Nationalism&

Imperialism

Agree or Disagree?• _____ The goals and ideals of different

political groups often make a move toward unification difficult.

• _____ Threats from outside forces are not usually a factor in the unification of a country.

• _____ A shared history and common traditions may lead to a desire for the establishment of a unified nation.

The Italian Peninsula, 1815

1848: Year of Revolutions Causes:• Poor harvests• Food shortages• Economic depression• Unemployment • Desire of people for

increased political power and civil liberties

• Nationalism and political liberalism At the barricades

Risorgimento• Italian for “resurgence”• Period of cultural nationalism

and political unification• Peasants struggled against

landowners• Middle class sought

expanded rights and opportunities

• Secret societies and growing literary traditions advanced love and loyalty for Italy and a commitment to Italian unity and independence

Giuseppe Mazzini• 1805–1872• Imprisoned 1830–1831,

then exiled• Founder of “Young Italy”• Almost all of his

revolutionary efforts against foreign rulers would fail

• But emerged as the leading spokesman for Italian patriotism

Mazzini on Italy “O, my brothers, love your Country! . . . Country is not only a mere zone of territory. The true country is the idea to which it gives birth; it is the thought of love, the sense of communion which unites in one all the sons of that territory . . . And so long as you are ready to die for humanity, the life of your country will be immortal.”

Summary of Italian Unification • Passion for a free and united

Italy initiated by charismatic nationalists

• Unification realized by aggressive leaders

• Political manipulation contributed significantly

• Foreign powers overthrown • Spirit of nationalism began to

unite Italians despite cultural, social, and regional differences Italian stamp

commemorating Mazzini

The German Confederation

*The red outline indicates the German confederation.

1848 in the German Confederation

• Middle class sought constitutional government, property rights, security, and prosperity

• Artisans struggled against industrialists and capitalists, sought to protect guild system

• Workers demanded suffrage and socialist reforms

• Peasants sought security in land ownership

German peasant workers

German Unification • Expanding industrial

economy altered economic and political climate in Prussia

• Otto von Bismarck, architect of German unification

• Bismarck motivated to consolidate and expand German power

• Bismarck not motivated by sentimental aspects of nationalism

• German cultural nationalism would emerge in concert with German unification

Germany, 1866–1871

Otto von Bismarck• 1815–1898• 1847: elected to the

Prussian Landtag• 1851–59: Prussian minister

to Frankfurt Parliament• 1859–1862: Ambassador to

St. Petersburg• 1862: Ambassador to Paris• 1862: Minister-President of

Prussia

“Blood and iron” Policies

Zollverein (Customs Union)• Established 1834, in

Prussia• Customs barriers

eliminated• Later expanded

across multiple German states

• Expansion of industry and commerce followed

• Germany’s middle class strengthened

German railroads

Postage stamp commemorating the coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I

“One Kingdom, One People, One God”

“. . . our task was the establishment or foundation of German national unity under the leadership of the king of Prussia.”

—from Bismarck’s memoirs

Realpolitik (politics of reality)

Bismarck

Eugene Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People

German Unification Overview

• 5 Great Powers of Europe• Wars of the mid-1800s greatly

strengthened one of the Great Powers (Prussia became Germany)

• Balance of power had broken down

Russia 1800-1905

Russia covers 10,000 miles across Europe and AsiaTerritorial gains included Siberia 1600 (Ivan the Terrible), Black Seas and Caspian Seas (1775), and

the Sakhalin Islands 1860sTrans- Siberian Railroad completed in1900

Russian CulturePeter Tchaikovsky “1812 Overture”

• Commemorates Russia’s victory over Napoleon

• Expresses love of the motherland (Russia) and its people [Nationalism]

• Introduction- simple violin melody of a Russian hymn.

• Development- expansion of melody and development of tensions (war) with additional instruments- cellos, trumpets, drums

• Climax- Church bells, Cannons, bring the piece to a close to celebrate the victory

Reform and Reaction

• Alexander I- “one church, one government, one language” (1801-1825)

• Nicholas I- (1825-1855)

• Alexander II (1855-1881)

• Suppressed opposition to rule, limited freedom of speech

• Suppressed revolts, started a secret police

• Freed the serfs, started the Duma (Russian Congress)

Nicholas II 1894-1917• Industrialism continues

in Russia with iron and steel industries

• Strengthens military• Trans-Siberian

Railroad completed in 1900.

• Political (people want democracy) and economic (no land reform, poor working conditions) problems

1905 Revolution

• Tsar Nicholas II crushes peaceful protest

• After 1905 Revolution, Tsar promises economic and political reform, but does not see them as priorities.

ImperialismImperialism

Imperialism• the policy of extending a

nation's economic, political, and/or social control over a weaker nation; the policy of extending territory or establishing dominance over another nation.

Agree or Disagree?• _____ An industrialized country can easily

control a country that is not industrialized.• _____ Imperialists should expand into

locations that benefit their need to transport goods and raw materials.

• _____ Imperialists should expand into areas that have natural resources they can use.

Types of Imperialism• Colony - direct control by the mother country• Protectorate - Native ruler remains in place, but

with foreign power's advisers• Sphere of Influence - Foreign power has

exclusive rights to development• Concession - Foreign power has right to

develop one specific aspect of the economy• Lease - Foreign power rents an area from a

less developed country

Cause #11. Economic• Need for raw materials (coal,

cotton...) and markets • Trade• Source of cheap labor • Invest excess capital at a high rate

of return• Make loans to colonies for building

railways, steamship lines...

Cause #22. Political• Acquire territory• Obtain bases and outposts for military• Establish a government; belief colonies were unfit to

self-govern• Desire for great power status (colonies meant power

and prestige)• Ambitions of power, glory, and national greatness• Demonstrate the power of their military and strength of

their weapons

Cause #33. Social• Spread Christianity to the

colonies ("White Man's Burden")• Belief of superiority • Evolution/"survival of the fittest"

(Social Darwinism)• Duty to spread their race,

beliefs, and Western culture• Educate the colonies

ETHNOCENTRISM

Colonial Empires around the World

Imperialism Around the World

Imperialism in Africa

Imperialism in AfricaMain Ideas:• Ignored the claims of

African ethnic groups, kingdoms, and city-states

• Europeans established colonial claims

Why it matters today:• African nations continue

to feel the effects of the colonial presence of 100 years ago.

How did it happen?• Explorers, missionaries, and reporters go in to Africa• Some make claims on the land• Greed, nationalism, racism, and philanthropy motivate

European colonialism.• Superior arms, the steam engine, medicines, and

African rivalries help Europeans dominate Africa• Berlin Conference divides land among European

nations• Divisions ignore ethnic and linguistic groupings• Europeans take advantage of the natural resources• Africans treated cruelly, exploited, and subject to

unfair battles

Did they ever resist?

• Of course!• However, there was a lack of organization

and weapons• Ethiopia was successful

– played Europeans against one another– meanwhile stockpiled weapons– eventually declared war on the Italians & won

Impact on AfricaPositive• reduced local warfare• humanitarian efforts

– improved sanitation– hospitals– schools

• increased lifespan & literacy rate

• economic expansion– brought markets,

railroads, dams, & phone lines

Negative• lost control of land &

freedom• new diseases• famines• breakdown of

traditional culture• men forced to leave

villages to work in mines or govt. projects

• boundary issues

Imperialism in Africa

• Which European countries colonized Africa?

• Why would Madagascar be colonized before Uganda?

• Which country was not colonized by a European nation? Why Not?

Imperialism in ChinaImperialism in China

Big Problems in Little China

• Little interest in trade with the west• British have unfavorable balance of trade• Solution: smuggle in opium• Result: 12 million addicted Chinese• Aftermath: War breaks out when British

refuse to stop trading the drug

Opium Wars• British merchants:

– earned huge profits by smuggling opium

– brought it from Turkey and India

1839– Chinese troops tried to

stop smuggling and started war

1842– British won the Opium War – Signed first of many

treaties with China

Opium Smokers

Treaty of Nanjing• Gave Hong Kong

to Britain• opened four other

ports to British trade

• Criminal cases involving British citizens would be decided back home

The signature page of the Treaty of Nanjing, which ended the Opium War

between Britain and China.

What do you think???• Pretend you are a Chinese citizen. How would the Treaty of Nanjing make you feel? Explain.

Problems Increase• Treaties are disgraceful• poverty & political corruption create problems for

China• 14 year Taiping Rebellion expressed the discontent of

the Chinese people as peasants revolted against the leaders

• Govt resists modernization• Spheres of influence (West & Japan)• Open Door Policy with the U.S. (allows trade, but

protects from colonization)• Boxer Rebellion- expressed discontent of foreign rule

– unsuccessful but brought nationalism– govt began to reform

Taiping Rebellion• Opium War hurts the Qing

Dynasty• Rebellion:

– Taiping rebels versus the Qing Dynasty

• Qing got help from European countries– wanted the dynasty to win

so the treaties could remain in effect.

• Qing Dynasty stayed in power

Imperialism• Imperialist nations had

won their struggle for power in China

• Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Japan– all take large sections of

China as Spheres of Influence

– What did that mean?• had exclusive trading rights

The Boxer Rebellion

The Boxer Rebellion Empress Ci Xi

Hated foreigners encouraged secret

groups to chase the foreigners out of China

Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, also known as the “Boxers” Hated foreigners

(Europeans) Secretly worked with

the Empress to chase out the foreigners

A company of the Bengal Lancers escorts Count Alfred von Waldersee, supreme

commander of the Allied forces that helped suppress the Boxer Rebellion, to the Meridian

Gate of the Forbidden City.

The Boxer Rebellion June 1900:

Boxers killed 100’s of foreigners and 1000’s of Chinese Christians

– Took control of Beijing European countries sent 25,000 troops

Killed 1000’s of Chinese Boxer Rebellion is a failure Foreigners remain in China

Loss of the Mandate?Chinese people were losing respect for the dynasty seek change

Sun Yixian•1905-

–Revolutionaries form the United League later called the Kuomintang, or the Nationalist Party

•Sun Yixian named leader–Attacked Qing troops without success

The Revolution of 1911 1908-

2 year old Prince Pu Yi became emperor of China

• 1911- – Sun Yixian becomes

first president of the new Republic of China

Imperialism in IndiaImperialism in India

Effects of Imperialism in India

• British East India Company• 1857 Sepoy Rebellion leads to British

control of the subcontinent

Gandhi-Considered the Father of Indian

Independence

Methods used- boycotts of products which were held

by a British monopoly – cloth, and saltCivil Disobedience -Non-violent

protests, marches,

Famous

Quotes

• “ We will not strike a blow, but we will receive them.”

• “They may torture my body, break my bones, or even kill me. Then, they will have my body, but not my obedience”

• In the end, you (the British) will walk out (leave India) because 100,000 Englishmen simply cannot control 350 million Indians if those Indians refuse to cooperate. Peaceful, nonviolent, noncooperation until you yourself see the wisdom of leaving.”

India’s Independence

• Major Problems: – Diverse cultures– Poverty– Industrialization

• Conflict between Hindus and Muslims led to a separation and the creation of the Muslim nation of Pakistan

Effects of Imperialism on the European Countries:

• Clash/War between the European Countries• Europeans lost lives in wars to control native

people in India, Africa, and China• Feeling of superiority prevented imperialists

from seeing the value and learning from other cultures

• Europeans became economically dependent on the cheap raw materials and markets of the colonies

• Cultural diffusion - influenced the art, food, language, and clothes design

Effects of Imperialism on Conquered People:

Positive:• Infrastructure improved• Education improved• Access to medical care increased• Food supply increased• Economic development stimulated• Internal conflicts decreased

Effects of Imperialism on Conquered People:

Negative:• People with common culture separated• Natural resources exploited• Native cultures damaged• Economic self-sufficiency lost• Cash crops overemphasized• Family life disrupted• Native life expectancy diminished