1. INTRODUCTION: NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE OF INDIA2. SLIDES BASED ON SOCIAL STUDIES:I. NATURAL VEGETATION: FORESTS.II. WILDLIFE.

3. SLIDES BASED ON MATHEMATICS: STATISTICS ON PRODUCTION OF SANDALWOODI. MEAN, MEDIAN AND MODE.II. OGIVE.

4. SLIDES BASED ON SCIENCE:I. RENEWABLE AND NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES.II. PH OF SOIL.

5. SLIDES BASED ON HINDI:I. STORY.II. POEM.

6. SLIDES BASED ON ENGLISH:I. POSTER.II. SPEECH.III. POEM.IV. SLOGANS

7. CONCLUSION.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

• NATURAL VEGETATION is a general term for the plant community which has grown naturally without human aid. It is also termed as “FLORA”.

• WILDLIFE traditionally refers to non-domesticated animal species, but has come to include all plants, fungi and other organisms which grow or live wild in an area without being introduced by humans. It is also termed as “FAUNA”.

FLORA AND FAUNA OF INDIA

• India is the tenth country in the world and fourth in Asia in plant diversity. 

• 47,000 species of plants have been described by the Botanical Survey of India.

• India has great variety of fauna numbering 89,451 species.

• There are more than 1200 species of birds in those.

• There are 86 national parks and 480 wildlife sanctuaries in India.

INTRODUCTION

Slides Based on

Social Studies

NATURAL VEGETATION

Forests

Grasslands

Deserts

FORESTS CAN BE

CLASSIFIED INTO:

5. MONTANE FORESTS

4. MANGROVE FORESTS

3. TROPICAL

THORN FORESTS

AND SCRUBS

2. TROPICAL DECIDUOUS FORESTS

1. TROPICAL EVERGREEN FORESTS

CLASSIFICATION OF FORESTS

CLASSIFICATION OF FORESTS

• INDIA HAS A VARIETY OF WILD LIFE BECAUSE OF ITS VARIED RELIEF FEATURES SUCH AS CLIMATE AND NATURAL VEGETATION. THERE ARE ABOUT 80,000 SPECIES OF WILD ANIMALS, BIRDS AND FISHES.

• INDIA HAS SOME RARE ANIMALS WHICH ARE NOT FOUND IN ANY OTHER PART OF THE WORLD FOR EXAMPLE SWAMP DEER, KASHMIR STAG, BLACK BUCK ETC.

• THE HIMALAYAS ARE THE HOME OF SEVERAL INTERESTING ANIMALS, LIKE THE WILD SHEEP, YAK, PANDA, THE SNOW LEOPARD ETC..

• INDIA HAS A VARIETY OF BIRD LIFE. THE FALCON (HAWK), GEESE, MYNAHS, PARROTS, PIGEONS, CRANES, HORNBILLS, SUNBIRDS AND KINGFISHERS ARE FOUND IN FORESTS AND MARSHY LANDS.

• SPECIAL EFFORTS ARE MADE TO PROTECT THE ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD LIFE. NATIONAL PARKS AND WILD LIFE SANCTUARIES HAVE BEEN OPENED IN ORDER TO PRESERVE WILD LIFE.. THE BANDIPUR, AND BANNERGHATTA NATIONAL PARKS ARE IN KARNATAKA.

• PROJECT TIGER, PROJECT RHINO, PROJECT GREAT INDIAN BUSTARD AND MANY OTHER ECO DEVELOPMENTAL PROJECTS HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED.

WILDLIFE

Slides Based on Mathematics

ANNUAL PRODUCTION OF SANDALWOODYear of Production Production1958-59 23001959-60 29001960-61 30501962-63 22001963-64 28001964-65 15001965-66 21001966-67 31501967-68 25001968-69 26001969-70 22501970-71 26501971-72 27001972-73 30001973-74 28001974-75 21501975-76 16001976-77 15001977-78 15501978-79 25001979-80 16501980-81 15001981-82 15501982-83 7001983-84 2001984-85 12001985-86 21001986-87 2200

1987-88 1500

1988-89 950

1989-90 1000

1990-91 600

1991-92 1500

1992-93 300

1993-94 250

1994-95 1350

1995-96 600

1996-97 300

1997-98 300

1998-99 500

1999-00 250

2000-01 275

2001-02 240

2002-03 50

2003-04 80

2004-05 60

2005-06 40

2006-07 50

2007-08 100

YEAR OF PRODUCTION PRODUCTION IN METRIC TONS(FI) CUMILATIVE FREQUENCY XI DI FIDI1958-59 2300 2300 1958.5 -18 -414001959-60 2900 5200 1959.5 -17 -493001960-61 3050 8250 1960.5 -16 -488001961-62 2200 10450 1961.5 -15 -330001962-63 2800 13250 1962.5 -14 -392001963-64 1500 14750 1963.5 -13 -195001964-65 2100 16850 1964.5 -12 -252001965-66 3150 20000 1965.5 -11 -346501966-67 2500 22500 1966.5 -10 -250001967-68 2600 25100 1967.5 -9 -234001968-69 2250 27350 1968.5 -8 -180001969-70 2650 30000 1969.5 -7 -185501970-71 2700 32700 1970.5 -6 -162001971-72 3000 35700 1971.5 -5 -150001972-73 2800 38500 1972.5 -4 -112001973-74 2150 40650 1973.5 -3 -64501974-75 1600 42250 1974.5 -2 -32001975-76 1500 43750 1975.5 -1 -15001976-77 1550 45300 1976.5 0 01977-78 2500 47800 1977.5 1 25001978-79 1650 49450 1978.5 2 33001979-80 1500 50950 1979.5 3 45001980-81 1550 52500 1980.5 4 62001981-82 700 53200 1981.5 5 35001982-83 200 53400 1982.5 6 12001983-84 1200 54600 1983.5 7 84001984-85 2100 56700 1984.5 8 168001985-86 2200 58900 1985.5 9 198001986-87 1500 60400 1986.5 10 150001987-88 950 61350 1987.5 11 104501988-89 1000 62350 1988.5 12 120001989-90 600 62950 1989.5 13 78001990-91 1500 64450 1990.5 14 210001991-92 300 64750 1991.5 15 45001992-93 250 65000 1992.5 16 40001993-94 1350 66350 1993.5 17 229501994-95 600 66950 1994.5 18 10800 66950 1526900 73130.5 0 -254850

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE

MEAN

MEAN = A + ΣFIDI/ΣFI = 1976.5 + (-254850/66950) = 1972.69

MODE

MODAL CLASS = 1960-1961, LOWER LIMIT(L) = 1960, CLASS SIZE(H) = 1, F1=3050, F0 = 2900, F2 = 2200

MODE = L + (F1 – F0/2F1 – F0 – F2) * 1

= 1960 + 150/6100-700) * 1

= 1960.027

MEDIAN

MEDIAN = 1995-1996 (FREQUENCY = 600)

Year of Production Less Than More than1958 0 669501959 5200 663501960 8250 650001961 10450 647501962 13250 644501963 14750 629501964 16850 623501965 20000 613501966 22500 604001967 25100 589001968 27350 567001969 30000 546001970 32700 534001971 35700 532001972 38500 525001973 40650 509501974 42250 494501975 43750 478001976 45300 453001977 47800 437501978 49450 422501979 50950 406501980 52500 385001981 53200 357001982 53400 327001983 54600 300001984 56700 273501985 58900 251001986 60400 225001987 61350 200001988 62350 168501989 62950 147501990 64450 132501991 64750 104501992 65000 82501993 66350 52001994 66950 0

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

1969

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

YearsLess thanMore than

OGIVE WITH MEDIAN PLOTTED

Slides Based on

Science

SOURCES OF ENERGY

Types of Energy Sources

Non-Renewable Energy Sources: They are the sources that once used up cannot be replenished in a short period of time

Renewable Energy Sources: They can be replenished in a short period of time and can be used to generate energy

NON-RENEWABLE AND RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY

NON–RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES:

1. FOSSIL FUELS SUCH AS COAL, OIL AND NATURAL GAS.

2. NUCLEAR FUELS.

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES:

3. BIOMASS ENERGY.

4. SOLAR ENERGY.

5. HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY.

6. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY.

7. WIND ENERGY

• Fossil fuels are fuels formed inside the earth from the remains of plants and animals after millions of years. The fossil fuels are coal, petroleum and natural gas. Fossil fuels are non renewable sources of energy so they should be conserved and used judiciously.

• Disadvantages of fossil fuels :-

1. Burning of fossil fuels release gases and harmful particles which causes air pollution.

2. Burning of fossil fuels release acidic oxides of sulphur and nitrogen which causes acid rain which is harmful for living organisms, affects soil and water, causes damage to buildings, corrosion of metals etc.

3. Burning of fossil fuels release a large amount of carbon dioxide gas which increases the temperature of the atmosphere and causes global warming (green house effect).

FOSSIL FUELS

BIOMASS

THE WASTE MATERIALS AND DEAD PARTS OF LIVING THINGS ARE CALLED BIOMASS.  EXAMPLES :- WOOD, ANIMAL DUNG, VEGETABLE WASTE, AGRICULTURAL WASTE, SEWAGE ETC.  BIOMASS IS DECOMPOSED BY ANAEROBIC MICROORGANISMS TO PRODUCE BIOGAS. BIOGAS IS A MIXTURE OF GASES CONTAINING METHANE, CARBON DIOXIDE, HYDROGEN AND HYDROGEN SULFIDE.

BIOMASS ENERGY IS A CHEMICAL ENERGY. THIS ENERGY IS BEING USED FOR COOKING, MECHANICAL, APPLICATIONS/PUMPING, POWER GENERATION, TRANSPORTATION.

THE BIOGAS PLANT HAS A LARGE UNDERGROUND TANK MADE OF BRICKS AND

CEMENT. THE LOWER PART IS THE DIGESTER AND THE UPPER PART HAS A DOME

WITH A GAS OUTLET. ON ONE SIDE OF THE TANK ABOVE THE GROUND IS A MIXING

TANK AND ON THE OTHER SIDE IS AN OVERFLOW TANK.

ANIMAL DUNG IS MIXED WITH WATER IN THE MIXING TANK AND THE SLURRY IS

SENT INTO THE DIGESTER. IN THE DIGESTER THE SLURRY IS DECOMPOSED BY

ANAEROBIC MICROORGANISMS AND AFTER A FEW DAYS BIOGAS IS PRODUCED.

THE GAS IS TAKEN OUT THROUGH THE GAS OUTLET AND USED FOR HEATING AND

LIGHTING PURPOSES. THE SLURRY LEFT BEHIND IS RICH IN NITROGEN AND

PHOSPHORUS AND IS USED AS MANURE FOR CROPS.

SOME OF THE GADGETS AND OTHER DEVICES: BIOGAS PLANT/GASIFIER/BURNER, GASIFIER ENGINE PUMP SETS, PRODUCER GAS/ BIOGAS BASED ENGINE GENERATOR SETS, ETHANOL/METHANOL.

• THE SOIL PH IS A MEASURE OF THE ACIDITY OR ALKALINITY IN SOILS. PH IS DEFINED AS THE NEGATIVE LOGARITHM (BASE 10) OF THE ACTIVITY OF HYDRONIUM IONS (H+) IN A SOLUTION. IN WATER, IT NORMALLY RANGES FROM -1 TO 14, WITH 7 BEING NEUTRAL. A PH BELOW 7 IS ACIDIC AND ABOVE 7 IS ALKALINE.

• SOIL PH IS CONSIDERED A MASTER VARIABLE IN SOILS AS IT CONTROLS MANY CHEMICAL PROCESSES THAT TAKE PLACE. IT SPECIFICALLY AFFECTS PLANT NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY BY CONTROLLING THE CHEMICAL FORMS OF THE NUTRIENT. THE OPTIMUM PH RANGE FOR MOST PLANTS IS BETWEEN 5.5 AND 7.0, HOWEVER MANY PLANTS HAVE ADAPTED TO THRIVE AT PH VALUES OUTSIDE THIS RANGE.

PH OF SOIL

Slides Based

on

Hindi

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Slides Based on

English

POSTER WILDLIFE

SPEECH

IMPORTANCE OF NATURAL VEGETATION

• Natural vegetation supports critical functions in the biosphere, at all possible spatial scales.

• First, vegetation regulates the flow of numerous biogeochemical cycles, most critically those of water, carbon, and nitrogen and it is also of great importance in local and global energy balances. Such cycles are important not only for global patterns of vegetation but also for those of climate.

• Second, natural vegetation strongly affects soil characteristics, including soil volume, chemistry and texture, which feedback to affect various vegetation characteristics, including productivity and structure.

• Third, natural vegetation serves as wildlife habitat and the energy source for the vast array of animal species on the planet and, ultimately, to those that feed on these.

• Vegetation is also critically important to the world economy, particularly in the use of fossil fuels as an energy source, but also in the global production of food, wood, fuel and other materials.

• Lastly, vegetation is psychologically important to humans, who evolved in direct contact with, and dependence on, vegetation, for food, shelter, and medicine.

IMPORTANCE OF WILDLIFE

• Wildlife includes all non-domesticated plants, animals, and other organisms.

• Domesticating wild plant and animal species for human benefit has occurred many times all over the planet, and has a major impact on the environment, both positive and negative. For example :- Bat populations are one of the best natural indicators of the health of our environment. This is because bats flourish where an ecosystem is healthy and stable. 

• Wildlife can be found in all ecosystems, Deserts, rain forests, plains, and other areas-including the most developed urban sites-all have distinct forms of wildlife.

• Most scientists agree that wildlife around the world is impacted by human activities.

• Anthropologists believe that the Stone Age peoples and hunter-gatherers relied on wildlife, both plant and animal, for their food. In fact, some species may have been hunted to extinction by early human hunters.

• Many wildlife species have spiritual significance in different cultures around the world, and they and their products may be used as sacred objects in religious rituals. For example, eagles, hawks and their feathers have great cultural and spiritual value to Native Americans as religious objects.

• Large herbivorous animals such as the hippopotamus have populations of insectivorous birds that feed off the many parasitic insects that grow on the hippo. Also referred to as a Domino effect, this series of chain reactions is by far the most destructive process that can occur in any ecological community.

• Today, hunting, fishing, or gathering wildlife is still a significant food source in some parts of the world. They are mainly seen as a sport or recreation, with the edible meat as mostly a side benefit.

•Oh the trees, See them cluster, they give you shade,

that’s the way of nature.

• They feed you, at the right time, they feed you with the right things, that’s the way of nature.

POEM – THAT’S THE WAY OF NATURE

• The earth rotates, around the sun, it causes day and night all long, and that’s the way of nature.

The stars and moon, Pop out at night, And there they glow, with all the light, that’s the way of nature.

POEM – THAT’S THE WAY OF NATURE

• The blue ocean,Spreads so far,It has no end,Like a war,That's the way of nature.

The mountains high,Could touch the sky,Of different size and colors,That's the way of nature.

• The clouds in the sky, that look like sheep, they clash together, and thunder seeps, that’s the way of nature.

•Oh! The animals, See them play, with all their might, they go their way, that’s the way of nature.

CONCLUSION WITH SLOGANS

We Thank Our Teachers who gave us the opportunity to express our views on the given topic Natural Vegetation and Wildlife. They have enriched our knowledge on this topic………THANK YOU TEACHERS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Presented By:

A.Sai Krishna