natural durability of wood: a worldwide checklist of species

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Forest Research Laboratory Oregon State University College of Forestry Research Contribution 22 November 1998 NATURAL DURABILITY OF WOOD: A WORLDWIDE CHECKLIST OF SPECIES by T.C. Scheffer J.J. Morrell

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Page 1: natural durability of wood: a worldwide checklist of species

Forest Research LaboratoryOregon State University

College ofForestry

Research Contribution 22 November 1998

Natural Durability of WooD: a WorlDWiDe CheCklist of speCies

by

T.C. SchefferJ.J. Morrell

Page 2: natural durability of wood: a worldwide checklist of species

The Forest Research Laboratory of Oregon State University was established by the Oregon Legislature to conduct research leading to expanded forest yields, increased use of forest products, and accelerated economic development of the State. Its scientists conduct this research in laboratories and forests admin-istered by the University and cooperating agencies and industries throughout Oregon. Research results are made available to potential users through the University’s educational programs and through Laboratory publications such as this, which are directed as appropriate to forest landowners and manag-ers, manufacturers and users of forest products, leaders of government and industry, the scientific community, and the general public.

The AuthorsT.C. Scheffer is Professor Emeritus and J.J. Morrell is Professor, Department of Forest Products, Oregon State University, Corvallis.

AcknowledgmentsWe would like to thank reviewers T.L. Highly and W.W. Wilcox.

DisclaimerThe mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

To Order CopiesCopies of this and other Forest Research Laboratory publications are available from:

Forestry Publications OfficeOregon State University227 Forest Research LaboratoryCorvallis, Oregon 97331-7401

Phone: (541) 737-4271FAX: (541) 737-3385email: [email protected]

Please indicate author(s), title, and publication number if known.

RecycledPaper

Page 3: natural durability of wood: a worldwide checklist of species

NATURAL DURABILITY OF WOOD:A WORLDWIDE CHECKLIST OF SPECIES

by

T.C. SchefferJ.J. Morrell

Page 4: natural durability of wood: a worldwide checklist of species

AbstractScheffer, T.C. and J.J. Morrell. NATURAL DURABILITY OF WOOD: AWORLDWIDE CHECKLIST OF SPECIES. Forest Research Laboratory, Ore-gon State University. Research Contribution 22. 58p.

Naturally durable woods have a variety of commercial uses. Natural re-sistance to decay has been evaluated in field and laboratory tests of woodfrom many species, but there are few places where commercial woodusers can find comparative assessments of natural durability. In this re-port, previous studies have been used to assign a numerical resistancerating to 1500 wood species. Species are listed alphabetically by scien-tific name, along with trade name, decay resistance rating, growing re-gion, and source of resistance information. Species are also listed alpha-betically by trade name if available, in the appendix.

Page 5: natural durability of wood: a worldwide checklist of species

Table of Contents

Introduction .............................................................................. 5

Checklist of Natural Durability ............................................... 11

Literature Cited ....................................................................... 41

Appendix—Trade and Scientific Names ................................ 45

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Introduction

Over the millennia, builders have recognized the inherent resistance ofcertain wood species against attack by fungi, insects, or marine borers. An-cient builders used naturally durable woods such as the fabled Cedars of Leba-non for ship building, columns for important buildings, and thousands of otheruses where resistance to biodeterioration was required (Graham 1973). De-spite our advances in wood preservation technology, builders continue to relyon natural durability for a variety of products, including ties, utility poles, pil-ing, and decks.

Natural Durability

Wood is a natural polymer consisting primarily of cellulose, hemicellulose,and lignin in a matrix that provides structural support to the living tree andsome resistance against microbial attack. Cellulose, because of its partial crys-tallinity, is somewhat resistant to microbial attack. Lignin is a heterogenouspolymer of phenyl propane units and is extremely resistant to some decayfungi. Nevertheless, other organisms have developed the ability to attack oneor more of the polymers in the wood cell wall.

Some wood species have evolved to produce extractive compounds thatcan protect the wood; these are the principal source of decay resistance in allspecies. These compounds are produced as the living ray cells in the innersapwood zone die, forming the nonliving heartwood. As the sapwood dies inwood species with durable heartwood, a series of reactions in the storage orparenchyma cells of the wood rays converts the stored sugars and starch intoa wide array of fungitoxic compounds that become a constituent of the newheartwood. Sapwood of nearly all species has no natural durability (Toole 1970,Eslyn and Highley 1976). Heartwood of some species has a distinctive darkercolor, while in others it differs little in color from the sapwood. The decayresistance among woods may vary among tree species, among individual trees,and within individual trees. Variation in the inhibitory components of the heart-wood has been considered by Scheffer and Cowling (1966).

Old-Growth versus Second-growth Trees

The nature of the differences in natural durability between wood from old-and second-growth forests is unclear. In general, heartwood from virgin (old-growth) stands of naturally durable species is more durable than that fromsecond-growth stands (Anderson et al. 1963, Clark and Scheffer 1983). Ex-ceptions to this trend have been found in Douglas-fir, a moderately durable

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conifer (Scheffer and Englerth 1952), and western redcedar (Scheffer 1957).Often, the second-growth material has fewer growth rings per inch. This rateof growth has been thought to influence the amount of extractives deposited,but there is little evidence to support this premise. As we move into a nearlycomplete dependence on second-growth naturally durable species, a betterunderstanding of the nature of heartwood durability must be developed.

Resistance of Different Parts of the Heartwood

Decay resistance can vary according to theposition in the heartwood from which an itemof wood is taken (Figure 1). In some species, theresistance of the outer heartwood increasesmarkedly from the upper to the lower trunk.Radial differences in resistance can vary signifi-cantly, notably in the larger trees, with the low-est resistance occurring in the innermost wood(Zabel and Morrell 1992).

Bottom

Sapwood

Heartwood

Pith

Specific Gravity

Density and other physical characteristics do not appreciably affect decayresistance. Superior decay resistance is associated with greater weight in manytropical hardwoods, but this is a reflection of relatively high extractive con-tent—including decay inhibitors—rather than greater density of the wood(Scheffer 1973).

Decay Susceptibility and Environment

Durability of a wood product subjected to a decay hazard is determinedby both the inherent decay resistance of the wood and the magnitude of thehazard. The risk of decay in wood products can vary widely with moistureavailability, soil condition, and climate. Therefore, although the term “naturaldurability” is well understood, it may be applied differently for the same spe-

Figure 1. Diagram of a longitudinal section of a treestem showing common variation in decay resistanceradially and vertically in the heartwood. Arrowsindicate direction of increasing resistance.

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cies in different locations. For example, a wood species that is durable in thenorthern United States may perform extremely poorly under tropical condi-tions.

Although it is virtually impossible to predict the performance of individualitems of wood, there are many guides to durability hazards for various woodspecies. Some are based on performance records of wood poles in the UnitedStates (Figure 2). Others have been developed to express the relative risks ofmarine borers or termites (Figure 3).

Low

LowMedium

Medium

High

Severe

MediumLow

Intermediate

L spp., T

L spp.

L tP, S

L spp., L t, T

L t

P, S

L spp., T

L t

Continuous attack

Sporadic attack

Occasional attack

Limnoria species other than tripunctata,including lignorum, quadripunctata, pfefferi

L t Limnoria tripunctata

T Teredinids or shipworms, mainly species ofthe genera Teredo and Bankia.

P Pholads, mainly species of the generaMartesia and Xylophaga

S Sphaeroma, primarily terebrans, mainly inbrackish water

Figure 2. Relative risk of utilitypole decay in the United States(except Hawaii), reported bythe Rural ElectrificationAdministration (1974).

Figure 3. Type and relativedegree of marine borer attackin coastal waters of the UnitedStates (except Hawaii),reported by the AmericanWood-Preservers’ Association(1996).

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The decay hazard to wood serving above ground can be assessed on thebasis of climate alone. Relative durability is most commonly considered withreference to wood exposed in the ground, but durability above ground is alsoof wide concern for wood used in decking, window frames, and an array ofother purposes. In addition to rating systems based on prior performance, theaboveground decay hazard can be estimated by combining rainfall and aver-age monthly temperature to calculate the climate index (decay hazard) for agiven site (Scheffer 1971; Figure 4). This index, which typically ranges fromzero to 130 or more, can help determine the decay risk, an important consid-eration when wood products are used where they may get wet. The higherthe risk of decay, the shorter the expected service life for a given wood prod-uct.

70

70

70

100

70

80

90100

110120

130

6050

40

30

2010

0

30

4050

60

70

40

Less than 3535 to 70More than 70

Climate Index

20

3020

Figure 4. Climate indexdenoting relative levels ofdecay hazard to wood exposedto the weather above groundin the United States. Indexformula:

Marine Borer or Insect Resistance

Some naturally durable wood species also resist attack by insects and ma-rine borers. Some species are naturally resistant to fungal attack, but have littleor no protection against other organisms. Furthermore, a wood species mightbe resistant to one group of termites, but susceptible to others. Similarly, re-sistance to Limnoria may not translate to similar resistance to Teredo, Bankia,or Martesia. Thus, natural durability against fungi, as well as resistance to in-sects or marine borers, can vary widely. Given the high cost of some naturallydurable woods, preliminary evaluation of untested species by accelerated test-ing is nearly always warranted. To confirm performance under the intendedexposure conditions, wood species should be evaluated against the hazards towhich they will be exposed in the country of their use.

∑ −( ) −( )[ ]JanDec T D35 3

30

where T = mean monthlytemperature (°F); D = the meannumber of days in the month

with 0.01 inch or moreof precipitation; and

the summation of products forthe respective months (Scheffer1971).

∑ =JanDec

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Natural Durability Checklist

Most of the information on the natural durability of woods exists in widelyscattered sources. There have been a number of attempts to collect naturaldurability information on timbers of various countries or biomes (e.g., Chudnoff1984 on tropical species). Trade in wood species has grown and importers arenow faced with an ever-increasing array of species from which to choose. Someof these are secondary species, which were not formerly used commercially,while others emanate from countries that have not historically played a sig-nificant role in the world wood market. In an effort to assist importers, wedeveloped a checklist of natural durability. The checklist is based on reportsfrom several countries and climates worldwide. In this list, durability may beused synonymously with resistance to decay, termites, or marine borers, butthe reporting sources have dealt mainly with decay resistance.

Assigning Natural Durability Classes to Species

Assigning classes of decay resistance to the various species entailed theuse of several criteria. The assessments used the results of both laboratory pure-culture decay tests and field tests. In field tests, the soil, temperature, andrainfall conditions can vary widely, making tests difficult to compare. For ex-ample, a decay test performed in the Philippines would be far more severethan a similar trial performed in northern Minnesota. Laboratory test resultsshould be more uniform, since temperature and moisture conditions can bemore closely controlled. Even so, however, variations in test fungi or lab tech-niques can influence results. It is generally accepted that standard laboratorytesting can indicate relative levels of decay resistance comparable to those infield exposure.

In examining field or in-service performance test results, our aim was toassign resistance ratings presumed to be appropriate for exposure conditionscommon to all tests. This necessarily entailed some subjective decisions con-cerning the severity of specific tests. In studies where many species were tested,it was assumed some species exhibited high resistance to decay and some lowresistance, and resistance ratios were assigned accordingly. Weight losses frompure-culture decay trials were assessed with the criteria described in AmericanSociety for Testing and Materials Standard D2107 (American Society for Test-ing and Materials 1993). In field tests or in-service performance, the time tonominal failure and/or the relative condition of specimens after a set numberof years were used as criteria. In both instances, the woods were classified onthe following scale: 1 = very resistant; 2 = resistant; 3 = moderately resistant;and 4 = nonresistant or perishable. In most instances, very resistant and non-resistant woods were easily delineated, whereas those classified as moderatelyresistant or resistant were more difficult to separate. Some species performeddifferently in multiple tests. In those instances, overlapping ratings were ap-plied (e.g., 1-2). Where resistance to marine borers or termites was noted in

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service or in tests, an M (marine borer) or T (termites) was placed next to thespecies name (Forest Products Research and Development Institute 1962, Aguilar1941, Carter 1979, Trong 1988).

Species Listing and Growing Regions

Species are listed alphabetically by scientific name along with at least onetrade name, if appropriate, growing region, and source of the resistance infor-mation. Growing regions recognized are Temperate America (TA), TropicalAmerica (AM), Australia-Asia (AS), Europe (EU), and Africa (AF) (Figure 5). Spe-cies are cross-listed alphabetically by trade name, if available, in the Appen-dix.

TA

AM

AF

EU

AS

Figure 5. Geographic regions used to classify the natural durability of wood species.

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Checklist of Natural Durability

FIELD/SPECIES TRADE NAME DECAY* AREA** LAB SOURCE

TEST

Abies sp. True fir 4 TA L Clark 1957Abies concolor White fir 4 TA L Clark 1957Abies homolepis Urajiromomi 2-3 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Abies pindrow Fir 4 AS F Tewari 1978Abies sachalinensis Todomatsu 3-4 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Abies spectabilis Fir 4 AS F Tewari 1978Abies veitchii Shirabe 2-3 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Acacia catechu Cutch 1 AS F Tewari 1978Acacia dolichostachya Subín 2 AM F Herrera Rodriguez et al. 1978Acacia koa Koa 3-4 AM F Skolmen 1974Acacia leucophloea Chalaebgaeng 2 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Acacia melanoxylon Australian blackwood 3 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Acacia mollissima Black wattle 4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Acacia nilotica sp. (indica) Babul 4 AS F Tewari 1978Acacia siamensis Kathinphiman 1 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Acer campbelli Maple 4 AS F Tewari 1978Acer mono Itayakaede 4 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Acer rubrum Red maple 4 TA L Carter et al. 1976Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Mundani 4 AS F Tewari 1978Adenostephanus sp. Louro faia 3 AM L Tsunoda 1990Adina cordifolia Haldu, Kwao 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert1976,

Tewari 1978, Chudnoff 1984Adina parvula Khamintong 3 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Adinandra brassii — 3 AS L Sukartana and Highley 1997Aegle marmelos Bel 4 AS F Tewari 1978Aextoxicon punctatum Olivillo 4 AM L French and Tainter 1973Afrormosia elata Assamela, Kokrodua 1 AF L Kukachka 1962, Clark 1969Afzelia spp. Afzelia, Doussié 1-2 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Afzelia bella (M) Papao - AM F Bultman et al. 1979Afzelia xylocarpa Makamong 2 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Agathis sp. Agathis 2 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Agathis spp. Kauri 3-4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Agathis acuminata Raspberry jam 1 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Agathis alba Bindang, Damar minyak, 2 AS L Takahashi and Kishima 1973

Damar minyde, KauriAgathis harpophylla Brigalow 1 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Agathis luehmannii Bull oak 1 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Agathis selaginoides King William pine 4 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Aglaeta sp. — 3-4 AS F Tewari 1978Aglaia sp. — 3 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Aglaia diffusa Malasaging 2 AS L Menlado et al. 1975Aglaia laevigata Gesehan 2 AS L Menlado et al. 1975Aglaia luzoniensis Kuling-manuk 2 AS L Menlado et al. 1975Aglaia versteeghii — 1 AS L Sukartana and Highley 1997Ailanthus fauveliana Mayompa 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Ailanthus grandis Gokul 4 AS F Tewari 1978Ailanthus peekelii White siris 4 AS L DaCosta and Osborne 1967Albizia spp. Albizzia 3 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Albizia falcataria Batai, Molucca albizzia 4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Albizia ferruginea Albizzia, Awiemfo-samina 4 AS F Bultman et al. 1979

*Classification Scale: 1 = very resistant; 2 = resistant, 3 = moderately resistant; 4 = nonresistant

**TA = Temperate America; AM = Tropical America; AS = Australia-Asia; EU = Europe; AF = Africa

(T) = termite resistant; (M) = marine borer resistant

F = Developed in field; L = Laboratory exposure; ? = Lack of information on test methodology

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Albizia lebbek Kokko 3 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Albizzia sp. Musase 2-3 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Albizzia chinensis Kala siris 4 AS F Tewari 1978Albizzia falcata Albizzia 4 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Albizzia lebbeck Kokko 3 AS F Tewari 1978Albizzia lebbek Pruek 3 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Albizzia lebbekoides Kang 3 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Albizzia lucida Tjapria siris 4 AS F Tewari 1978Albizzia odoratissima Kala siris 3 AS F Tewari 1978Albizzia procera Safed siris 3-4 AS F Tewari 1978Alchornea latifolia Achiotillo 3 AM L Torelli and Cufar 1994Alexa imperatricis Haiari 1 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Allaenthus ovata Anubing 2 AS L Menlado et al. 1975Alnus hirsuta Yamahannoki 4 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Alseis peruviana Mishoquiro 3 AM L Highley and Scheffer 1970Alstonia sp. Alstonia 4 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Alstonia sp. Emien 4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Alstonia spp. Pulai 4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Alstonia congensis and Alstonia boonei Alstonia 4 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Alstonia scholaris Chantian, Tinpet 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976,

Tewari 1978Altingia excelsa Jutili, Rasamala 4 AS F/L Takahashi and Kishima 1973,

Tewari 1978Amblygonocarpus andongenesis Banga-wanga 1 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Amburana cearensis Amburana, Ishpingo 3 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Amoora spp. Amoora, Thitni 3 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Amoora cucullata Amoora 2-3 AS L DaCosta and Osborne 1967Amoora polystachya Tasua 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Amoora wallichi Amoora 4 AS F Tewari 1978Ampelocera hottlei — 3 AM L Torelli and Cufar 1994Anacardium sp. Rengas 1 AS L Yamamoto and Hong 1989Anacardium excelsum Espave, Marañón 3-4 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947,

Chudnoff 1984Anadenanthera macrocarpa Curupay 1 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Anadenanthera peregrina Angico 1-2 AM L Reis 1973Andira inermis Angelin, Cocí, 3 AM ? Chudnoff 1984

Partridge woodAndira retusa Canelito negro 3-4 AM F Mayorca 1972Androstachys johnsonii Mecrussé, Mecrusse 1 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Aniba spp. Louro 1 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Aningeria sp. Mukali 4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Aningeria spp. Aningeria 4 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Anisoptera spp. Mersawa, Palosapis 3 AS L Chudnoff 1984, Yamamoto

and Hong 1989Anisoptera spp. Kabak 3 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Anisoptera costata Pengiran kesat 4 AS L Takahashi and Kishima 1973Anisoptera glabra Kaunghmu 4 AS F Tewari 1978Anisoptera glabra Phdiek 1 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Anisoptera polyandra Anisoptera 2-3 AS L DaCosta and Osborne 1967Anisoptera thrurifera Palosapis 1-2 AS L Mailum and Arenas 1973Anogeissus acuminata Takiannoo, Yon 3-4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976,

Tewari 1978Anogeissus latifolia Axle wood 4 AS F Tewari 1978Anogeissus pendula Kardahai 4 AS F Tewari 1978Anopyxis klaineana Bodioa 4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Anthocephalus cadamba Anthocephalus, 3-4 AS F DaCosta and Osborne 1967,

Kathoombok, Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976, Klampeyan, Lubula Yatagai and Takahashi 1980

Anthocephalus chinensis Cadam, Kadam 4 AS F Tewari 1978, Chudnoff 1984

FIELD/SPECIES TRADE NAME DECAY* AREA** LAB SOURCE

TEST

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Antiaris sp. Ako 4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Antiaris spp. Antiaris 4 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Antrocaryon sp. Onzabili 4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Apeiba aspera Piene de mono 3 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947Apeiba spp. Duru 4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Aphanamixis polystachya Amoora 3 AS F Tewari 1978Aphananthe aspera Mukunoki 4 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Aquilaria malaccensis Agallochum, Krissana 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976,

Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Araucaria spp. Hoop-pine, Klinki-pine 4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Araucaria angustifolia Paraná-pine 4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Araucaria araucana Pino araucaria 3 AM L French and Tainter 1973Araucaria araucana Chile pine 3-4 AM F British Dept. of Environment 1977Araucaria klinkii Klinki pine 3-4 AS L DaCosta and Osborne 1967Artocarpus spp. Keledang 1-4 AS ? Yatagai and Takahashi 1980,

Chudnoff 1984Artocarpus blancoi Antipolo 1-2 AS L Mailum and Arenas 1973Artocarpus calophyllus Khanoonpan 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Artocarpus chaplasha Chaplash 4 AS F Tewari 1978Artocarpus heterophyllus Jack, Jackwood 3-4 AS F Tewari 1978Artocarpus hirsutus Aini 3 AS F Tewari 1978Artocarpus lakoocha Lakoocha 3 AS F Tewari 1978Artocarpus lanceifolius Khanoonpa 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Aspidosperma spp. Araracanga, Peroba rosa 1-3 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Aspidosperma album Hielillo negro 3-4 AM F Mayorca 1972Aspidosperma album (T) Araracanga 1 AM L Tsunoda 1990Aspidosperma cylindrocarpon Puca Quiro 1 AM L Highley and Scheffer 1970Aspidosperma macrocarpon Araracanqa, Pao pereira 1 AM L Highley and Scheffer 1970Aspidosperma megalocarpon Hielillo blanco 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Aspidosperma megalocarpon Kromanti kopi 1 AM L Torelli and Cufar 1994Astronium graveolens Goncalo alves 1 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Astronium lecointei Pata de zamuro 3-4 AM F Mayorca 1972Astronium lecointei (T) Muiracatiara 3 AM L Tsunoda 1990Aucoumea klaineana Okoumé 3-4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Autranella congolensis Mukulungu 1-2 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Avicennia marina Mangle salado 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Azadirachta indica Neem 1-2 AS L Rao 1990Azadirachta spp. Maranggo, Neem 2-4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Bagassa guianensis Bagasse, Tatajuba 1 AM L Chudnoff 1984, Tsunoda 1990Baikiaea insignis Nkobakoba 4 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Baikiaea plurijuga Rhodesian-teak, Umgusi 1-2 AF ? Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Baillonella toxisperma Moabi 1 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Balanocarpus spp. Chengal, Penak 1 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Balanocarpus heimii Chengal, Penak, 1 AS F Takahashi and Kishima 1973,

Takianchan, Takien chan Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Balfourodendron riedelianum Pau marfim 4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Banara guianensis Cayenito 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Beilschmiedia sp. Caoba 2-4 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947Beilschmiedia tawa Tawa 4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Belotia sp. Chillarde 3-4 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947

FIELD/SPECIES TRADE NAME DECAY* AREA** LAB SOURCE

TEST

*Classification Scale: 1 = very resistant; 2 = resistant, 3 = moderately resistant; 4 = nonresistant

**TA = Temperate America; AM = Tropical America; AS = Australia-Asia; EU = Europe; AF = Africa

(T) = termite resistant; (M) = marine borer resistant

F = Developed in field; L = Laboratory exposure; ? = Lack of information on test methodology

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Berlinia spp. Berlinia, Ebiara 3-4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976, Chudnoff 1984

Berria mollis Liangman 1 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Berrya ammonilla Trincomale wood 1 AS F Tewari 1978Bertholletia excelsa Brazil-nut tree, 1-2 AM L Chudnoff 1984, Tsunoda 1990

Castanheira do paráBischofia javanica Bishopwood 2-4 AS F Tewari 1978, Chudnoff 1984Blepharidium mexicanum — 1 AM L Torelli and Cufar 1994Bombacopsis quinata Cedro espino, Pochote 1-2 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Bombacopsis sessilis Ceibo 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Bombax sp. Kapokier 4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Bombax spp. Bombax 4 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Bombax ceiba Semul 4 AS F Tewari 1978Bombax insigne Semul 4 AS F Tewari 1978Borassus flabellifer Palmyra, Palmyra palm 4 AS F Tewari 1978Boswellia serrata Salai 4 AS F Tewari 1978Bouea oppositifolia Mapring 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Bowdichia spp. Sucupira 1 AM L Chudnoff 1984, Tsunoda 1990Brachylaena hutchinsii Muhuhu 1 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Brachystegia spp. Naga, Okwen 3-4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Brachystegia spiciformis Mtundu 4 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Brosimum sp. Berba, Guayabo blanco 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Brosimum spp. Capomo, Ojoche 4 AM F Chudnoff 1984 (Alicastrum group)Brosimum spp. (Utile group) Cow-tree, Sande 4 AM F Chudnoff 1984Brosimum alicastrum Charo, Ramon, Tilla 3-4 AM L/F Mayorca 1972, Torelli and

Cufar 1994Brosimum utile Cow-tree, Sande 4 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947Brugenira sp. — 4 AS F Tewari 1978Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Busaing 2-3 AS L Menlado et al. 1975Bruguiera parviflora Langari 2-3 AS L Menlado et al. 1975Buchanania sp. Mamuangkhailaen 4 AS F Anuwongse and

Cholprasert 1976Buchenavia capitata Yellow sanders 3 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Bucida buceras Jucaro, Oxhorn bucida 2 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Bucklandia populnea Pipli 4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Bulnesia arborea Maracaibo lignum-vitae, 1 AM ? Chudnoff 1984

VerawoodBurkea africana Burkea, Mukarati 1-2 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Bursera simaruba Almácigo, Gumbo-limbo, 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976,

Indio desnudo, Red birch Chudnoff 1984, Torelli and Cufar 1994

Butea monosperma Dhak, Thongkwao 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976, Tewari 1978

Byrsonima spp. Serrette 4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Byrsonima aerugo Manteco de agua 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Byrsonima crassifolia Nance 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Byrsonima serugo Manteco de ague 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Cabralea cangerana Cangerana 1 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Caesalpinia spp. Coffeewood, 1 AM ? Chudnoff 1984

PartridgewoodCallitris columellaris White cypress pine 3 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Callitris glauca Australian cypress pine 3 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Callitris glauca White cypress-pine 1 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Calocedrus decurrens Incense cedar 2-3 AM F British Dept. of Environment 1977Calophyllum sp. Calophyllum 2 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980

FIELD/SPECIES TRADE NAME DECAY* AREA** LAB SOURCE

TEST

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FIELD/SPECIES TRADE NAME DECAY* AREA** LAB SOURCE

TEST

Calophyllum spp. Bintangor 3-4 AS L Chudnoff 1984, Yamamoto and Hong 1989

Calophyllum blancoi Bitanghol 2 AS L Menlado et al. 1975Calophyllum brasiliense Balsam, Balsaria, 2-4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976,

Jacareuba, María, Chudnoff 1984, Santa Maria Torelli and Cufar 1994

Calophyllum elatum Poon 4 AS F Tewari 1978Calophyllum floribundum Tanghan 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Calophyllum inophyllum Bella maria 1 AS L Sukartana and Highley 1997Calophyllum papuanum Calophyllum 3 AS L DaCosta and Osborne 1967Calophyllum pulcherrimum Tanghon 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Calophyllum wightianum Poon 4 AS F Tewari 1978Calycophyllum candidissimum Alazano, Degame, 4 AM ? Bultman and Southwell 1976,

Lancewood, Lemonwood Chudnoff 1984Calycophyllum spruceanum — 3 AM L Highley and Scheffer 1970Campnosperma brevipetiolata Campnosperma 4 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Campnosperma panamensis Orey, Sajo 4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Cananga latifolia Foeng 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Canangium odoratum Cananga 4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Canarium sp. Canarium 4 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Canarium spp. Kedondong 4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Canarium euphyllum Dhup 4 AS F Tewari 1978Canarium schweinfurthii African canarium, Aiélé 4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Canarium strictum Dhup 4 AS F Tewari 1978Cantleya corniculata Bedaru, Seranai 1 AS L Takahashi and Kishima 1973Carapa sp. Cedro vino 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Carapa sp. African crabwood 3-4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Carapa guianensis Tangare, Figueroa 3 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947Carapa guianensis Andiroba, Carapa, 1-4 AM F Kukachka 1962, Mayorca 1972,

Crabwood Chudnoff 1984Carapa procera African crabwood 3 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Carapa slateri Cedro macho, Tangare 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Careya arborea Kadon 3 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976,

Tewari 1978Cariniana pyriformis Albarco, Chibugá, 2-4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976,

Jequitiba Chudnoff 1984Carpinus caroliniana Moralillo 4 AM F Herrera Rodriguez et al. 1978Carya spp. Hickory 2 TA L Carter et al. 1976Caryocar sp. Ajo 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Caryocar spp. Cagui, Piquia 1 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Caryocar coccineum Almendro, Piquia 1 AM L Highley and Scheffer 1970Caryocar costaricense Henené 3 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Casearia battiscombei Muirungi 4 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Cassia fistula Rajbrikh 3 AS F Tewari 1978Cassia moschata Bronze shower, 3 AM F Mayorca 1972, Bultman

Caña fístola and Southwell 1976Cassipourea sp. Pillarwood 4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Cassipourea malosana Pillarwood 4 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Castanea crenata Kuri 1 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Castanopsis sp. Ko-laem 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Castanopsis spp. Berangan 4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Castanopsis argentea Belangan saninten, 2-3 AS L Takahashi and Kishima 1973

SanintenCastanopsis hystrix Indian chestnut 4 AS F Tewari 1978

*Classification Scale: 1 = very resistant; 2 = resistant, 3 = moderately resistant; 4 = nonresistant

**TA = Temperate America; AM = Tropical America; AS = Australia-Asia; EU = Europe; AF = Africa

(T) = termite resistant; (M) = marine borer resistant

F = Developed in field; L = Laboratory exposure; ? = Lack of information on test methodology

Page 18: natural durability of wood: a worldwide checklist of species

16

FIELD/SPECIES TRADE NAME DECAY* AREA** LAB SOURCE

TEST

Casuarina spp. Casuarina 4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Casuarina equisetifolia Casuarina, Sontha-le 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976,

Tewari 1978Casuarina junghuhniana Sonpradipat 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Catostemma spp. Baromalli 4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Catostemma commune Baramán 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Cecropia peltata Trumpet-wood 4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Cedrela sp. Cedro granadino 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Cedrela sp. Soorian 3 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Cedrela spp. Australian red-cedar, 3 AS ? Chudnoff 1984

ToonCedrela spp. Cedro, Spanish-cedar 2-3 AM L Kukachka 1962, Chudnoff 1984Cedrela angustifolia Cedro rojo 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Cedrela fissilis Cedro, Cedro de Castilla 1-2 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947Cedrela mexicana Cedro amargo 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Cedrela odorata Central American cedar 3 AM L Highley and Scheffer 1970Cedrela toona Red cedar, Yomhom 2-3 AS F DaCosta and Osborne 1967,

Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Cedrelinga catenaeformis Cedro-rana, Tornillo 3 AM L Highley and Scheffer 1970,

Chudnoff 1984Cedrus deodara Deodar 3 AS F Tewari 1978Ceiba pentandra Ceiba, Fromager, 4 AM, AF F/L Kukachka 1962, Mayorca 1972,

Silk-cotton-tree Fortin and Polinquin 1976, Chudnoff 1984

Celtis sp. Celtis 4 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Celtis sp. Ohia 4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Celtis spp. African celtis 4 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Celtis spp. Hackberry 4 TA L Carter et al. 1976Centrolobium spp. Arariba, Canary wood, 1 AM ? Chudnoff 1984

Porcupine woodCentrolobium orinocense Amarillo de Guayaquil 2 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Centrolobium paraense Cartán 2 AM F Mayorca 1972Cephalosphaera usambarensis Mtambara 4 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Cercidiphyllum japonicum Katsura 4 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Chaetocarpus schomburgkianus Cacho 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Chaetoptelea mexicana Cenizo 2-3 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Port Orford cedar 1-2 TA F/L Miller 1986, Morrell and

Sexton 1987Chamaecyparis nootkatensis Alaska-cedar 2 TA F Miller 1986Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (T) Alaska cedar 3 TA L Clark and Scheffer 1983Chamaecyparis obtusa Hinoki 1 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Chamaecyparis pisifera Sawara 1 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Chimarrhis hookerii Tuvara 3 AM L Highley and Scheffer 1970Chimarrihis microcarpa Carutillo 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Chisocheton sp. Chisocheton 4 AS L DaCosta and Osborne 1967Chlorophora sp. Iroko 2-4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Chlorophora excelsa (T) Iroko, Odum 1 AF L Bultman et al. 1979, Chudnoff 1984Chlorophora tinctoria Mora 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Chlorophora tinctoria Fustic, Mora amarilla, 1 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947,

Moral fino Chudnoff 1984Chloroxylon swietenia East India satinwood 1-4 AS F Tewari 1978, Chudnoff 1984Chorisia insignis Corisa 1 AM L Kukachka 1962Chrysophyllum sp. Si pueng 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Chrysophyllum cainito Caimito, Star apple 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Chrysophyllum caracasanum Chupón 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Chukrasia tabularis Chickrassy 4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Chukrasia velutina Chickrassy 4 AS F Tewari 1978Cinnamomum sp. Cinnamomum 2 AS L DaCosta and Osborne 1967Cinnamomum sp. — 3 AS F Tewari 1978Cinnamomum spp. Camphor wood, 2-4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984

Cinnamon wood

Page 19: natural durability of wood: a worldwide checklist of species

17

FIELD/SPECIES TRADE NAME DECAY* AREA** LAB SOURCE

TEST

Cinnamomum camphora Kusunoki 4 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Cinnamomum glauscescen Cinnamon 4 AS F Tewari 1978Cinnamomum iners Cinnamon 4 AS F Tewari 1978Cinnamomum inunctum — 1 AS F Tewari 1978Cinnamomum parthenoxylon Theptharo 3 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Clarisia racemosa Aji, Amarela, Moral bobo, 1-4 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947,

Moral comido del mono, Chudnoff 1984Oiticica, Sota

Clathrotropis spp. Aromata 3 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Cleistanthus sp. — 4 AS F Tewari 1978Cleistanthus collinus (M) Gamari 4 AS F Tewari 1978,

Santhakumaran et al. 1993Coelocaryon preussii Ekoune 2-3 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Collitris enderlicheri — 3-4 AS L Rudman 1966Collitris preissi — 2-3 AS L Rudman 1966Collitris rhomboides — 3-4 AS L Rudman 1966Colubrina glandulosa Carbonero de amunición 2 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Combretodendron macrocarpum Essia 2-3 AF L Bultman and Southwell 1976, (africanum) (T) Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Conocarpus erectus Zaragosa 3 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Copaifera spp. Copaiba 1-4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Copaifera aromatica Cabimo 3 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Copaifera officinalis Aceito 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Cordia spp. Cordia 2-4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Cordia spp. (Alliodora group) Freijo, Laurel blanco 2-3 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Cordia spp. Canalete 1 AM ? Chudnoff 1984 (Gerascanthus group)Cordia alliodora Laurel, Laurel corriente, 1 AM L/F Scheffer and Duncan 1947,

Laurel negro Torelli and Cufar 1994Cordia alliodora Laurel negro, Pardillo 4 AM L Mayorca 1972, Bultman and

Southwell 1976Cordia goeldiana Yellowwood 2 AM L Reis 1972Cordia millenii West African cordia 3 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Cordia tectandra Parapará 2 AM L Tsunoda 1990Cordyla africana Cordyla, Metondo 1-2 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Cornus disciflora Azulillo, Mata hombro 4 AM F/L Bultman and Southwell 1976,

Herrera Rodriguez et al. 1978Corynanthe sp. Tsanya 3 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Cotylelobium sp. Giam 1 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Cotylelobium spp. Resak 1-2 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Coula edulis (T) Bodwe, Coula 2 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Bultman et al. 1979Couma macrocarpa Cow tree 4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Coumarouna oleifera Almendro 2 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Couratari spp. Mahot, Tauary 2-4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Couratari multiflora Tampipio 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Couratari pulchra Capa de tabaco 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Crataeva roxburghii Koom 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Crateva odansoni sp. odora — 4 AS F Tewari 1978Cratoxylon arborescens Geronggan, Geronggang 2-4 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980,

Chudnoff 1984Croton megalocarpus Musine 4 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Croton panamensis Sangre 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976

*Classification Scale: 1 = very resistant; 2 = resistant, 3 = moderately resistant; 4 = nonresistant

**TA = Temperate America; AM = Tropical America; AS = Australia-Asia; EU = Europe; AF = Africa

(T) = termite resistant; (M) = marine borer resistant

F = Developed in field; L = Laboratory exposure; ? = Lack of information on test methodology

Page 20: natural durability of wood: a worldwide checklist of species

18

FIELD/SPECIES TRADE NAME DECAY* AREA** LAB SOURCE

TEST

Croton xanthochloros Canelón 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Crypteronia paniculata — 4 AS F Tewari 1978Cryptocarya sp. Alcanfor, Amarillo tainde 1-3 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947Cryptocarya spp. Rose-maple 2-4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Cryptocarya amygdalina — 4 AS F Tewari 1978Cryptomeria japonica Sugi 1-4 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970,

Tewari 1978Cullenia rosayroana Karani 4 AS F Tewari 1978Cupressus lusitanica (T) Mexican cypress 1-4 AM L Clark 1969, Chudnoff 1984Cupressus torulosa Cypress 2 AS F Tewari 1978Cybistax donnell-smithii Primavera 1-4 AM L Kukachka 1962, Chudnoff 1984Cylicodiscus gabunensis Denya, Okan 1 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Chudnoff 1984, Tsunoda 1990Cymbopetalum penduliflorum — 3 AM L Torelli and Cufar 1994Cynodendron spp. Caimito, Star-apple 4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Cynometra spp. Kekatong 4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Cynometra alexandri Angu, Muhimbi 2-3 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Dacrydium spp. Rimu 4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Dacrydium beccarii — 3 AS L Sukartana and Highley 1997Dacrydium elatum Srol kraham 2 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Dacryodes sp. Safukala 3-4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Dacryodes spp. Adjouaba 4 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Dacryodes buettneri Ozigo 4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Dacryodes excelsa Candle-tree, Gommier 4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Dacryodes igaganda Igaganda 3-4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Dactylocladus stenostachys Jongkong 1-4 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980,

Chudnoff 1984Dalbergia cultrata Kapi khaokwai 3 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Dalbergia latifolia Indian rosewood 1-2 AS F Kalyanasundaran and Ganti 1975,

Tewari 1978, Chudnoff 1984Dalbergia melanoxylon African blackwood 1 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Dalbergia nigra Brazilian rosewood, 1 AM ? Chudnoff 1984

JacarandáDalbergia oliveri Chingchan, Tamalan 1 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976,

Tewari 1978Dalbergia retusa Cocobolo 1-2 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Dalbergia sissoo Sissoo 1 AS F Kalyanasundaran and Ganti 1975,

Tewari 1978Dalbergia spuruceana (M,T) Jacarandá do pará 1 AM L Tsunoda 1990Dalbergia stevensonii Honduras rosewood 1 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Daniellia sp. Faro 4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Daniellia ogea Ogea 4 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Decussocarpus wallichianus Thitmin 4 AS F Tewari 1978Dendropanax arboreus Angelica tree, 4 AM L Chudnoff 1984, Torelli

Sac-chacah dendropanax and Cufar 1994Desbordesia sp. Alep 2-3 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Dialium sp. Eyoum 3 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Dialium spp. Keranji 1-3 AS L Yamamoto and Hong 1989Dialium aubrevillei (M,T) Duabankyu 1 AF L Tsunoda 1990Dialium cochinchinense Khleng 1 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Dialium dinklagei Eyoum 1 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Dialium guianense Jutahy, Jutaí peba, 1-4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976,

Tamarindo Chudnoff 1984, Torelli and Cufar 1994

Dialyanthera spp. Cuangare, Virola 4 AM L Kukachka 1962, Chudnoff 1984Dialyanthera gordoniaefolia Cuángare 3-4 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947Dialyanthera otoba Miguelario 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976

Page 21: natural durability of wood: a worldwide checklist of species

19

FIELD/SPECIES TRADE NAME DECAY* AREA** LAB SOURCE

TEST

Dicorynia guianensis (M) Angelique, Angélique, 1-2 AM L Kukachka 1958, Kukachka 1962, Basralocus Clark 1969, Behr and

Meyers 1973, Scheffer 1979, Chudnoff 1984

Dicorynia paraensis Angélique, Basra locus 3 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Didelotia brevipaniculata Sapo 3 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Didymopanax morototoni Morototo, Morototó, 4 AM F/L Mayorca 1972, Chudnoff 1984,

Sunsún Tsunoda 1990Dillenia spp. Simpoh 4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Dillenia indica Dillenia 4 AS F Tewari 1978Dillenia pentagyna Dillenia, Sanna 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976,

Tewari 1978Diospyros sp. — 4 AS F Tewari 1978Diospyros sp. Chandong, Langdam 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Diospyros sp. Ebène 2-3 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Diospyros spp. East Indian ebony 1 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Diospyros spp. African ebony 1 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Diospyros ferrea Lambid 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Diospyros macrophylla Kaju malam 4 AS L Takahashi and Kishima 1973Diospyros melonoxylon Ebony 4 AS F Tewari 1978Diospyros microphylla — 4 AS F Tewari 1978Diospyros pyrrhocarpa — 4 AS F Tewari 1978Dipholis stevensonii — 2 AM L Torelli and Cufar 1994Diphysa robinoides Macano 2 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Diplokhema butyracea — 3 AS F Tewari 1978Diplotropis martiusii Sucupira 1-3 AM L Highley and Scheffer 1970Diplotropis purpurea Congrio, Sucupira 4 AM F Mayorca 1972, Chudnoff 1984Dipterocarpus sp. Apitong, Yang 3 AS, AM L Moses 1955, Kukachka 1962,

Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Dipterocarpus spp. Apitong, Keruing 3 AS L Chudnoff 1984, Yamamoto

and Hong 1989Dipterocarpus spp. Yang 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Dipterocarpus abtusifolius Gurjan 4 AS F Tewari 1978Dipterocarpus alatus Chhoeuteal sar, Yang 2-4 AS F Tewari 1978, Yatagai and

Takahashi 1980Dipterocarpus confertus Keruing kobis, 4 AS L Takahashi and Kishima 1973

Keruing tempurungDipterocarpus grandiflorus Apitong, Yoong 1-4 AS L Mailum and Arenas 1973,

Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Dipterocarpus griffithii Gurjan 4 AS F Tewari 1978Dipterocarpus indicus Gurjan 4 AS F Tewari 1978Dipterocarpus insularis Chhoeuteal bangkuoi 2 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Dipterocarpus intricatus Krad 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Dipterocarpus kerrii Gurjan 4 AS F Tewari 1978Dipterocarpus macrocarpus Hollong 4 AS F Tewari 1978Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Hiang 3 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Dipterocarpus speciosus Broad-winged apitong 2-3 AS L Mailum and Arenas 1973Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Eng, Pluang 3-4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976,

Tewari 1978Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gurjan 4 AS F Tewari 1978Dipterocarpus zeylanicus Hora 4 AS F Tewari 1978Dipteryx alata Guaicara, Tonka 1 AM L Highley and Scheffer 1970Dipteryx odorata Sarrapio 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Dipteryx odorata Ebo, Tonka 1 AM ? Chudnoff 1984

*Classification Scale: 1 = very resistant; 2 = resistant, 3 = moderately resistant; 4 = nonresistant

**TA = Temperate America; AM = Tropical America; AS = Australia-Asia; EU = Europe; AF = Africa

(T) = termite resistant; (M) = marine borer resistant

F = Developed in field; L = Laboratory exposure; ? = Lack of information on test methodology

Page 22: natural durability of wood: a worldwide checklist of species

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FIELD/SPECIES TRADE NAME DECAY* AREA** LAB SOURCE

TEST

Distemonanthus Ayan, Bonsamdua, 3 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976, benthamianus (T) Movingui Bultman et al. 1979,

Chudnoff 1984Dolichandrone serrulata Kae-yoddam 2 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Dracontomelum sp. — 3 AS L Sukartana and Highley 1997Dracontomelum spp. Paldao, Sengkuang 4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Dracontomelum mangiferum Senai New Guinea walnut 3 AS L DaCosta and Osborne 1967Drimys winteri Canelo 4 AM L French and Tainter 1973Dryobalanopus sp. Kapur 2 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Dryobalanopus spp. Kapur 3 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Dryobalanopus aromatica Kapur 3 AS L Yamamoto and Hong 1989Dryobalanopus keithii Kalampait, Kapur gumbiat 3-4 AS L Takahashi and Kishima 1973Drypetes sp. — 4 AS F Tewari 1978Drypetes variabilis Kerosen 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Duabanga spp. Lampati, Magas 4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Duabanga grandiflora Lampati 4 AS F Tewari 1978Duabanga moluccana New Guinea duabanga 1 AS L Sukartana and Highley 1997Dumoria sp. Makoré 1-2 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Durio sp. Thooriannok 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Durio spp. Durian 3-4 AS L Chudnoff 1984, Yamamoto

and Hong 1989Dyera sp. Jelutong 4 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Dyera costulata Jelutong 4 AS L Chudnoff 1984, Yamamoto

and Hong 1989Dysoxylum binectariferum — 4 AS F Tewari 1978Dysoxylum malabaricum White cedar 1 AS F Tewari 1978Dysoxylum zeylanicus Hora 4 AS F Tewari 1978Dyterocarpus sp. Apitong 2 AS L Menlado et al. 1975Ecclinusa guianensis Chicle 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Ekebergia rueppelliana Ekebergia 4 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Elmerrillia sp. — 1 AS L Sukartana and Highley 1997Endiandra palmerstonii Orientalwood, 4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984

Queensland-walnutEndlicheria sp. Laurel negro 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Endospermum spp. Gubas, Kauvula 4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Endospermum medullosum New Guinea basswood 4 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Engelhardtia spicata — 4 AS F Tewari 1978Entandrophragma angolense Gedu nohor, Tiama 3-4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Entandrophragma candollei Kosipo 3 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Entandrophragma cylindricum Sapelli, Sapele 3-4 AF L Kukachka 1962, Fortin and

Polinquin 1976, Chudnoff 1984Entandrophragma utile Sipo, Utile 3-4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Enterolobium cyclocarpum Corotú, Guanacaste 2-4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Enterolobium schomburgkii Curarina, Timbaúba 1-2 AM F Mayorca 1972, Chudnoff 1984Eperua spp. Wallaba 1 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Eperua falcata Wallaba 1 AM L Clark 1969 and/or Eperua grandifloraEribroma oblonga Eyong 4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Eriolana candollei Colomon wood 3 AS F Tewari 1978Eriotheca sp. Cedro dulce 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Erisma uncinatum — 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Erythrina glauca Gallito 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Erythrina suberosa Thonglang 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Erythrophleum sp. Tali 1-2 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Erythrophleum ivorense (M,T) Missanda, Potrodom, 1 AF L Bultman et al. 1979,

Potrodon Chudnoff 1984, Tsunoda 1990Erythrophloeum teysmannii Saak 2 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976

Page 23: natural durability of wood: a worldwide checklist of species

21

FIELD/SPECIES TRADE NAME DECAY* AREA** LAB SOURCE

TEST

Erythroxylon glaucum Coquito 1 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947Erythroxylum mannii Landa 3 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Eschweilera sp. Guayabo macho 3 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Eschweilera spp. (M) Kakeralli, Manbarklak 1 AM F Chudnoff 1984Eschweilera amara Maho rouge 2-3 AS F Johnson 1991Eschweilera corrugata — 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Eschweilera grata Cacaíto 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Eschweilera hologyne Guacharaco amarillo 1 AM F Mayorca 1972Eschweilera odora Maho noir, Manbarklak 2 AS F Johnson 1991Eschweilera subglandulosa Majaguillo 1 AM F Mayorca 1972Eschweilera timbuchensis Machinmango 3 AM L Highley and Scheffer 1970Eschweilera trinitensis Majaguillo negro 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Eucalyptus sp. — 4 AS F Tewari 1978Eucalyptus acmenioides White mahogany 1 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus amygdalina Black peppermint 4 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus astringens Brown mallet 3 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus bosistoana Coast grey box 1 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus botryoides Southern mahogany 4 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus calophylla Marri 4 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus camaldulensis River red gum 2 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus capitellata Brown stringybark 4 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus citriodora Eucalipto 1-2 AM L Reis 1973Eucalyptus cladocalyx Sugar gum 1 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus cloeziana Gympie messmate 1 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus consideniana Yertchuk 3 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus cornuta Yate 2 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus cypellocarpa Mountain grey gum 4 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus deglupta Deglupta, Dinglas, 2-4 AS L DaCosta and Osborne 1967,

Kamarere Yatagai and Takahashi 1980, Chudnoff 1984

Eucalyptus diversicolor Karri 2-4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984, Thornton et al. 1993

Eucalyptus dives Broad-leaved peppermint 4 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus elata River peppermint 4 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus eugenioides White stringybark, 3-4 AS F Thornton et al. 1993

Wilkinson’s stringybarkEucalyptus fastigata Brownbarrel 4 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus globulus Blue gum, Tasmanian 3-4 AS F Chudnoff 1984, Thornton et al.

blue gum 1993Eucalyptus globulus Maiden’s gum 4 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus gomphocephala Tuart 1 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus goniocalyx Long-leaved box 3 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus grandis Rose gum 4 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus guilfoylei Yellow tingle 3 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus haemastoma Scribbly gum 4 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus jacksonii Red tingle 4 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus leucoxylon Yellow gum 2 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus longifolia Woollybutt 1 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus macrorhyncha Red stringybark 3 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus maculata Spotted gum 3 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus marginata Jarrah 1-4 AS L Clark 1969, Chudnoff 1984,

Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus megacarpa Bullich 4 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus melliodora Yellow box 1 AS F Thornton et al. 1993

*Classification Scale: 1 = very resistant; 2 = resistant, 3 = moderately resistant; 4 = nonresistant

**TA = Temperate America; AM = Tropical America; AS = Australia-Asia; EU = Europe; AF = Africa

(T) = termite resistant; (M) = marine borer resistant

F = Developed in field; L = Laboratory exposure; ? = Lack of information on test methodology

Page 24: natural durability of wood: a worldwide checklist of species

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FIELD/SPECIES TRADE NAME DECAY* AREA** LAB SOURCE

TEST

Eucalyptus microcorys Tallowwood 1 AS L DaCosta and Osborne 1967, Thornton et al. 1993

Eucalyptus moluccana Grey box 1 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus muelleriana Yellow stringybark 4 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus obliqua Messmate, 1-2 AS F/L DaCosta and Osborne 1967,

Messmate stringybark Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus paniculata Grey ironbark 1 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus patens WA blackbutt 2 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus pilularis Blackbutt 4 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus polyanthemos Red box 1 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus radiata NSW messmate 4 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus redunca — 3-4 AS F DaCosta 1973Eucalyptus regnans Mountain ash 3-4 AS F/L DaCosta and Osborne 1967,

Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus resinifera Red mahogany 3 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus robusta Robusta eucalyptus 3 AS L Clark 1969Eucalyptus rubida Candlebark 4 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus saligna Saligna eucalyptus, 3-4 AS F Clark 1969, Thornton et al. 1993

Sydney blue gumEucalyptus salmonophloia Salmon gum 2 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus sideroxylon Red ironbark 1 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus sieberi Silvertop ash 4 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus tereticornis Forest red gum 2 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus viminalis Manna gum 4 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucalyptus wandoo Wandoo 1 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Eucryphia cordifolia Ulmo 4 AM L Juacida and Peek 1982,

Chudnoff 1984Eugenia sp. Satinash 2-3 AS L DaCosta and Osborne 1967Eugenia sp. Rotra 1 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Eugenia sp. Wapa 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Eugenia spp. Kelat 3 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Eugenia compta Guayabito blanco 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Eugenia cumini Wa 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Eugenia grandis Wadong 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Eusideroxylon zwageri (M) Belian, Bellan, Borneo 1 AS L Takahashi and Kishima 1973,

ironwood, Oelin, Uling Yatagai and Takahashi 1980, Chudnoff 1984

Euxylophora paraensis Pau amarello, 4 AM L Chudnoff 1984, Tsunoda 1990 Pau amarelo

Fagara sp. Olon 3-4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Fagara aff. F. Martinicense Bocsúo 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Fagara macrophylla East African satinwood 4 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Fagaropsis angolensis Mafu 3-4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Fagraea fragrans Kolahi, Tembesu 1-2 AS L Takahashi and Kishima 1973Fagraea fragrans Kankrao 3 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Fagraea fragrans Pawa 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Fagus crenata Buna 3-4 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Fagus japonica Inubuna 4 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Fernandoa adolfi-fridericii Lande 4 AF L Seehan 1986Ficus sp. Higuerón 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Fitzroya cupressoides Alerce 1-2 AM L Clark 1961, Kukachka 1962,

Scheffer 1983, Chudnoff 1984Flindersia spp. Queensland-maple 4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Flindersia amboinensis Silver ash 3-4 AS L DaCosta and Osborne 1967Fraxinus americana White ash 4 AM L Carter et al. 1976Fraxinus excelsior Ash 4 AS F Tewari 1978Fraxinus floribunda Ash 4 AS F Tewari 1978Fraxinus mandshurica Yachidamo 3-4 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green ash 3 TA L Carter et al. 1976

Page 25: natural durability of wood: a worldwide checklist of species

23

FIELD/SPECIES TRADE NAME DECAY* AREA** LAB SOURCE

TEST

Fraxinus uhdei Fresno macho, 4 AM F Skolmen 1974, Herrera Tropical ash Rodriguez et al. 1978

Gambeya africana Longui 4 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Ganophyllum falcatum Scaly ash 1-3 AS L DaCosta and Osborne 1967Garcinia sp. Sommuang 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Garcinia spp. Kandis 1-4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Garuga floribunda Garuga 1 AS L DaCosta and Osborne 1967Garuga pinnata Takram 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Gelonium multiflorum Makdook 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Genipa americana Caruto montañero, 4 AM F/L Mayorca 1972, Bultman

Genipa, Jagua and Southwell 1976, Chudnoff 1984

Gilbertiodendron dewevrei Limbali 1-3 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Gilbertiodendron preussii African oak 2 AF L Clark 1969Gliricidia sepium Bala, Mata ratón 2 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Gluta spp. Rengas 3 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Gluta travancorica Gluta 3 AS F Tewari 1978Gmelina sp. Gmelina 1 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Gmelina arborea Gamari, Gmelina, 3-4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976,

Gumhar, So Tewari 1978, Chudnoff 1984Gonioma kamassi Kamassi 2 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Gonystylus spp. Ramin 4 AS L Chudnoff 1984, Yamamoto and

Hong 1989Gonystylus bancanus Ramin 4 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Gossweilerodendron Agba, Tola 2-3 AS L Fortin and Polinquin 1976 balsamiferumGossypiospermum praecox Maracaibo boxwood, 4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984

West Indian boxwoodGoupia glabra Congrio blanco, Cupiuba, 2-3 AM F/L Mayorca 1972, Chudnoff 1984

Kabukalli, KopieGrevillea robusta Grevillea, Silky-oak 3 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Grewia tiliaefolia Dhaman 4 AS F Tewari 1978Grewia tomentosa Khaotak 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Grossypiospermum praecox Maracaibo and boxwood AM L Kukachka 1962Guaiacum spp. Lignumvitae 1 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Guajacum officinale Lignum vitae 1 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Guarea sp. Bossé 3 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Guarea spp. American muskwood, 2 AM ? Chudnoff 1984

CramanteeGuarea cedrata Guarea 2-3 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Guarea glabra — 3 AM L Torelli and Cufar 1994Guarea guara Guaragao 2 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Guarea longipetiola Chuchupate 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Guatteria anomala — 3 AM L Torelli and Cufar 1994Guatteria chlorantha Guattieria 4 AM L Highley and Scheffer 1970Guazuma crinita Guazuma 4 AM L Highley and Scheffer 1970Guazuma ulmifolia Guácimo 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Guibourtia spp. Bubinga 3 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Guibourtia arnoldiana Benge, Mutenye 2-3 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Guibourtia coleosperma Copalier 3-4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Guibourtia ehie Amazove, Ovangkol 3 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Haplo phragma adenophyllum Wall dop 3 AS F Tewari 1978

*Classification Scale: 1 = very resistant; 2 = resistant, 3 = moderately resistant; 4 = nonresistant

**TA = Temperate America; AM = Tropical America; AS = Australia-Asia; EU = Europe; AF = Africa

(T) = termite resistant; (M) = marine borer resistant

F = Developed in field; L = Laboratory exposure; ? = Lack of information on test methodology

Page 26: natural durability of wood: a worldwide checklist of species

24

FIELD/SPECIES TRADE NAME DECAY* AREA** LAB SOURCE

TEST

Hardwickia binata (M) Anjan 2 AS F Kalynasundaran and Ganti 1975, Tewari 1978

Helicostilis tomentosa Charo macho, 4 AM F Mayorca 1972, Chudnoff 1984 Leche perra

Heritiera sp. — 2 AS L Sukartana and Highley 1997Heritiera spp. Mengkulang 4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Heritiera fomes Sundri 4 AS F Tewari 1978Heritiera littoralis Dungon-late 2-3 AS L Menlado et al. 1975Heritiera sylvatica Dungon 2-3 AS L Menlado et al. 1975Heterophragma quadriloculare — 4 AS F Tewari 1978Hevea brasiliensis Pará rubbertree, 4 AS/AM F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976,

Rubberwood, Yangpara Chudnoff 1984, Yamamoto and Hong 1989

Hibiscus elatus Blue mahoe 1 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Hibiscus macrophyllus Pochong 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Hieronima alchorneoides Pantano 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Hieronyma laxiflora Aguacatico 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Himatanthus articulatus Mapolo 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Hippomane mancinella Manzanillo 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Hirtella triandra Hirtella 3 AM L Highley and Scheffer 1970Holoptelea intergrifolia Kanju 4 AS F Tewari 1978Holopyxidium jarana Jarána, Jarana 1-2 AM L Chudnoff 1984, Tsunoda 1990Homalium sp. Pikoonpa 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Homalium spp. Burma lancewood, Malas 2-3 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Homalium spp. African homalium 3 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Homalium damrongianum Ob 2 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Homalium foetidum Malas 3 AS L DaCosta and Osborne 1967,

Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Homalium tomentosum Khanang, Myaukchaw 3-4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976,

Tewari 1978Hopea spp. Giam, Laotao, Merawan, 1-2 AS F/L Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976,

Thingan Chudnoff 1984, Yamamoto andHong

1989, Sukartana and Highley 1997Hopea acuminata Manggachapui 2-3 AS L Menlado et al. 1975Hopea cordifolia Hopea 1 AS F Tewari 1978Hopea ferruginea Selangan mata kuching 3-4 AS L Takahashi and Kishima 1973Hopea glabra Hopea 3 AS F Tewari 1978Hopea iriana Hopea 1 AS L DaCosta and Osborne 1967Hopea latifolia Takianrak 3 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Hopea odorata Andaman thingam, 3-4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976,

Takian Tewari 1978Hopea parviflora Hopea 1 AS F Tewari 1978Hopea philipensis Gisok-gisok 2 AS L Menlado et al. 1975Hopea pierrei Koki khsach 1 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Hopea plagata Yakal-saplungan 2 AS L Menlado et al. 1975Hopea sangal Gagil, Tjengal 1-2 AS L Takahashi and Kishima 1973Huberodendron sp. Carrá 4 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947Humiria sp. Chanul 2-3 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947Humiria balsamifera Tauroniro, Umiri 1-2 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Humiriastrum excelsum Humeriastrum 3 AM L Highley and Scheffer 1970Hura crepitans Hura, Nuno, 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976,

Possum wood Chudnoff 1984Hyeronima alchorneoides Pilón, Suradan 1-3 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Hymenaea courbaril Algarrobo, Courbaril 1-2 AM F/L Bultman and Southwell 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Hymenaea oblongifolia Algarrobo, Hymenaea 2 AM L Highley and Scheffer 1970Hymenodictyon excelsum Kuthan, U-lok 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976,

Tewari 1978Hymenolobium excelsum Para-angelim 1-2 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Ibex sp. — 4 AS F Tewari 1978

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25

FIELD/SPECIES TRADE NAME DECAY* AREA** LAB SOURCE

TEST

Idesia polycarpa Iigiri 4 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Ilex cissoides — 4 AS L Takahashi and Kishima 1973Inga alba Bois pagode, Guamo 3-4 AM F/L Highley and Scheffer 1970,

colorado Mayorca 1972Inga floribunda Guamo blanco 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Inga hintoni Cuajinicuil de hoja chica 4 AM F Herrera Rodriguez et al. 1978Inga ingoides Guamo rabo de mono 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Inga vera Cuajinicuil de hoja grande 3-4 AM L Herrera Rodriguez et al. 1978Intsia sp. Intsia 1 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Intsia bijuga Ipil, Kwila, Merbau 1-3 AS L DaCosta and Osborne 1967,

Mailum and Arenas 1973, Chudnoff 1984

Intsia palembanica Merbau 2 AS L Yamamoto and Hong 1989Irvingia gabonensis Oba 2 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Irvingia malayana Ka-bok 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Iryanthera spp. Kirikawa, Marakaipo 3-4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Isoberlinia scheffleri Mbarika 4 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Isonandra sp. — 4 AS F Tewari 1978Jacaranda copaia Copaia, Simaruba 4 AM F Mayorca 1972, Chudnoff 1984Juglans fallax Walnut 4 AS F Tewari 1978Juglans regia Walnut 4 AS F Tewari 1978Juglans sieboldiana Onigurumi 4 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Julbernardia globiflora Muwa 2 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Juniperus occidentalis Western juniper 1 TA F Miller 1986Juniperus procera African cedar, 1-2 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

African pencil cedar Chudnoff 1984Juniperus virginiana Virginia pencil cedar 1-2 TA F British Dept. of Environment 1977Kalopanax pictus Harigiri 2 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Kayea assamica Sianahor 4 AS F Tewari 1978Kayea floribunda Kayea 4 AS F Tewari 1978 (Mesua floribunda)Khaya sp. Acajou d’Afrique 3-4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Khaya sp. Bissilom 4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Khaya spp. African mahogany, Khaya 3-4 AM L Moses 1955Khaya grandifoliola African mahogany, Benin 3 AF ? Chudnoff 1984

mahogany, Senegal mahogany

Khaya ivorensis African mahogany 3 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Khaya nyasica Umbaua 3 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Klainedoxa busgenii Eveuss, Ngong 3 AF L Seehan 1986Klainedoxa gabonensis Eveuss 1-2 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Knema attenuata Myristica 4 AS F Tewari 1978 (Myristica attenuata)Kokoona sp. Mata ulat 3 AS L Yamamoto and Hong 1989Koompassia excelsa Kempas, Menggeris, 2-4 AS F/L Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976,

Yuan Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Koompassia malaccensis Kempas, Thongbueng 3-4 AS F/L Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976,

Chudnoff 1984, Yamamoto and Hong 1989

Koordersiodendron pinnatum Ranggu 3-4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Ladenbergia latifolia — 3 AM L Highley and Scheffer 1970Laetia procera Pau jacare 2 AM L Tsunoda 1990Laetia procera Jobo macho 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Lafoënsia punicifolia Amarillo negro 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976

*Classification Scale: 1 = very resistant; 2 = resistant, 3 = moderately resistant; 4 = nonresistant

**TA = Temperate America; AM = Tropical America; AS = Australia-Asia; EU = Europe; AF = Africa

(T) = termite resistant; (M) = marine borer resistant

F = Developed in field; L = Laboratory exposure; ? = Lack of information on test methodology

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26

FIELD/SPECIES TRADE NAME DECAY* AREA** LAB SOURCE

TEST

Lagerstroemia spp. Pyinma 3 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Lagerstroemia calyculata Tabaek 2 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Lagerstroemia floribunda Tabaekna 2 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Lagerstroemia fros-reginae Inthanin 1 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Lagerstroemia hypoleuca (M) Jarul, Pyinme 3 AS F Kalyanasundaran and Ganti

1975, Tewari 1978Lagerstroemia lanceolata Benteak 3-4 AS F Tewari 1978Lagerstroemia parviflora (M) Lendi 4 AS F Tewari 1978Lagerstroemia speciosa Banaba, Bungar 1 AS L Mailum and Arenas 1973,

Takahashi and Kishima 1973Lagerstroemia speciossa (M) Jarul 3-4 AS F Tewari 1978Lagerstroemia tomentosa Sa-lao 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Lagerstroemia tomentosum Leza 4 AS F Tewari 1978Laguncularia racemosa Mangle blanco 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Lannea coromandelica (M) Jhingan 4 AS F Santhakumaran 1973, Tewari

1978Lannea wodier Oichang 2 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Lanthoxylum limonella Mullilam 3 AS F Tewari 1978Laplacea subintegerrima — 3 AS L Sukartana and Highley 1997Larix dahurica Dahurian larch 4 AS/EU L Morrell and Freitag 1995Larix decidua European larch 2-3 EU F British Dept. of Environment 1977Larix kaempferi Japanese larch 3-4 AS F British Dept. of Environment 1977Larix laricina Tamarack 3-4 AM F British Dept. of Environment 1977Larix leptolepis Karamatsu 1-2 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Larix occidentalis Western larch 3 TA F/L Englerth and Scheffer 1954,

Englerth and Scheffer 1955Laurelia philippiana Tepa 4 AM L French and Tainter 1973Laurelia sempervirens Laurel 4 AM L French and Tainter 1973Lecythis spp. Monkey pot, Sapucaia 1 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Lecythis ampla Coco 3 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Lecythis davisii Tinajito 3 AM F Mayorca 1972Lecythis davisii (M) Kouata patou, - AS L Johnson 1991

ManbarklakLecythis paraensis (T) Castaheira sapucaia 3-4 AM L Tsunoda 1990Libidibia corymbosa Cascol 1 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947Libocedrus decurrens Incense cedar 2-3 TA F Anderson et al. 1963Licania spp. Anaura, Kauta, 4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984

MarishballiLicania apetala Mamoncillo rebalsero 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Licania arborea Raspa 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Licania densiflora Hierrito 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Licaria spp. Brown silverballi, 1 AM ? Chudnoff 1984

KaneelhartLicaria cayennensis Kaneelhart 1 AM L Yoshimura 1962Licaria pittieri Jigua negra 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Liquidambar styraciflua Sweetgum 4 TA L Carter et al. 1976Liriodendron tulipifera Yellow-poplar 4 TA L Carter et al. 1976Litsea sp. Litsea 1 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Litsea spp. Medang 2-4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Lonchocarpus sp. Iguanillo 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Lonchocarpus spp. Black cabbage-bark, 2-4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984

SindjapléLonchocarpus castilloi Black cabbage bark 1 AM L Torelli and Cufar 1994Lonchocarpus cfr. L. Majomo 2 AM F Mayorca 1972 margaritensisLonchocarpus hondurensis — 1 AM L Torelli and Cufar 1994Lonchocarpus latifolius Tocorito 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Lonchocarpus sericeus Jebe 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Lophira alata (M,T) Azobé, Ekki, Kaku 1 AF L Clark 1969, Bultman et al.1979,

Chudnoff 1984, Tsunoda 1990

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27

FIELD/SPECIES TRADE NAME DECAY* AREA** LAB SOURCE

TEST

Lophira procera Bongassi 3 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Lophopetalum spp. Perupok 4 AS L Chudnoff 1984,

Yamamoto and Hong 1989Lophopetalum javanicum — 3 AS L Sukartana and Highley 1997Lophopetalum wightianum Banati 4 AS F Tewari 1978Lophostemon confertus Brush box 4 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Lophostemon franklinii Huon pine 4 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Lophostemon reticulata Bollywood 4 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Lophostemon suaveolens Swamp box 3 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Lovoa sp. Dibétou 3-4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Lovoa trichilioides African-walnut, 3 AF ? Chudnoff 1984

Kwantannuro, Lovoa, Tigerwood

Loxopterigium sagotti Picatón 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Luehea spp. Estribeiro, Guacimo 4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Luehea seemannii Guácimo 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Lysiloma spp. Sabicu, T’Zalam 1 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Machaerium spp. Caviuna 1 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Machaerium aff. pedicellatum — 1-2 AM L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Machilum macrantha Machilus 3-4 AS F Tewari 1978Machilus spp. Machilus 3-4 AS F/L Tewari 1978, Chudnoff 1984Machilus gamblei Machilus 4 AS F Tewari 1978Macrosamanea pedicellaris Tamarin prokonie 4 AM L Highley and Scheffer 1970Madhuca longifolia (var latifolia) Mahwa 2 AS F Tewari 1978Madhuca pierrei Sang 2 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Maesopsis eminii Esenge, Musizi 4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Magnolia spp. Magnolia, Vaco 1-2 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Magnolia obovata Honoki 3-4 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Magnolia sororum Vaco 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Magnolia virginiana Sweetbay 4 TA L Carter et al. 1976Mallotus philippensis — 4 AS F Tewari 1978Mammea africana Oboto 2-3 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Mangifera spp. Machang, Mango 4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Mangifera caloneura Mamuangpa 3 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Mangifera indica Mango 4 AS F Tewari 1978Mangifera pajang Bambangan 4 AS L Takahashi and Kishima 1973Manglietia insignis Champee 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Manilkara sp. Coco, Rasca 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Manilkara amazonica (T) Maparajuba 2 AM L Tsunoda 1990Manilkara bidentata Bulletwood, Níspero 1-2 AM F Mayorca 1972, Bultman

balata, Pendare and Southwell 1976, Chudnoff 1984

Manilkara chicle Níspero zapote 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Manilkara huberi (T) Bulletwood, Maçaranduba 2 AM L Reis 1972, Tsunoda 1990Manilkara multinervis (M,T) Berekankum 1 AF L Tsunoda 1990Manilkara zapota Chicozapote 1 AM L Torelli and Cufar 1994Maniltoa polyandra Ping 4 AS F Tewari 1978Mansonia altissima (T) Bete, Mansonia, Oprono 1-3 AF L Kukachka 1962, Fortin and

Polinquin 1976, Bultman et al. 1979, Chudnoff 1984

Maytenus spp. Carne d’anta 4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Maytenus ficiformis Pilón negro 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Melaleuca leucadendron Smach chanlus 4 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980

*Classification Scale: 1 = very resistant; 2 = resistant, 3 = moderately resistant; 4 = nonresistant

**TA = Temperate America; AM = Tropical America; AS = Australia-Asia; EU = Europe; AF = Africa

(T) = termite resistant; (M) = marine borer resistant

F = Developed in field; L = Laboratory exposure; ? = Lack of information on test methodology

Page 30: natural durability of wood: a worldwide checklist of species

28

FIELD/SPECIES TRADE NAME DECAY* AREA** LAB SOURCE

TEST

Melaleuca quinquenervia Melaleuca 4 AS L Bultman et al. 1983Melaleuca quinquenervia Broad-leaved tea-tree, 2 AS ? Chudnoff 1984

CajeputMelanorrhoea usitata Rak, Thitsi 1-2 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976,

Tewari 1978Melia azedarach Chinaberry tree, 2 AS ? Chudnoff 1984

Persian lilacMemecylon larvigatum — 3-4 AS L Yatagai and Tatahashi 1980Mesua ferrea Boonnak, Gangaw, 1-3 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976,

Mesua Tewari 1978, Chudnoff 1984Metrosideros collina Ohia 3-4 AS L Clark 1969, Chudnoff 1984Mezilaurus itauba (M,T) Itauba preta 1 AM L Tsunoda 1990Michelia sp. Champaka 1 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Michelia sp. Champa 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Michelia spp. Champaca 3 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Michelia cathcartii — 4 AS F Tewari 1978Michelia doltsopa Champ 4 AS F Tewari 1978Michelia montana Champ 3 AS F Tewari 1978Microberlinia sp. Zingana 2-3 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Microberlinia brazzavillensis Zebrano, Zebrawood 2 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Micropholis spp. Grumixava, Riemhout 3 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Micropholis venulosa Micropholis 3 AM L Highley and Scheffer 1970Miliusa tomentosa — 4 AS F Tewari 1978Miliusa velutina Hangkarok 3-4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976,

Tewari 1978Millettia sp. Wengé 2 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Millettia spp. Panga panga, Wenge 1 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Millettia atropurpurea Sae 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Millettia leucantha Khacho 1 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Millingtonia hortensis Peep 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Mimusops elengi Bulletwood 3 AS F Tewari 1978Mimusops heckelii Makore 1 AF L Kukachka 1962Mimusops littoralis (M) Bulletwood - AS L Kalyanasundaran and Ganti 1975Minquartia guianensis Crillo, Guayacán 1-3 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947,

pechiche, Manwood, Bultman and Southwell 1976 Pechiche

Misanteca pekii — 2 AM L Torelli and Cufar 1994Mitragyna sp. Abura 4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Mitragyna brunonis Toomkwao 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Mitragyna ciliata Abura 4 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Mitragyna parviflora Kaim 4 AS F Tewari 1978Mitragyna rotundifolia Binga 4 AS F Tewari 1978Mitragyna stipulosa Subaha 2 AF L Tsunoda 1990Monopetalanthus sp. Andoung 4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Monopetalanthus heitzii Adoung 3 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Mora excelsa Mora, Petto 1-2 AM L Kukachka 1962, Chudnoff 1984Mora gonggrijpii Mora 3 AM F Mayorca 1972Mora megistosperma Nato 2-3 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947Mora oleifera Alcornoque 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Morinda coreia Yo-pa 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Moronobea coccinea Anani de terra firme 1 AM L Tsunoda 1990Morus sp. Difou 2 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Morus alba Mulberry 4 AS F Tewari 1978Morus bombycis Yamaguwa 1 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Morus mesozygia (T) Difou, Wonton difou 4 AF L Bultman et al. 1979,

Chudnoff 1984Morus serrata Mulberry 4 AS F Tewari 1978Mouriri huberi Guarataro 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Mouriri sideroxylon Guaratarillo 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Musanga cecropioides African corkwood, 4 AF ? Chudnoff 1984

Umbrella tree

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29

FIELD/SPECIES TRADE NAME DECAY* AREA** LAB SOURCE

TEST

Mylocarpus moluccensis Pursar 2 AS F Tewari 1978Myrcia paivae Carne asada 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Myristica sp. Chanpa 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Myristica spp. Darah darah 4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Myroxylon balsamum Balsamo, Bálsamo, 1-2 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947,

Sándalo Bultman and Southwell 1976, Chudnoff 1984

Nauclea brunnea Khaminthong 3 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Nauclea diderrichii (T) Kusia, Opepe 1 AF L Bultman et al. 1979,

Chudnoff 1984, Tsunoda 1990Nauclea orientalis Kanluang 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Nauclea trillesii Bilinga 1-2 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Nectandra sp. Laurel, Sweetwood 4 AM L Highley and Scheffer 1970,

Torelli and Cufar 1994Nectandra spp. Canelo, Laurel 2-4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Nectandra pichurim Pichurim 4 AM L Highley and Scheffer 1970Nectandra pisi Caoba 2-4 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947Nectandra whitei Bambito, 2-4 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947,

Bambito colorado Bultman and Southwell 1976Neobalanocarpus heimii Chengal 1 AS L Yamamoto and Hong 1989Neonauclea sp. — 1 AS L Sukartana and Highley 1997Neoscortechinia forbesii — 2-3 AS L Takahashi and Kishima 1973Nesogordonia sp. Kotibé 3-4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Nesogordonia papaverifera Danta 2 AF L Chudnoff 1984, Tsunoda 1990Nothofagus spp. Tasmanian-myrtle 2-4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Nothofagus spp. Coigue, Rauli 2-4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Nothofagus alpina Raulí 3 AM L French and Tainter 1973Nothofagus cunninghamii Myrtle beech 4 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Nothofagus dombeyi Coígue 4 AM L French and Tainter 1973Nothofagus menziesii Silver beech 4 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Nothofagus obliqua Roble 1 AM L French and Tainter 1973Nothofagus pumilio Lenga 2 AM L French and Tainter 1973Nothofagus solandri Black beech 3 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Nyssa sylvatica Black tupelo 4 TA L Carter et al. 1976Ochanostachys amentacea Amin, Petikal, Petaling 1 AS L Takahashi and Kishima 1973Ochroma lagopus Sw. Balsa 4 AM L Kukachka 1962Ochroma pyramidale Balsa 4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Ocotea sp. Louro vermelho 1-2 AM L Tsunoda 1990Ocotea sp. Louro branco 1-2 AM L Tsunoda 1990Ocotea dendrodaphne Ensiva, Insibe 3 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Ocotea fragantissima (M,T) Louro canela 1 AM L Tsunoda 1990Ocotea rodiaei (M,T) Demerara greenheart, 1-2 AM L Kukachka 1962, Bultman

Greenheart and Southwell 1976, Chudnoff 1984

Ocotea rubra Determa, Red louro 1-2 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Ocotea usambarensis East African 1-3 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

camphorwood, Kikensi Chudnoff 1984Octomeles sumatrana Benuang, Binuang, 3-4 AS L DaCosta and Osborne 1967,

Erima Yatagai and Takahashi 1980, Chudnoff 1984

Odyendea spp. Mbanko, Onzang 4 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Olea hochstetteri East African olive, 3-4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Musheragi Chudnoff 1984Ongokea gore Anguek 3 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976

*Classification Scale: 1 = very resistant; 2 = resistant, 3 = moderately resistant; 4 = nonresistant

**TA = Temperate America; AM = Tropical America; AS = Australia-Asia; EU = Europe; AF = Africa

(T) = termite resistant; (M) = marine borer resistant

F = Developed in field; L = Laboratory exposure; ? = Lack of information on test methodology

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30

FIELD/SPECIES TRADE NAME DECAY* AREA** LAB SOURCE

TEST

Ongokea gore (T) Angueuk, Bodwe, Dodwe 2 AF L Bultman et al. 1979,Chudnoff 1984, Tsunoda 1990

Ormosia spp. Baracara, Kokriki 4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Ougeina oojeinensis Sandan 3 AS F Tewari 1978Ouratea (sp.) — 3 AM L Highley and Scheffer 1970Oxandra lanceolata West Indian lancewood 4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Oxystigma oxyphyllum Tchitola 2-4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Pachira aquatica — 4 AM L Torelli and Cufar 1994Pajanelia multijuga I-pong 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Palaquim sp. Nato 1 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Palaquium ellipticum Pali 2-4 AS F Tewari 1978Palaquium obovatum Chikkhao 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Palaquium spp. Nyatoh 4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Pangium edule Pangi 3 AS L Sukartana and Highley 1997Paramachaerium gruberi Sangrillo negro 3 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Paranephelium longifolium Lamyai-pa 2 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Parashorea sp. Bagtikan, White lauan 4 AM L Moses 1955Parashorea spp. White seraya 3-4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Parashorea plicata Bagtikan 2-3 AS L Mailum and Arenas 1973Parashorea stellata Khaikhieo, Thingadu 3-4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert

1976, Tewari 1978Paratecoma peroba Peroba do campo, 1 AM L Kukachka 1962,

Peroba de campos, Chudnoff 1984 White peroba

Parinari sp. Sougue 4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Parinari spp. Burada, Foengoe 3-4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Parinari anamense Thalok 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Parinari excelsa Merecurillo, Ofam, 4 AF/AM F Mayorca 1972, Chudnoff 1984,

Sougué Tsunoda 1990Parinari exelsa Syn. P. holstii Parinarium 3 AF L Clark 1969Parinari oblongifolium Ampili, Merbatu 2-3 AS L Takahashi and Kishima 1973Parinari rodolphii Merecure montañero 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Parinaria corymbosa Liusin 1-2 AS L Mailum and Arenas 1973,

Sukartana and Highley 1997Parishia insignis Red dhup 4 AS F Tewari 1978Parkia javanica Riang 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Parkia oppositifolia Caro montañero 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Parkia pendula Cascarón 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Parkia speciosa Sato 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert

1976Parkia streprocarpa Ro yong 3 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana Parrotia 4 AS F Tewari 1978Pasania edulis Matebashii 4 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Pelliciera rhizophorae Palo de sal 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Peltogyne spp. Amaranth, Purpleheart 1 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Peltogyne maranhensis Purpleheart 2 AM L Reis 1972Peltogyne paniculata Palo concha 2 AM F Mayorca 1972Peltogyne paradoxa (T) Coataquiçaua 1 AM L Tsunoda 1990Peltogyne porphyrocardia Zapatero 1 AM F Mayorca 1972Peltogyne purpurea Nazareño 3 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Peltophorum dasyrachis Nonsee 3 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Peniaclethra macroloba Gavilán 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Pentace burmanica Thitka 3 AS F Tewari 1978Pentace chartacea — 4 AS L Takahashi and Kishima 1973Pentace griffithii — 3 AS F Tewari 1978Pentacme contorta White lauan 2-4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Pentacme suavis Ingyin, Rang 1 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert

1976, Tewari 1978Pentaspadon velutinus Toei-nam 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert

1976

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FIELD/SPECIES TRADE NAME DECAY* AREA** LAB SOURCE

TEST

Pera glabrata Pilón rosado 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Pericopsis elata Afrormosia, Kokrodus 1-3 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Persea sp. Guadaripo 1 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947Persea spp. Canela-rosa, Lingue 4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Persea lingue Lingue 4 AM L French and Tainter 1973Persea rigens Pizarrá 2 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947Phellodendron sachalinense Kihada 3-4 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Phoebe sp. Bonsum 4 AS F Tewari 1978Phoebe johnstonii Aguacatillo 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Phoebe porosa Brazilian-walnut, Imbuia 2 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Phyllocladus hypophyllus New Guinea celery top pine 3 AS L Sukartana and Highley 1997Picea abies or Picea excelsa European spruce 4 EU F British Dept. of Environment 1977Picea engelmanni Engelmann spruce 4 TA L Clark 1957Picea glauca Eastern Canadian spruce 4 AM F/L Eslyn and Highley 1976,

British Dept. of Environment 1977Picea glehnii Akaezomatsu 4 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Picea hondoensis Tohi 4 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Picea jezoensis Ezomatsu 4 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Picea polita Harimomi 4 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Picea sitchensis Sitka spruce 4 AM F/L Eslyn and Highley 1976,

British Dept. of Environment 1977Picea smithiana Spruce 4 AS F Tewari 1978Pilgerodendron uvifera Ciprés de las guaitecas 3 AM L French and Tainter 1973Pinus sp. Southern pine, 4 TA L Bultman and Southwell 1976

Southern yellow pinePinus amara Black pine 4 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Pinus asplenifolius Celery-top pine 3 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Pinus banksiana Jack pine 3-4 TA L Clark 1957Pinus caribaea Caribbean pine, 3-4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976,

Nicaraguan pine Chudnoff 1984Pinus caribea Caribbean pitch pine 3 AM F British Dept. of Environment 1977Pinus contorta Lodgepole pine 3-4 TA L Englerth and Scheffer 1955,

Clark 1957Pinus densiflora Akamatsu 2-3 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Pinus insignis Pino insigne 3 AM L French and Tainter 1973Pinus insularis Benguet pine 4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Pinus insularis Benguet pine 1 AS L Mailum and Arenas 1973Pinus khesiya Sonsambai 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Pinus lambertiana Sugar pine 3-4 TA L Clark 1957Pinus merkusii Merkus pine, 2-4 AS L Mailum and Arenas 1973,

Mindoro pine, Anuwongse and Cholprasert Sonsongbai 1976, Chudnoff 1984

Pinus monticola Western white pine 4 TA L Clark 1957Pinus nigra subsp. laricio Corsican pine 4 EU F British Dept. of Environment 1977Pinus oocarpa Ocote pine 3 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Pinus palustris Longleaf pine 1-3 TA L Clark 1957Pinus patula Patula pine 4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Pinus pentaphylla Himekomatsu 2-3 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Pinus pinaster Maritime pine 3 EU F British Dept. of Environment 1977Pinus ponderosa Ponderosa pine 2-4 TA L Clark 1957Pinus radiata Radiata pine 4 AS F British Dept. of Environment 1977,

Tewari 1978Pinus resinosa Red pine 4 TA L Clark 1957Pinus roxburghii Chir 4 AS F Tewari 1978

*Classification Scale: 1 = very resistant; 2 = resistant, 3 = moderately resistant; 4 = nonresistant

**TA = Temperate America; AM = Tropical America; AS = Australia-Asia; EU = Europe; AF = Africa

(T) = termite resistant; (M) = marine borer resistant

F = Developed in field; L = Laboratory exposure; ? = Lack of information on test methodology

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FIELD/SPECIES TRADE NAME DECAY* AREA** LAB SOURCE

TEST

Pinus strobus Eastern white pine, 2-3 TA L Clark 1957 Yellow pine

Pinus sylvestris Redwood, Scots pine 4 EU F British Dept. of Environment 1977Pinus taeda Loblolly pine 3-4 TA L Clark 1957Pinus thunbergii Kuromatsu 2-3 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Pinus wallichiana Kail 4 AS F Tewari 1978Piptadenia buchananii Mafamuti 3-4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Piptadenia gonoacantha Jacaré 3-4 AM L Reis 1973Piptadenia pittieri Carbonero 4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Piptadenia psilostachya Yiguire 2 AM F Mayorca 1972Piptadeniastrum africanum (T) Dabéma, Dahoma 2-3 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Bultman et al. 1979, Chudnoff 1984

Piranhea longepedunculata Caramacate 1 AM F Mayorca 1972Piratinera guianensis Letterwood, Snakewood 1 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Pithecellobium arboreum — 1 AM L Torelli and Cufar 1994Pithecellobium jupunba Samán montañero 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Pithecellobium leucocalyx — 1 AM L Torelli and Cufar 1994Pithecellobium mangense Uña de gato 2 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Pithecellobium pedicellare Hueso de pescado 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Pithecellobium saman Rain tree, Saman 4 AM L Chudnoff 1984Planchonella sp. Planchonella 3 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Planchonella torricellensis Red silkwood 3 AS L DaCosta and Osborne 1967Planchonia spp. Putat paya 4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Planchonia papuana Planchonia 1-3 AS L DaCosta and Osborne 1967Planchonia valida Red bombwe 4 AS F Tewari 1978Platymiscium spp. Macawood, Trebol 1 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Platymiscium pinnatum Caoba, Quirá, Roble 1-2 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947,

Mayorca 1972, Bultman and Southwell 1976

Platymiscium yuacatanum Granadillo 1 AM L Torelli and Cufar 1994Platypodium elegans Jacaranda do campo 3 AM L Reis 1973Podocarpus sp. Podo 4 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Podocarpus spp. Podocarp, Mañio 3-4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Podocarpus spp. Podo, Thitmin, Totara 2-4 AS L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Podocarpus sp. Manio 3-4 AS F/L British Dept. of Environment 1977, (saxegothaea conspicua) Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Podocarpus imbricatus Asiatic podocarpus 3 AS L Sukartana and Highley 1997Podocarpus neriifolia Thitmin 4 AS F Tewari 1978Podocarpus nubigena Mañio macho 4 AM L French and Tainter 1973Poeciloneuron indicum Ballagi 4 AS F Tewari 1978Poga oleosa Ovoga 3-4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Polyalthia sp. Hamchon 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Polyalthia sp. Kachian 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Polyalthia fragrans — 4 AS F Tewari 1978Pometia sp. Sai 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Pometia spp. Kasai 3 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Pometia pinnata Matoa, Taun 2 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Pometia tomentosa Taun 3 AS L DaCosta and Osborne 1967Pongamia pinnata — 4 AS F Tewari 1978Populus balsamifera Balsam poplar 4 AM L Eslyn and Highley 1976Populus nigra Alamo 4 AM L French and Tainter 1973Populus tremuloides Aspen 4 TA L French and Tainter 1973Poulsenia armata Mastate 3-4 AM L Chudnoff 1984, Torelli and

Cufar 1994Pourouma chocoana Uva 2-3 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947Pouteria sp. Colorado 2 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947Pouteria campechiana Mamecillo 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Pouteria egregia Purguillo 4 AM F Mayorca 1972

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FIELD/SPECIES TRADE NAME DECAY* AREA** LAB SOURCE

TEST

Pouteria firma — 3 AS L Sukartana and Highley 1997Pouteria pomifera Capure 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Pradosia spp. Chupón 2 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Prioria copaifera Cativo 4 AM L Kukachka 1962, Bultman and

Southwell 1976, Chudnoff 1984Protinum decandrum Azucarito 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Protium sp. Anime 3-4 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947Protium spp. Copal, Kurokai 4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Protium serratum Indian redpear, Ma-faen 3-4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976,

Tewari 1978Prunus grayana Uwamizuzakura 2-3 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Prunus jamasakura Yamazakura 2-3 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Prunus yedoensis Someiyoshino 4 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Pseudobombax ellipticum Mexican bombax 3 AM L Torelli and Cufar 1994

amapolaPseudolmedia eggersii Guión 2 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947Pseudolmedia oxyphyllavia Leche de Perra 4 AM L Torelli and Cufar 1994Pseudosamanea guachapele Frijolillo, Guachapele 1-2 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Pseudosindora palustris Paya, Sepetir 4 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980,

Chudnoff 1984Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas-fir 3 TA L Englerth and Scheffer 1955Pterocarpus spp. Sangre 4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Pterocarpus angolensis Muninga 1-3 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Pterocarpus dalbergioides (M) Andaman padauk 1 AS F Kalyanasundaran and Ganti 1975,

Tewari 1978, Chudnoff 1984Pterocarpus hayesii — 4 AM L Torelli and Cufar 1994Pterocarpus indicus Amboina, Narra, 1 AS L DaCosta and Osborne 1967,

New Guinea rosewood Chudnoff 1984,Pterocarpus macrocarpus Burma padauk, Pradoo 1 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Pterocarpus marsupium Bijasal 2 AS F Tewari 1978Pterocarpus rohrii Sangrito 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Pterocarpus soyauxii Padouk 1-2 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Pterocarpus soyauxii African padauk 1 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Pterocarya rhoifolia Sawagurumi 4 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Pterocymbium beccarii Amberoi 4 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Pterocymbium javanicum Po-ikeng 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Pterocymbium tinetorium Papita 4 AS F Tewari 1978Pterogyne nitens Amendoim, Viraro 3 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Pterospermum acerifolium Mayand 4 AS F Tewari 1978Pterospermum diversifolium Khanan 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Pterygota sp. Koto 4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Pterygota spp. Pterygota 4 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Pterygota horsefieldii Pterygota 3 AS L DaCosta and Osborne 1967Pyatactenia ganoacantra Jacare 3-4 AM L Reis 1973Pycnanthus angolensis Jlomba, Llomba 4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Pygeum africanum Mueri 4 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Qualea spp. Gronfoeloe, 3 AM ? Chudnoff 1984

Mandioqueira, Mandioqueira rosa

Qualea dinizii Guarapo 2 AM F Mayorca 1972Quercus sp. Borneo oak 3-4 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Quercus sp. Ko 3 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976

*Classification Scale: 1 = very resistant; 2 = resistant, 3 = moderately resistant; 4 = nonresistant

**TA = Temperate America; AM = Tropical America; AS = Australia-Asia; EU = Europe; AF = Africa

(T) = termite resistant; (M) = marine borer resistant

F = Developed in field; L = Laboratory exposure; ? = Lack of information on test methodology

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FIELD/SPECIES TRADE NAME DECAY* AREA** LAB SOURCE

TEST

Quercus spp. Encino, Oak, Roble 2 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Quercus acutifolia Encino rojo 4 AM F Herrera Rodriguez et al. 1978Quercus acutissima Kunugi 4 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Quercus alba White oak 1-2 TA L Scheffer et al. 1949, Carter et al.

1976Quercus anglohondurensis — 3 AM L Torelli and Cufar 1994Quercus borealis Northern red oak 4 TA L Scheffer et al. 1949Quercus castanea Pipi tillo 4 AM F Herrera Rodriguez et al. 1978Quercus coccinea Scarlet oak 3 TA L Carter et al. 1976Quercus coccinea Scarlet oak 4 TA L Scheffer et al. 1949Quercus copeyensis Encino, Roble 2 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947Quercus crispula Mizunara 4 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Quercus excelsa Encino bornio 4 AM F Herrera Rodriguez et al. 1978Quercus falcata Southern red oak 3 TA L Carter et al. 1976Quercus falcata var. pagadaefolia Cherrybark oak 3 TA L Carter et al. 1976Quercus garryana Oregon white oak 1-2 TA F/L Scheffer et al. 1949, Miller 1986Quercus glauca Arakashi 4 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Quercus helferiana Ko-kheemoo 3 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert

1976Quercus lamellosa Buk 4 AS F Tewari 1978Quercus laurifolia Laurel oak 3 TA L Carter et al. 1976Quercus lineata Phalat 3-4 AS F Tewari 1978Quercus marilandica Blackjack oak 1 TA L Carter et al. 1976Quercus montana Chestnut oak 1 TA L Scheffer et al. 1949Quercus myrsinaefolia Shirakashi 4 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Quercus nigra Water oak 3 TA L Carter et al. 1976Quercus prinus syn. michauxii Swamp chestnut oak 3 TA L Scheffer et al. 1949Quercus resinosa Encino amarillo 4 AM F Herrera Rodriguez et al. 1978Quercus rubra Northern red oak 3 TA L Carter et al. 1976Quercus serrata Konara 4 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Quercus shumardii Shumard oak 3 TA L Carter et al. 1976Quercus skinneri — 1 AM L Torelli and Cufar 1994Quercus stellata Post oak 1 TA L Carter et al. 1976Quercus variabilis Abemaki 4 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Quercus velutina Black oak 3-4 TA L Scheffer et al. 1949, Carter et al.

1976Rheedia spp. Pacuri, Remelento 2-4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Rhizophora apiculata Bakauan 2-3 AS L Menlado et al. 1975Rhizophora brevistyla Mangle rojo (Pacific) 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Rhizophora mangle Mangle rojo (Atlantic) 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Rhizophora mangle Mangle, Mangle colorado, 1-2 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947,

Mangle injerto, Chudnoff 1984 Red mangrove

Rhizophora mucronata Bakauan-balsae 2-3 AS L Menlado et al. 1975Ricinodendron sp. Essessang 4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Ricinodendron heudelotii Erimado 4 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Robinia pseudoacacia Black locust, Niseakashia 1-2 TA L Scheffer and Duncan 1947Rollinia exsucca Anoncillo 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Roupala montana (T) Faeira 1 AM L Tsunoda 1990Sabastiania longicuspis — 4 AM L Torelli and Cufar 1994Saccoglottis cydonioides Ponsigue montañero 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Saccoglottis guianensia (T) Acuá 3 AM L Tsunoda 1990Salmalia kerrii Ngiu-pa 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Salmalia malabaricum Ngiu 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Samanea saman Acacia, Monkey pod, 2-3 AS L Takahashi and Kishima 1973

Raintree, TrembesiSandoricum koetjape Ka-thon 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Santalum album Sandalwood 1 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Santiria laevigata Kedondong, 4 AS L Takahashi and Kishima 1973

Kerantai lichinSapium spp. Curupi, Lechero 4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984

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FIELD/SPECIES TRADE NAME DECAY* AREA** LAB SOURCE

TEST

Sapium baccatum Kadat 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Sapium prob. jenmanni Caucho 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Saxegothaea conspicua Mañío hembra 3-4 AM L French and Tainter 1973Schima spp. Needlewood 4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Schima wallichii Chilauni, Mangtan 3-4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976,

Tewari 1978Schinopsis spp. Quebracho 1 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Schizolobium amazonicum Pashaco 4 AM L Highley and Scheffer 1970Schizolobium parahybum Bandarra, Guapuruvu 4 AM L Torelli and Cufar 1994Schleichera oleosa (M) Kusum, Ta-kro 4 AS F Kalynasundaran and Ganti 1975,

Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976, Tewari 1978

Schoutenia hypoleuca Daengdong 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Sclerolobium spp. Djedoe, Yawaredan 2-4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Sclerolobium guianense Guamillo 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Sclerolobium micranthum Copaiba, 3 AM L Highley and Scheffer 1970

Persian sclerobiumSclerolobium paniculatum Guamillo rojo 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Sclerolobium setiferum Palisanto 4 AM L Highley and Scheffer 1970Sclerolobrium melinonii Jawaledan 3-4 AM L Yoshimura 1962Scorodocarpus borneensis Kulim 3 AS L Takahashi and Kishima 1973,

Chudnoff 1984Scottellia sp. Odoko 4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Scottellia coriacea Odoko 4 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Scyphocephalium ochocoa Sorro 4 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Sequoia sempervirens Redwood 2 TA F Miller 1986Sequoia sempervirens (T) Coast redwood, Redwood 1-3 TA L Clark and Scheffer 1983,

Grace and Yamamoto 1994Shorea sp. Bangkirai, Balan 1 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Shorea sp. Light red meranti 3-4 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Shorea sp. Balau 1 AS L Skolmen 1974, Yamamoto

and Hong 1989Shorea sp. White meranti 4 AS L Yamamoto and Hong 1989Shorea sp. Takiansampon 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Shorea sp. (eximia?) Almon, White lauan 4 AM L Moses 1955Shorea sp. (polysperma?) Light Philippine, 2-3 AM L Moses 1955

Red lauan, TangileShorea spp. Balau group 4 AS ? Skolmen 1974, Chudnoff 1984Shorea spp. Light red meranti- 4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984

light red lauan groupShorea spp. Yellow meranti group 4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984,

Yamamoto and Hong 1989Shorea spp. White meranti group 4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Shorea agami Melapi agama 3-4 AS L Takahashi and Kishima 1973Shorea albida Sengawan 2 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Shorea assamica Makai 4 AS F Tewari 1978Shorea astylosa Yakal 2 AS L Menlado et al. 1975Shorea cochinchinensis Tengtanee 2 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Shorea curtissii Saya-daeng 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Shorea exelliptica Selangan batu tembaga 1-2 AS L Takahashi and Kishima 1973Shorea fallax Seraya daun kasar 4 AS L Takahashi and Kishima 1973Shorea gibbosa Seraya kuning gajah 4 AS L Takahashi and Kishima 1973Shorea gisok Gisok, Yakal-gisok 1-3 AS L Mailum and Arenas 1973,

Menlado et al. 1975Shorea guiso Guigo, Guijo 1-2 AM L Scheffer and Eslyn 1961

*Classification Scale: 1 = very resistant; 2 = resistant, 3 = moderately resistant; 4 = nonresistant

**TA = Temperate America; AM = Tropical America; AS = Australia-Asia; EU = Europe; AF = Africa

(T) = termite resistant; (M) = marine borer resistant

F = Developed in field; L = Laboratory exposure; ? = Lack of information on test methodology

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FIELD/SPECIES TRADE NAME DECAY* AREA** LAB SOURCE

TEST

Shorea gysbertsiana Kawang jantong 4 AS L Takahashi and Kishima 1973Shorea hopeifolia Seraya kuning jantan 4 AS L Takahashi and Kishima 1973Shorea hypochra Komnhan 1 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Shorea hypoleuca Selangan batu kelabu 1-2 AS L Takahashi and Kishima 1973Shorea koordersii — 2 AS L Sukartana and Highley 1997Shorea laevis Selangan batu kumus 1-2 AS L Takahashi and Kishima 1973Shorea leprosula Saya-khao, 4 AS L Takahashi and Kishima 1973,

Seraya tembaya Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976

Shorea leptoderma Selangan batu biabis 1-2 AS L Takahashi and Kishima 1973Shorea macroptera Seraya melantai 3-4 AS L Takahashi and Kishima 1973Shorea negrosensis Dark red meranti, 2-3 AS L Moses 1955,

Dark red Philippine, Yatagai and Takahashi 1980, Red lauan Yamamoto and Hong 1989

Shorea obtusa Teng 1 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Shorea ovalis Saraya kepong 2-3 AS L Takahashi and Kishima 1973Shorea palosapis Mayapis, White lauan 2-3 AS L Moses 1955Shorea parvifolia Saya-luang, Seraya punai 2-4 AS L Takahashi and Kishima 1973,

Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976

Shorea platycarpa Seraya paya 2-3 AS L Takahashi and Kishima 1973Shorea robusta (M) Sal 1-2 AS F Kalyanasundaran and Ganti 1975,

Tewari 1978Shorea rugosa Meranti bakau 3 AS L Yamamoto and Hong 1989,

Skolmen 1974Shorea squamata Mayapis 1-3 AS L Mailum and Arenas 1973Shorea symingtonii Melapi bunga 3-4 AS L Takahashi and Kishima 1973Shorea talura Pa-yom, Talura 3 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert

1976, Tewari 1978Shorea thorelii Chan 2 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Sickingia spp. Araríba 3 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Sickingia salvadorensis — 1 AM L Torelli and Cufar 1994Sikingia sp. Manglillo colorado 2 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947Simaba multiflora Congrio 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Simarouba amara Marupa, Simarouba 4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Simarouba amata Cedro blanco 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Simarouba glauca Marupa 4 AM L Torelli and Cufar 1994Sindora coriacea Ai-kling 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Sindora siamensis Makatae 1 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Sloanea guianensis Aletón 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Sloanea laurifolia Almidón 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Sonneratia spp. Perepat 3 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Sonneratica apetala Keora 4 AS F Tewari 1978Sophora japonica Pagoda wood 4 AS L Clark 1969Soymida febrifuga Rohini 1 AS F Tewari 1978Spondias sp. Spondias 4 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Spondias mombin Hog plum, Hubu, 4 AM F/L Mayorca 1972,

Jobo, Mombin, Mope Chudnoff 1984, Torelli and Cufar 1994

Spondias pinnata Makok 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Staudtia sp. Niové 1-2 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Staudtia stipitata Niové 1-2 AF L Chudnoff 1984Sterculia alata Tongching 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Sterculia apetala Chicha, Panamá 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Sterculia foetida Samrong 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Sterculia oblonga Yellow sterculia 4 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Sterculia ornata Po-daeng 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert

1976Sterculia pruriens Majagua, Sterculia 4 AM F Mayorca 1972, Chudnoff 1984

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FIELD/SPECIES TRADE NAME DECAY* AREA** LAB SOURCE

TEST

Sterculia rhinopetala Brown sterculia, 3-4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976, Wawabima Chudnoff 1984

Stereospermum sp. Kae-sai 1 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Stereospermum personatum Padri 4 AS F Tewari 1978Stereospermum suaveolens Padri wood 4 AS F Tewari 1978Stereospermum xylocarpum Padri 3-4 AS F Tewari 1978Stewartia monadelpha Himeshara 4 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Stirax ramirezii Canelillo 4 AM F Herrera Rodriguez et al. 1978Strombosia glaucescens Afina 1 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Strombosia pustulata Afina 2-3 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Stryphnodendron polystachum Masaguaro 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Styrax obassia Hakuunboku 4 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Swartzia spp. Bannia, Wamara 1 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Swartzia aptera (M,T) Gombeira 1 AM L Tsunoda 1990Swartzia bannia Bannia 1 AM L Yoshimura 1962Swartzia cubensis Katalox 1 AM L Torelli and Cufar 1994Swartzia fistuloides Dina 1 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Swartzia panamensis Cutarro 3 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Swartzia simplex Naranjito 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Sweetia panamensis Huesito 1 AM L Torelli and Cufar 1994Sweetia panamensis Malvecíno 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Swietenia macrophylla Caoba mahogany, 1-3 AM L Moses 1955,

Honduras mahogany Bultman and Southwell 1976, Chudnoff 1984, Torelli and Cufar 1994

Swietenia mahogani West Indian mahogany 1 AM L Moses 1955Swintonia spp. Merpauh 4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Swintonia floribunda Taunghayet 4 AS F Tewari 1978Symphonia globulifera Cerillo, Chewstick, 2-4 AM, AF L Highley and Scheffer 1970,

Manil, Manni, Sambogum Bultman and Southwell 1976, Chudnoff 1984

Syncarpia glomulifera (M) Turpentine 1-3 AS F Chudnoff 1984, Thornton et al. 1993

Syncarpia hillii Satinay 3 AS F Thornton et al. 1993Syzygium sp. Daengpaktai, Satinash 2-3 AS L/F DaCosta and Osborne 1967,

Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976

Syzygium gardneri Jaman 4 AS F Tewari 1978Syzygium kanarensis Jaman 3-4 AS F Tewari 1978Syzygium praecox Jaman 4 AS F Tewari 1978Tabebuia sp. Guayacan 1-2 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947Tabebuia spp. (Lapacho group) Bethabara, Ipe, Lapacho 1 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Tabebuia spp. (Roble group) Mayflower, Roble 1-3 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Tabebuia spp. White-cedar, 4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984 (White-cedar group) White tabebuiaTabebuia chrysantha Guayacán negro, 1-2 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947,

Guayacin Bultman and Southwell 1976Tabebuia guayacan Guayacán 2 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Tabebuia pentaphylla Roble de sabana 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Tabebuia serratifolia Pau d’arco 3 AM L Tsunoda 1990Tabebuia serratifolia Araguaney 1 AM F Mayorca 1972Tabebuia stenocalyx Purguillo blanco 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Tachigalia sp. Tachi preto 3-4 AM L Tsunoda 1990Talauma mexicana — 4 AM L Torelli and Cufar 1994

*Classification Scale: 1 = very resistant; 2 = resistant, 3 = moderately resistant; 4 = nonresistant

**TA = Temperate America; AM = Tropical America; AS = Australia-Asia; EU = Europe; AF = Africa

(T) = termite resistant; (M) = marine borer resistant

F = Developed in field; L = Laboratory exposure; ? = Lack of information on test methodology

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FIELD/SPECIES TRADE NAME DECAY* AREA** LAB SOURCE

TEST

Tarrietia sp. Teraling 1 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Tarrietia sp. Niangon 3 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976Tarrietia javanica Choompraek 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Tarrietia perakensis Siadcho 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Tarrietia utilis Niangon 2 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Tarrietia utilis Wishmore 3 AF L Clark 1969Taxus baccata Yew 1 EU F British Dept. of Environment 1977Taxus brevifolia Pacific yew 2 TA F Miller 1986Tectona grandis Teak (Canal zone) 3 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Tectona grandis Teak (Burma) 3 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Tectona grandis (M) Sak, Teak 1-3 AS F/L Kukachka 1962, DaCosta and

Osborne 1967, Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976, Tewari 1978, Yatagai and Takahashi 1980, Chudnoff 1984

Teijsmanniodendron ahernianum Dangula, Sasalit 1-3 AS L Mailum and Arenas 1973, Menlado et al. 1975

Terminalia sp. Rokfa, Terminalia 2-3 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976, Yatagai and Takahashi 1980

Terminalia amazonia Amarillo, Pata de danto 4 AM F/L Mayorca 1972, Bultman and Southwell 1976

Terminalia amazonia Nargusta, Roble, 1-3 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947,White olive Highley and Scheffer 1970,

Chudnoff 1984, Torelli and Cufar 1994

Terminalia arjuna Arjun 3-4 AS F Tewari 1978Terminalia bellerica Bahera, Samo-pipek 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976,

Tewari 1978Terminalia bialata White chuglam 3-4 AS F/L Tewari 1978, Chudnoff 1984Terminalia calamansani Leina 4 AS F Tewari 1978Terminalia catappa Almond 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Terminalia catappa Indian almond wood 4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Terminalia chebula Myrobolan wood, 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976,

Samo-thai Tewari 1978Terminalia guianensis Pata de danto amarillo 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Terminalia ivorensis Framire, Idigbo 2 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Terminalia manii Black chuglam 4 AS F Tewari 1978Terminalia mucronata Tabaek-luad 2 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Terminalia myriocarpa Dalienze 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Terminalia myriocarpa Black hollock, 4 AS F Tewari 1978

White hollockTerminalia oliveri Than 4 AS F Tewari 1978Terminalia paniculata (M) Kindal 4 AS F Kalyanasundaran and Ganti 1975,

Tewari 1978Terminalia procera Badam, White bombay, 4 AS F/L Tewari 1978, Chudnoff 1984

White bombweTerminalia superba Afara, Limba 4 AF L Kukachka 1962,

Fortin and Polinquin 1976, Chudnoff 1984

Terminalia tomentosa (M) Indian laurel, Laurel 3-4 AS F Kalyanasundaran and Ganti 1975, Tewari 1978, Chudnoff 1984

Terminalia triptera Khi-ai 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Terminalia tripteroides Poochao 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Terminaria sp. Cuiarana 3-4 AM L Tsunoda 1990Ternstroemia seemannii Manglillo 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Testulea gabonensis Izombé 1-3 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Tetraberlinia tubmaniana Ekop, Liberian pine 3 AF L Clark 1969, Chudnoff 1984Tetragastris sp. — 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Tetragastris spp. Masa, Sali 1-2 AM ? Chudnoff 1984

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FIELD/SPECIES TRADE NAME DECAY* AREA** LAB SOURCE

TEST

Tetragastris mucronata Azucarito blanco 1 AM F Mayorca 1972Tetragastris panamensis Anime, Aracho 3-4 AM F/L Mayorca 1972,

Bultman and Southwell 1976Tetrameles nudiflora Sompong, Thitpok 4 AS F Santhakumaran 1973,

Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976, Chudnoff 1984

Tetramerista glabra Punah 3-4 AS L Chudnoff 1984, Yamamoto and Hong 1989

Tetrathylacium johansenii Macho 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Thuja occidentalis Northern white cedar 1-2 TA L Scheffer et al. 1949Thuja plicata Western redcedar 2 TA F/L Englerth and Scheffer 1955,

Miller 1986Thujopsis dolabrata Asunaro 1-2 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Thujopsis dolabrata var. Hondai Hiba 1 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Thuya standishii Nezuko 1 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Tieghemella heckelii Douka, Makoré 1 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Tilia maximowicziana Obashinanoki 4 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Tilia mexicana Cirimo 4 AM F Herrera Rodriguez et al. 1978Toona ciliata Toon 4 AS F Tewari 1978Toona ciliata var. australis Australian toon 3 AS L Clark 1969Toona serrata Hill toon 4 AS F Tewari 1978Toona sureni Surian 1 AS L Sukartana and Highley 1997Torrubia cuspidata Casabe 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Toulicia pulvinata Carapo blanco 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Trattinickia aspera Caraño 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Trattinickia lawrencei Copal 4 AM L Highley and Scheffer 1970Trattinickia rhoifolia Maro 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Trema orientalis Peach cedar 3 AS L Sukartana and Highley 1997Trewia nudiflora Ma-fo 4 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert

1976Trichilia propingua Bizcochuelo amarillo 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Trichilia tuberculata Alfaje 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Triplaris sp. Fernán sánchez, Muchín 3 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947Triplaris spp. Long John, Mierenhout 4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Triplaris surinamensis Santa María 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Triplochiton scleroxylon Abache, Obeche 1 AF L Kukachka 1962Triploichiton scleroxylon Obeché 4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Tristania sp. Rong leang 2 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980Tristania spp. Brush box 2 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Tristania conferta — 3-4 AS F DaCosta 1973Tristania decorticata Malabyabas 2 AS L Menlado et al. 1975Trophis spp. Morillo, Ramón 4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Tsuga canadensis Eastern hemlock 4 TA F British Dept. of Environment 1977Tsuga heterophylla Western hemlock 4 TA L Clark 1957Turraeanthus africana Avodiré 4 AF L Kukachka 1962Turreanthus africanus Apaya, Avodiré 4 AF L Fortin and Polinquin 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Uapaca spp. Sugar plum 1-3 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Ulmus alata Winged elm 3 TA L Carter et al. 1976Ulmus americana American elm 3 TA L Carter et al. 1976Ulmus wallichiana Elm 4 AS F Tewari 1978Unidentified Macano blanco 2 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Unidentified Vasca 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Unidentified Sigua 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976

*Classification Scale: 1 = very resistant; 2 = resistant, 3 = moderately resistant; 4 = nonresistant

**TA = Temperate America; AM = Tropical America; AS = Australia-Asia; EU = Europe; AF = Africa

(T) = termite resistant; (M) = marine borer resistant

F = Developed in field; L = Laboratory exposure; ? = Lack of information on test methodology

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40

*Classification Scale: 1 = very resistant; 2 = resistant, 3 = moderately resistant; 4 = nonresistant**TA = Temperate America; AM = Tropical America; AS = Australia-Asia; EU = Europe; AF = Africa(T) = termite resistant; (M) = marine borer resistantF = Developed in field; L = Laboratory exposure; ? = Lack of information on test methodology

Unidentified Naranjillo 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Upuna borneensis Upun batu 2 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Uraria alopecuroides Hangkarok 3 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert

1976Valice lanceaefolia — 4 AS F Tewari 1978Vatairea sp. Amargo-amargo 3 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Vatairea spp. Bitter angelim, Faveira 2-3 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Vatairea lundelii — 1 AM L Torelli and Cufar 1994Vaterica indica Vellapine 4 AS F Tewari 1978Vatica sp. Resak 1 AS L Yatagai and Takahashi 1980,

Yamamoto and Hong 1989Vatica manggachapui Narig 1 AS L Mailum and Arenas 1973Vatica micrantha Resak bulu 1-2 AS L Takahashi and Kishima 1973Virola sp. Chalviande 4 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947Virola spp. Baboen, Banak 4 AM L Kukachka 1962, Chudnoff

1984Virola koschnyi Bogamani 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Virola serbifera Mancha 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Virola surinamensis Banak, Cuajo 4 AM F Mayorca 1972, Reis 1972Vismia sp. Sangre de gallina 3-4 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947Vitex spp. Molave 1 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Vitex spp. Aceituno, Fiddlewood 1-3 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Vitex altissima Milla 1 AS F Tewari 1978Vitex cofassus Vitex 1-2 AS L DaCosta and Osborne 1967Vitex doniana Meru-oak, Vitex 4 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Vitex floridula Cuajado 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Vitex gaumeri Fiddlewood, Vite, 3-4 AM F Herrera Rodriguez et al. 1978,

Ya’axnik Torelli and Cufar 1994Vitex gigantea Pechiche 1 AM L Scheffer and Duncan 1947Vitex parviflora Molave 2 AS F Mailum and Arenas 1973Vitex pinnata Tinnok 1 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Vitex sthaelii Totumillo 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Vitex turczaninowii Lingo-lingo 2-3 AS F Mailum and Arenas 1973Vochysia spp. Quaruba, Yemeri 4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Vochysia ferruginea Mayo 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Vochysia hondurensis Quaruba, Yemeri 4 AM L Torelli and Cufar 1994Vochysia lehmannii Canelito 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Vochysia tetraphylla Lorjena 4 AM F Mayorca 1972Vouacapoua americana Acapú, Acapu, Wacapou 1-2 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976,

Chudnoff 1984Wallaceodendron celebicum Banuyo 4 AS ? Chudnoff 1984Walsurd robusta — 4 AS F Tewari 1978Weinmannia trichosperma Tineo 4 AM L French and Tainter 1973Widdringtonia whytei (M) Mianje-cedar 1 AF ? Chudnoff 1984Xerospermum intermedium Kohia 3 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Xylia dolabriformis (M) Pyinkado 3-4 AS F Tewari 1978Xylia kerii Daeng 1 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Xylia xylocarpa (M) Irul, Pyinkado 1-3 AS F/L Tewari 1978, Chudnoff 1984,

Santhakumaran et al. 1993Xylocarpus malaccensis Taboondam 3 AS F Anuwongse and Cholprasert 1976Zanthoxylum belizense Acabú 4 AM L Bultman and Southwell 1976Zanthoxylum flavum West Indian satinwood 4 AM ? Chudnoff 1984Zelkova serrata Keyaki 2-3 AS F Matsuoka et al. 1970Zinowiewia aff. concinna Librillo 4 AM F Herrera Rodriguez et al. 1978Ziziphus cinnamomum Ziziphus 1 AM L Highley and Scheffer 1970Zuelania guidonia Guagasi 3 AM L Torelli and Cufar 1994

FIELD/SPECIES TRADE NAME DECAY* AREA** LAB SOURCE

TEST

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Appendix—Trade and Scientific Names

Trade Name Scientific Name Page No.

Abache ............................... Triplochiton scleroxylon .................... 39Abemaki .............................. Quercus variabilis ............................ 34Abura .................................. Mitragyna sp. ..................................... 28Abura .................................. Mitragyna ciliata ................................ 28Acabú .................................. Zanthoxylum belizense ..................... 40Acacia ................................. Samanea saman ............................... 34Acajou d’Afrique ................. Khaya sp. ........................................... 25Acapu .................................. Vouacapoua americana .................... 40Acapú .................................. Vouacapoua americana .................... 40Aceito .................................. Copaifera officinalis .......................... 17Aceituno .............................. Vitex spp. ........................................... 40Achiotillo ............................. Alchornea latifolia ............................. 12Acuá .................................... Saccoglottis guianensia .................... 34Adjouaba ............................ Dacryodes spp. ................................. 18Adoung ............................... Monopetalanthus heitzii .................... 28Afara ................................... Terminalia superba ........................... 38Afina .................................... Strombosia glaucescens .................. 37Afina .................................... Strombosia pustulata ........................ 37African blackwood .............. Dalbergia melan oxylon .................... 18African canarium ................ Canarium schweinfurthii ................... 15African cedar ...................... Juniperus procera ............................. 25African celtis ....................... Celtis spp. .......................................... 16African corkwood ............... Musanga cecropioides ...................... 28African crabwood ............... Carapa sp. ......................................... 15African crabwood ............... Carapa procera ................................. 15African ebony ..................... Diospyros spp. .................................. 19African homalium ............... Homalium spp. .................................. 24African mahogany .............. Khaya spp. ........................................ 25African mahogany .............. Khaya grandifoliola ........................... 25African mahogany .............. Khaya ivorensis ................................. 25African oak ......................... Gilbertiodendron preussii ................. 23African padauk ................... Pterocarpus soyauxii ........................ 33African pencil cedar ........... Juniperus procera ............................. 25African-walnut .................... Lovoa trichilioides ............................. 27Afrormosia .......................... Pericopsis elata ................................. 31Afzelia ................................. Afzelia spp. ........................................ 11Agallochum ......................... Aquilaria malaccensis ....................... 13Agathis ................................ Agathis sp. ......................................... 11Agba .................................... Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum .. 23Aguacatico .......................... Hieronyma laxiflora ........................... 24Aguacatillo .......................... Phoebe johnstonii ............................. 31Aiélé .................................... Canarium schweinfurthii ................... 15Ai-kling ................................ Sindora coriacea ............................... 36Aini ...................................... Artocarpus hirsutus ........................... 13

Aji ........................................ Clarisia racemosa ............................. 17Ajo ....................................... Caryocar sp. ...................................... 15Akaezomatsu ..................... Picea glehnii ...................................... 31Akamatsu ............................ Pinus densiflora ................................ 31Ako ...................................... Antiaris sp. ......................................... 13Alamo.................................. Populus nigra .................................... 32Alaska cedar, Alaska-cedar ................... Chamaecyparis nootkatensis ........... 16Alazano ............................... Calycophyllum candidissimum ......... 15Albarco ............................... Cariniana pyriformis .......................... 15Albizzia ............................... Albizia spp. ........................................ 11Albizzia ............................... Albizia ferruginea .............................. 11Albizzia ............................... Albizzia falcata .................................. 11Alcanfor .............................. Cryptocarya sp. ................................. 18Alcornoque ......................... Mora oleifera ..................................... 28Alep ..................................... Desbordesia sp. ................................ 18Alerce ................................. Fitzroya cupressoides ....................... 22Aletón ................................. Sloanea guianensis .......................... 36Alfaje ................................... Trichilia tuberculata .......................... 39Algarrobo ............................ Hymenaea courbaril .......................... 24Algarrobo ............................ Hymenaea oblongifolia ..................... 24Almácigo ............................. Bursera simaruba .............................. 14Almendro ............................ Caryocar coccineum ......................... 15Almendro ............................ Coumarouna oleifera ........................ 17Almidón ............................... Sloanea laurifolia .............................. 36Almon .................................. Shorea sp. (eximia?) ......................... 35Almond ............................... Terminalia catappa ........................... 38Alstonia ............................... Alstonia sp. ........................................ 12Alstonia ............................... Alstonia congensis and Alstonia

boonei ............................................. 12Amaranth ............................ Peltogyne spp. .................................. 30Amarela .............................. Clarisia racemosa ............................. 17Amargo-amargo ................. Vatairea sp. ....................................... 40Amarillo ............................... Terminalia amazonia ........................ 38Amarillo de Guayaquil ....... Centrolobium orinocense ................. 16Amarillo negro .................... Lafoënsia punicifolia ......................... 25Amarillo tainde ................... Cryptocarya sp. ................................. 18Amazove ............................. Guibourtia ehie .................................. 23Amberoi .............................. Pterocymbium beccarii ..................... 33Amboina ............................. Pterocarpus indicus .......................... 33Amburana ........................... Amburana cearensis ......................... 12Amendoim .......................... Pterogyne nitens ............................... 33American elm ..................... Ulmus americana .............................. 39American muskwood ......... Guarea spp. ....................................... 23

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Amin .................................... Ochanostachys amentacea .............. 29Amoora ............................... Amoora spp. ...................................... 12Amoora ............................... Amoora cucullata .............................. 12Amoora ............................... Amoora wallichi ................................. 12Amoora ............................... Aphanamixis polystachya ................. 13Ampili .................................. Parinari oblongifolium ....................... 30Anani de terra firme ........... Moronobea coccinea ........................ 28Anaura ................................ Licania spp. ....................................... 26Andaman padauk ............... Pterocarpus dalbergioides ................ 33Andaman thingam .............. Hopea odorata .................................. 24Andiroba ............................. Carapa guianensis ............................ 15Andoung ............................. Monopetalanthus sp. ........................ 28Angelica tree ...................... Dendropanax arboreus ..................... 18Angelin ................................ Andira inermis ................................... 12Angelique ........................... Dicorynia guianensis ........................ 19Angélique ........................... Dicorynia guianensis ........................ 19Angélique ........................... Dicorynia paraensis .......................... 19Angico ................................. Anadenanthera peregrina ................. 12Angu ................................... Cynometra alexandri ......................... 18Anguek ............................... Ongokea gore ............................. 29, 30Angueuk ............................. Ongokea gore ............................. 29, 30Anime .................................. Protium sp. ........................................ 33Anime .................................. Tetragastris panamensis .................. 39Aningeria ............................ Aningeria spp. ................................... 12Anisoptera .......................... Anisoptera polyandra ........................ 12Anjan ................................... Hardwickia binata .............................. 24Anoncillo ............................. Rollinia exsucca ................................ 34Anthocephalus ................... Anthocephalus cadamba .................. 12Antiaris ................................ Antiaris spp. ...................................... 13Antipolo ............................... Artocarpus blancoi ............................ 13Anubing .............................. Allaenthus ovata ............................... 12Apaya .................................. Turreanthus africanus ....................... 39Apitong ............................... Dipterocarpus spp. ............................ 19Apitong ............................... Dipterocarpus grandiflorus ............... 19Apitong ............................... Dyterocarpus sp. ............................... 20Aracho ................................ Tetragastris panamensis .................. 39Araguaney .......................... Tabebuia serratifolia ......................... 37Arakashi .............................. Quercus glauca ................................. 34Araracanga ......................... Aspidosperma spp. ........................... 13Araracanga ......................... Aspidosperma album ........................ 13Araracanqa ......................... Aspidosperma macrocarpon ............ 13Arariba ................................ Centrolobium spp. ............................. 16Araríba ................................ Sickingia spp. .................................... 36Arjun ................................... Terminalia arjuna .............................. 38Aromata .............................. Clathrotropis spp. .............................. 17Ash ...................................... Fraxinus excelsior ............................. 22Ash ...................................... Fraxinus floribunda ........................... 22Asiatic podocarpus ............ Podocarpus imbricatus ..................... 32Aspen .................................. Populus tremuloides ......................... 32Assamela ............................ Afrormosia elata ................................ 11Asunaro .............................. Thujopsis dolabrata .......................... 39Australian blackwood ......... Acacia melanoxylon .......................... 11Australian cypress pine ..... Callitris glauca ................................... 14Australian red-cedar .......... Cedrela spp. ...................................... 16Australian toon ................... Toona ciliata var. australis ............... 39Avodiré ............................... Turraeanthus africana ...................... 39Avodiré ............................... Turreanthus africanus ....................... 39Awiemfo-samina ................ Albizia ferruginea .............................. 11Axle wood ........................... Anogeissus latifolia ........................... 12Ayan .................................... Distemonanthus benthamianus ........ 20Azobé .................................. Lophira alata ..................................... 26Azucarito ............................ Protinum decandrum ........................ 33Azucarito blanco ................ Tetragastris mucronata ..................... 39

Azulillo ................................ Cornus disciflora ............................... 17Baboen ............................... Virola spp. ......................................... 40Babul ................................... Acacia nilotica sp. (indica) ............... 11Badam ................................ Terminalia procera ............................ 38Bagasse .............................. Bagassa guianensis .......................... 13Bagtikan .............................. Parashorea sp. .................................. 30Bagtikan .............................. Parashorea plicata ............................ 30Bahera ................................ Terminalia bellerica ........................... 38Bakauan ............................. Rhizophora apiculata ........................ 34Bakauan-balsae ................. Rhizophora mucronata ..................... 34Bala ..................................... Gliricidia sepium................................ 23Balan ................................... Shorea (Shorea) sp. ......................... 35Balau ................................... Shorea sp. ......................................... 35Balau group ........................ Shorea spp. ....................................... 35Ballagi ................................. Poeciloneuron indicum ..................... 31Balsa ................................... Ochroma lagopus Sw. ...................... 29Balsa ................................... Ochroma pyramidale ........................ 29Balsam ................................ Calophyllum brasiliense ................... 15Balsam poplar .................... Populus balsamifera ......................... 32Balsamo .............................. Myroxylon balsamum ........................ 29Bálsamo .............................. Myroxylon balsamum ........................ 29Balsaria ............................... Calophyllum brasiliense ................... 15Bambangan ........................ Mangifera pajang .............................. 27Bambito .............................. Nectandra whitei ............................... 29Bambito colorado ............... Nectandra whitei ............................... 29Banaba ............................... Lagerstroemia speciosa ................... 26Banak .................................. Virola spp. ......................................... 40Banak .................................. Virola surinamensis .......................... 40Banati ................................. Lophopetalum wightianum ............... 27Bandarra ............................. Schizolobium parahybum ................. 35Banga-wanga ..................... Amblygonocarpus andongenesis ..... 12Bangkirai ............................ Shorea (Shorea) sp. ......................... 35Bannia ................................ Swartzia spp. ..................................... 37Bannia ................................ Swartzia bannia ................................ 37Banuyo ............................... Wallaceodendron celebicum ............ 40Baracara ............................. Ormosia spp. ..................................... 30Baramán ............................. Catostemma commune ..................... 16Baromalli ............................ Catostemma spp. .............................. 16Basra locus ........................ Dicorynia paraensis .......................... 19Basralocus .......................... Dicorynia guianensis ........................ 19Batai .................................... Albizia falcataria ................................ 11Bedaru ................................ Cantleya corniculata ......................... 15Bel ....................................... Aegle marmelos ................................ 11Belangan saninten ............. Castanopsis argentea ....................... 15Belian .................................. Eusideroxylon zwageri ...................... 22Bella maria ......................... Calophyllum inophyllum .................... 15Bellan .................................. Eusideroxylon zwageri ...................... 22Benge ................................. Guibourtia arnoldiana ....................... 23Benguet pine ...................... Pinus insularis ................................... 31Benin mahogany ................ Khaya grandifoliola ........................... 25Benteak .............................. Lagerstroemia lanceolata ................. 26Benuang ............................. Octomeles sumatrana ....................... 29Berangan ............................ Castanopsis spp. .............................. 15Berba .................................. Brosimum sp. .................................... 14Berekankum ....................... Manilkara multinervis ........................ 27Berlinia ................................ Berlinia spp. ...................................... 14Bete .................................... Mansonia altissima ........................... 27Bethabara ........................... Tabebuia spp. (Lapacho group) ....... 37Bijasal ................................. Pterocarpus marsupium ................... 33Bilinga ................................. Nauclea trillesii .................................. 29Bindang .............................. Agathis alba ....................................... 11Binga ................................... Mitragyna rotundifolia ....................... 27Bintangor ............................ Calophyllum spp. .............................. 15

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Binuang .............................. Octomeles sumatrana ....................... 29Bishopwood ........................ Bischofia javanica ............................. 14Bissilom .............................. Khaya sp. ........................................... 25Bitanghol ............................ Calophyllum blancoi .......................... 15Bitter angelim ..................... Vatairea spp. ..................................... 40Bizcochuelo amarillo .......... Trichilia propingua ............................ 39Black beech ........................ Nothofagus solandri .......................... 29Black cabbage bark ........... Lonchocarpus castilloi ...................... 26Black cabbage-bark ........... Lonchocarpus spp. ............................ 26Black chuglam .................... Terminalia manii ................................ 38Black hollock ...................... Terminalia myriocarpa ...................... 38Black locust ........................ Robinia pseudoacacia ...................... 34Black oak ............................ Quercus velutina ............................... 34Black peppermint ............... Eucalyptus amygdalina ..................... 21Black pine ........................... Pinus amara ...................................... 31Black tupelo ........................ Nyssa sylvatica ................................. 29Black wattle ........................ Acacia mollissima ............................. 11Blackbutt ............................. Eucalyptus pilularis ........................... 22Blackjack oak ..................... Quercus marilandica ......................... 34Blue gum ............................ Eucalyptus globulus .......................... 21Blue mahoe ........................ Hibiscus elatus .................................. 24Bocsúo ................................ Fagara aff. F. Martinicense .............. 22Bodioa ................................ Anopyxis klaineana ........................... 12Bodwe ................................. Coula edulis ....................................... 17Bodwe ................................. Ongokea gore .................................... 30Bogamani ........................... Virola koschnyi .................................. 40Bois pagode ....................... Inga alba ............................................ 25Bollywood ........................... Lophostemon reticulata .................... 27Bombax .............................. Bombax spp. ..................................... 14Bongassi ............................. Lophira procera ................................. 27Bonsamdua ........................ Distemonanthus benthamianus ........ 20Bonsum .............................. Phoebe sp. ........................................ 31Boonnak ............................. Mesua ferrea ..................................... 28Borneo ironwood ................ Eusideroxylon zwageri ...................... 22Borneo oak ......................... Quercus sp. ....................................... 33Bossé .................................. Guarea sp. ......................................... 23Brazilian rosewood ............ Dalbergia nigra .................................. 18Brazilian-walnut .................. Phoebe porosa .................................. 31Brazil-nut tree ..................... Bertholletia excelsa .......................... 14Brigalow .............................. Agathis harpophylla .......................... 11Broad-leaved peppermint .. Eucalyptus dives ............................... 21Broad-leaved tea-tree ........ Melaleuca quinquenervia ................. 28Broad-winged apitong ........ Dipterocarpus speciosus .................. 19Bronze shower ................... Cassia moschata .............................. 15Brown mallet ...................... Eucalyptus astringens ...................... 21Brown silverballi ................. Licaria spp. ........................................ 26Brown sterculia .................. Sterculia rhinopetala ......................... 37Brown stringybark .............. Eucalyptus capitellata ....................... 21Brownbarrel ........................ Eucalyptus fastigata .......................... 21Brush box ........................... Lophostemon confertus .................... 27Brush box ........................... Tristania spp. ..................................... 39Bubinga .............................. Guibourtia spp. .................................. 23Buk ...................................... Quercus lamellosa ............................ 34Bull oak ............................... Agathis luehmannii ........................... 11Bulletwood .......................... Manilkara bidentata .......................... 27Bulletwood .......................... Manilkara huberi ............................... 27Bulletwood .......................... Mimusops elengi ............................... 28Bulletwood .......................... Mimusops littoralis ............................ 28Bullich ................................. Eucalyptus megacarpa ..................... 21Buna ................................... Fagus crenata ................................... 22Bungar ................................ Lagerstroemia speciosa ................... 26Burada ................................ Parinari spp. ...................................... 30Burkea ................................ Burkea africana ................................. 14

Burma lancewood .............. Homalium spp. .................................. 24Burma padauk .................... Pterocarpus macrocarpus ................ 33Busaing ............................... Bruguiera gymnorrhiza ..................... 14Cabimo ............................... Copaifera aromatica ......................... 17Cacaíto ............................... Eschweilera grata ............................. 21Cacho ................................. Chaetocarpus schomburgkianus ..... 16Cadam ................................ Anthocephalus chinensis .................. 12Cagui .................................. Caryocar spp. .................................... 15Caimito ............................... Chrysophyllum cainito ...................... 16Caimito ............................... Cynodendron spp. ............................. 18Cajeput ............................... Melaleuca quinquenervia ................. 28Calophyllum ....................... Calophyllum sp. ................................. 14Calophyllum ....................... Calophyllum papuanum .................... 15Camphor wood ................... Cinnamomum spp. ............................ 16Campnosperma .................. Campnosperma brevipetiolata ......... 15Caña fístola ........................ Cassia moschata .............................. 15Canalete ............................. Cordia spp. (Gerascanthus group) .. 17Cananga ............................. Canangium odoratum ....................... 15Canarium ............................ Canarium sp. ..................................... 15Canary wood ...................... Centrolobium spp. ............................. 16Candlebark ......................... Eucalyptus rubida ............................. 22Candle-tree ........................ Dacryodes excelsa ............................ 18Canela-rosa ........................ Persea spp. ....................................... 31Canelillo .............................. Stirax ramirezii .................................. 37Canelito .............................. Vochysia lehmannii ........................... 40Canelito negro .................... Andira retusa ..................................... 12Canelo ................................ Drimys winteri .................................... 20Canelo ................................ Nectandra spp. .................................. 29Canelón .............................. Croton xanthochloros ........................ 18Cangerana .......................... Cabralea cangerana ......................... 14Caoba ................................. Beilschmiedia sp. .............................. 13Caoba ................................. Nectandra pisi ................................... 29Caoba ................................. Platymiscium pinnatum ..................... 32Caoba mahogany ............... Swietenia macrophylla ...................... 36Capa de tabaco .................. Couratari pulchra .............................. 17Capomo .............................. Brosimum spp. (Alicastrum group) .. 14Capure ................................ Pouteria pomifera .............................. 33Caramacate ........................ Piranhea longepedunculata .............. 32Caraño ................................ Trattinickia aspera ............................ 39Carapa ................................ Carapa guianensis ............................ 15Carapo blanco .................... Toulicia pulvinata .............................. 39Carbonero .......................... Piptadenia pittieri .............................. 32Carbonero de amunición ... Colubrina glandulosa ........................ 17Caribbean pine ................... Pinus caribaea .................................. 31Caribbean pitch pine .......... Pinus caribea .................................... 31Carne asada ....................... Myrcia paivae .................................... 29Carne d’anta ....................... Maytenus spp. ................................... 27Caro montañero ................. Parkia oppositifolia ............................ 30Carrá ................................... Huberodendron sp. ........................... 24Cartán ................................. Centrolobium paraense .................... 16Carutillo .............................. Chimarrihis microcarpa ..................... 16Caruto montañero .............. Genipa americana ............................. 23Casabe ............................... Torrubia cuspidata ............................ 39Cascarón ............................ Parkia pendula .................................. 30Cascol ................................. Libidibia corymbosa .......................... 26Castaheira sapucaia .......... Lecythis paraensis ............................ 26Castanheira do pará .......... Bertholletia excelsa .......................... 14Casuarina ........................... Casuarina spp. .................................. 16Casuarina ........................... Casuarina equisetifolia ..................... 16Cativo ................................. Prioria copaifera ................................ 33Caucho ............................... Sapium prob. jenmanni ..................... 35Caviuna .............................. Machaerium spp. .............................. 27Cayenito ............................. Banara guianensis ............................ 13

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Cedro .................................. Cedrela spp. ...................................... 16Cedro .................................. Cedrela fissilis ................................... 16Cedro amargo .................... Cedrela mexicana ............................. 16Cedro blanco ...................... Simarouba amata .............................. 36Cedro de Castilla ............... Cedrela fissilis ................................... 16Cedro dulce ........................ Eriotheca sp. ..................................... 20Cedro espino ...................... Bombacopsis quinata ....................... 14Cedro granadino ................ Cedrela sp. ........................................ 16Cedro macho ...................... Carapa slateri .................................... 15Cedro rojo ........................... Cedrela angustifolia .......................... 16Cedro vino .......................... Carapa sp. ......................................... 15Cedro-rana ......................... Cedrelinga catenaeformis ................ 16Ceiba .................................. Ceiba pentandra ............................... 16Ceibo .................................. Bombacopsis sessilis ........................ 14Celery-top pine ................... Pinus asplenifolius ............................ 31Celtis ................................... Celtis sp. ............................................ 16Cenizo ................................ Chaetoptelea mexicana .................... 16Central American cedar ..... Cedrela odorata ................................ 16Cerillo ................................. Symphonia globulifera ...................... 37Chalaebgaeng .................... Acacia leucophloea ........................... 11Chalviande ......................... Virola sp. ........................................... 39Champ ................................ Michelia doltsopa .............................. 28Champ ................................ Michelia montana .............................. 28Champa .............................. Michelia sp. ....................................... 28Champaca .......................... Michelia spp. ..................................... 28Champaka .......................... Michelia sp. ....................................... 28Champee ............................ Manglietia insignis ............................ 27Chan ................................... Shorea thorelii ................................... 36Chandong ........................... Diospyros sp. .................................... 19Chanpa ............................... Myristica sp. ...................................... 29Chantian ............................. Alstonia scholaris .............................. 12Chanul ................................ Humiria sp. ........................................ 24Chaplash ............................ Artocarpus chaplasha ....................... 13Charo .................................. Brosimum alicastrum ........................ 14Charo macho ...................... Helicostilis tomentosa ....................... 24Chengal .............................. Balanocarpus spp. ............................ 13Chengal .............................. Balanocarpus heimii ......................... 13Chengal .............................. Neobalanocarpus heimii ................... 29Cherrybark oak .................. Quercus falcata var. pagadaefolia ... 34Chestnut oak ...................... Quercus montana ............................. 34Chewstick ........................... Symphonia globulifera ...................... 37Chhoeuteal bangkuoi ......... Dipterocarpus insularis ..................... 19Chhoeuteal sar ................... Dipterocarpus alatus ......................... 19Chibugá .............................. Cariniana pyriformis .......................... 15Chicha ................................ Sterculia apetala ............................... 36Chickrassy .......................... Chukrasia tabularis ........................... 16Chickrassy .......................... Chukrasia velutina ............................ 16Chicle .................................. Ecclinusa guianensis ........................ 20Chicozapote ....................... Manilkara zapota ............................... 27Chikkhao ............................. Palaquium obovatum ........................ 30Chilauni ............................... Schima wallichii ................................. 35Chile pine ........................... Araucaria araucana .......................... 13Chillarde ............................. Belotia sp. .......................................... 13Chinaberry tree .................. Melia azedarach ................................ 28Chingchan .......................... Dalbergia oliveri ................................ 18Chir ..................................... Pinus roxburghii ................................ 31Chisocheton ....................... Chisocheton sp. ................................ 16Choompraek ....................... Tarrietia javanica .............................. 38Chuchupate ........................ Guarea longipetiola ........................... 23Chupón ............................... Chrysophyllum caracasanum ........... 16Chupón ............................... Pradosia spp. .................................... 33Cinnamomum ..................... Cinnamomum sp. .............................. 16Cinnamon ........................... Cinnamomum glauscescen .............. 17

Cinnamon ........................... Cinnamomum iners ........................... 17Cinnamon wood ................. Cinnamomum spp. ............................ 16Ciprés de las guaitecas ..... Pilgerodendron uvifera ..................... 31Cirimo ................................. Tilia mexicana ................................... 39Coast grey box ................... Eucalyptus bosistoana ...................... 21Coast redwood ................... Sequoia sempervirens ...................... 35Coataquiçaua ..................... Peltogyne paradoxa .......................... 30Cocí .................................... Andira inermis ................................... 12Coco ................................... Lecythis ampla .................................. 26Coco ................................... Manilkara sp. ..................................... 27Cocobolo ............................ Dalbergia retusa ................................ 18Coffeewood ........................ Caesalpinia spp. ............................... 14Coigue ................................ Nothofagus spp. ................................ 29Coígue ................................ Nothofagus dombeyi ......................... 29Colomon wood ................... Eriolana candollei ............................. 20Colorado ............................. Pouteria sp. ....................................... 32Congrio ............................... Diplotropis purpurea ......................... 19Congrio ............................... Simaba multiflora .............................. 36Congrio blanco ................... Goupia glabra .................................... 23Copaia ................................ Jacaranda copaia .............................. 25Copaiba .............................. Copaifera spp. ................................... 17Copaiba .............................. Sclerolobium micranthum ................. 35Copal .................................. Protium spp. ...................................... 33Copal .................................. Trattinickia lawrencei ........................ 39Copalier .............................. Guibourtia coleosperma ................... 23Coquito ............................... Erythroxylon glaucum ....................... 21Cordia ................................. Cordia spp. ........................................ 17Cordyla ............................... Cordyla africana ................................ 17Corisa ................................. Chorisia insignis ................................ 16Corotú ................................. Enterolobium cyclocarpum ............... 20Corsican pine ..................... Pinus nigra subsp. laricio ................. 31Coula .................................. Coula edulis ....................................... 17Courbaril ............................. Hymenaea courbaril .......................... 24Cow tree ............................. Couma macrocarpa .......................... 17Cow-tree ............................. Brosimum spp. (Utile group) ............ 14Cow-tree ............................. Brosimum utile .................................. 14Crabwood ........................... Carapa guianensis ............................ 15Cramantee .......................... Guarea spp. ....................................... 23Crillo ................................... Minquartia guianensis ....................... 28Cuajado .............................. Vitex floridula .................................... 40Cuajinicuil de hoja chica .... Inga hintoni ........................................ 25Cuajinicuil de hoja grande . Inga vera ............................................ 25Cuajo .................................. Virola surinamensis .......................... 40Cuangare ............................ Dialyanthera spp. .............................. 18Cuángare ............................ Dialyanthera gordoniaefolia ............. 18Cuiarana ............................. Terminaria sp. ................................... 38Cupiuba .............................. Goupia glabra .................................... 23Curarina .............................. Enterolobium schomburgkii .............. 20Curupay .............................. Anadenanthera macrocarpa ............. 12Curupi ................................. Sapium spp. ...................................... 34Cutarro ................................ Swartzia panamensis ........................ 37Cutch .................................. Acacia catechu .................................. 11Cypress .............................. Cupressus torulosa ........................... 18Dabéma .............................. Piptadeniastrum africanum............... 32Daeng ................................. Xylia kerii ........................................... 40Daengdong ......................... Schoutenia hypoleuca ...................... 35Daengpaktai ....................... Syzygium sp. ..................................... 37Dahoma .............................. Piptadeniastrum africanum............... 32Dahurian larch .................... Larix dahurica .................................... 26Dalienze .............................. Terminalia myriocarpa ...................... 38Damar minyak .................... Agathis alba ....................................... 11Damar minyde .................... Agathis alba ....................................... 11Dangula .............................. Teijsmanniodendron ahernianum .... 18

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Danta .................................. Nesogordonia papaverifera .............. 29Darah darah ....................... Myristica spp. .................................... 29Dark red meranti ................ Shorea negrosensis .......................... 36Dark red Philippine ............ Shorea negrosensis .......................... 36Degame .............................. Calycophyllum candidissimum ......... 15Deglupta ............................. Eucalyptus deglupta ......................... 21Demerara greenheart ........ Ocotea rodiaei ................................... 29Denya ................................. Cylicodiscus gabunensis .................. 18Deodar ................................ Cedrus deodara ................................ 16Determa .............................. Ocotea rubra ..................................... 29Dhak ................................... Butea monosperma ........................... 14Dhaman .............................. Grewia tiliaefolia ............................... 23Dhup ................................... Canarium euphyllum ......................... 15Dhup ................................... Canarium strictum ............................. 15Dibétou ............................... Lovoa sp. ........................................... 27Difou ................................... Morus sp. ........................................... 28Difou ................................... Morus mesozygia .............................. 28Dillenia ................................ Dillenia indica .................................... 19Dillenia ................................ Dillenia pentagyna ............................ 19Dina .................................... Swartzia fistuloides ........................... 37Dinglas ................................ Eucalyptus deglupta ......................... 21Djedoe ................................ Sclerolobium spp. ............................. 35Dodwe................................. Ongokea gore .................................... 30Douglas-fir .......................... Pseudotsuga menziesii ..................... 33Douka ................................. Tieghemella heckelii ......................... 39Doussié ............................... Afzelia spp. ........................................ 11Duabankyu ......................... Dialium aubrevillei ............................. 18Dungon ............................... Heritiera sylvatica ............................. 24Dungon-late ........................ Heritiera littoralis ............................... 24Durian ................................. Durio spp. .......................................... 20Duru .................................... Apeiba spp. ....................................... 13East African camphorwood ... Ocotea usambarensis ....................... 29East African olive ............... Olea hochstetteri ............................... 29East African satinwood ...... Fagara macrophylla .......................... 22East India satinwood ......... Chloroxylon swietenia ....................... 16East Indian ebony .............. Diospyros spp. .................................. 19Eastern Canadian spruce ..... Picea glauca ...................................... 31Eastern hemlock ................ Tsuga canadensis ............................. 39Eastern white pine ............. Pinus strobus .................................... 32Ebène ................................. Diospyros sp. .................................... 19Ebiara ................................. Berlinia spp. ...................................... 14Ebo...................................... Dipteryx odorata ................................ 19Ebony .................................. Diospyros melonoxylon .................... 19Ekebergia ........................... Ekebergia rueppelliana ..................... 20Ekki ..................................... Lophira alata ..................................... 26Ekop .................................... Tetraberlinia tubmaniana .................. 38Ekoune ............................... Coelocaryon preussii ........................ 17Elm ...................................... Ulmus wallichiana ............................. 39Emien .................................. Alstonia sp. ........................................ 12Encino ................................. Quercus spp. ..................................... 34Encino ................................. Quercus copeyensis ......................... 34Encino amarillo .................. Quercus resinosa .............................. 34Encino bornio ..................... Quercus excelsa ............................... 34Encino rojo ......................... Quercus acutifolia ............................. 34Eng...................................... Dipterocarpus tuberculatus .............. 19Engelmann spruce ............. Picea engelmanni ............................. 31Ensiva ................................. Ocotea dendrodaphne ...................... 29Erima .................................. Octomeles sumatrana ....................... 29Erimado .............................. Ricinodendron heudelotii .................. 34Esenge ............................... Maesopsis eminii .............................. 27Espave ................................ Anacardium excelsum ...................... 12Essessang .......................... Ricinodendron sp. ............................. 34

Essia ................................... Combretodendron macrocarpum (africanum) ..................................... 17

Estribeiro ............................ Luehea spp. ....................................... 27Eucalipto ............................. Eucalyptus citriodora ........................ 21European larch ................... Larix decidua ..................................... 26European spruce ................ Picea abies or Picea excelsa ........... 31Eveuss ................................ Klainedoxa busgenii .......................... 25Eveuss ................................ Klainedoxa gabonensis .................... 25Eyong .................................. Eribroma oblonga .............................. 20Eyoum................................. Dialium sp. ......................................... 18Eyoum................................. Dialium dinklagei ............................... 18Ezomatsu ............................ Picea jezoensis ................................. 31Faeira ................................. Roupala montana .............................. 34Faro .................................... Daniellia sp. ....................................... 18Faveira ................................ Vatairea spp. ..................................... 40Fernán sánchez ................. Triplaris sp. ........................................ 39Fiddlewood ......................... Vitex spp. ........................................... 40Fiddlewood ......................... Vitex gaumeri .................................... 40Figueroa ............................. Carapa guianensis ............................ 15Fir ........................................ Abies pindrow .................................... 11Fir ........................................ Abies spectabilis ............................... 11Foeng .................................. Cananga latifolia ............................... 15Foengoe ............................. Parinari spp. ...................................... 31Forest red gum ................... Eucalyptus tereticornis ..................... 22Framire ............................... Terminalia ivorensis .......................... 38Freijo ................................... Cordia spp. (Alliodora group) ........... 17Fresno macho .................... Fraxinus uhdei ................................... 23Frijolillo ............................... Pseudosamanea guachapele ........... 33Fromager ............................ Ceiba pentandra ............................... 16Fustic .................................. Chlorophora tinctoria ........................ 16Gagil ................................... Hopea sangal .................................... 24Gallito ................................. Erythrina glauca ................................ 20Gamari ................................ Cleistanthus collinus ......................... 17Gamari ................................ Gmelina arborea ............................... 23Gangaw .............................. Mesua ferrea ..................................... 28Garuga ................................ Garuga floribunda ............................. 23Gavilán ............................... Peniaclethra macroloba .................... 30Gedu nohor ........................ Entandrophragma angolense ........... 20Genipa ................................ Genipa americana ............................. 23Geronggan ......................... Cratoxylon arborescens .................... 17Geronggang ....................... Cratoxylon arborescens .................... 17Gesehan ............................. Aglaia laevigata ................................. 11Giam ................................... Cotylelobium sp. ............................... 17Giam ................................... Hopea spp. ........................................ 24Gisok ................................... Shorea gisok ..................................... 35Gisok-gisok ........................ Hopea philipensis .............................. 24Gluta ................................... Gluta travancorica ............................. 23Gmelina .............................. Gmelina sp. ....................................... 23Gmelina .............................. Gmelina arborea ............................... 23Gokul .................................. Ailanthus grandis .............................. 11Gombeira ............................ Swartzia aptera ................................. 37Gommier ............................. Dacryodes excelsa ............................ 18Goncalo alves .................... Astronium graveolens ....................... 13Granadillo ........................... Platymiscium yuacatanum ................ 32Green ash ........................... Fraxinus pennsylvanica .................... 22Greenheart ......................... Ocotea rodiaei ................................... 29Grevillea ............................. Grevillea robusta ............................... 23Grey box ............................. Eucalyptus moluccana ...................... 22Grey ironbark ..................... Eucalyptus paniculata ....................... 22Gronfoeloe .......................... Qualea spp. ....................................... 33Grumixava .......................... Micropholis spp. ................................ 28Guachapele ........................ Pseudosamanea guachapele ........... 33Guacharaco amarillo ......... Eschweilera hologyne ....................... 21Guacimo ............................. Luehea spp. ....................................... 27

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Guácimo ............................. Guazuma ulmifolia ............................ 23Guácimo ............................. Luehea seemannii ............................. 27Guadaripo ........................... Persea sp. ......................................... 31Guagasi .............................. Zuelania guidonia .............................. 40Guaicara ............................. Dipteryx alata .................................... 19Guamillo ............................. Sclerolobium guianense ................... 35Guamillo rojo ...................... Sclerolobium paniculatum ................ 35Guamo blanco .................... Inga floribunda .................................. 25Guamo colorado ................ Inga alba ............................................ 25Guamo rabo de mono ........ Inga ingoides ..................................... 25Guanacaste ........................ Enterolobium cyclocarpum ............... 20Guapuruvu .......................... Schizolobium parahybum ................. 35Guaragao ............................ Guarea guara .................................... 23Guarapo .............................. Qualea dinizii ..................................... 33Guaratarillo ......................... Mouriri sideroxylon ............................ 28Guarataro ........................... Mouriri huberi .................................... 28Guarea ................................ Guarea cedrata ................................. 23Guattieria ............................ Guatteria chlorantha ......................... 23Guayabito blanco ............... Eugenia compta ................................ 22Guayabo blanco ................. Brosimum sp. .................................... 14Guayabo macho ................. Eschweilera sp. ................................. 21Guayacan ........................... Tabebuia sp. ...................................... 37Guayacán ........................... Tabebuia guayacan .......................... 37Guayacán negro ................ Tabebuia chrysantha ........................ 37Guayacán pechiche ........... Minquartia guianensis ....................... 28Guayacin ............................ Tabebuia chrysantha ........................ 37Guazuma ............................ Guazuma crinita ................................ 23Gubas ................................. Endospermum spp. ........................... 20Guigo .................................. Shorea guiso ..................................... 35Guijo ................................... Shorea guiso ..................................... 35Guión .................................. Pseudolmedia eggersii ..................... 33Gumbo-limbo ...................... Bursera simaruba .............................. 14Gumhar ............................... Gmelina arborea ............................... 23Gurjan ................................. Dipterocarpus abtusifolius ................ 19Gurjan ................................. Dipterocarpus griffithii ....................... 19Gurjan ................................. Dipterocarpus indicus ....................... 19Gurjan ................................. Dipterocarpus kerrii ........................... 19Gurjan ................................. Dipterocarpus turbinatus .................. 19Gympie messmate ............. Eucalyptus cloeziana ........................ 21Hackberry ........................... Celtis spp. .......................................... 16Haiari .................................. Alexa imperatricis ............................. 12Hakuunboku ....................... Styrax obassia ................................... 37Haldu .................................. Adina cordifolia ................................. 11Hamchon ............................ Polyalthia sp. ..................................... 32Hangkarok .......................... Miliusa velutina ................................. 28Hangkarok .......................... Uraria alopecuroides ........................ 40Harigiri ................................ Kalopanax pictus ............................... 25Harimomi ............................ Picea polita ........................................ 31Henené ............................... Caryocar costaricense ...................... 15Hiang .................................. Dipterocarpus obtusifolius ................ 19Hiba .................................... Thujopsis dolabrata var. Hondai ...... 39Hickory ................................ Carya spp. ......................................... 15Hielillo blanco ..................... Aspidosperma megalocarpon ........... 13Hielillo negro ...................... Aspidosperma album ........................ 13Hierrito ................................ Licania densiflora .............................. 26Higuerón ............................. Ficus sp. ............................................ 22Hill toon .............................. Toona serrata .................................... 39Himekomatsu ..................... Pinus pentaphylla .............................. 31Himeshara .......................... Stewartia monadelpha ...................... 37Hinoki .................................. Chamaecyparis obtusa ..................... 16Hirtella ................................ Hirtella triandra .................................. 24Hog plum ............................ Spondias mombin ............................. 36Hollong ............................... Dipterocarpus macrocarpus ............. 19

Honduras mahogany ......... Swietenia macrophylla ...................... 37Honduras rosewood ........... Dalbergia stevensonii ....................... 18Honoki ................................ Magnolia obovata .............................. 27Hoop-pine ........................... Araucaria spp. ................................... 13Hopea ................................. Hopea cordifolia ................................ 24Hopea ................................. Hopea glabra ..................................... 24Hopea ................................. Hopea iriana ...................................... 24Hopea ................................. Hopea parviflora ................................ 24Hora .................................... Dipterocarpus zeylanicus ................. 19Hora .................................... Dysoxylum zeylanicus ...................... 20Hubu ................................... Spondias mombin ............................. 36Huesito ............................... Sweetia panamensis ......................... 37Hueso de pescado ............. Pithecellobium pedicellare ............... 32Humeriastrum ..................... Humiriastrum excelsum .................... 24Huon pine ........................... Lophostemon franklinii ...................... 27Hura .................................... Hura crepitans ................................... 24Hymenaea .......................... Hymenaea oblongifolia ..................... 24Idigbo .................................. Terminalia ivorensis .......................... 38Igaganda ............................. Dacryodes igaganda ......................... 18Iguanillo .............................. Lonchocarpus sp. .............................. 26Iigiri ..................................... Idesia polycarpa ................................ 25Imbuia ................................. Phoebe porosa .................................. 31Incense cedar ..................... Calocedrus decurrens ....................... 14Incense cedar ..................... Libocedrus decurrens ....................... 26Indian almond wood ........... Terminalia catappa ........................... 38Indian chestnut ................... Castanopsis hystrix ........................... 15Indian laurel ........................ Terminalia tomentosa ....................... 38Indian redpear .................... Protium serratum .............................. 33Indian rosewood ................. Dalbergia latifolia .............................. 18Indio desnudo ..................... Bursera simaruba .............................. 14Ingyin .................................. Pentacme suavis ............................... 30Insibe .................................. Ocotea dendrodaphne ...................... 29Inthanin ............................... Lagerstroemia fros-reginae .............. 26Intsia ................................... Intsia sp. ............................................ 25Inubuna ............................... Fagus japonica .................................. 22Ipe ....................................... Tabebuia spp. (Lapacho group) ....... 37Ipil ....................................... Intsia bijuga ....................................... 25I-pong ................................. Pajanelia multijuga ............................ 30Iroko .................................... Chlorophora sp. ................................. 16Iroko .................................... Chlorophora excelsa ......................... 16Irul ....................................... Xylia xylocarpa .................................. 40Ishpingo .............................. Amburana cearensis ......................... 12Itauba preta ........................ Mezilaurus itauba .............................. 28Itayakaede .......................... Acer mono ......................................... 11Izombé ................................ Testulea gabonensis ......................... 38Jacarandá ........................... Dalbergia nigra .................................. 18Jacaranda do campo ......... Platypodium elegans ........................ 32Jacarandá do pará ............. Dalbergia spuruceana ...................... 18Jacare ................................. Pyatactenia ganoacantra .................. 33Jacaré ................................. Piptadenia gonoacantha ................... 32Jacareuba ........................... Calophyllum brasiliense ................... 15Jack .................................... Artocarpus heterophyllus .................. 13Jack pine ............................ Pinus banksiana ................................ 31Jackwood ............................ Artocarpus heterophyllus .................. 13Jagua .................................. Genipa americana ............................. 23Jaman ................................. Syzygium gardneri ............................ 37Jaman ................................. Syzygium kanarensis ........................ 37Jaman ................................. Syzygium praecox ............................. 37Japanese larch ................... Larix kaempferi ................................. 26Jarana ................................. Holopyxidium jarana ......................... 24Jarána ................................. Holopyxidium jarana ......................... 24Jarrah ................................. Eucalyptus marginata ....................... 21Jarul .................................... Lagerstroemia hypoleuca ................. 26

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Jarul .................................... Lagerstroemia speciosa ................... 26Jawaledan .......................... Sclerolobrium melinonii .................... 35Jebe .................................... Lonchocarpus sericeus ..................... 26Jelutong .............................. Dyera sp. ........................................... 20Jelutong .............................. Dyera costulata ................................. 20Jequitiba ............................. Cariniana pyriformis .......................... 15Jhingan ............................... Lannea coromandelica ..................... 26Jigua negra ........................ Licaria pittieri ..................................... 26Jlomba ................................ Pycnanthus angolensis ..................... 33Jobo .................................... Spondias mombin ............................. 36Jobo macho ........................ Laetia procera ................................... 25Jongkong ............................ Dactylocladus stenostachys ............. 18Jucaro ................................. Bucida buceras ................................. 14Jutahy ................................. Dialium guianense ............................ 18Jutaí peba ........................... Dialium guianense ............................ 18Jutili .................................... Altingia excelsa ................................. 12Kabak .................................. Anisoptera spp. ................................. 12Ka-bok ................................ Irvingia malayana .............................. 25Kabukalli ............................. Goupia glabra .................................... 23Kachian ............................... Polyalthia sp. ..................................... 32Kadam ................................ Anthocephalus chinensis .................. 12Kadat .................................. Sapium baccatum ............................. 35Kadon ................................. Careya arborea ................................. 15Kae-sai ............................... Stereospermum sp. ........................... 37Kae-yoddam ....................... Dolichandrone serrulata ................... 20Kail ...................................... Pinus wallichiana .............................. 32Kaim .................................... Mitragyna parviflora .......................... 28Kaju malam ........................ Diospyros macrophylla ..................... 19Kakeralli .............................. Eschweilera spp. ............................... 21Kaku .................................... Lophira alata ..................................... 26Kala siris ............................. Albizzia chinensis ............................. 12Kala siris ............................. Albizzia odoratissima ........................ 12Kalampait ........................... Dryobalanopus keithii ....................... 20Kamarere ............................ Eucalyptus deglupta ......................... 21Kamassi .............................. Gonioma kamassi ............................. 23Kandis ................................. Garcinia spp. ..................................... 23Kaneelhart .......................... Licaria spp. ........................................ 26Kaneelhart .......................... Licaria cayennensis .......................... 26Kang ................................... Albizzia lebbekoides ......................... 12Kanju ................................... Holoptelea intergrifolia ...................... 24Kankrao .............................. Fagraea fragrans .............................. 22Kanluang ............................ Nauclea orientalis ............................. 29Kapi khaokwai .................... Dalbergia cultrata .............................. 18Kapokier ............................. Bombax sp. ....................................... 14Kapur .................................. Dryobalanopus spp. .......................... 20Kapur .................................. Dryobalanopus aromatica ................ 20Kapur gumbiat .................... Dryobalanopus keithii ....................... 20Karamatsu .......................... Larix leptolepi .................................... 26Karani ................................. Cullenia rosayroana .......................... 18Kardahai ............................. Anogeissus pendula ......................... 12Karri .................................... Eucalyptus diversicolor ..................... 21Kasai ................................... Pometia spp. ..................................... 32Katalox ................................ Swartzia cubensis ............................. 37Kathinphiman ..................... Acacia siamensis .............................. 11Ka-thon ............................... Sandoricum koetjape ........................ 34Kathoombok ....................... Anthocephalus cadamba .................. 12Katsura ............................... Cercidiphyllum japonicum ................ 16Kaunghmu .......................... Anisoptera glabra .............................. 12Kauri ................................... Agathis spp. ....................................... 11Kauri ................................... Agathis alba ....................................... 11Kauta .................................. Licania spp. ....................................... 26Kauvula ............................... Endospermum spp. ........................... 20Kawang jantong ................. Shorea gysbertsiana ......................... 36

Kayea .................................. Kayea floribunda (Mesua floribunda)25Kedondong ......................... Canarium spp. ................................... 15Kedondong ......................... Santiria laevigata .............................. 34Kekatong ............................ Cynometra spp. ................................. 18Kelat .................................... Eugenia spp. ..................................... 22Keledang ............................ Artocarpus spp. ................................. 13Kempas .............................. Koompassia excelsa ......................... 25Kempas .............................. Koompassia malaccensis ................. 25Keora .................................. Sonneratica apetala .......................... 36Keranji ................................ Dialium spp. ....................................... 18Kerantai lichin .................... Santiria laevigata .............................. 34Kerosen .............................. Drypetes variabilis ............................ 20Keruing ............................... Dipterocarpus spp. ............................ 19Keruing kobis ..................... Dipterocarpus confertus ................... 19Keruing tempurung ............ Dipterocarpus confertus ................... 19Keyaki ................................. Zelkova serrata ................................. 40Khacho ............................... Millettia leucantha ............................. 28Khaikhieo ............................ Parashorea stellata ........................... 30Khaminthong ...................... Nauclea brunnea ............................... 29Khamintong ........................ Adina parvula .................................... 11Khanan ............................... Pterospermum diversifolium ............. 33Khanang ............................. Homalium tomentosum ..................... 24Khanoonpa ......................... Artocarpus lanceifolius ..................... 13Khanoonpan ....................... Artocarpus calophyllus ..................... 13Khaotak .............................. Grewia tomentosa ............................. 23Khaya .................................. Khaya spp. ........................................ 25Khi-ai .................................. Terminalia triptera ............................. 38Khleng ................................ Dialium cochinchinense .................... 18Kihada ................................ Phellodendron sachalinense ............ 31Kikensi ................................ Ocotea usambarensis ....................... 29Kindal .................................. Terminalia paniculata ....................... 38King William pine ............... Agathis selaginoides ......................... 11Kirikawa .............................. Iryanthera spp. .................................. 25Klampeyan ......................... Anthocephalus cadamba .................. 12Klinki pine ........................... Araucaria klinkii ................................. 13Klinki-pine ........................... Araucaria spp. ................................... 13Ko ........................................ Quercus sp. ....................................... 33Koa...................................... Acacia koa ......................................... 11Kohia ................................... Xerospermum intermedium .............. 40Ko-kheemoo ....................... Quercus helferiana ........................... 34Koki khsach ........................ Hopea pierrei ..................................... 24Kokko .................................. Albizia lebbek .................................... 12Kokko .................................. Albizzia lebbeck ................................ 12Kokriki ................................. Ormosia spp. ..................................... 30Kokrodua ............................ Afrormosia elata ................................ 11Kokrodus ............................ Pericopsis elata ................................. 31Ko-laem .............................. Castanopsis sp. ................................. 15Kolahi .................................. Fagraea fragrans .............................. 22Komnhan ............................ Shorea hypochra ............................... 36Konara ................................ Quercus serrata ................................ 34Koom .................................. Crataeva roxburghii .......................... 17Kopie ................................... Goupia glabra .................................... 23Kosipo ................................. Entandrophragma candollei ............. 20Kotibé ................................. Nesogordonia sp. .............................. 29Koto .................................... Pterygota sp. ..................................... 33Kouata patou ...................... Lecythis davisii .................................. 26Krad .................................... Dipterocarpus intricatus .................... 19Krissana .............................. Aquilaria malaccensis ....................... 13Kromanti kopi ..................... Aspidosperma megalocarpon ........... 13Kulim ................................... Scorodocarpus borneensis ............... 35Kuling-manuk ..................... Aglaia luzoniensis ............................. 13Kunugi ................................ Quercus acutissima .......................... 34Kuri ..................................... Castanea crenata .............................. 15

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Kurokai ............................... Protium spp. ...................................... 33Kuromatsu .......................... Pinus thunbergii ................................ 32Kusia ................................... Nauclea diderrichii ............................ 29Kusum................................. Schleichera oleosa ........................... 35Kusunoki ............................. Cinnamomum camphora .................. 17Kuthan ................................ Hymenodictyon excelsum................. 24Kwantannuro ...................... Lovoa trichilioides ............................. 27Kwao ................................... Adina cordifolia ................................. 11Kwila ................................... Intsia bijuga ....................................... 25Lakoocha ............................ Artocarpus lakoocha ......................... 13Lambid ................................ Diospyros ferrea ................................ 19Lampati ............................... Duabanga spp. .................................. 20Lampati ............................... Duabanga grandiflora ....................... 20Lamyai-pa ........................... Paranephelium longifolium ............... 30Lancewood ......................... Calycophyllum candidissimum ......... 15Landa .................................. Erythroxylum mannii ......................... 21Lande .................................. Fernandoa adolfi-friderici ................. 22Langari ................................ Bruguiera parviflora .......................... 14Langdam ............................. Diospyros sp. .................................... 19Laotao ................................. Hopea spp. ........................................ 24Lapacho .............................. Tabebuia spp. (Lapacho group) ....... 37Laurel .................................. Cordia alliodora ................................. 17Laurel .................................. Laurelia sempervirens ...................... 26Laurel .................................. Nectandra spp. .................................. 29Laurel .................................. Terminalia tomentosa ....................... 38Laurel blanco ...................... Cordia spp. (Alliodora group) ........... 17Laurel corriente .................. Cordia alliodora ................................. 17Laurel negro ....................... Cordia alliodora ................................. 17Laurel negro ....................... Endlicheria sp. ................................... 20Laurel oak ........................... Quercus laurifolia .............................. 34Leche de Perra .................. Pseudolmedia oxyphyllavia .............. 33Leche perra ........................ Helicostilis tomentosa ....................... 24Lechero ............................... Sapium spp. ...................................... 34Leina ................................... Terminalia calamansani .................... 38Lemonwood ........................ Calycophyllum candidissimum ......... 15Lendi ................................... Lagerstroemia parviflora ................... 26Lenga .................................. Nothofagus pumilio ........................... 29Letterwood .......................... Piratinera guianensis ........................ 32Leza .................................... Lagerstroemia tomentosum .............. 26Liangman ............................ Berria mollis ...................................... 14Liberian pine ....................... Tetraberlinia tubmaniana .................. 38Librillo ................................. Zinowiewia aff. concinna .................. 40Light Philippine .................. Shorea sp. (polysperma?) ................ 35Light red meranti ................ Shorea sp. ......................................... 35Light red meranti- light red lauan group ...... Shorea spp. ....................................... 35Lignum vitae ....................... Guajacum officinale .......................... 23Lignumvitae ........................ Guaiacum spp. .................................. 23Limba .................................. Terminalia superba ........................... 38Limbali ................................ Gilbertiodendron dewevrei ............... 23Lingo-lingo .......................... Vitex turczaninowii ............................ 40Lingue ................................. Persea spp. ....................................... 31Lingue ................................. Persea lingue .................................... 31Litsea .................................. Litsea sp. ........................................... 26Liusin .................................. Parinaria corymbosa ......................... 30Llomba ................................ Pycnanthus angolensis ..................... 33Loblolly pine ....................... Pinus taeda ....................................... 32Lodgepole pine .................. Pinus contorta ................................... 31Long John ........................... Triplaris spp. ...................................... 39Longleaf pine ...................... Pinus palustris ................................... 31Long-leaved box ................ Eucalyptus goniocalyx ...................... 21Longui ................................. Gambeya africana ............................. 23Lorjena ................................ Vochysia tetraphylla .......................... 40

Louro ................................... Aniba spp. ......................................... 12Louro branco ...................... Ocotea sp. ......................................... 29Louro canela ...................... Ocotea fragantissima ........................ 29Louro faia ........................... Adenostephanus sp. ......................... 11Louro vermelho .................. Ocotea sp. ......................................... 29Lovoa .................................. Lovoa trichilioides ............................. 27Lubula ................................. Anthocephalus cadamba .................. 12Macano ............................... Diphysa robinoides ........................... 19Macano blanco ................... Unidentified ....................................... 39Maçaranduba ..................... Manilkara huberi ............................... 27Macawood .......................... Platymiscium spp. ............................. 32Machang ............................. Mangifera spp. .................................. 27Machilus ............................. Machilum macrantha ........................ 27Machilus ............................. Machilus spp. .................................... 27Machilus ............................. Machilus gamblei .............................. 27Machinmango ..................... Eschweilera timbuchensis ................ 21Macho ................................. Tetrathylacium johansenii ................. 39Ma-faen .............................. Protium serratum .............................. 33Mafamuti ............................. Piptadenia buchananii ...................... 32Ma-fo ................................... Trewia nudiflora ................................ 39Mafu .................................... Fagaropsis angolensis ...................... 22Magas ................................. Duabanga spp. .................................. 20Magnolia ............................. Magnolia spp. .................................... 27Maho noir ........................... Eschweilera odora ............................ 21Maho rouge ........................ Eschweilera amara ........................... 21Mahot .................................. Couratari spp. .................................... 17Mahwa ................................ Madhuca longifolia (var latifolia) ...... 27Maiden’s gum ..................... Eucalyptus globulus .......................... 21Majagua .............................. Sterculia pruriens .............................. 36Majaguillo ........................... Eschweilera subglandulosa .............. 21Majaguillo negro ................ Eschweilera trinitensis ...................... 21Majomo ............................... Lonchocarpus cfr. L. margaritensis . 26Makai .................................. Shorea assamica .............................. 35Makamong .......................... Afzelia xylocarpa ............................... 11Makatae .............................. Sindora siamensis ............................. 36Makdook ............................. Gelonium multiflorum ........................ 23Makok ................................. Spondias pinnata .............................. 36Makore ................................ Mimusops heckelii ............................. 28Makoré ................................ Dumoria sp. ....................................... 20Makoré ................................ Tieghemella heckelii ......................... 39Malabyabas ........................ Tristania decorticata ......................... 39Malas .................................. Homalium spp. .................................. 24Malas .................................. Homalium foetidum ........................... 24Malasaging ......................... Aglaia diffusa ..................................... 11Malvecíno ........................... Sweetia panamensis ......................... 37Mamecillo ........................... Pouteria campechiana ...................... 32Mamoncillo rebalsero ........ Licania apetala .................................. 26Mamuangkhailaen .............. Buchanania sp. ................................. 14Mamuangpa ....................... Mangifera caloneura ......................... 27Manbarklak ......................... Eschweilera spp. ............................... 21Manbarklak ......................... Eschweilera odora ............................ 21Manbarklak ......................... Lecythis davisii .................................. 26Mancha ............................... Virola serbifera .................................. 40Mandioqueira ..................... Qualea spp. ....................................... 33Mandioqueira rosa ............. Qualea spp. ....................................... 33Manggachapui .................... Hopea acuminata .............................. 24Mangle ................................ Rhizophora mangle ........................... 34Mangle blanco .................... Laguncularia racemosa .................... 26Mangle colorado ................ Rhizophora mangle ........................... 34Mangle injerto .................... Rhizophora mangle ........................... 34Mangle rojo (Atlantic) ........ Rhizophora mangle ........................... 34Mangle rojo (Pacific) .......... Rhizophora brevistyla ....................... 34Mangle salado .................... Avicennia marina .............................. 13

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Manglillo ............................. Ternstroemia seemannii ................... 38Manglillo colorado .............. Sikingia sp. ........................................ 36Mango ................................. Mangifera spp. .................................. 27Mango ................................. Mangifera indica ................................ 27Mangtan .............................. Schima wallichii ................................. 35Manil ................................... Symphonia globulifera ...................... 37Manio .................................. Podocarpus sp. (saxegothaea

conspicua) ....................................... 32Mañio .................................. Podocarpus spp. ............................... 32Mañío hembra .................... Saxegothaea conspicua ................... 35Mañio macho ...................... Podocarpus nubigena ....................... 32Manna gum ........................ Eucalyptus viminalis ......................... 22Manni .................................. Symphonia globulifera ...................... 37Mansonia ............................ Mansonia altissima ........................... 27Manteco de agua ............... Byrsonima aerugo ............................. 14Manteco de ague ............... Byrsonima serugo ............................. 14Manwood ............................ Minquartia guianensis ....................... 28Manzanillo .......................... Hippomane mancinella ..................... 24Maparajuba ........................ Manilkara amazonica ........................ 27Maple .................................. Acer campbelli ................................... 11Mapolo ................................ Himatanthus articulatus .................... 24Mapring ............................... Bouea oppositifolia ........................... 14Maracaibo and boxwood ... Grossypiospermum praecox ............ 23Maracaibo boxwood ........... Gossypiospermum praecox .............. 23Maracaibo lignum-vitae ..... Bulnesia arborea ............................... 14Marakaipo ........................... Iryanthera spp. .................................. 25Maranggo ........................... Azadirachta spp. ............................... 13Marañón ............................. Anacardium excelsum ...................... 12María ................................... Calophyllum brasiliense ................... 15Marishballi .......................... Licania spp. ....................................... 26Maritime pine ...................... Pinus pinaster ................................... 31Maro .................................... Trattinickia rhoifolia ........................... 39Marri .................................... Eucalyptus calophylla ....................... 21Marupa ............................... Simarouba amara ............................. 36Marupa ............................... Simarouba glauca ............................. 36Masa ................................... Tetragastris spp. ............................... 38Masaguaro ......................... Stryphnodendron polystachum ........ 37Mastate ............................... Poulsenia armata .............................. 32Mata hombro ...................... Cornus disciflora ............................... 17Mata ratón .......................... Gliricidia sepium................................ 23Mata ulat ............................. Kokoona sp. ...................................... 25Matebashii .......................... Pasania edulis ................................... 30Matoa .................................. Pometia pinnata ................................ 32Mayand ............................... Pterospermum acerifolium ............... 33Mayapis .............................. Shorea palosapis .............................. 36Mayapis .............................. Shorea squamata .............................. 36Mayflower ........................... Tabebuia spp. (Roble group) ........... 37Mayo ................................... Vochysia ferruginea .......................... 40Mayompa ............................ Ailanthus fauveliana .......................... 11Mbanko ............................... Odyendea spp. .................................. 29Mbarika ............................... Isoberlinia scheffleri .......................... 25Mecrusse ............................ Androstachys johnsonii ..................... 12Mecrussé ............................ Androstachys johnsonii ..................... 12Medang ............................... Litsea spp. ......................................... 26Melaleuca ........................... Melaleuca quinquenervia ................. 28Melapi agama ..................... Shorea agami .................................... 35Melapi bunga ...................... Shorea symingtonii ........................... 36Menggeris ........................... Koompassia excelsa ......................... 25Mengkulang ........................ Heritiera spp. ..................................... 24Meranti bakau .................... Shorea rugosa ................................... 36Merawan ............................. Hopea spp. ........................................ 24Merbatu .............................. Parinari oblongifolium ....................... 30Merbau ............................... Intsia bijuga ....................................... 25

Merbau ............................... Intsia palembanica ............................ 25Merecure montañero ......... Parinari rodolphii ............................... 30Merecurillo .......................... Parinari excelsa ................................ 30Merkus pine ........................ Pinus merkusii ................................... 31Merpauh ............................. Swintonia spp. ................................... 37Mersawa ............................. Anisoptera spp. ................................. 12Meru-oak ............................ Vitex doniana .................................... 40Messmate ........................... Eucalyptus obliqua ............................ 22Messmate stringybark ....... Eucalyptus obliqua ............................ 22Mesua ................................. Mesua ferrea ..................................... 28Metondo .............................. Cordyla africana ................................ 17Mexican bombax amapola .. Pseudobombax ellipticum ................ 33Mexican cypress ................ Cupressus lusitanica ......................... 18Mianje-cedar ...................... Widdringtonia whytei ......................... 40Micropholis ......................... Micropholis venulosa ........................ 28Mierenhout ......................... Triplaris spp. ...................................... 39Miguelario ........................... Dialyanthera otoba ............................ 18Milla .................................... Vitex altissima ................................... 40Mindoro pine ...................... Pinus merkusii ................................... 28Mishoquiro .......................... Alseis peruviana ................................ 12Missanda ............................ Erythrophleum ivorense .................... 20Mizunara ............................. Quercus crispula ............................... 34Moabi .................................. Baillonella toxisperma ....................... 13Molave ................................ Vitex spp. ........................................... 40Molave ................................ Vitex parviflora .................................. 40Molucca albizzia ................. Albizia falcataria ................................ 11Mombin ............................... Spondias mombin ............................. 36Monkey pod ........................ Samanea saman ............................... 34Monkey pot ......................... Lecythis spp. ..................................... 26Mope ................................... Spondias mombin ............................. 36Mora .................................... Chlorophora tinctoria ........................ 16Mora .................................... Mora excelsa ..................................... 28Mora .................................... Mora gonggrijpii ................................ 28Mora amarilla ..................... Chlorophora tinctoria ........................ 16Moral bobo ......................... Clarisia racemosa ............................. 17Moral comido del mono ..... Clarisia racemosa ............................. 17Moral fino ............................ Chlorophora tinctoria ........................ 16Moralillo .............................. Carpinus caroliniana ......................... 15Morillo ................................. Trophis spp. ....................................... 39Morototo ............................. Didymopanax morototoni .................. 19Morototó ............................. Didymopanax morototoni .................. 19Mountain ash ...................... Eucalyptus regnans .......................... 22Mountain grey gum ............ Eucalyptus cypellocarpa ................... 21Movingui ............................. Distemonanthus benthamianus ........ 20Mtambara ........................... Cephalosphaera usambarensis ....... 16Mtundu ................................ Brachystegia spiciformis ................... 14Muchín ................................ Triplaris sp. ........................................ 39Mueri ................................... Pygeum africanum ............................ 33Muhimbi .............................. Cynometra alexandri ......................... 18Muhuhu ............................... Brachylaena hutchinsii ...................... 14Muiracatiara ....................... Astronium lecointei ........................... 13Muirungi .............................. Casearia battiscombei ...................... 15Mukali ................................. Aningeria sp. ..................................... 12Mukarati .............................. Burkea africana ................................. 14Mukulungu .......................... Autranella congolensis ..................... 13Mukunoki ............................ Aphananthe aspera ........................... 13Mulberry .............................. Morus alba ......................................... 28Mulberry .............................. Morus serrata .................................... 28Mullilam .............................. Lanthoxylum limonella ...................... 26Mundani .............................. Acrocarpus fraxinifolius .................... 11Muninga .............................. Pterocarpus angolensis .................... 33Musase ............................... Albizzia sp. ........................................ 12Musheragi ........................... Olea hochstetteri ............................... 29

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Musine ................................ Croton megalocarpus ....................... 17Musizi ................................. Maesopsis eminii .............................. 27Mutenye .............................. Guibourtia arnoldiana ....................... 23Muwa .................................. Julbernardia globiflora ...................... 25Myaukchaw ........................ Homalium tomentosum ..................... 24Myristica ............................. Knema attenuata (Myristica

attenuata) ....................................... 25Myrobolan wood ................. Terminalia chebula ........................... 38Myrtle beech ....................... Nothofagus cunninghamii ................. 29Naga ................................... Brachystegia spp. ............................. 14Nance ................................. Byrsonima crassifolia ........................ 14Naranjillo ............................ Unidentified ....................................... 40Naranjito ............................. Swartzia simplex ............................... 37Nargusta ............................. Terminalia amazonia ........................ 38Narig ................................... Vatica manggachapui ....................... 40Narra ................................... Pterocarpus indicus .......................... 33Nato .................................... Mora megistosperma ........................ 28Nato .................................... Palaquim sp. ...................................... 30Nazareño ............................ Peltogyne purpurea .......................... 32Needlewood ....................... Schima spp. ....................................... 35Neem .................................. Azadirachta indica ............................ 13Neem .................................. Azadirachta spp. ............................... 13New Guinea basswood ...... Endospermum medullosum .............. 20New Guinea celery top pinePhyllocladus hypophyllus ................. 32New Guinea duabanga ...... Duabanga moluccana ....................... 20New Guinea rosewood ...... Pterocarpus indicus .......................... 33Nezuko ............................... Thuya standishii ................................ 39Ngiu .................................... Salmalia malabaricum ...................... 34Ngiu-pa ............................... Salmalia kerrii ................................... 34Ngong ................................. Klainedoxa busgenii .......................... 25Niangon .............................. Tarrietia sp. ....................................... 38Niangon .............................. Tarrietia utilis ..................................... 38Nicaraguan pine ................. Pinus caribaea .................................. 31Niové ................................... Staudtia sp. ....................................... 36Niové ................................... Staudtia stipitata ............................... 36Niseakashia ........................ Robinia pseudoacacia ...................... 34Níspero balata .................... Manilkara bidentata .......................... 27Níspero zapote ................... Manilkara chicle ................................ 27Nkobakoba ......................... Baikiaea insignis ............................... 13Nonsee ............................... Peltophorum dasyrachis ................... 30Northern red oak ................ Quercus borealis ............................... 34Northern red oak ................ Quercus rubra ................................... 34Northern white cedar ......... Thuja occidentalis ............................. 39NSW messmate ................. Eucalyptus radiata ............................ 22Nuno ................................... Hura crepitans ................................... 24Nyatoh ................................ Palaquium spp. ................................. 30Oak ..................................... Quercus spp. ..................................... 34Ob ....................................... Homalium damrongianum ................ 24Oba ..................................... Irvingia gabonensis ........................... 25Obashinanoki ..................... Tilia maximowicziana ........................ 39Obeche ............................... Triplochiton scleroxylon .................... 39Obeché ............................... Triploichiton scleroxylon ................... 39Oboto .................................. Mammea africana ............................. 27Ocote pine .......................... Pinus oocarpa ................................... 31Odoko ................................. Scottellia sp. ...................................... 35Odoko ................................. Scottellia coriacea ............................. 35Odum .................................. Chlorophora excelsa ......................... 16Oelin ................................... Eusideroxylon zwageri ...................... 22Ofam ................................... Parinari excelsa ................................ 30Ogea ................................... Daniellia ogea ................................... 18Ohia .................................... Celtis sp. ............................................ 16Ohia .................................... Metrosideros collina .......................... 28Oichang .............................. Lannea wodier ................................... 26

Oiticica ................................ Clarisia racemosa ............................. 17Ojoche ................................ Brosimum spp. (Alicastrum group) .. 14Okan ................................... Cylicodiscus gabunensis .................. 18Okoumé .............................. Aucoumea klaineana ........................ 13Okwen ................................. Brachystegia spp. ............................. 14Olivillo ................................. Aextoxicon punctatum ...................... 11Olon .................................... Fagara sp. ......................................... 22Onigurumi ........................... Juglans sieboldiana .......................... 25Onzabili ............................... Antrocaryon sp. ................................. 13Onzang ............................... Odyendea spp. .................................. 29Opepe ................................. Nauclea diderrichii ............................ 29Oprono ................................ Mansonia altissima ........................... 27Oregon white oak ............... Quercus garryana ............................. 34Orey .................................... Campnosperma panamensis ........... 15Orientalwood ...................... Endiandra palmerstonii ..................... 20Ovangkol ............................ Guibourtia ehie .................................. 23Ovoga ................................. Poga oleosa ...................................... 32Oxhorn bucida .................... Bucida buceras ................................. 14Ozigo .................................. Dacryodes buettneri .......................... 18Pacific yew ......................... Taxus brevifolia ................................. 38Pacuri ................................. Rheedia spp. ..................................... 34Padouk ............................... Pterocarpus soyauxii ........................ 33Padri ................................... Stereospermum personatum ............ 37Padri ................................... Stereospermum xylocarpum ............ 37Padri wood ......................... Stereospermum suaveolens ............. 37Pagoda wood ..................... Sophora japonica .............................. 36Paldao ................................ Dracontomelum spp. ......................... 20Pali ...................................... Palaquium ellipticum ......................... 30Palisanto ............................. Sclerolobium setiferum ..................... 35Palmyra .............................. Borassus flabellifer ........................... 14Palmyra palm ..................... Borassus flabellifer ........................... 14Palo concha ....................... Peltogyne paniculata ........................ 30Palo de sal ......................... Pelliciera rhizophorae ....................... 30Palosapis ............................ Anisoptera spp. ................................. 12Palosapis ............................ Anisoptera thrurifera ......................... 12Panamá .............................. Sterculia apetala ............................... 36Panga panga ...................... Millettia spp. ...................................... 28Pangi ................................... Pangium edule .................................. 30Pantano .............................. Hieronima alchorneoides .................. 24Pao pereira ......................... Aspidosperma macrocarpon ............ 13Papao ................................. Afzelia bella ....................................... 11Papita ................................. Pterocymbium tinetorium .................. 33Pará rubbertree .................. Hevea brasiliensis ............................. 24Para-angelim ...................... Hymenolobium excelsum ................. 24Paraná-pine ........................ Araucaria angustifolia ....................... 13Parapará ............................. Cordia tectandra ............................... 17Pardillo ................................ Cordia alliodora ................................. 17Parinarium .......................... Parinari exelsa Syn. P. holstii .......... 30Parrotia ............................... Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana ............ 30Partridge wood ................... Andira inermis ................................... 12Partridgewood .................... Caesalpinia spp. ............................... 14Pashaco .............................. Schizolobium amazonicum ............... 35Pata de danto ..................... Terminalia amazonia ........................ 38Pata de danto amarillo ...... Terminalia guianensis ....................... 38Pata de zamuro .................. Astronium lecointei ........................... 13Patula pine ......................... Pinus patula ....................................... 31Pau amarello ...................... Euxylophora paraensis ..................... 22Pau amarelo ....................... Euxylophora paraensis ..................... 22Pau d’arco .......................... Tabebuia serratifolia ......................... 37Pau jacare .......................... Laetia procera ................................... 25Pau marfim ......................... Balfourodendron riedelianum ........... 13Pawa ................................... Fagraea fragrans .............................. 22Paya .................................... Pseudosindora palustris ................... 33

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Pa-yom ............................... Shorea talura ..................................... 36Peach cedar ....................... Trema orientalis ................................ 39Pechiche ............................. Minquartia guianensis ....................... 28Pechiche ............................. Vitex gigantea ................................... 40Peep ................................... Millingtonia hortensis ........................ 28Penak .................................. Balanocarpus spp. ............................ 13Penak .................................. Balanocarpus heimii ......................... 13Pendare .............................. Manilkara bidentata .......................... 27Pengiran kesat ................... Anisoptera costata ............................ 12Perepat ............................... Sonneratia spp. ................................. 36Peroba de campos ............. Paratecoma peroba .......................... 30Peroba do campo ............... Paratecoma peroba .......................... 30Peroba rosa ........................ Aspidosperma spp. ........................... 13Persian lilac ........................ Melia azedarach ................................ 28Persian sclerobium ............ Sclerolobium micranthum ................. 35Perupok .............................. Lophopetalum spp. ........................... 27Petaling ............................... Ochanostachys amentacea .............. 29Petikal ................................. Ochanostachys amentacea .............. 29Petto ................................... Mora excelsa ..................................... 28Phalat ................................. Quercus lineata ................................. 34Phdiek ................................. Anisoptera glabra .............................. 12Picatón ................................ Loxopterigium sagotti ....................... 27Pichurim.............................. Nectandra pichurim ........................... 29Piene de mono ................... Apeiba aspera ................................... 13Pikoonpa............................. Homalium sp. .................................... 24Pillarwood ........................... Cassipourea sp. ................................ 15Pillarwood ........................... Cassipourea malosana ..................... 15Pilón .................................... Hyeronima alchorneoides ................. 24Pilón negro ......................... Maytenus ficiformis ........................... 27Pilón rosado ....................... Pera glabrata ..................................... 31Ping ..................................... Maniltoa polyandra ........................... 27Pino araucaria .................... Araucaria araucana .......................... 13Pino insigne ........................ Pinus insignis .................................... 31Pipi tillo ............................... Quercus castanea ............................. 34Pipli ..................................... Bucklandia populnea ........................ 14Piquia .................................. Caryocar spp. .................................... 15Piquia .................................. Caryocar coccineum ......................... 15Pizarrá ................................ Persea rigens .................................... 31Planchonella ....................... Planchonella sp. ................................ 32Planchonia .......................... Planchonia papuana ......................... 32Pluang ................................ Dipterocarpus tuberculatus .............. 19Pochong ............................. Hibiscus macrophyllus ...................... 24Pochote .............................. Bombacopsis quinata ....................... 14Po-daeng ............................ Sterculia ornata ................................. 36Podo ................................... Podocarpus spp. ............................... 32Podocarp ............................ Podocarpus spp. ............................... 32Po-ikeng ............................. Pterocymbium javanicum ................. 33Ponderosa pine .................. Pinus ponderosa ............................... 31Ponsigue montañero .......... Saccoglottis cydonioides .................. 34Poochao ............................. Terminalia tripteroides ...................... 38Poon ................................... Calophyllum elatum .......................... 15Poon ................................... Calophyllum wightianum................... 15Porcupine wood ................. Centrolobium spp. ............................. 16Port Orford cedar ............... Chamaecyparis lawsoniana ............. 16Possum wood ..................... Hura crepitans ................................... 24Post oak .............................. Quercus stellata ................................ 34Potrodom ............................ Erythrophleum ivorense .................... 20Potrodon ............................. Erythrophleum ivorense .................... 20Pradoo ................................ Pterocarpus macrocarpus ................ 33Primavera ........................... Cybistax donnell-smithii .................... 18Pruek .................................. Albizzia lebbek .................................. 12Pterygota ............................ Pterygota spp. ................................... 33Pterygota ............................ Pterygota horsefieldii ........................ 33

Puca Quiro ......................... Aspidosperma cylindrocarpon .......... 13Pulai .................................... Alstonia spp. ...................................... 12Punah ................................. Tetramerista glabra ........................... 39Purguillo ............................. Pouteria egregia ................................ 32Purguillo blanco ................. Tabebuia stenocalyx ......................... 37Purpleheart ......................... Peltogyne spp. .................................. 30Purpleheart ......................... Peltogyne maranhensis .................... 30Pursar ................................. Mylocarpus moluccensis .................. 29Putat paya .......................... Planchonia spp. ................................ 32Pyinkado ............................. Xylia dolabriformis ............................ 40Pyinkado ............................. Xylia xylocarpa .................................. 40Pyinma ................................ Lagerstroemia spp. ........................... 26Pyinme ................................ Lagerstroemia hypoleuca ................. 26Quaruba .............................. Vochysia spp. .................................... 40Quaruba .............................. Vochysia hondurensis ...................... 40Quebracho .......................... Schinopsis spp. ................................. 35Queensland-maple ............ Flindersia spp. ................................... 22Queensland-walnut ............ Endiandra palmerstonii ..................... 20Quirá ................................... Platymiscium pinnatum ..................... 32Radiata pine ....................... Pinus radiata ..................................... 31Rain tree ............................. Pithecellobium saman....................... 32Raintree .............................. Samanea saman ............................... 34Rajbrikh .............................. Cassia fistula ..................................... 15Rak...................................... Melanorrhoea usitata ........................ 28Ramin ................................. Gonystylus spp. ................................ 23Ramin ................................. Gonystylus bancanus ....................... 23Ramon ................................ Brosimum alicastrum ........................ 14Ramón ................................ Trophis spp. ....................................... 39Rang ................................... Pentacme suavis ............................... 30Ranggu ............................... Koordersiodendron pinnatum ........... 25Rasamala ........................... Altingia excelsa ................................. 12Rasca .................................. Manilkara sp. ..................................... 27Raspa ................................. Licania arborea ................................. 26Raspberry jam .................... Agathis acuminata ............................ 11Rauli .................................... Nothofagus spp. ................................ 29Raulí ................................... Nothofagus alpina ............................. 29Red birch ............................ Bursera simaruba .............................. 14Red bombwe ...................... Planchonia valida .............................. 32Red box .............................. Eucalyptus polyanthemos ................ 22Red cedar ........................... Cedrela toona .................................... 16Red dhup ............................ Parishia insignis ................................ 30Red ironbark ....................... Eucalyptus sideroxylon ..................... 22Red lauan ........................... Shorea sp. (polysperma?) ................ 35Red lauan ........................... Shorea negrosensis .......................... 36Red louro ............................ Ocotea rubra ..................................... 29Red mahogany ................... Eucalyptus resinifera ........................ 22Red mangrove .................... Rhizophora mangle ........................... 34Red maple .......................... Acer rubrum ....................................... 11Red pine ............................. Pinus resinosa ................................... 31Red silkwood ...................... Planchonella torricellensis ................ 32Red stringybark .................. Eucalyptus macrorhyncha ................ 21Red tingle ........................... Eucalyptus jacksonii ......................... 21Redwood ............................ Pinus sylvestris ................................. 32Redwood ............................ Sequoia sempervirens ...................... 35Remelento .......................... Rheedia spp. ..................................... 34Rengas ............................... Anacardium sp. ................................. 12Rengas ............................... Gluta spp. .......................................... 23Resak .................................. Cotylelobium spp. ............................. 17Resak .................................. Vatica sp. ........................................... 40Resak bulu ......................... Vatica micrantha ............................... 40Rhodesian-teak .................. Baikiaea plurijuga ............................. 13Riang .................................. Parkia javanica .................................. 30Riemhout ............................ Micropholis spp. ................................ 28

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Rimu ................................... Dacrydium spp. ................................. 18River peppermint ................ Eucalyptus elata ................................ 21River red gum..................... Eucalyptus camaldulensis ................ 21Ro yong .............................. Parkia streprocarpa .......................... 30Roble .................................. Nothofagus obliqua ........................... 29Roble .................................. Platymiscium pinnatum ..................... 32Roble .................................. Quercus spp. ..................................... 34Roble .................................. Quercus copeyensis ......................... 34Roble .................................. Tabebuia spp. (Roble group) ........... 37Roble .................................. Terminalia amazonia ........................ 38Roble de sabana ................ Tabebuia pentaphylla ....................... 37Robusta eucalyptus ........... Eucalyptus robusta ........................... 22Rohini ................................. Soymida febrifuga ............................. 36Rokfa .................................. Terminalia sp. .................................... 38Rong leang ......................... Tristania sp. ....................................... 39Rose gum ........................... Eucalyptus grandis ........................... 21Rose-maple ........................ Cryptocarya spp. ............................... 18Rotra ................................... Eugenia sp. ....................................... 22Rubberwood ....................... Hevea brasiliensis ............................. 24Saak .................................... Erythrophloeum teysmannii .............. 20Sabicu ................................. Lysiloma spp. .................................... 27Sac-chacah dendropanax . Dendropanax arboreus ..................... 18Sae...................................... Millettia atropurpurea ........................ 28Safed siris .......................... Albizzia procera ................................ 12Safukala .............................. Dacryodes sp. ................................... 18Sai ....................................... Pometia sp. ....................................... 32Sajo ..................................... Campnosperma panamensis ........... 15Sak ...................................... Tectona grandis ................................ 38Sal ....................................... Shorea robusta .................................. 36Salai .................................... Boswellia serrata ............................... 14Sa-lao ................................. Lagerstroemia tomentos ................... 26Sali ...................................... Tetragastris spp. ............................... 38Saligna eucalyptus ............. Eucalyptus saligna ............................ 22Salmon gum ....................... Eucalyptus salmonophloia ................ 22Saman ................................ Pithecellobium saman....................... 32Samán montañero ............. Pithecellobium jupunba .................... 32Sambogum ......................... Symphonia globulifera ...................... 37Samo-pipek ........................ Terminalia bellerica ........................... 38Samo-thai ........................... Terminalia chebula ........................... 38Samrong ............................. Sterculia foetida ................................ 36Sándalo .............................. Myroxylon balsamum ........................ 29Sandalwood ........................ Santalum album ................................ 34Sandan ............................... Ougeina oojeinensis ......................... 30Sande ................................. Brosimum spp. (Utile group) ............ 14Sande ................................. Brosimum utile .................................. 14Sang ................................... Madhuca pierrei ................................ 27Sangre ................................ Croton panamensis ........................... 17Sangre ................................ Pterocarpus spp. ............................... 33Sangre de gallina ............... Vismia sp. .......................................... 40Sangrillo negro ................... Paramachaerium gruberi .................. 30Sangrito .............................. Pterocarpus rohrii ............................. 33Saninten ............................. Castanopsis argentea ....................... 15Sanna ................................. Dillenia pentagyna ............................ 19Santa Maria ........................ Calophyllum brasiliense ................... 15Santa María ........................ Triplaris surinamensis ....................... 39Sapele ................................ Entandrophragma cylindricum ......... 20Sapelli ................................. Entandrophragma cylindricum ......... 20Sapo ................................... Didelotia brevipaniculata .................. 19Sapucaia ............................. Lecythis spp. ..................................... 26Saraya kepong ................... Shorea ovalis .................................... 36Sarrapio .............................. Dipteryx odorata ................................ 19Sasalit ................................. Teijsmanniodendron ahernianum .... 38Satinash .............................. Eugenia sp. ....................................... 22

Satinash .............................. Syzygium sp. ..................................... 37Satinay ................................ Syncarpia hillii ................................... 37Sato .................................... Parkia speciosa ................................. 30Sawagurumi ....................... Pterocarya rhoifolia ........................... 33Sawara ............................... Chamaecyparis pisifera .................... 16Saya-daeng ........................ Shorea curtissii ................................. 35Saya-khao .......................... Shorea leprosula ............................... 36Saya-luang ......................... Shorea parvifolia ............................... 36Scaly ash ............................ Ganophyllum falcatum ...................... 23Scarlet oak ......................... Quercus coccinea ............................. 34Scots pine ........................... Pinus sylvestris ................................. 32Scribbly gum ...................... Eucalyptus haemastoma .................. 21Selangan batu biabis ......... Shorea leptoderma ........................... 36Selangan batu kelabu ........ Shorea hypoleuca ............................. 36Selangan batu kumus ........ Shorea l aevis .................................. 36Selangan batu tembaga .... Shorea exelliptica ............................. 35Selangan mata kuching ..... Hopea ferruginea .............................. 24Semul .................................. Bombax ceiba .................................... 14Semul .................................. Bombax insigne ................................. 14Senai New Guinea walnut . Dracontomelum mangiferum ............ 20Senegal mahogany ............ Khaya grandifoliola ........................... 25Sengawan........................... Shorea albida .................................... 35Sengkuang ......................... Dracontomelum spp. ......................... 20Sepetir ................................ Pseudosindora palustris ................... 33Seranai ............................... Cantleya corniculata ......................... 15Seraya daun kasar ............. Shorea fallax ..................................... 35Seraya kuning gajah .......... Shorea gibbosa ................................. 35Seraya kuning jantan ......... Shorea hopeifolia .............................. 36Seraya melantai ................. Shorea macroptera ........................... 36Seraya paya ....................... Shorea platycarpa ............................. 36Seraya punai ...................... Shorea parvifolia ............................... 36Seraya tembaya ................. Shorea leprosula ............................... 36Serrette ............................... Byrsonima spp. ................................. 14Shirabe ............................... Abies veitchii ..................................... 11Shirakashi ........................... Quercus myrsinaefolia ...................... 34Shumard oak ...................... Quercus shumardii ............................ 34Si pueng ............................. Chrysophyllum sp. ............................ 16Siadcho ............................... Tarrietia perakensis .......................... 38Sianahor ............................. Kayea assamica ................................ 25Sigua ................................... Unidentified ....................................... 39Silk-cotton-tree ................... Ceiba pentandra ............................... 16Silky-oak ............................. Grevillea robusta ............................... 23Silver ash ............................ Flindersia amboinensis ..................... 22Silver beech ....................... Nothofagus menziesii ....................... 29Silvertop ash ...................... Eucalyptus sieberi ............................. 22Simarouba .......................... Simarouba amara ............................. 36Simaruba ............................ Jacaranda copaia .............................. 25Simpoh ............................... Dillenia spp. ....................................... 19Sindjaplé ............................. Lonchocarpus spp. ............................ 26Sipo ..................................... Entandrophragma utile ..................... 20Sissoo ................................. Dalbergia sissoo ............................... 18Sitka spruce ....................... Picea sitchensis ................................ 31Smach chanlus ................... Melaleuca leucadendron .................. 27Snakewood ......................... Piratinera guianensis ........................ 32So ........................................ Gmelina arborea ............................... 23Someiyoshino ..................... Prunus yedoensis ............................. 33Sommuang ......................... Garcinia sp. ....................................... 23Sompong ............................ Tetrameles nudiflora ......................... 39Sonpradipat ........................ Casuarina junghuhniana ................... 16Sonsambai ......................... Pinus khesiya .................................... 31Sonsongbai ........................ Pinus merkusii ................................... 31Sontha-le ............................ Casuarina equisetifolia ..................... 16Soorian ............................... Cedrela sp. ........................................ 16

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Sorro ................................... Scyphocephalium ochocoa .............. 35Sota .................................... Clarisia racemosa ............................. 17Sougue ............................... Parinari sp. ........................................ 30Sougué ............................... Parinari excelsa ................................ 30Southern mahogany .......... Eucalyptus botryoides ...................... 21Southern pine ..................... Pinus sp. ............................................ 31Southern red oak ............... Quercus falcata ................................. 34Southern yellow pine ......... Pinus sp. ............................................ 31Spanish-cedar .................... Cedrela spp. ...................................... 16Spondias ............................. Spondias sp. ...................................... 36Spotted gum ....................... Eucalyptus maculata ......................... 21Spruce ................................ Picea smithiana ................................. 31Srol kraham ........................ Dacrydium elatum ............................. 18Star apple ........................... Chrysophyllum cainito ...................... 16Star-apple ........................... Cynodendron spp. ............................. 18Sterculia ............................. Sterculia pruriens .............................. 36Subaha ............................... Mitragyna stipulosa ........................... 28Subín .................................. Acacia dolichostachya ...................... 11Sucupira ............................. Bowdichia spp. .................................. 14Sucupira ............................. Diplotropis martiusii .......................... 19Sucupira ............................. Diplotropis purpurea ......................... 19Sugar gum .......................... Eucalyptus cladocalyx ...................... 21Sugar pine .......................... Pinus lambertiana ............................. 31Sugar plum ......................... Uapaca spp. ...................................... 39Sugi ..................................... Cryptomeria japonica ........................ 18Sundri ................................. Heritiera fomes .................................. 24Sunsún ............................... Didymopanax morototoni .................. 19Suradan .............................. Hyeronima alchorneoides ................. 24Surian ................................. Toona sureni ..................................... 39Swamp box ......................... Lophostemon suaveolens ................. 27Swamp chestnut oak ......... Quercus prinus syn. michauxii ......... 34Sweetbay ............................ Magnolia virginiana ........................... 27Sweetgum........................... Liquidambar styraciflua .................... 26Sweetwood ......................... Nectandra sp. .................................... 29Sydney blue gum ............... Eucalyptus saligna ............................ 22Tabaek ................................ Lagerstroemia calyculata ................. 26Tabaek-luad ....................... Terminalia mucronata ....................... 38Tabaekna ............................ Lagerstroemia floribunda .................. 26Taboondam ........................ Xylocarpus malaccensis ................... 40Tachi preto ......................... Tachigalia sp. .................................... 37Takian ................................. Hopea odorata .................................. 24Takianchan ......................... Balanocarpus heimii ......................... 13Takiannoo ........................... Anogeissus acuminata ...................... 12Takianrak ............................ Hopea latifolia ................................... 24Takiansampon .................... Shorea sp. ......................................... 35Takien chan ........................ Balanocarpus heimii ......................... 13Takram ............................... Garuga pinnata ................................. 23Ta-kro ................................. Schleichera oleosa ........................... 35Tali ...................................... Erythrophleum sp. ............................. 20Tallowwood ........................ Eucalyptus microcorys ...................... 22Talura ................................. Shorea talura ..................................... 36Tamalan .............................. Dalbergia oliveri ................................ 18Tamarack ............................ Larix laricina ...................................... 26Tamarin prokonie ............... Macrosamanea pedicellaris .............. 27Tamarindo .......................... Dialium guianense ............................ 18Tampipio ............................. Couratari multiflora ........................... 17Tangare .............................. Carapa guianensis ............................ 15Tangare .............................. Carapa slateri .................................... 15Tanghan ............................. Calophyllum floribundum .................. 14Tanghon ............................. Calophyllum pulcherrimum ............... 14Tangile ................................ Shorea sp. (polysperma?) ................ 35Tasmanian blue gum ......... Eucalyptus globulus .......................... 21Tasmanian-myrtle .............. Nothofagus spp. ................................ 29

Tasua .................................. Amoora polystachya ......................... 12Tatajuba .............................. Bagassa guianensis .......................... 13Tauary ................................ Couratari spp. .................................... 17Taun .................................... Pometia pinnata ................................ 32Taun .................................... Pometia tomentosa ........................... 32Taunghayet ........................ Swintonia floribunda ......................... 37Tauroniro ............................ Humiria balsamifera .......................... 24Tawa ................................... Beilschmiedia tawa ........................... 13Tchitola ............................... Oxystigma oxyphyllum ...................... 30Teak .................................... Tectona grandis ................................ 38Teak (Burma) ..................... Tectona grandis ................................ 38Teak (Canal zone) ............. Tectona grandis ................................ 38Tembesu ............................. Fagraea fragrans .............................. 22Teng .................................... Shorea obtusa ................................... 36Tengtanee .......................... Shorea cochinchinensis .................... 35Tepa .................................... Laurelia philippiana ........................... 26Teraling ............................... Tarrietia sp. ....................................... 38Terminalia ........................... Terminalia sp. .................................... 38Thalok ................................. Parinari anamense ............................ 30Than .................................... Terminalia oliveri ............................... 38Theptharo ........................... Cinnamomum parthenoxylon ........... 17Thingadu ............................. Parashorea stellata ........................... 30Thingan ............................... Hopea spp. ........................................ 24Thitka .................................. Pentace burmanica ........................... 30Thitmin ................................ Decussocarpus wallichianus ............ 18Thitmin ................................ Podocarpus spp. ............................... 32Thitmin ................................ Podocarpus neriifolia ........................ 32Thitni ................................... Amoora spp. ...................................... 12Thitpok ................................ Tetrameles nudiflora ......................... 39Thitsi ................................... Melanorrhoea usitata ........................ 28Thongbueng ....................... Koompassia malaccensis ................. 25Thongkwao ......................... Butea monosperma ........................... 14Thonglang .......................... Erythrina suberosa ............................ 20Thooriannok ....................... Durio sp. ............................................ 20Tiama .................................. Entandrophragma angolense ........... 20Tigerwood ........................... Lovoa trichilioides ............................. 27Tilla ..................................... Brosimum alicastrum ........................ 14Timbaúba ............................ Enterolobium schomburgkii .............. 20Tinajito ................................ Lecythis davisii .................................. 26Tineo ................................... Weinmannia trichosperma ................ 40Tinnok ................................. Vitex pinnata ..................................... 40Tinpet .................................. Alstonia scholaris .............................. 12Tjapria siris ......................... Albizzia lucida ................................... 12Tjengal ................................ Hopea sangal .................................... 24Tocorito ............................... Lonchocarpus latifolius ..................... 26Todomatsu ......................... Abies sachalinensis .......................... 11Toei-nam ............................ Pentaspadon velutinus ..................... 30Tohi ..................................... Picea hondoensis .............................. 31Tola ..................................... Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum ... 23Tongching ........................... Sterculia alata ................................... 36Tonka .................................. Dipteryx alata .................................... 19Tonka .................................. Dipteryx odorata ................................ 19Toomkwao .......................... Mitragyna brunonis ........................... 28Toon .................................... Cedrela spp. ...................................... 16Toon .................................... Toona ciliata ...................................... 39Tornillo ................................ Cedrelinga catenaeformis ................ 16Totara ................................. Podocarpus spp. ............................... 32Totumillo ............................. Vitex sthaelii ...................................... 40Trebol ................................. Platymiscium spp. ............................. 32Trembesi ............................. Samanea saman ............................... 34Trincomale wood ................ Berrya ammonilla .............................. 14Tropical ash ........................ Fraxinus uhdei ................................... 23True fir ................................ Abies sp. ............................................ 11

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Trumpet-wood .................... Cecropia peltata ................................ 16Tsanya ................................ Corynanthe sp. .................................. 17Tuart ................................... Eucalyptus gomphocephala ............. 21Turpentine .......................... Syncarpia glomulifera ....................... 37Tuvara ................................ Chimarrhis hookerii ........................... 16T’Zalam ............................... Lysiloma spp. .................................... 27Uling .................................... Eusideroxylon zwageri ...................... 22Ulmo ................................... Eucryphia cordifolia .......................... 22U-lok ................................... Hymenodictyon excelsum................. 24Umbaua .............................. Khaya nyasica ................................... 25Umbrella tree ...................... Musanga cecropioides ...................... 28Umgusi ............................... Baikiaea plurijuga ............................. 13Umiri ................................... Humiria balsamifera .......................... 24Uña de gato ........................ Pithecellobium mangense ................ 32Upun batu ........................... Upuna borneensis ............................. 40Urajiromomi ........................ Abies homolepis ................................ 11Utile ..................................... Entandrophragma utile ..................... 20Uva...................................... Pourouma chocoana ......................... 32Uwamizuzakura .................. Prunus grayana ................................. 33Vaco .................................... Magnolia spp. .................................... 27Vaco .................................... Magnolia sororum ............................. 27Vasca .................................. Unidentified ....................................... 39Vellapine ............................. Vaterica indica .................................. 40Verawood ........................... Bulnesia arborea ............................... 14Viraro .................................. Pterogyne nitens ............................... 33Virginia pencil cedar .......... Juniperus virginiana .......................... 25Virola .................................. Dialyanthera spp. .............................. 18Vite ...................................... Vitex gaumeri .................................... 40Vitex .................................... Vitex cofassus ................................... 40Vitex .................................... Vitex doniana .................................... 40Wa ....................................... Eugenia cumini .................................. 22Wa blackbutt ...................... Eucalyptus patens ............................. 22Wacapou ............................ Vouacapoua americana .................... 40Wadong .............................. Eugenia grandis ................................ 22Wall dop .............................. Haplo phragma adenophyllum ......... 23Wallaba ............................... Eperua spp. ....................................... 20Wallaba ............................... Eperua falcata and/or Eperua

grandiflora ...................................... 20Walnut ................................ Juglans fallax .................................... 25Walnut ................................ Juglans regia ..................................... 25Wamara .............................. Swartzia spp. ..................................... 37Wandoo .............................. Eucalyptus wandoo ........................... 22Wapa .................................. Eugenia sp. ....................................... 22Water oak ........................... Quercus nigra .................................... 34Wawabima .......................... Sterculia rhinopetala ......................... 37Wenge ................................ Millettia spp. ...................................... 28Wengé ................................ Millettia sp. ........................................ 28West African cordia ........... Cordia millenii ................................... 17West Indian boxwood ........ Gossypiospermum praecox .............. 23West Indian lancewood ..... Oxandra lanceolata ........................... 30West Indian mahogany ...... Swietenia mahogani ......................... 37West Indian satinwood ...... Zanthoxylum flavum .......................... 40Western hemlock ............... Tsuga heterophylla ........................... 39Western juniper .................. Juniperus occidentalis ...................... 25Western larch ..................... Larix occidentalis .............................. 26Western redcedar .............. Thuja plicata ...................................... 39Western white pine ............ Pinus monticola ................................. 31White ash ........................... Fraxinus americana .......................... 22White bombay .................... Terminalia procera ............................ 38White bombwe ................... Terminalia procera ............................ 38White cedar ........................ Dysoxylum malabaricum .................. 20White chuglam ................... Terminalia bialata ............................. 38White cypress pine ............ Callitris columellaris .......................... 14

White cypress-pine ............ Callitris glauca ................................... 14White fir .............................. Abies concolor ................................... 11White hollock ...................... Terminalia myriocarpa ...................... 38White lauan ........................ Parashorea sp. .................................. 30White lauan ........................ Pentacme contorta ............................ 30White lauan ........................ Shorea sp. (eximia?) ........................ 35White lauan ........................ Shorea palosapis .............................. 36White mahogany ................ Eucalyptus acmenioides ................... 21White meranti ..................... Shorea sp. ......................................... 35White meranti group .......... Shorea spp. ....................................... 35White oak ........................... Quercus alba ..................................... 34White olive .......................... Terminalia amazonia ........................ 38White peroba ...................... Paratecoma peroba .......................... 30White seraya ...................... Parashorea spp. ................................ 30White siris ........................... Ailanthus peekelii .............................. 11White stringybark ............... Eucalyptus eugenioides .................... 21White tabebuia ................... Tabebuia spp. (White-cedar group) . 37White-cedar ........................ Tabebuia spp. (White-cedar group) . 37Wilkinson’s stringybark ...... Eucalyptus eugenioides .................... 21Winged elm ........................ Ulmus alata ....................................... 39Wishmore ........................... Tarrietia utilis ..................................... 38Wonton difou ...................... Morus mesozygia .............................. 28Woollybutt ........................... Eucalyptus longifolia ......................... 21Ya’axnik .............................. Vitex gaumeri .................................... 40Yachidamo ......................... Fraxinus mandshurica ...................... 22Yakal ................................... Shorea astylosa ................................ 35Yakal-gisok ......................... Shorea gisok ..................................... 35Yakal-saplungan ................ Hopea plagata ................................... 24Yamaguwa.......................... Morus bombycis ................................ 28Yamahannoki ..................... Alnus hirsuta ..................................... 12Yamazakura ....................... Prunus jamasakura ........................... 33Yang ................................... Dipterocarpus sp. .............................. 19Yang ................................... Dipterocarpus spp. ............................ 19Yang ................................... Dipterocarpus alatus ......................... 19Yangpara ............................ Hevea brasiliensis ............................. 24Yate .................................... Eucalyptus cornuta ........................... 21Yawaredan ......................... Sclerolobium spp. ............................. 35Yellow box .......................... Eucalyptus melliodora ...................... 21Yellow gum ......................... Eucalyptus leucoxylon ...................... 21Yellow meranti group ......... Shorea spp. ....................................... 35Yellow pine ......................... Pinus strobus .................................... 32Yellow sanders ................... Buchenavia capitata ......................... 14Yellow sterculia .................. Sterculia oblonga .............................. 36Yellow stringybark .............. Eucalyptus muelleriana .................... 22Yellow tingle ....................... Eucalyptus guilfoylei ......................... 21Yellow-poplar ..................... Liriodendron tulipifera ....................... 26Yellowwood ........................ Cordia goeldiana ............................... 17Yemeri ................................ Vochysia spp. .................................... 40Yemeri ................................ Vochysia hondurensis ...................... 40Yertchuk ............................. Eucalyptus consideniana .................. 21Yew ..................................... Taxus baccata ................................... 38Yiguire ................................ Piptadenia psilostachya .................... 32Yomhom ............................. Cedrela toona .................................... 16Yon...................................... Anogeissus acuminata ...................... 12Yoong ................................. Dipterocarpus grandiflorus ............... 19Yo-pa .................................. Morinda coreia .................................. 28Yuan ................................... Koompassia excelsa ......................... 25Zapatero ............................. Peltogyne porphyrocardia ................ 30Zaragosa ............................ Conocarpus erectus .......................... 17Zebrano .............................. Microberlinia brazzavillensis ............ 28Zebrawood ......................... Microberlinia brazzavillensis ............ 28Zingana ............................... Microberlinia sp. ................................ 28Ziziphus .............................. Ziziphus cinnamomum ...................... 40

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