national wildlife conservation projects

8/2/2019 National Wildlife Conservation Projects

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NATIONAL WILDLIFE CONSERVATION PROJECTSPROJECT TIGER

Project Tiger is a wildlife conservation project initiated in India in1972 to protect the Bengal Tigers. It was launched on April 1, 1973 andhas become one of the most successful wildlife conservation ventures.The project aims at tiger conservation in specially constituted tigerreserves representative of various bio-geographical regions throughoutIndia. It strives to maintain a viable tiger population in their naturalenvironment. In 2007, there were 28 Project Tiger wildlife reservescovering an area of 37,761 km. Project Tiger helped increased thepopulation of these tigers from 1,200 in the 1970s to 3,500 in 1990s.

At the turn of the 20th century, one estimate of the tigerpopulation in India placed the figure at 40,000. The first ever all-Indiatiger census was conducted in 1972 which revealed the existence ofonly 1827 tigers. Various pressures in the second half of the 20thcentury led to the progressive decline of wilderness resulting in thedisturbance of viable tiger habitats. At the International Union forConservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) GeneralAssembly meeting in Delhi in 1969, serious concern was voiced aboutthe threat to several species of wildlife and the shrinkage of wildernessin India. In 1970, a national ban on tiger hunting was imposed and in1972 the Wildlife Protection Act came into force. A task force was thenset up to formulate a project for tiger conservation with an ecologicalapproach.

The project was launched in 1973, and various tiger reserves werecreated in the country based on a 'core-buffer' strategy. The core areaswere freed from all sorts of human activities and the buffer areas weresubjected to 'conservation oriented land use'. Management plans weredrawn up for each tiger reserve based on the principles outlined below:

- Elimination of all forms of human exploitation and bioticdisturbance from the core area and rationalization of activities in thebuffer zone.

- Restricting the habitat management only to repair the damagesdone to the eco-system by human and other interferences so as to

facilitate recovery of the eco-system to its natural state.

- Monitoring the faunal and floral changes over time and carryingout research about wildlife.

Initially, 9 tiger reserves were established in different States duringthe period 1973-74, by pooling the resources available with the Centraland State Governments. These nine reserves covered an area of about13,017km -- viz Manas (Assam), Palamau (Bihar), Similipal (Orissa),

Corbett (U.P.), Kanha (M.P.), Melghat (Maharashtra), Bandipur


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(Karnataka), Ranthambhore (Rajasthan) and Sunderbans (WestBengal).

The project started as a Central Sector Scheme with the fullassistance of Central Government until 1979-80: later, it become a'centrally Sponsored Scheme' from 1980-81, with equal sharing ofexpenditures between the center and the states. The World WildlifeFund For Nature has given Project Tiger assistance in the form ofequipments, expertise and literature worth US $ 1 million. The variousStates have given up forestry operations in the reserves leading to aloss of revenue. Project Tiger was a pet project of Indira Gandhi, thethen Prime Minister of India.

Reports of widespread poaching of tigers in two of the premier TigerReserves of North India - Sariska and Ranthambore have prompted ahigh level inquiry by CBI and also the constitution of a National levelsupervisory committee to supervise the implementation of the project.Senior wildlife scientists and conservationists have been chosen for thiscommittee to be headed by the Prime Minister himself.

The main achievements of this project are excellent recovery of thehabitat and consequent increase in the tiger population in the reserveareas, from a mere 268 in 9 reserves in 1972 to above one thousand in28 reserves in 2006. Tigers, being at the apex of the food chain, can beconsidered as the indicator of the stability of the ecosystem. For aviable tiger population, a habitat should possess a good prey basewhich in turn will depend on an undisturbed forest vegetation. Thus,

'Project Tiger' is basically the conservation of the entire ecosystem andapart from tigers, all other wild animals population have also increasedin the project areas. In the subsequent Five Year Plans, the main thrustwas to enlarge the core and buffer zones in certain reserves,intensification of protection and eco-development in the buffer zones ofexisting tiger reserves, creation of additional tiger reserves andstrengthening of the research activities.

PROJECT ELEPHANTProject Elephant (PE), a centrally sponsored scheme, was

launched in February 1992 to provide financial and technical support tomajor elephant bearing States in the country for protection of elephants,their habitats and corridors. It also seeks to address the issues ofhuman-elephant conflict and welfare of domesticated elephants. TheProject is being implemented in 13 States / UTs , viz. Andhra Pradesh ,Arunachal Pradesh , Assam , Jharkhand , Karnataka , Kerala ,Meghalaya , Nagaland , Orissa , Tamil Nadu , Uttranchal , UttarPradesh and West Bengal. 25 Elephant Reserves (ERs) extending overabout 58,000 sq km have been formally notified by various StateGovernments till now. The estimated population of wild elephants in

2002 was 26413.Main activities of the Project are as follows:


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- Ecological restoration of existing natural habitats and migratoryroutes of elephants;

- Development of scientific and planned management forconservation of elephant habitats and viable population of Wild

Asiatic elephants in India;

- Promotion of measures for mitigation of man elephant conflict incrucial habitats and moderating pressures of human and domesticstock activities in crucial elephant habitats;

- Strengthening of measures for protection of Wild elephantsform poachers and unnatural causes of death;

- Research on Elephant management related issues;

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Public education and awareness programmes;

- Eco-development

- Veterinary care

PROJECT HANGULThe Kashmir stag (Cervus affinis hanglu) also called Hangul is a

subspecies of Central Asian Red Deer native to northern India. Thisdeer lives in groups of two to 18 individuals in dense riverine forests,

high valleys, and mountains of the Kashmir valley and northern Chambain Himachal Pradesh. In Kashmir, it's found in Dachigam National Parkat elevations of 3,035 meters. These deer once numbered from about5,000 animals in the beginning of the 20th century. Unfortunately, theywere threatened, due to habitat destruction, over-grazing by domesticlivestock, and poaching. This dwindled to as low as 150 animals by1970. However, the state of Jammu & Kashmir, along with the IUCNand the WWF prepared a project for the protection of these animals. Itbecame known as Project Hangul. This brought great results and thepopulation increased to over 340 by 1980.

INDIAN CROCODILE CONSERVATION PROJECTThe Indian Crocodile Conservation Project is considered among

the more successful of conservation initiatives in the world. It has pulledback the once threatened crocodilians from the brink of extinction andplace them on a good path of recovery. The Project has not justproduced a large number of crocodiles, but has contributed towardsconservation in a number of related fields as well.The broad objectives of activities under crocodile project were asfollows :

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To protect the remaining population of crocodilians in theirnatural habitat by creating sanctuaries.


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- To rebuild natural population quickly through `grow and release'or `rear and release' technique - more than seven thousandcrocodiles have been restocked - about 4000 gharial (Gavialisgangeticus), 1800 mugger (Crocodylus palustris) and 1500 salt-water crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus)

- To promote captive breeding,

- To take-up research to improve management.

- To build up a level of trained personnel for better continuity ofthe project through training imparted at project-sites and through the(erstwhile) Central Crocodile Breeding and Management TrainingInstitute, Hyderabad.

- To involve the local people in the project intimately

The Himalayan Musk Deer Ecology and Conservation Project, ProjectLion, the Snow Leopard Project and several Pheasant Projects havealso been initiated.

PROTECTED AREA NETWORKProtected Area network has increased from 1.33 lakh sq. km. to

1.56 lakh sq. km. adding about 23092 sq. km. The Protected .Areanetwork now comprises 586 Protected Areas (89 National Parks and

497 sanctuaries) as against 426 Protected Areas (63 National Parksand 363 sanctuaries) in 1997 to. The present P.A. network representsabout 4.5% of total geographical area of the country. It also includes 4additional Tiger Reserves under Project Tiger. National Parks andsanctuaries have been provided grants under the scheme of`Development of National Parks and Sanctuaries. Under this scheme atotal of Rs.72.28 crores have been provided to the States during IX Planperiod. For more than 200 Protected Areas, scientific managementplans have been prepared which provide the basis for financialassistance. This scheme provides 100 percent Central assistance to

States for non-recurring items of work. However, for selected items ofrecurring nature 50 percent assistance is also provided in case ofNational Parks only. The funding pattern under the scheme ofDevelopment of National Parks and Sanctuaries has been upgradedduring 2000-2001 and a provision has been made for reimbursement ofboth the capital cost and recurring cost including salary of incrementalstaff in respect of the Protected Areas in coastal areas, deserts andhigh mountain regions supporting endangered species. There has beenan increase in the capacity of the National Parks and sanctuaries forcarrying out various developmental works and an amount of Rs. 83.00

crores has been spent during the IXth Plan as against an amount of Rs.49.50 crores during the VIIIth Plan. Another striking feature has been


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the developmental activities in the North-Eastern States. During theVIIIth Plan total expenditure in North-Eastern States was Rs. 3.00Crores which has gone up to Rs.13.00 crores during the IXth Plan .

Another important step taken during this period has been toimprove human interface by introducing scheme of Eco-development inand around the National Parks and sanctuaries. Rs.41 crores wereprovided for this purpose. In addition, a World Bank-funded IndiaEcodevelopment Project has also been implemented in 7 protectedareas in 7 States with a total outlay of Rs.294.93 crores, out of whichRs.134 crores were provided during the IXth Plan period. A total of 18villages were shifted outside the Protected Areas during this periodinvolving 900 families.

GOI UNDP SEA TURTLE PROJECTA significant proportion of worlds Olive Ridley Turtle population

migrates every winter to Indian coastal waters for nesting mainly ateastern coast. With the objective of conservation of olive ridley turtlesand other endangered marine turtles. Ministry of Environment & Forestsinitiated the Sea Turtle Conservation Project in collaboration of UNDP inNovember, 1999 with Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun as theImplementing Agency. The project is being implemented in 10 coastalStates of the country with special emphasis in State of Orissa. Totalfinancial allocation for the project is Rs.1.29 crores. The project hashelped in preparation of inventory map of breeding sites of Sea Turtles,

identification of nesting and breeding habitats along the shore line, andmigratory routes taken by Sea Turtles, development of guidelines tosafeguard and minimize turtle mortality, development of national andinternational cooperative and collaborative action for Sea TurtleConservation, developing guideline plans for tourism in sea turtle areasand developing infrastructure and human resources for Sea TurtleConservation. One of the important achievements have beendemonstration of use of Satellite Telemetry to locate the migratory routeof Olive Ridley Turtles in the sea and sensitizing the fishermen andState Government for the use of Turtle Exclusion Device (TED) in

fishing trawlers to check turtle mortality in fishing net.

GOI-UNDP WILDLIFE PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT INJALDAPARA SANCTUARY, WEST BENGAL

Ministry also initiated another small project in collaboration withUNDP entitled Wildlife Protected Area Management in JaldaparaSanctuary, West Bengal with the total financial outlay of Rs.86 lakhs.The objectives of the project are updating and implementing anintegrated management and ecodevelopment plans, enhancing capacityof State wildlife authorities to integrate and implement management and

ecodevelopmnt plan along with strengthening and supporting theconservation measures taken by States by involving people. This


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programme has successfully implemented and has contributed incapacity building of wildlife staff as well as training of communityrepresentatives including women. It has also helped in preparation ofmicro-plans for 8 villages in the protected areas and initiating the samein other 20 villages. It has brought general awareness among thepeople for the wildlife conservation and have sensitized them for thewildlife conservation. Harmonious relationship between the wildlife staffand local people would ensure long term conservation of biodiversity.Once successfully implemented, it could be replicated in other protectedareas also.

ACTION PLAN FOR VULTURE CONSERVATION IN INDIAIndia has nine species of vultures in the wild. These are the

Oriental White-backed Vulture (Gyps bengalensis), Slender billedVulture (Gyps tenuirostris), Long billed Vulture (Gyps indicus), EgyptianVulture (Neophron percnopterus), Red Headed Vulture (Sarcogypscalvus), Indian Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus), Himalayan Griffon (Gypshimalayensis), Cinereous Vulture (Aegypius monachus) and BeardedVulture or Lammergeier (Gypaetus barbatus). The population of threespecies i.e. White-backed Vulture, Slender billed Vulture and Longbilled Vulture in the wild has declined drastically over the pastdecade. The decline of Gyps genus in India has been put at 97% by2005.

The phenomenon of Neck drooping, where birds would

exhibit this behaviour for protracted periods over several weeks beforecollapsing and falling out of trees, is the only obvious behaviouralindication that birds are ill. Experiments showed that captive vulturesare highly susceptible to Diclofenac, and are killed by kidney failureleading to gout within a short time of feeding on the carcass of ananimal treated with the normal veterinary dose.

The ecological, social and cultural significance of vultures in Indiamay be summed up as: scavenging on animal carcasses of animals andthereby helping keep the environment clean; and the disposal of deadbodies as per the religious practices of the Parsi community. In some

areas the population of feral dogs, being the main scavenging speciesin the absence of vultures, has been observed to have increased. Bothincreases in putrefying carcasses and changes in the scavengerpopulations have associated disease risks for wildlife, livestock andhumans.

Because of the evidence of widespread and rapid populationdecline, all three vulture species were listed by IUCN, the WorldConservation Union, in 2000 as Critically Endangered. Unfortunately,the current captive populations in India are also not viable for any of thespecies and, therefore, complete extinction is likely to occur if no action

is taken immediately. India also moved a IUCN motion in 2004 forvulture conservation, which was accepted in the form of the IUCN


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resolution which called upon Gyps vulture Range countries to beginaction to prevent all uses of diclofenac in veterinary applications thatallow diclofenac to be present in carcasses of domestic livestockavailable as food for vultures; establishment of IUCN South Asian TaskForce under the auspices of the IUCN; Range countries to develop andimplement national vulture recovery plans, including conservationbreeding and release.

The workshop to prepare an Asian Vulture Recovery Plan held at

Parwanoo in Himachal Pradesh, India in February 2004 recommended

the estaAs rainwater may be contaminated due to pollutants like

microscopic germs etc., it is often not considered suitable for drinking

withouttreatment. However, there are many examples of rainwater

being used for all purposes including drinking following suitable

treatment.

Rainwater harvested from roofs can contain human, animal and

birdfaeces,mossesandlichens, windblown dust, particulates from

urbanpollution, pesticides, and inorganicionsfrom the sea

(Ca,Mg,Na,K,Cl,SO4), and dissolved gases (CO2,NOx,SOx).blishment of captive holding and captive breeding facilities for

three species of Gyps vultures at six different places in South Asia,besides implementing a ban on veterinary use of Diclofenac. These

centres would serve as source for reintroduction of the birds afterremoval of the cause of mortality from the environment.

INDO-RUSSIAN COOPERATIONMinistry has also signed a protocol with Russian counterpart for

conservation of migratory bird species between the two countries. It hasbeen agreed to develop joint projects of mutual interest on migrationand nesting behaviour of Siberian Cranes and common cranes and alsoto exchange scientific and official information on issues relating towetland management, conservation of avi-fauna etc.

Rainwater harvesting is the accumulating and storing of rainwater forreuse before it reaches theaquifer. It has been used to providedrinkingwater, water forlivestock, water forirrigation, as well as other typical
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faeceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faeceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faeceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquiferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquiferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquiferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquiferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faeceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purification


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uses. Rainwater collected from the roofs of houses and local institutionscan make an important contribution to the availability of drinking water.It can supplement the subsoil water level and increase urban greenery.Water collected from the ground, sometimes from areas that areespecially prepared for this purpose, is calledStormwater harvesting. Insome cases, rainwater may be the only available, or economical, watersource. Rainwater harvesting systems can be simple to construct frominexpensive local materials, and are potentially successful in mosthabitable locations. Roof rainwater may not be potable and may requiretreatment before consumption.Rainwater may also be used forgroundwater recharge, where the runoffon the ground is collected and allowed to be absorbed, adding to thegroundwater.As rainwater may be contaminated due to pollutants like microscopicgerms etc., it is often not considered suitable for drinking

withouttreatment. However, there are many examples of rainwater

being used for all purposes including drinking following suitable

treatment.

Rainwater harvested from roofs can contain human, animal and

birdfaeces,mossesandlichens, windblown dust, particulates from

urbanpollution, pesticides, and inorganicionsfrom the sea(Ca,Mg,Na,K,Cl,SO4), and dissolved gases (CO2,NOx,SOx).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormwater_harvestinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormwater_harvestinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormwater_harvestinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater_rechargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater_rechargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater_rechargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faeceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faeceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faeceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faeceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater_rechargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormwater_harvesting

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