account directly.



1 Mobile payment method via NFC faces significant challenges for wide and fast

adoption, due to lack of supporting infrastructure, complex ecosystem of

stakeholders, and standards. Some phone manufacturers and banks, however, are enthusiastic. Ericsson and Aconite are

examples of businesses that make it possible for banks to create consumer mobile

payment applications that take advantage of NFC technology.



1 NFC vendors in Japan are closely related to mass-transit networks, like the Mobile Suica

used on the JR East rail network. Osaifu-Keitai system, used for Mobile Suica and many others including Edy and nanaco, has become the de facto standard method for mobile payments in Japan. Its core technology, Mobile FeliCa IC, is partially owned by Sony, NTT DoCoMo and JR

East. Mobile FeliCa utilize Sony's FeliCa technology, which itself is the de facto standard

for contactless smart cards in the country.



1 Other NFC vendors mostly in Europe use contactless payment over mobile phones to pay for on- and off-street

parking in specially demarcated areas



1 Other vendors use a combination of both NFC and a barcode on the

mobile device for mobile payment, for example, Cimbal or DigiMo,

making this technique attractive at the point of sale because many

mobile devices in the market do not yet support NFC.


Near field communication

1 Near field communication



1 Near field communication (NFC) is a set of standards for smartphones and similar devices

to establish radio communication with each other by touching them together or bringing

them into close proximity, usually no more than a few inches. Present and anticipated

applications include contactless transactions, data exchange, and simplified setup of more

complex communications such as Wi-Fi. Communication is also possible between an NFC

device and an unpowered NFC chip, called a "tag".



1 NFC standards cover communications protocols and data exchange formats, and are based on

existing radio-frequency identification (RFID) standards

including ISO/IEC 14443 and FeliCa


Near field communication - Uses

1 NFC builds upon RFID systems by allowing two-way communication between endpoints, where earlier

systems such as contactless smart cards were one-way only


Near field communication - Commerce

1 NFC devices can be used in contactless payment systems, similar

to those currently used in credit cards and electronic ticket

smartcards, and allow mobile payment to replace or supplement

these systems



1 NFC stickers based payments in Australia’s Bankmecu and card issuer

Cuscal have completed an NFC payment sticker trial, enabling consumers to make contactless payments at Visa payWave terminals using a smart sticker stuck to

their phone. Bankmecu now plans to further test the service before launching it to its wider cardholder base in the next

few months. Read More



1 India is implementing NFC based transactions in Box Offices for ticketing purposes.



1 A partnership of Google and Equity Bank in Kenya has introduced NFC

payment systems for public transport in the Capital city Nairobi under the

branding "Beba Pay"


Near field communication - Bluetooth and Wi-Fi connections

1 NFC offers a low-speed connection with extremely simple setup, and can be used to bootstrap more capable

wireless connections


Near field communication - Social networking

1 NFC can be used in social networking situations, such as sharing contacts, photos, videos or files, and entering

multiplayer mobile games. In the field of social networking NFC is very

useful to exchange contacts and other files.


Near field communication - Identity and access tokens

1 The NFC Forum promotes the potential for NFC-enabled devices to act as electronic identity documents

and keycards. As NFC has a short range and supports encryption, it may be more suitable than earlier,

less private RFID systems.


Near field communication - Smartphone automation and NFC tags

1 Smartphones equipped with NFC can be paired with NFC Tags or stickers which can be programmed by NFC

apps to automate tasks


Near field communication - History

1 NFC traces its roots back to radio-frequency identification, or RFID.

RFID allows a reader to send radio waves to a passive electronic tag for

identification, authentication and tracking.



1 2002 Sony and Philips agreed on establishing a new technology

specification and created a technical outline on March 25, 2002.



1 2004 Nokia, Philips and Sony established the Near Field Communication (NFC) Forum



1 2009 In January, NFC Forum released Peer-to-Peer standards to transfer

contact, URL, initiate Bluetooth, etc.



1 2010 Samsung Nexus S: First Android NFC phone shown



1 2010 The city of Nice in Southern France launches the "Nice City of

contactless mobile" project, providing inhabitants with new NFC generation mobile phones and bank

cards, and a real "bouquet of services" for their daily lives covering transportation, tourism and student's

services



1 2011 Tapit Media launches in Sydney Australia as the first specialized NFC

marketing company



1 2011 Google I/O "How to NFC" demonstrates NFC to initiate a game

and to share a contact, URL, app, video, etc.



1 2011 NFC support becomes part of the Symbian mobile Operating

System with the release of Symbian Anna version.



1 2011 Research In Motion is the first company for its devices to be

certified by MasterCard Worldwide, the functionality of PayPass



1 2012 March. EAT., a well-known UK restaurant chain, and Everything Everywhere (Orange

Mobile Network Operator), partner on the UK's first nationwide NFC-enabled smartposter

campaign, led by René Batsford, head of ICT for EAT., also known for deploying the UK's first

nationwide contactless payment solution in 2008. A specially created mobile phone app is triggered when the NFC enabled mobile phone

comes into contact with the smartposter.



1 2012 Sony introduces the "Smart Tags", which use NFC technology to

change modes and profiles on a Sony smartphone at close range, included

in the package of (and "perfectly paired" with) the Sony Xperia P

Smartphone released the same year.



1 2012 Samsung introduces TecTile; a set of MIFARE NFC stickers and a

companion application for Android to read and write the TecTile stickers,

and design macros that can be triggered by them.



1 2013 Samsung and Visa announce major partnership to develop mobile payments.

Read article



1 2013 IBM Scientists from Zurich, in an effort to curb fraud and security breaches have come up with a new

mobile authentication security technology based on Near-Field Communication (NFC).IBM’s new

technology works on similar principles to that of a dual-factor authentication security measure.

Read articlehttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-near-field-communication-toolkit.html

Near field communication - Essential specifications

1 NFC is a set of short-range wireless technologies, typically requiring a distance of

10 cm or less



1 NFC tags contain data and are typically read-only, but may be

rewriteable



1 As with proximity card technology, near-field communication uses magnetic induction

between two loop antennas located within each other's near field, effectively forming an air-core transformer. It operates within the globally available and unlicensed radio frequency ISM band of 13.56 MHz. Most of

the RF energy is concentrated in the allowed ±7 kHz bandwidth range, but the full

spectral envelope may be as wide as 1.8 MHz when using ASK modulation.



1 Theoretical working distance with compact standard antennas: up to 20

cm (practical working distance of about 4 cm)



1 Supported data rates: 106, 212 or 424 kbit/s (the bit rate 848 kbit/s is

not compliant with the standard ISO/IEC 18092)



1 Passive communication mode: The initiator device provides a carrier

field and the target device answers by modulating the existing field. In this mode, the target device may draw its operating power from the initiator-provided electromagnetic

field, thus making the target device a transponder.



1 Active communication mode: Both initiator and target device

communicate by alternately generating their own fields. A device

deactivates its RF field while it is waiting for data. In this mode, both

devices typically have power supplies.



1 NFC employs two different codings to transfer data. If an active device

transfers data at 106 kbit/s, a modified Miller coding with 100%

modulation is used. In all other cases Manchester coding is used with a

modulation ratio of 10%.



1 NFC devices are able to receive and transmit data at the same time.

Thus, they can check for potential collisions, if the received signal

frequency does not match with the transmitted signal's frequency.


Near field communication - Comparison with Bluetooth

1 Standardisation bodyISO/IEC Bluetooth SIG

Bluetooth SIG



1 Power consumption < 15mA (read) varies with class < 15 mA (read and transmit)



1 NFC and Bluetooth are both short-range communication technologies

that are integrated into mobile phones. As described in technical

detail above, NFC operates at slower speeds than Bluetooth, but

consumes far less power and doesn't require pairing.



1 NFC sets up more quickly than standard Bluetooth, but has a lower

transfer rate than Bluetooth low energy



1 In contrast to Bluetooth, NFC is compatible with existing passive RFID (13.56 MHz ISO/IEC

18000-3) infrastructures. NFC requires comparatively low power, similar to the

Bluetooth V4.0 low energy protocol. When NFC works with an unpowered device (e.g., on a phone that may be turned off, a contactless

smart Creditcard, a smart poster), however, the NFC power consumption is greater than that of Bluetooth V4.0 Low Energy, since illuminating

the passive tag needs extra power.


Near field communication - Standards

1 NFC is an open platform technology standardized in ECMA-340 and ISO/IEC 18092



1 Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol-1

(NFCIP-1)



1 NFC incorporates a variety of existing standards including ISO/IEC 14443 both Type A and Type B, and FeliCa. NFC enabled phones work basically,

at least, with existing readers. Especially in "card emulation mode" a NFC device should transmit, at a

minimum, a unique ID number to an existing reader.



1 In addition, the NFC Forum has defined a common data format called NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF),

which can store and transport various kinds of items, ranging from any MIME-typed object to ultra-short

RTD-documents, such as URLs.



1 The NFC Forum added the Simple NDEF Exchange Protocol to the spec

that allows sending and receiving messages between two NFC-enabled

devices.


Near field communication - GSMA

1 The GSM Association (GSMA) is the global trade association representing nearly 800 mobile phone operators

and more than 200 product and service companies across 219

countries. Many of its members have led NFC trials around the World and

are now preparing services for commercial launch.



1 Standard setting: GSMA is developing certification and testing standards to ensure the global interoperability of

NFC services.



1 The Pay-Buy-Mobile initiative seeks to define a common global approach to

using Near Field Communications (NFC) technology to link mobile

devices with payment and contactless systems.



1 On November 17, 2010, after two years of discussions, AT&T, Verizon

and T-Mobile launched a joint venture intended to develop a single platform

on which technology based on the Near Field Communication (NFC)

specifications can be used by their customers to make mobile payments


Near field communication - StoLPaN

1 StoLPaN ('Store Logistics and Payment with NFC') is a pan-

European consortium supported by the European Commission's

Information Society Technologies program. StoLPaN will examine the as yet untapped potential for the

new kind of local wireless interface, NFC and mobile communication.


Near field communication - NFC Forum

1 The NFC Forum is a non-profit industry association formed on March 18, 2004, by NXP Semiconductors, Sony and Nokia to

advance the use of NFC short-range wireless interaction in consumer electronics, mobile devices and PCs. The NFC Forum promotes implementation and standardization of NFC

technology to ensure interoperability between devices and services. As of June

2013, the NFC Forum had over 190 member companies.


Near field communication - Alternative form factors

1 To realize the benefits of NFC in cellphones not yet equipped with built in NFC chips a new line of

complementary devices were created


Near field communication - Other standardization bodies

1 Other standardization bodies that are involved in NFC

include:


Near field communication - Other standardization bodies

1 GlobalPlatform to specify a multi-application architecture of the secure element.


Near field communication - Community and open source projects

1 A growing number of online communities and open source

projects contribute to the growth of NFC. Projects range from full NFC

stacks to NFC message composition and platform-specific tools.


Near field communication - Security aspects

1 Although the communication range of NFC is limited to a few

centimeters, NFC alone does not ensure secure communications


Near field communication - Eavesdropping

1 The RF signal for the wireless data transfer can be picked up with

antennas


Near field communication - Data modification

1 It is easy to destroy data by using a jammer. There is no way currently to prevent such an attack. However, if NFC devices check the RF field while

they are sending, it is possible to detect attacks.


Near field communication - Data modification

1 It is much more difficult to modify data in such a way that it appears to be valid to users


Near field communication - Relay attack

1 Because NFC devices usually include ISO/IEC 14443 protocols, the relay attacks described are also feasible

on NFC


Near field communication - Lost property

1 Losing the NFC RFID card or the mobile phone will open access to any

finder and act as a single-factor authenticating entity. Mobile phones

protected by a PIN code acts as a single authenticating factor. A way to

defeat the lost-property threat requires an extended security

concept that includes more than one physically independent authentication factor.


Near field communication - Walk-off

1 Lawfully opened access to a secure NFC function or data is protected by

time-out closing after a period of inactivity


Near field communication - NFC-enabled handsets

1 In 2011, handset vendors released more than 40 NFC-

enabled handsets


Near field communication - Deployment

1 List of applications of near field communication


Near field communication - Deployment

1 As of April 2011, several hundred NFC trials have been conducted.

Some firms have moved to full-scale service deployments, spanning either

a single country or multiple countries. Multi-country deployments

include Orange's rollout of NFC technology to banks, retailers,

transport, and service providers in multiple European countries, and

Airtel Africa and Oberthur Technologies deploying to 15 countries throughout Africa.


Mobile Payments - Contactless Near Field Communication

1 NFC vendors in Japan are closely related to mass-transit networks, like

the Mobile Suica used on the East Japan Railway Company|JR East rail

network


Mobile Payments - Contactless Near Field Communication

1 Other NFC vendors mostly in Europe use contactless payment over mobile phones to pay for on- and off-street

parking in specially demarcated areas


List of applications of near field communication

1 , several hundred trials of near field communication have been

conducted. Some firms have moved to full-scale service deployments,

spanning either a single country or multiple countries.


List of applications of near field communication

1 Multi-country deployments include Orange S.A.|Orange's roll-out of NFC

technology to banks, retailers, transport, and service providers in multiple European countries,. and

Airtel Africa and Oberthur Technologies deploying to 15 countries throughout Africa..


List of applications of near field communication - Kenya

1 * Public transport: The Nairobi based Citi Hoppa bus company has

partnered with Beba. to offer NFC enabled proximity cards for fare

payments. Citi Hoppa staff use the Huawei Sonic NFC enabled phone to

process these transactions.


List of applications of near field communication - Austria

1 * Public transport: Mobilkom Austria (A1), ÖBB, Vienna

Lines.


List of applications of near field communication - Belgium

1 * Paper vouchers study: IBBT, Clear2Pay/Integri, Keyware,

Accor Services.


List of applications of near field communication - Czech Republic

1 * Mobile payments: Telefónica O2 Czech Republic, Komerční banka,

Citibank Europe, Globus, Visa Europe, Baumax, Cinema City, Ikea.


List of applications of near field communication - Czech Republic

1 * NFC social board game: NFCengine launched in 2011 NFC based social board game, with several virtual,

entertaining and marketing layers.


List of applications of near field communication - France

1 * National NFC infrastructure: Paris, Bordeaux, Caen, Lille, Marseille,

Rennes, Strasbourg, Toulouse, Nice, French Government.



1 * Nice, Ville NFC: AFSCM (Orange, Bouygues Telecom, SFR, NRJ Mobile),

Gemalto, Oberthur Technologies, multi-bank (BNP Paribas, Groupe

Crédit Mutuel-CIC, Crédit Agricole, Société Générale) with MasterCard,

Visa Europe, Airtag, Toro (NFC startup company)|Toro, ConnectThings,

Veolia Transport, Adelya and more (to be completed)



1 * Public transport: Veolia Transport in Nice.


List of applications of near field communication - Germany

1 * Public transport (selected regions): VRR, RMV and Deutsche Bahn

(combines the companies' previous HandyTicket and Touch Travel

programs).



1 * Mobile payment: Deutsche Telekom, Vodafone Germany,

Telefónica 02 Germany.



1 * Health insurance card: All public

health insurance providers


List of applications of near field communication - Hungary

1 * Event ticketing: Sziget Festival, Vodafone Hungary.


List of applications of near field communication - The Netherlands

1 * Employee payments: Rabobank, Multicard.


List of applications of near field communication - Romania

1 * Public transport: Metrorex, RATT. and RATB.


List of applications of near field communication - Russia

1 * Public transport: Yekaterinburg Metro and

MegaFon.


List of applications of near field communication - Russia

1 * Public transport: Moscow Metro and MTS (network provider)|Mobile TeleSystems.


List of applications of near field communication - Spain

1 * Public transport: Bankinter, Ericsson, Empresa Municipal de Transportes (Madrid);. Vodafone, Entidad Publica del Transporte

(Murcia).



1 * Event product payments: Mobile World Congress, GSMA, Telefónica, Visa, Samsung, Giesecke Devrient,

Ingenico, ITN International, La Caixa.



1 * Employee payment, building access: Telefónica Espana, La Caixa,

BBVA, Bankinter, Visa, Samsung, Oberthur, Autogrill, Giesecke

Devrient.


List of applications of near field communication - Sweden

1 * Airline Smart Pass: SAS Scandinavian Airlines introduces an NFC-based Smart Pass for frequent flyers, and the aviation industry's

adoption of NFC is now truly underway.


List of applications of near field communication - Sweden

1 * Transportation: Pay as you go in Southern Sweden with NFC enabled Jojo cards.


List of applications of near field communication - Turkey

1 * Yapı ve Kredi Bankası and Turkcell, NFC is used on mobile payment all

over Turkey with Yapı ve Kredi Bankası credit cards via mobile

phones using Turkcell sim cards..



1 * Mobile payments: Yapi Kredi, Turkcell, Wireless Dynamics;. Avea, Garanti Bank,

Gemalto.



1 * Device testing: Visa Europe,

Akbank.


List of applications of near field communication - United Kingdom

1 * Transport study: Department for

Transport, Consult Hyperion.


List of applications of near field communication - Canada

1 * Mobile wallet: Tim Hortons TimmyME BlackBerry 10 Application;[http://www.nfcworld.com/2013/12/13/327339/tim-hortons-launches-nfc-payments-service-using-host-card-emulation/] Zoompass, offered by

Bell Mobility, Rogers Communications|Rogers and Telus

(Enstream).


List of applications of near field communication - United States

1 * Device trial: Bank of America, Device Fidelity;. U.S. Bancorp|US

Bank, Device Fidelity, FIS, Montise.



1 * Mobile payments: ATT, Verizon Communications|Verizon, T-Mobile

US|T-Mobile;. Adirondack Trust Company|Adirondack Trust;.

Community State Bank;. Bankers Bank of the West;. PayPal;. Bank of America; US Bank;. Wells Fargo;.

Blackboard;. Google Wallet.



1 * Community Marketing and Business Rating: Google Places: Portland, OR; Austin, TX; Las Vegas, NV; Madison,

WI; Charlotte, NC..



1 * Public transit: Visa, New York City Transit, NJ Transit, The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, Chicago

Transit Authority, LA Metro (Los Angeles, CA).


List of applications of near field communication - China

1 * Mobile payments: China Unicom, Bank of

Communications, China UnionPay.


List of applications of near field communication - China

1 * Mobile transport ticketing: China Unicom.


List of applications of near field communication - Hong Kong (China)

1 * Contactless Payment/Public Transit: Octopus

card


List of applications of near field communication - India

1 * Tata Docomo, MegaSoft XIUS (Hyderabad).



1 * PayMate have partnered Nokia to deploy NFC payment solution for

mass market in India through Nokia NFC enabled handsets..



1 * jusTap! has tied up with CineMAX to implement NFC campaign using nfc enabled smart posters at the movie

theaters in Mumbai .



1 *jusTap! partners with Game4u to launch the first of its kind retail in‐store experience using NFC across

India ..


List of applications of near field communication - Japan

1 * Consumer services: Softbank

Mobile, Credit Saison, Orient Corporation.


List of applications of near field communication - Japan

1 * Consumer services: KDDI, Toyota, Orient Corporation, Credit Saison, Aiwa Card Services, MasterCard, Nomura Research Institute, All

Nippon Airways, Japan Airlines, Toho Cinemas, Dai Nippon Printing, NTT Data, T-Engine, IBM, Japan Remote

Control Co., Hitachi, Gemalto.


List of applications of near field communication - Philippines

1 * Consumer and commercial services : Jollibee Happyplus

Card


List of applications of near field communication - Singapore

1 * Mobile payments:MasterCard, DBS Bank, StarHub, EZ-

Link, Gemalto.


List of applications of near field communication - Australia

1 * Mobile payments: Visa and ANZ Banking Group.


List of applications of near field communication - Australia

1 * Mobile payments: PayPass and Facebook and Commonwealth Bank Australia by

Commbank Kaching


List of applications of near field communication - New Zealand

1 * Full real time Multi-Currency NFC system linked to New Zealand,

Tonga, Australia, Fiji and Samoa, including BPay: (KlickEx, Digicel and

Verifone)[http://markets.on.nytimes.com/research/stocks/news/press_relea

se.asp?docTag=201205140800PR_NEWS_USPRX____HK05569feedID=600press_sy

mbol=1694716]https://store.theartofservice.com/the-near-field-communication-toolkit.html

List of applications of near field communication - Brazil

1 * Mobile payments: Oi Paggo, Paggo

from Oi, Germalto's Upteq N-Flex.


Cheil Worldwide - UNICEF HK (Near field communication|NFC Charity Stickers Campaign)

1 Cheil combined near field communication (NCF) technology

with traditional stickers to create NFC Charity Stickers direct the individual to a webpage to make their donation


For More Information, Visit:

• https://store.theartofservice.com/the-near-field-communication-toolkit.html

The Art of Servicehttps://store.theartofservice.com






near field communication

Documents

field communication

field communication

radio communication

mobile payment method

mobile suica

mobile devices

mobile payments

mobile phones