Nationalist Movements in the Late 20th Century

Chapters 22-24

“Nationalist Movements” Outline• Latin America

– Trends in LA– Central America– South America

• Africa and the Middle East– Independence Movements in

Africa– Conflict in the Middle East

• Asia and the Pacific– Communism and China– South and Southeast Asia– Japan and the Pacific

Trends in Latin America• Economy and Politics

– 60s – Countries dependent on US, Japan, GB, others• Political parties abolished, military dictators

push export-import economies• Multinational corporations just make this

worse– 70s – Foreign debt grows from $27 billion

to $315.3 billion– 80s – Move toward democracy

• Could only gain more loans through reform

• U.S./L.A. Relations– 1948 – Organization of American States

(OAS) created• End military action of Western Hemisphere

nations in other Western Hemisphere nations• US does not abide, fears spread of

communism

Central America• Mexico

– One major party – Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)

– 1968 – Protesters were killed, beginning call for change

– Change only came with economic troubles• 70s – Oil found, Mexico begins to rely on it• 80s – Oil prices drop world wide, economy goes

down• 80s – Gov’t HAS TO sell companies to private firms

(privatization)

• Cuba– 1959 – Fidel Castro takes Cuba– 1960 – Embargo placed on Cuba by US– 1961 – Bay of Pigs invasion– 1962 – Cuban Missile Crisis– With embargo, Cuba had to rely on USSR– 1989 – Soviet collapse leads to slow decline of

Cuba

Central America Cont’d• Central America includes seven

nations:– Costa Rica, Nicaragua, El Salvador,

Panama, Honduras, Belize, and Guatemala

• Each experience bouts with Marxist regimes or harsh dictators

• US willing to get involved to benefit its interest– El Salvador & Nicaragua – US helps

overthrow USSR-aligned leaders– Panama – Independence in 1903 is

helped in hopes of building a canal; drug trafficking in 80s & 90s push US help

South America• Argentina

– Military regime started in 1940s• Overthrew oligarchy

– Juan Peron elected Prez in 1946• Fought for the descamisados, or “shirtless

ones” (workers)• Encouraged unionization, industrialization, and

to free country from foreign investors– Peron tries to set up similar gov’t to Hitler,

is overthrown in ’55– Military rule lasts until ‘82, when Argentina

lost dispute vs Great Britain over Falkland Islands

• Brazil– 1964 – Military takes control, institutes new

economic policies• “Economic miracle” ensues

– 1985 – Massive inflation leads to military backing down, democracy being pushed in Brazil

South America Cont’d• Chile

– 1970 – Marxist Salvador Allende elected• Began to take control of copper businesses (owned by U.S.)

– 1973 – Augusto Pinochet takes control w/use of military• Killed and tortured thousands to keep rule• Defeated in 1989 free elections

• Peru– 1968 – Juan Velasco Alvarado takes control, fights for

poor• Put land in control of peasant cooperatives, or farm

organizations– 1980 – Unable to make changes, military turns gov’t

back over to civilians– Communist groups like the Shining Path begin to

emerge, promise change• Colombia

– Post WWII through present, constant fighting between military and civilians

– Drug lords teamed with civilians to fight gov’t– U.S. continues to support Colombian gov’t vs drug

cartels

3-2-1 Exit Slip

• 3 things you learned

• 2 things you found interesting

• 1 thing you still have questions about

Trends in Africa• Post WWII – Europe realizes

colonization of Africa must end– UN charter pledged self-determination of

all peoples• 1960-1965 – 28 new African nations

formed– Eritrea last nation in 1993

• Racial Apartheid (apartness) in South Africa– White Afrikaners prevented equal voting,

working, and civil rights– Black Africans brutally repressed, Nelson

Mandella arrested in 1962 saw a call for armed movements vs Afrikaners

• Pan-Africanism spreads– Unity of all black Africans, regardless of

nationality

New Nations Struggle and Succeed• Government and economic policies

ranged– Some wanted to follow Western

examples, others admired Eastern policies

• Several problems led to weak economy– Relying too much on exports (like

Latin America)– Corrupt spending– Rapid population growth– Drought and other natural disasters– AIDS epidemic

• Politically, democracies struggled– Ultimately, differences among ethnic

groups led to disagreement

New Nations Struggle and Succeed Cont’d

• Several positives in Africa recently– Dictatorships knocked

out from 70s-present– Removal of apartheid in

South Africa, election of Nelson Mandela as president in 1994

– Women can vote, hold political office

Trends in the Middle East• Biggest post-WWII question

involves Palestine– 1948 – Divided into Arab and

Jewish states of Palestine and Israel

– Zionists wanted a Jewish state• Pan-Arabism spreads

– Movement to unify all people of Arab descent

• Religious warfare dominates through the present

• US involvement (oil)

Revolution• Palestine and Israel

– Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) tried to fight Jewish occupation of Israel with force

– Intifada (uprising) occurs in 1980s by Arabs in Israel• 1993 – Both recognize each other, temporary peace

• Iran– Chief U.S. ally in 1950s-60s– Due to perceived materialism, people upset,

want to divide from U.S.• Restore Islamic law in 1979

• Iraq– 1979-2006 – Saddam Hussein rules– Religious differences between Iraq and Iran

cause several conflicts during 80s– 1990 – Gulf War occurs when Iraq invades

Kuwait• US involved for oil

– 2003 – US launches another attack on Iraq for fear of weapons of mass destruction (WMDs)

Exit Slip

• In your opinion, what was the biggest issue we discussed regarding Africa?

• In your opinion, what was the biggest issue we discussed regarding the Middle East?

• How are pan-Africanism and pan-Arabism similar? Different?

Trends in Asia• China

– Mao Zedong threatens Communist takeover

• Southeast Asia– European nations now

questioning colonization in area– Move away from colonization

creates problems in former colonies

• Japan– Move towards a modern society– Recovery from WWII and a new

hope for relations with West

China and Communism• 1945 – Nationalists (Chiang Kai-shek) vs

Communists (Mao Zedong)– South (N) vs North (C)– 1949 – Peoples Liberation Army wins– Korean War starts soon after (‘50-’53)

• 1958 – Zedong begins Great Leap Forward– Farms and villages combined into communes– 15 million people die of starvation when

peasants don’t grow needed crops, natural disaster strikes

• 1966 – Zedong begins Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution– Red Guards (youth groups) target older, more

conservative Chinese– Destroyed foreign books, temples, music, etc– Over time, people begin to oppose

movement, as well as Mao

China After Mao• 1976 – Mao dies,

revolutionaries led by Deng Xiaoping take control– Invited foreign investors,

companies to China• Still, people want democracy

– Protests in Tiananmen Square late 80s – 90s

– Deng sends tanks and troops to end protests

– Strained relations with West throughout 90s

India Divided• Religious differences separated India

– Hindu vs Muslim groups• 1947 – India (Hindus) and West and East

Pakistan (Muslims) granted independence• India

– Modeled after British parliamentary system– Rapid population growth + poor economy =

creation of slums– Muslim-Hindu religious wars continued to

plague region• Pakistan

– Completely new upon gaining independence• What kinds of problems come with this?

– Tried to hold gov’t in West Pakistan, but East didn’t like idea

– 1971 – East Pakistan declared independence, became Bangladesh after a brief civil war

Southeast Asia• US and Britain make moves to

leave Asia– 1946 – US grants independence

to Philippines– 1948 – Britain gives up Burma– 1957 – GB gives up Malaya

• French and Dutch try to maintain colonies– Bloody battles between French

and Vietnamese led to 1954 independence

– Vietnam split North (Communist) and South (Democracy)

– Vietnam War would soon follow

Japan• 1945-1952 – Japan is occupied by

Allied forces– Douglas MacArthur in charge of

Allies here– MacArthur pushed Western

ideology• Within 50 years, Japan becomes

2nd greatest industrial power in the world– Western gov’t structure (three

branches, universal suffrage)– Gov’t has heavy presence in

economy (price and wage policies)• A cultural tradition of group work

and a focus on completing tasks has helped propel the nation

The “Asian Tigers”• Made up of South Korea,

Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong– Imitate Japanese success

in industry• All experience change

following removal of former rulers– South Korea – Japan– Taiwan – China– Singapore/Hong Kong – GB

Exit Slip

• In your opinion, what was the biggest trend in the following areas:– China– India/Pakistan– Japan

• Name one country within the “Asian Tigers”. Who did this group of nations model their economy after?