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NATIONAL SOIL AND

WATER RESOURCES

RESEARCH AND

DEVELOPMENT/

EXTENSION AGENDA

2017 – 2022

Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Elliptical Road, Corner Visayas Avenue

Diliman, Quezon City

Marc

Typewritten Text

ISSN : 2651-7167

June 2018

NATIONAL SOIL AND WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH AND

DEVELOPMENT/ EXTENSION AGENDA

2017 – 2022

Republic of the Philippines DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Elliptical Road, Diliman, Quezon City

ii

Soil and Water Resources Research and Development/

Extension Agenda, 2017-2022

Table of Contents

Pages List of Tables iii List of Figures iii List of Acronyms iv Messages vi - viii Chapter 1. Introduction 1

1.1. State of the Philippine Soil and Water Resources 2

1.1.1. State of the Philippine Soil Resources 2 1.1.2. State of the Philippine Water Resources 9

1.2. The Soil and Water Resources Research and Development/Extension (SWRRD/E)Network (1999-2003)

17

1.3. The National Soil and Water Resources Research and Development /ExtensionAgenda (2010-2016)

19

1.4. Rationale and Process in the Updating of the SWRRD/E Agenda

20

Chapter 2.0. The Soil and Water Resources Research and Development /Extension Agenda, 2017-20122

23

2.1. Goal 23 2.2. Objectives 23 2.3. SWRRD/E Framework 26 2.4. Updated SWRRD/E Agenda & NAP-DLDD Complementation 28 2.5. SWRRD/E Agenda The Research and Development, and Extension Agenda on Soil and Water Resources (2017-2022)

29

30 References 64 Acknowledgment 65

iii

List of Tables

Table 1 Philippine Land Resources 3 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5

Categories of Problem Soils Inventory of Water Resources Concerns in the Philippines Water availability projection in MCM/year by water resources region Summary of Inventory of Small-scale Irrigation Projects (SSIPs) Nationwide

3 10

12

13

List of Figures

Figure 1 BOD Contribution from Point Sources 14 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5

BOD contribution from non-point sources Soil and Water Resources R&D/E Agenda Framework (2010-2016) Process Carried Out in the Formulation of the Updated National Soil and Water Resources Research &Development/Extension Agenda Strategic Framework for the Soil and Water Resources

R& D/E Agenda and Inter-sectoral Partnership for Climate Change Adaptation and Biodiversity(Food Security, Environment and Climate Change Nexus Relative to Soil & Water R & D)

15

19

22

27

iv

List of Acronyms

PDP AFF RDEAP BAR BSWM DA SWRRDEA UNCCD NAP-DLDD LGU UPLB DOH ENSO PNSDW JICA NWRB SSIP SSIS BOD DOST-PCAARRD CLSU VSU USM NIA PAGASA DA R&D NSWRRDEA NESAF NAP-DLDD DAR DENR DOST SDG LDN UNCCD GSP ASP SSIPs SWRRD SLM NGAs CSOs

Philippine Development Plan Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries Research and Development, Extension Agenda and Program Bureau of Agricultural Research Bureau of Soils and Water Management Department of Agriculture Soil and Water Resources Research and Development, Extension, Agenda United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification National Action Plan to Combat Desertification, Land Degradation and Drought Local Government Unit University of the Philippines at Los Baños Department of Health El Niño Southern Oscillation Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water Japan International Cooperation Agency National Water Resources Board Small Scale Irrigation Project Small Scale Irrigation System Biochemical Oxygen Demand Department of Science and Technology - Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development Central Luzon State University Visayas State University University of Southern Mindanao National Irrigation Administration Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration Department of Agriculture Research and Development National Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Extension Agenda National Extension System for Agriculture and Fisheries National Action Plan to Combat Desertification, Land Degradation and Drought Department of Agrarian Reform Department of Environment and Natural Resources Department of Science and Technology Sustainable Development Goals Land Degradation Neutrality United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification Global Soil Partnership Asian Soil Partnership Small Scale Irrigation Projects Soil and Water Resources Research Division Sustainable Land Management National Government Agencies Civil Society Organizations

v

LGUs DA-RFO PNRI PhilRice BAFS BPI Philrootcrops NPRCRTC NGO PO SCU NCIP FPA HLURB RAED AFP DENR-EMB UPLB-IPB AT M&E DEPEd CHED ATI NEDA DTI SWT

Local Government Units Department of Agriculture – Regional Field Office Philippine Nuclear Research Institute Philippine Rice Research Institute Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Standards Bureau of Plant Industry Philippine Root Crops Research and Training Center Northern Philippine Root Crops Research and Training Center Non-Government Organizations Peoples’ Organizations State Colleges and Universities National Commission on Indigenous Peoples Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board Regional Agricultural Engineering Division Armed Forces of the Philippines Department of Environment and Natural Resources - Environmental Management Bureau University of the Philippines Los Baños – Institute of Plant Breeding Agricultural Technician Monitoring and Evaluation Department of Education Commission on Higher Education Agricultural Training Institute National Economic Development Authority Department of Trade and Industry Soil and Water Management Technology

vi

Message The Bureau of Soils and Water Management is recognized as the Nationally Mandated Agency on Soils and Water Resources Management for Agriculture. Hence, the management of soil and water resources is its prime responsibility. Considering that 11.45 million hectares or 38% of the total land area of the Philippines are vulnerable to soil / land degradation, it is a tough challenge for BSWM to addresses the natural causes like volcanic eruptions and problem soils; human-induced and policy-related causes of soil / land degradation. The Soil and Water Resources Research and Development/Extension (SWRRD/E) Agenda is an integral component of the Department of Agriculture’s Research and Development, Extension Agenda and Programs (RDEAP) for the Agriculture sector. Agricultural research and development provides the necessary policy framework, investment and support services in the implementation of national programs to actively respond to the specific needs of the sector. For the past decades, the Department’s goal is to assist farmers by providing inputs to increase yields. This approach has overlooked its impact on natural resources, as it relies heavily on the application of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides without consideration of proper soil fertility and nutrient management. Moreover, as the area in the lowlands decreases because of conversion to non-agricultural uses, farmers plant in the sloping uplands without practicing soil conservation management strategies. These practices resulted to various forms of soil degradation such as decline in soil organic matter, erosion, compaction, acidification, nutrient mining and biological degradation. This has also led to lossof biodiversity and declining ecosystem services thereby aggravating the negative impacts of climate change including flooding and drought. In addition, the demand of increasing population for increased food production and housing requirements resulted in the decline of agricultural lands from 9.6 million hectares in CY 2002 to 7.2 million hectares in CY 2012. Hence, there is an urgent need to focus on research and development / extension on appropriate soil and water management technologies and practices to ensure that ecosystem services provided by soil and water resources are sustained to contribute in the attainment of agricultural productivity and environmental protection. The updating of the Soil and Water Resources Research Development / Extension (SWRRD / E) Agenda (2017 – 2022) continuously responds to the Department’s mandate – “We must go back to its basic mandate to produce food for its people.” With the support of our partners and stakeholders, we can achieve our goal. Moreover, this shall serve as our guide in crafting policies that will address the current concerns and issues on soil and water management as an input to agricultural productivity.

Republic of the Philippines Department of Agriculture OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY Elliptical Road, Diliman Quezon City 1100, Philippines

vii

I commend the BSWM for taking the initiative, in collaboration with the Bureau of Agricultural Research in supporting this crucial undertaking. I would also like to thank our partners from the regional field offices, national government agencies, local government units, and academe who actively participated in the series of consultation meetings and workshops for their inputs in the updating of this Agenda.

viii

Message Healthy soils are the foundation of agricultural productivity in recognition of the fact that 95% of our food comes from soils. Production of safe food and feed crops from healthy soils could promote the health of humans, animals and other living things. Moreover, soils provide several essential ecosystem services. With this as a guiding principle, the BSWM actively implements programs and projects on sustainable soil management (SSM) which is an integral part of sustainable land management, as well as basis for addressing poverty alleviation, agricultural and rural development, promoting food security and improving nutrition. It is my advocacy to sustainably manage and conserve the Philippine soils. As defined in the revised World Soil Charter, soil management is only sustainable if the supporting, provisioning, regulating, and cultural services provided by soil are maintained or enhanced without significantly impairing either the soil functions that enable those services or biodiversity. One of the key pillars to attain SSM is the implementation of inter- and trans-disciplinary research and development (R&D) initiatives. The National Soil and Water Resources Research and Development/Extension Agenda (NSWRRD/E Agenda) 2017-2022 defines the problems and issues that the Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) needs to address in the next six (6) years. This is aligned with the DA-BAR’s Research and Development and Extension Agenda and Programs (RDEAP) 2016-2022. The updated NSWRRD/E Agenda focuses on mitigating the effects of the top ten (10) soil threats that hamper SSM, which include the following: soil erosion, soil organic carbon loss, nutrient imbalance, soil acidification, soil contamination, waterlogging, soil compaction, soil sealing, salinization and loss of soil biodiversity. The proposed projects indicated in the Agenda will provide sound scientific basis for the development and implementation of SSM relevant to stakeholders. It is envisioned that R&D outputs such as technologies, maps and technical reports could be translated to policy recommendations and IEC materials for use of farmers, policy makers and private sector. Finally, I would like to thank our partners from various institutions who engaged actively on our series of consultation meetings and workshops to update this research agenda. I look forward to the implementation of R&D programs and projects on SSM. Let us remember that the soils are our national heritage and central to the creation of host of goods and services integral to ecosystems and human well-being. Let us promote sustainable management of our soils for future generations. Together, we can achieve more!

ANGEL C. ENRIQUEZ, CESO III

OIC-Director, Bureau of Soils and Water Management

National Soil and Water Resources Research and Development/Extension Agenda, 2017-2022

Page | 1

I. Introduction

The Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2017-2022 Chapter 8, Expanding Economic Opportunities

in Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries stipulated that the agriculture, forestry, and fisheries (AFF)

sector is pivotal in generating employment for about a third of the country’s labor force, thereby

reducing poverty and inequality for three-fourths of the poor who are in the rural areas. AFF is also

a key in providing raw materials to the manufacturing and service sectors, resulting in forward

linkages in terms of higher-paying and more stable job opportunities.

To expand the access of farmers and fisherfolk to economic opportunities, the PDP indicated

several strategies which are related to the mandate of the Department of Agriculture, to wit: a)

improve AFF productivity within the ecological limit; b) increase AFF stakeholders access to

technology, and c) increase and protect the access of small famers and fisherfolk to land

and water resources. Development of an integrated color-coded agricultural map to identify the

comparative advantage of specific areas; accelerations of construction of disaster-and climate-

resilient small scale irrigation systems and improve existing ones; and enhancing capacity of small

farmers and fisherfolk to use better and new technologies were identified as priority activities to

realize the objectives of the agriculture and fisheries sector.

Recognizing the pivotal role of research, development and extension in the generation and delivery

of agricultural products and services, the DA through its central coordinating unit for R&D

programs, the Bureau of Agricultural Research formulate the National Research and Development,

Extension Agenda and Program (RDEAP) 2016-2022 which focus on the following:

food staples, feed resources, and other alternatives (rice, corn, cassava, adlai)

commercial crops (plantation and biofuel crops; vegetables, legumes and rootcrops; fruits)

poultry and livestock (poultry, swine and ruminants)

fisheries and aquaculture (aquaculture and capture fisheries)

This document serves as a reference material and sets the directives on what R&D activities need

to be undertaken towards a competitive and sustainable agriculture and fishery sector. The DA-

BAR encouraged its partner implementing agencies to craft a more detailed research agenda and

programs specific for their commodities/disciplines.


Page | 2

The Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) as the nationally mandated agency on soil

and water resources management for agriculture should formulate its research agenda and

program, specifically on soil and water resources. This is in recognition of the fact that to be able to

sustain agricultural productivity and ensure environmental protection in the long run, there is a need

to have a more comprehensive and in depth focus on these resources. As early as 2009, the

BSWM crafted its National Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Extension

/Agenda (NSWRRD/EA) (2010-2016). Considering that BAR’s RDEAP has been updated and PDP

2017-2022 was already finalized, it is timely and relevant to update the NSWRRD/EA to align its

direction with the interventions cited in the two policy documents.

In 2017, the BSWM started the updating process through island-wide stakeholders’ consultation

workshops and review of global, regional and national policies, programs and initiatives on soil and

water management. Hence, the context of NSWRRD/EA is likewise aligned with the Philippine

National Action Plan to Combat Desertification, Land Degradation and Drought (2015-2025) which

embodied the Philippine commitment to manage soil resources sustainably under the United

Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) and Sustainable Development Goal 15.3

combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification,

drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world. Moreover, the priorities

cited in the Global Soil Partnership and Asian Soil Partnership, a global and regional mechanism,

respectively established in 2012 which aims to synergize efforts in the fight for healthy soils, were

also taken into consideration in the updating in the NSWRRD/EA.

1.1 State of the Philippine Soil and Water Resources

1.1.1 State of the Philippine Soil Resources

The total land area of the Philippines is 30 million hectares, of which 7.19 million hectares are

classified as agricultural area, as shown in Table 1 (PSA,2015). Agriculture plays a dominant role in

the economic development of the Philippines generating about more than 6% of its total export.

About 25% of the total area is constraint- free while about 75% consist of areas with various kinds

of problem soils. The Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) recognizes and classifies

categories of problem soils in the Philippines as follows with their corresponding extent:


Page | 3

Table 1. Philippine Land Resources

Total Land Area 30 M ha

Classified Forest Lands 15.05 M ha (50%)2

Unclassified Forest Land 0.76 M ha ( 3%)2

Alienable and Disposable Lands

14.19 M ha (47%)2

Agricultural Area 1 7.19 M ha (24%)3 ( PSA, 2015)

Irrigated Area 1.856 M ha (59.32% of total potential irrigable area, as of Dec 2016)4

Table 2. Categories of Problem Soils

Problem Soils Extent (ha) % of the Total Area

Steep slopes 8,900,000 29.7

Poor drainage 91,000 0.3

Coarse texture soils 360,000 1.6

Heavy cracking clays 766,000 2.5

Severe fertility limitations 12,000,000 39.2

Saline soils 600,000 2.0

Acid sulfate soils 27,000 0.1

Peat soils 16,000 0.1

Mine tailings & polluted lands 22,000 0.1

(Source: Alcasid, 1991. Management and Utilization of Acid Soils) The Philippines is an archipelago with topographic variations in its various islands. Several

mountains and hillylands are present all over the country

which are experiencing decrease in land cover; thus,

making them more prone to soil erosion. Furthermore,

problem soils are dominant in areas with steep slopes,

poor drainage, coarse textures, and fertility limitations.

Steep slopes - These are areas with slopes ranging

from 18% and above. In the Philippines, it is a common scenario to see extensive areas of first

class croplands being utilized for housing and other non-agricultural purposes such as subdivisions,

Sloping agricultural lands


Page | 4

golf courses, cemetery and other industrial complexes. These precious soils/lands are irreversibly

deprived of agricultural production. What happens is that people are now trying to scratch a living

from areas that are not suitable for farming such as those in the mountainsides, to the extent even

encroaching in the forest reserves. This situation worsens soil degradation that causes major

decline in agricultural production. About 9 million hectares are steep slopes or about 30% of the

total land area.

Poor drainage – Most soils of the low lying areas in the alluvial landscape are poorly drained. They

are water- logged or flooded for most part of the year. They include Fluvaquents (12,800 ha) and

Hydraquents (78,080 ha) that are associated to Tropaquents and Tropaquepts. Though they are

best suited for lowland rice, they are not suitable for vegetables and fruit trees. However, these

soils can be drained to remove excess moisture to upgrade its suitability to other uses.

Coarse texture soils – These soils have less than 18% clay and more than 65% sand or have

gravels or stones, boulders or rock outcrops in the surface layers or in the subsurface. These soils

belong to the Tropopsamments along with other skeletall phases of other great soil groups that

extend to about 482,849 ha or 1.6% of the total land area.” (NAP-DLDD 2010-2020)

Heavy cracking clays - Soils classified as Vertisols, belonging to Maligaya, Bantog, San

Fernando, Bigaa, Malinta, Sta. Rita, Candaba, Awayan, and

Mahipon soil series are derived from transported materials in broad

alluvial plain and outwash fan. These soils have 30% or more clay

to at least 50 cm from the surface after the 20 cm of the soil are

mixed, cracks, at least 1 cm wide at 50 cm depth and high bulk

density between the cracks. These are the Vertisols classified as

Uderts and Usterts that comprise a total land area of 765,388 or

2.6% of the total land area. In areas where there is abundant water,

they are planted to lowland rice although corn and tobacco are also

found. In Central Plain of Luzon, rice is sometimes rotated to diversified crops or vegetables during

summer. (Ibid)

Heavy cracking clay


Page | 5

Severe fertility limitations – Degraded acid soils are described as generally well drained and

deep with extensively low fertility as Ultisols and Oxisols classified as Haplustults and Haplustox at

the great group level. Initial results conducted in Palawan province by the BSWM and the University

of the Philippines at Los Baños (UPLB) showed that of the province’ total area of 1,474,570 ha,

26,320 ha are acidic (Atienza, 1991). Almost all nutrients are very low resulting to low productivity.

Ultisols are acidic soils with argillic horizon with less than 35% base saturation. They are the red

soils classified and mapped extensively as Adtuyon, Castilla, Tugbok, Luisiana and Sampalok soil

series. It is estimated that about 12,000,000 ha or 39.2% have severe fertility limitations of varying

kinds and degree.

Saline soils – Saline-sodic soils with more than 8 milli Siemens/cm are mainly situated in coastal

areas and extend to almost 400,000 ha or 1.33% of the total areas. Drainage and flushing are

methods to eliminate excess salts. Planting salt-tolerant crops is one way to manage these areas.

Acid sulfate soils – abundance of sulfates and organic

matter in sediments of mangrove areas favors the

formation of acid sulfate soils. As organic matter

decomposes, the sulfates are converted to sulfides. These

sulfides may combine with iron in the soil to form iron

sulfide. With further transformation, iron sulfide produces

pyrite, the mineral source of acid sulfate soils. When used

for fishpond, especially in mangrove swamps, the pyrites are exposed. Combined with oxygen from

the air, pyrites produce sulfuric acid. Thus, when submerged, acid sulfate soils maybe neutral, but

upon exposure, the pH drops to less than four (4).

The older acid sulfate soils are classified as Sulfic Tropaquepts while the younger one is classified

as Sulfaquents. The Sulfic Tropaquepts are seasonally submerged and grown to paddy rice. If not

irrigated, no dry season crops can be grown because of increased acidity. They are only suitable

for aquatic food crops. The Sulfaquents, on the other hand, are potential acid sulfate soils covered

with riverrine soil. These soils are near neutral in reaction at their present water saturated condition

but become extremely acidic when drained. The management risks are either acidification in times

of drought or salinization.

Acid sulfate soils


Page | 6

Soil survey reports revealed large tracts of acid sulfate soils, covering the provinces of Misamis

Oriental, Bicol, Cagayan, Pangasinan, Quezon, Iloilo, Capiz, Aklan and Negros Occidental. A total

of 27,000 hectares or 0.1% of the total area are acid sulfate soils.

Peat soils – defined as a soil containing at least 65% organic matter. In the tropics it is formed from

decayed leaves, stems and root of plants that have accumulated in a water saturated environment

in the absence of oxygen. Peat comprises more than 90% water. Peat lands are essentially water

bodies although trees can grow and people can walk on them. Peat soils have the smallest

terrestrial store of carbon. It stores more carbon than the vegetation of the whole world which is

equivalent to 75% of all carbon in the atmosphere. There is no doubt that their continued

degradation will accelerate global climate change.

In the Philippines, two sites with substantial areas of peat have

been found: Agusan Marsh and Sab-a Basin in Leyte. The Sab-a is

a west-east elongated basin close to the north coast of Leyte

separated from it by a metamorphic ridge. Total area is 3,088 ha of

which 44% have been reclaimed for agricultural uses. The

remaining unutilized peat lands (1,710 ha) in eastern half of the

basin consist of small remnant areas of swamp forest and

sedges/grass swamp forest (ADB, 2000). The two smaller peat basin in areas of Daguitan (210 ha)

and Kapiwasan (430 ha) have mostly been converted to agricultural land.

The Agusan Marsh may hold the largest area of peat land in the Philippines. At present, there is no

reliable estimate of the area and distribution of peat in Agusan marsh. Two areas were confirmed,

namely: 1) North of Bunawan 2) West of Caimpugan which exhibits characteristics of a peat dome.

The Histosols are represented by the Dolongan series in Samar. The production constraint in these

soils is not the high acidity of the soil but rather the extreme nutrient deficiency and the soils’

adverse physical condition. The production constraints include the irreversible drying of the peat

soil, subsidence, poor root anchorage and poor trafficability due to low bearing capacity. A total of

16,000 hectares or 0.1% of the total land area are considered peat soils.

Peat soils


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Mine tailings and polluted soils – Mining industry if not properly managed had been detrimental

to the environment much so in agriculture. In 1995, a significant leak was discovered in the pit

drainage tunnel of Boac, Marinduque. The disaster resulted in the release of 1.6 cubic meters of

tailings along 27 kilometers of the river and the coastal areas. The rush of tailings displaced river

water which inundated low-lying areas, destroying crop and vegetable gardens and clogging

irrigation channels to rice fields. The release of the mine tailings left Boac River virtually dead. The

effects of the incident were so devastating that a UN assessment mission declared the accident to

be a major environmental disaster. The toxic spills immediately caused flash flood which isolated

five villages, with a population of 4,400 people along the far side of Boac River. Barangay

Hinapluan was buried under six feet of muddy floodwater. Four hundred (400) families had fled to

higher grounds.

The government estimates that the toxic tailings waste

killed PhP1.8 million worth of mature freshwater and

marine and PhP5 million bangus fry. The 27-kilometer

Boac River which is the main source of livelihood for

those who are not part of the 1,000 strong workforce by

Marcopper, has been declared dead by the government

officials. The Department of Health (DOH) came up

with a report that residents could already be harboring

in their bodies amounts of zinc and copper which are beyond tolerable limits. The estimated total

area of mine tailings or polluted soils caused by mining is about 22,000 hectares or 0.1% of the

total land area of the country.

Aside from problem soils which are dominant in areas with steep slopes, poor drainage, coarse

textures, and fertility limitations, there are anthropogenic factors that contribute to soil degradation.

With the increasing demand for food as a result of increasing population, excessive application of

synthetic fertilizers and herbicides resulted to soil acidity, soil pollution and actual silent soil

degradation known as soil mining. The latter is related to soil nutrient imbalance and micro-nutrient

deficiencies such zinc in rice and magnesium in corn. Due to continuous use of single element

fertilizers, particularly nitrogen, the level of soil phosphorus and potassium decreased and the need

Mine tailings


Page | 8

to apply more fertilizers to address deficiencies in trace elements became more evident in the long

run. As a consequence, crop yield stagnated and cost of production increased thereby affecting

farm income.

In addition, the need for larger food production area and housing triggered the encroachment in

forestlands and in areas with steep slopes. At present, corn is planted even in very steep slopes

because of the requirement to produce more yellow corn that will serve as feed to livestock and

poultry. These corn areas exhibited cases of gully erosion as well as loss of agro-biodiversity loss.

Soils became bare and weed species that are commonly seen in the area could no longer be found

because of heavy application of herbicides Likewise, slash and burn agriculture is still a common

practice in areas not reached by production support services by the government. The cutting down

and burning of trees and grasses and basic slope cultivation without incorporating soil conservation

management strategies would result to land degradation. Lands destroyed by gullying can even

extend to the upper part of the watershed. It is estimated that a total of 13,559,492 ha have been

moderately to severely affected by erosion.

Another causal factor of soil degradation in the Philippines is related to policy formulation and

enforcement. The absence of a comprehensive policy or the enactment of the proposed National

Land Use Act resulted to illegal conversions of agricultural lands to non-agricultural lands, pre-

mature development of lands even if the application for land use reclassification is still on-going,

encroachment of informal settlers and commercial establishments in some ecologically fragile

lands. On one hand, in areas where zonings are in place, zoning ordinances are not strictly

implemented partly because of the absence of police power of the concerned local government

units in enforcing land use and land conversion laws. There is contradicting LGU’s concern or

Corn production area in Isabela showing gully erosion


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interest between proper zoning and prioritizing urban/industrial development which is relevant to

land conversion (NAP-DLDD 2015-2025).

1.1.2 State of the Philippine Water Resources

With an annual average rainfall of about 2,400 millimeters, the Philippines, compared with other

countries, is blessed with abundant water resources, both surface and groundwater, which can be

tapped for all purposes, particularly for agriculture. Our country is endowed with 421 river basins in

119 proclaimed watershed areas, 20 of which are major river basins. In addition, about 50,000 km2

of groundwater reservoir is available contributing about 14% of the total water resource potential of

the country (EMB, 2007).

While many of our problems with water supply are brought about by uneven distribution of rainfall

spatially and temporally, this scenario is aggravated by the noticeable climate change in recent

years attributed directly or indirectly to human activities. As such, extreme weather events like the

El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and La Niña phenomena occur at a two to three year cycle

from the previous five-year interval (PAGASA, undated) resulting to more damage to property, loss

of livelihood and threats to food security (PNCC, 2009). Consequently, climate change is

manifesting radical change such as increasingly erratic rainfall patterns, increasing evaporation,

decreasing stream flow of rivers and rising temperatures (Kelland, 2010). For instance, a significant

decrease in streamflow was observed during the 1982-1983 and 1997-1998 ENSO events in the

Pantabangan-Carranglan watersheds that service a total area of 103,000 hectares across 24

municipalities in Nueva Ecija, Bulacan, and Pampanga provinces (Lasco et al., 2006). Further, at

the height of drought, water level in Angat dam, the major source of water supply for Metro Manila,

fell below the critical level, forcing the government to curtail the delivery of irrigation water to some

25,000 hectares in Bulacan and Pampanga in order to meet the domestic and industrial water

needs of Metro Manila. Hence, these events only point to a looming scarcity of water supply not

only for agricultural purposes but also for other purposes.

In irrigated agriculture, inadequacy of water in recent years is compounded by, among others, the

deterioration of water quality, inefficiency of water use, over-extraction of groundwater resources,


Page | 10

inadequate rainwater harvesting facilities, competing water use for other purposes, and

uncertainties of availability of water supply due to climate change.

With these issues at hand and the need to prepare for the onslaught of climate change, regular

updating of the country’s inventory of water resources is deemed necessary. Table 3 shows the

latest inventory of water resources concerns in the country.

Table 3. Inventory of Water Resources Concerns in the Philippines

Water Resources Concerns Facts/Figures Source

1. Average annual rainfall 2,400mm PAGASA, undated

2. Annual average runoff 3. Surface Water

a. No. of major river basins b. No. of principal rivers c. No. of classified inland water bodies d. No. of proclaimed watershed areas e. No. of natural lakes

1,000mm

20 421 611 119 59

PAGASA

NWRB, 2006

EMB, 2007 EMB, 2007

4. Ground water (GW) a. Ground water reservoir area b. Estimated volume of ground water

available c. Ground water consumers by sector Domestic sector Agriculture sector Industrial sector Other sectors

50,000 km2

260,000 MCM

53% 25% 14% 8%

EMB, 2007 EMB, 2007

NWRB, 2006 EMB National Quality Report (2006-2013)

5. For Freshwater Bodies Classification No. of Class AA water bodies No. of Class A water bodies No. of Class B water bodies No. of Class C water bodies No. of Class D water bodies

5 239 197 333 27

EMB-DENR, 2013

6. Sources of Water Pollution:

a. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (from point sources) Domestic sources Agriculture Industry

4,500,000 MT/YR (CY 2013)

31% 45% 24%

EMB-C.O., NWQSR

2006-2013


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Water Resources Concerns Facts/Figures Source

b. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (from

non-point sources) Agricultural run-off Urban run off Forest runoff

61% 29% 10%

EMB-C.O. NWQSR

2006-2013

7. 45 Abstraction Permits granted Agriculture (irrigation & fisheries) Domestic use Industrial, Commercial &

Recreational purposes

81% 8% 11%

NWRB, 2013

8. On Rainwater Harvesting Facilities Developed Nationwide Small-scale irrigation systems (number

of units) SWIPs Diversion Dam SFRs Spring development Pump irrigation systems Shallow tube well/Pump irrigation

system for Open Source (PISOS) Alternative Irrigation System using

alternative prime movers - solar pump - ram pump - wind pump

640 1,563

25,227 554 22

39,566

190 100 92

BSWM, Summary of the Inventory of

Small-scale Irrigation Projects

(SSIPs), 2017

9. Data on Saltwater Intrusion Sea level rise (1970 – 1999) % of coastal municipalities affected

in Luzon % of coastal municipalities affected

in Visayas % of coastal municipalities affected

in Mindanao

15cm 28%

20%

29%

Greenpeace, 2003, Rellin et al., 1999 as cited by

Perez, 2002

10. Data on Damage Effect of the 1997-1998

El Niṅo Episode on Rice & Corn, Livestock & poultry; and fisheries sector Production loss on rice & corn Decreased in livestock & poultry

population Estimated production losses of

fisheries sector

1.809 M tons (45.5%)

282.7 tons

PCARRD, 2001


Page | 12

Based on the Environmental Management Bureau National Quality Report (2006-2013) on

freshwater bodies classification, five (5) freshwater bodies are classified as Class AA, or waters

requiring only disinfection in order to meet the Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water

(PNSDW), while 239 are Class A or waters that require complete treatment like coagulation,

sedimentation, filtration and disinfection. One hundred ninety seven (197) are Class B waters that

can be used for primary recreation such as bathing and swimming, 333 Class C water for fisheries

and other aquatic resources purposes while only 27 water bodies are Class D which can be

allowed for use in agriculture, irrigation, livestock and for industrial cooling purposes.

Although it seems that rainfall is abundant in the Philippines, water distribution in terms of quality

and quantity is extremely variable. Seasonal aridity is evident during the dry season in most areas

of the country. Supply rarely coincides with demand and more often, water tends to be available in

the wrong place, at the wrong time with the wrong quality (NAP DLDD (2010-2020). In terms of

water availability, data from a study conducted by JICA and NWRB estimated the Philippines total

available freshwater resources at 145,900 million cubic meters (MCM) per year (Table 4).

Table 4. Water availability projection in MCM/year by water resources region

Water Resour

ces Region

Groundwater

Surface Water @ 80%

Dependability

Total Potential

Water Demand in 2025

Estimated available water in

2025

I 1,248 3,250 4,498 3,041 1,457

II 2,825 8,510 11,335 12,466 -1,131

III 1,721 7,890 9,611 18,168 -8,557

IV 1,410 6,370 7,780 10,052 -2,272

V 1,085 3,060 4,145 4,167 -22

VI 1,144 14,200 15,341 7,595 7,749

VII 879 2,060 2,939 2,729 210

VIII 2,557 9,350 11,907 1,956 9,951


Page | 13

Water Resour

ces Region

Groundwater

Surface Water @ 80%

Dependability

Total Potential

Water Demand in 2025

Estimated available water in

2025

IX 1,082 12,100 13,182 4,598 8,584

X 2,116 29,000 31,116 3,682 27,434

XI 2,375 11,300 13,675 4,141 9,534

XII 1,758 18,700 20,458 12,806 7,652

TOTAL 20,200 125,790 145,990 85,401 60,586

(Source: Master Plan for Water Resources Development in the Philippines, JICA-NWRB, 1998)

In 2013, the National Water Resources Board (NWRB) granted abstraction permits with the

agriculture sector having granted the most abstraction permit at 81%, while the remaining 19%

abstraction permit was shared between and among the domestic uses (8%) and industrial,

commercial and recreational purposes (11%).

Table 5. Summary of Inventory of Small-scale Irrigation Projects (SSIPs) Nationwide

Type of SSIP

1974 to 2017

Number of Units

Service Area (in hectares)

Farmer beneficiaries

Small Water Impounding Project (SWIP) 640 27,934.25 24,076

Diversion Dam (DD) 1,563 53,983.34 47,377

Spring Development (SD) 554 2,367.17 3,241

Small Farm Reservoir (SFR) 25,227 26,042.50 25,946

Shallow Tube Well (STW)/ Pump Irrigation System for Open Source (PISOS)

39,566 117,261.75 68,405

Alternative Irrigation System using Alternative prime Movers

382 1,321.00 2,027

Solar Pump 190 631.00 971

Ram Pump 100 402.00 647

Wind Pump 92 288.00 409


Page | 14

Type of SSIP

1974 to 2017

Number of Units

Service Area (in hectares)

Farmer beneficiaries

TOTAL

67,954

229,884.15

171,744

As of December 2017, there are 67,954 units of small-scale irrigation systems (SSIS) established

nationwide with 171,744 farmer beneficiaries, as shown in Table 5. The total service area of SSIPs

is 229,884.15 hectares contributing 12% to the national irrigation development (1,855,982.17

hectares based on the National Irrigation Administration report).

On water pollution problems, major sources of water

pollution include those from biochemical oxygen

demand (BOD), pollution from key potential sources

and from key non-point sources. Pollution occurs when

water running over the land surface and through the

ground collects natural or human-made pollutants and

deposits to the water bodies.

Using BOD as the measure of pollution load, it is estimated that 4,500,000 MT of BOD was

generated by pollution point sources, as seen in Figure 1 (EMB, 2013). Pollution from key potential

sources comes from industries (24%), agriculture (45%) and domestic (31%). Agriculture sector

had the highest contribution in the pollution because of the high organic content of wastewater from

livestock and poultry production and there are no appropriate wastewater treatment facilities in

agro-industries.

Water pollution


Page | 15

29%

61%

10%

Urban runoff

Agricultural runoff

Forest runoff

Figure 1. BOD Contribution from Point Sources, 2013

Likewise, pollution from non-point sources is estimated based on land uses-agricultural, forest and

urban, as shown in Figure 2. The BOD loading from non-point sources is estimated to be at

465,595 metric tons. Agriculture (61%) is contributing the highest pollution at almost ¾ of the total

key non-point sources, followed by urban runoff (29%), while forest runoff has the least at only

10%.

Figure 2.BOD contribution from non-point sources, 2013

Saltwater intrusion was reported to be evident in nearly 28% of coastal municipalities in Luzon,

20% in the Visayas, and 29% in Mindanao. Additionally, an average sea level rise of about 15 cm

was observed between 1970–1979 in Metro Manila, Legaspi City and Davao which later on could

affect 64 of the 81 provinces which will be flooded and cause seawater to enter freshwater tables.

45%

31%

24% agriculture

domestic

industry


Page | 16

On the other hand, the 1997-1998

El Niño Episode caused significant

damage to the agriculture sector.

Production losses on rice and corn

combined was reported at about

1.81 million tons amounting to

about PhP 12.37 billion and affecting almost a million hectares. Also, the livestock and poultry

population was drastically reduced by 45.5%, while losses in the fisheries sector was estimated at

282,668 tons valued at PhP 8.3 billion.

1.2 The SWRRD/E Network (1999-2003)

Primarily, the development of this document spins off from the “Lupa at Tubig” the Philippine

National Program on Soil and Water Resources Research and Development/Extension 1999-2003,

prepared by the National Soil and Water Resources RD/E Network in 1998. It has become a

national program of the DA under the orchestration of the Philippine Council for Agriculture,

Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development (DOST-PCARRD) and DA-BAR. The

BSWM of the DA served as the lead agency of the network with national and island/regional

member-institutions, the former consisting of the following:

University of the Philippines at Los Baños (UPLB)

Central Luzon State University (CLSU)

Visayas State University (VSU)

University of Southern Mindanao (USM)

National Irrigation Administration (NIA)

Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)

The NSWRRD/EA Program aims to conserve and enhance the land and water resources of the

country for the development of sustainable, modernized and competitive agriculture and fishery

industries. It intends to address the technical, institutional, socio-economic and environmental

concerns that affect soil and water resources utilization and management. Specifically, the program

aims:

Salt water intrusion


Page | 17

1. To enhance and sustain the productivity of prime, marginal and degraded agricultural

lands;

2. To develop effective, efficient and environmentally sound strategies for soil and water

conservation management and utilization stakeholders; and make them available to

various users and stakeholders;

3. To enhance partnership and capacity of all stakeholders in planning and implementation of

research and dissemination programs for sustainable land management systems;

4. To develop, test and promote community-based institutional mechanisms that encourage

the use of sustainable soil and water conservation management systems;

5. To enhance human resource development on soil and water resources management; and

6. To promote workable policy options and advice, including issues concerning equity

(gender, resource access, tenure).

The Program is guided by the framework below. It recognizes two important components: the soil

conservation and management sub-network and the water conservation and management sub-

network to develop the soil and water conservation and management strategies geared to achieve

the sustainability of soil and water resources for agriculture, land productivity, soil resilience and

water security. Stakeholders’ participation is seen as key activity to promote the conservation and

management of these two vital resources.

The SWRRD/E Program Framework (1998-2003)

Soil Conservation &

Management Sub - network

Stakeholders’ Participatoin Stakeholders’ Participation

Water Conservation & Management Sub -

network

Soil and Conservation &

Management Strategie

• Sustainability of Soil & Water Resources

• Land Productivity

• Soil Resilience

• Water Security


Page | 18

1.3. The National Soil and Water Resources Research and Development / Extension Agenda (2010-2016)

.

Prioritizing R & D on soil and water resources would improve production of many commodities as

these resources are the foundation of sustainable agricultural production and sustainable ecological

balance.

In an effort to promote soil and water resources as major players in achieving sustainable

agricultural production, soil health, food safety and security, a soil and water research and

development agenda was formulated to harmonize the research and development efforts and

collaboration of various stakeholders, government agencies and DA regional field units in handling

the problems that aggravate soil and water conditions.

The role of extension is deemed vital in the conservation and management of these two vital

resources, thus the R & D with extension support is needed to pass on the outputs of R & D to the

stakeholders and thus complete the process from R & D generation to knowledge management and

utilization, complementary to the National Extension System for Agriculture and Fisheries (NESAF)

as adopted by the DA being the overall extension system for agriculture and fishery in the country.

The framework of the NSWRRD/EA (2010-2016) as shown in Figure 3 was aligned with the BAR’s

Research and Development Extension Agenda and Programs (RDEAP) for 2011-2016 and with the

Philippine National Action Plan to Combat Desertification, Land Degradation and Drought (DLDD)

2010-2020 as convergence of actions for the DA, DAR, DENR and DOST provides the R & D

challenge on DLDD. As recognized by the UNCCD, there is weak empirical bases, thus there is

need to develop scientific and technical knowledge on DLDD including vulnerability assessment of

exposed areas and the establishment of ecosystem-friendly technologies.


Page | 19

• Enhanced and sustained productivity of prime marginal and degraded lands

• Effective, efficient and environment ally sound strategies for soil and water conservation, management and utilization

• Strengthened partnership, collaboration and networking

• Enhanced institutional capacity including human resource development and upgrading of facilities

• Created soil and water resource-based livelihood opportunities

• Formulated and advocated environmental policies

Prime Lands

Degraded Lands

Soil-related concerns

Cross cutting concerns: enabling environment

Water-related concerns

Sustainable Soil and Water Resources

• Land Productivity

• Soil Resiliency

• Water Security for Agriculture

Domain/Concerns

Outcomes

Output

Soil and Water Conservation and

Management Strategies

Means

Figure 3. National Soil and Water Resources Research and Development / Extension Agenda Framework (2010-2016)


Page | 20

1.4 Rationale and Process in the Updating of the NSWRRD/Extension Agenda

It is imperative to update the National Soil and Water Resources Research & Development /

Extension Agenda (NSWRRD/EA) in consideration of various global, regional and national

partnerships and initiatives on soil and water management. Prioritization of programs and projects

to be carried out should take into account how expected outputs that will be generated from R&D

can contribute to the expected outcomes of the collaboration.

At the global level, the United Nations set 17 global goals in 2015 which are collectively called as

Sustainable Development Goals. One of the SDGs is target number 15.3 which states that by 2030,

combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification,

drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world”. Land Degradation

Neutrality (LDN) has been defined by the Parties to the UNCCD as a state whereby the amount

and quality of land resources, necessary to support ecosystem functions and services and enhance

food security, remains stable or increases within specified temporal and spatial scales and

ecosystems. As the Philippine focal point agency on the United Nations Convention to Combat

Desertification (UNCCD), the BSWM spearheaded the target setting for land degradation neutrality

in the Philippines to support the SDG 15.3 target.

In addition, the Global Soil Partnership (GSP) was established in December 2012 as a mechanism

to develop a strong interactive partnership and enhanced collaboration and synergy of efforts

between all stakeholders to improve the governance and promote sustainable management of

soils. The GSP paved the way for creation of the Asian Soil Partnership (ASP). One of the five (5)

pillars of action of GSP and ASP is Research and Development which focuses on the development

and implementation of a global strategy for soils research and development (R&D) to enhance the

ability of soils to make important contributions to ecosystem services and proposes a framework for

implementation of concrete action plans and programs. Further, the Revised World Soil Charter

and Voluntary Guidelines on Sustainable Soil Management serve as reference documents in the

formulation of national policy on sustainable management of soils to address the top ten soil

threats. Another global action is the creation of the Global Soil Biodiversity Initiative which was

launched in September 2011 and aims to develop a coherent platform for promoting the translation


Page | 21

of expert knowledge on soil biodiversity into environmental policy and sustainable land

management for the protection and enhancement of ecosystem services.

At the national level, the NSWRRD/EA is aligned to the DA-BAR’s RDEAP (2016-2022) and

Organic Agriculture RDEAP. Likewise, researches related to water resources management are

aligned to the R&D component of the National Master Plan for Small Scale Irrigation Projects

(SSIPs) (2014-2022) was formulated basically to provide direction in prioritizing projects for

irrigation development and targeting agricultural production areas appropriate for SSIPs. On

concerns regarding land degradation, the NSWRRD/EA complemented the programs indicated in

the Aligned Philippine National Action Plan to Combat Desertification, Land Degradation and

Drought (FY 205-2025) with an over-all goal to support the national agenda on poverty reduction

and environmental sustainability through strengthened partnership and convergence of actions to

prevent land degradation and mitigate the impacts of drought.

As an agency mandated to advise and render assistance on matters relative to the utilization and

management of soils and water as vital agricultural resources, the BSWM through the Soil and

Water Resources Research Division (SWRRD), implemented a two-pronged process in the

updating of the NSWRRD/EA. The top-down approach was utilized to consider global and regional

commitments as well as bottom-up approach to solicit comments from major stakeholders (Figure

4). Consultation workshops were organized from July to October 2017 to identify problems and

issues on soil and water management including the priority researchable areas and expected

outputs. Documents on research policy directions were also reviewed to ensure complementation

of research and development priorities and thrusts. The workshops were carried out in major

islands of the country (Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao) and participated by various stakeholders (i.e.

researchers and scientists from academe; national government agencies, and funding institutions).


Page | 22

PROCESS Top-down Bottom up Consultative-workshops

Sectoral consultations

Global/ regional

initiatives &

partnerships

INPUTS DA-BAR RDEAP 2016-

2022 Soil & Water

Resources Roadmap 2016-2022

SSIP Masterplan (2014-2022)

Aligned NAP- DLDD (2015-2025)

Organic Agriculture

RDEAP

OUTPUT SOIL & WATER

R &D/E

2017-2022

Top down – based on international & national commitments

Bottom up – draw collegial commitments from sectoral groups

and various disciplines

Figure 4. Process Carried Out in the Formulation of the Updated National Soil and Water Resources Research &Development/Extension Agenda


Page 23

II. The National Soil and Water Resources Research and Development/

Extension Agenda (NSWRRD/EA), 2017 - 2022

2.1 Goal

To ensure sustainable management of soil and water resources of the country to contribute

towards productivity of the agriculture and fishery sector.

2.2 Objectives

General:

To generate science-based soil and water resources information; develop and deliver innovative

technologies on soil and water management to stakeholders to address land degradation, agro-

biodiversity loss and climate change.

Specific:

1. To enhance and sustain the productivity of prime agricultural lands, and rehabilitate degraded

lands;

2. To create opportunities for agri-based livelihood while sustaining productivity of soil and water

resources;

3. To enhance institutional capacity including human resources development and upgrading of

facilities;

4. To strengthen partnership, collaboration and networking of all stakeholders in planning and

implementing RD/E agenda and programs for sustainable land management systems; and

5. To formulate and advocate environmental policy options, including issues concerning equity

(i.e. gender, resource access, tenure).

Soil and Water Resources Research and Development/Extension Agenda, 2017-2022

Page 24

2.3 NSWRRD/EA Framework

The development of the NSWRRD/E Agenda is guided by the framework as presented in Figure 5.

The Philippines is committed to address major environmental concerns – the international

commitment on combating soil/land degradation, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and

biodiversity conservation; and national commitment towards improving agricultural productivity,

ensuring food and nutrition security, and environmental protection.

The updated NSWRRD/E Agenda addresses the challenge on declining quality of soils/agricultural

lands as manifested by the following top ten soil threats according to the Food and Agriculture

Organization of the United Nations (U.N.): soil erosion, soil organic carbon loss, nutrient imbalance,

soil acidification, soil contamination, waterlogging, soil compaction, soil sealing, salinization and

loss of soil biodiversity. A paradigm shift is needed to ensure that soil and water resources which

serve as sustainable habitat for agriculture and agri-based livelihood. Two major strategies could

be carried out to which will include soil carbon stock development and surface and shallow

groundwater development. To implement these strategies, the following activities should be

considered: a) soil health improvement; b) long-term monitoring and data warehousing and c) water

resources development and management. The geographical domains include both the prime and

marginal/degraded lands. The former are the key production areas while the latter are the idle and

underutilized areas subject to various forms of degradation.

Through the conduct of research and development/extension projects that will improve soil and

water quality, it is expected that the outputs that will be generated can contribute to the attainment

of the following outputs:

Enhanced and sustained productivity of prime, marginal and degraded lands;

Effective, efficient and environmentally sound strategies for soil and water conservation,

management and utilization;

Strengthened partnership, collaboration and networking;

Enhanced institutional capacity including human resource development and upgrading of

facilities;

Created soil and water resource-based livelihood opportunities; and

Formulated and advocated environmental policies


Page 25

COMMODITY-BASED R & D

CHALLENGE & ISSUE: Declining quality of soils/agricultural lands

[LAND DEGRADATION] COMMODITY-BASED R & D

Sustainable Habitat for Agriculture &

Agri-based Livelihood

Area-Based Food Security

Surface & shallow groundwater development Soil carbon stock development

Soil health improvement & management

Water resources development & management

Long-term Monitoring, Data warehousing

COMMODITY-BASED R & D

Figure 5. Strategic Framework for the National Soil and Water Resources R & D/Extension Agenda and Inter-sectoral Partnership for Climate Change Adaptation and Biodiversity (Food Security, Environment and Climate Change Nexus Relative to Soil & Water R & D)


Page 26

2.4 Updated NSWRRD/E Agenda & NAP-DLDD Complementation

Recognizing the significance of conserving and managing land and water resources to address the

challenges of land degradation, drought, climate change and food insecurity, the DA-BSWM

spearheaded the formulation of the updated Philippine National Action Plan to Combat

Desertification, Land Degradation and Drought (NAP-DLDD) (2015-2025) and the NSWRRD/E

Agenda 2017-2022.

As the UNCCD Philippine Focal Agency to fulfill the country’s commitment, the BSWM initiated the

participatory updating of the NAP-DLDD in accordance with the 10-year strategic framework of the

UNCCD to enhance its implementation at the country level. The NAP-DLDD is a land and water

centered action plan and it serves as a comprehensive and well-focused policy instrument and

provide the platform of convergence of actions of the four umbrella agencies in the country, namely;

DA, DAR, DENR and DOST. The over-all goal of the aligned NAP-DLDD is to support the national

agenda on poverty reduction and ensuring environmental sustainability through strengthened

partnership and convergence of actions to prevent land degradation and mitigate the impacts of

droughts.

The NAP-DLDD complements the NSWRRD/EA in terms of objectives, programs and priority

landscapes and geographical domain. It has five (5) strategic approaches, namely: a) sustainable

land management in agriculture and natural resources; b) watershed level management; c) building

partnership for resource mobilization; d) mainstreaming SLM as adaptation platform for climate

change; and scaling- up SLM best practices. Both plans focus on sustainable soil/land and water

resources conservation, utilization and management; strengthening institutional capacity and

partnership; harmonization of enabling policies and raising awareness on land and water concerns

through information, education and communication campaign. On priority geographical landscapes,

both will give due emphasis on degraded soils/lands in areas with high poverty incidence of the

country.

The program/project proposals that are listed in the NAP-DLDD and NSWRRD/EA will be reviewed

by the National and Regional Technical Coordinating Committees under the Interagency

Committee on DLDD. Appropriate implementing mechanisms will be developed to increase


Page 27

collaboration and networking among NGA, Civil Society Organizations (CSO), Local Government

Units (LGU) and the academe thereby strengthening convergence of actions.

2.5 NSWRRD/E Agenda

The NSWRRD/E Agenda sets the direction of soil/land and water resources research in the

Philippines for the next five (5) years. It serves as planning tool to prioritize and allocate resources

for agricultural R & D. It is supplemental to the current RDEAP 2016-2022 of the DA- BAR.

The NSWRRD/E Agenda focused on the following programs:

Soil Health Improvement

Conservation and Management of Soil Biodiversity

Organic Agriculture

Mitigation of Soil and Water Pollution

Effective Watershed Management for Improved Agricultural Productivity

Assessment and Control of Soil Erosion and Sedimentation

Soil and Water Conservation and Management

Enhancement of Rainwater Harvesting and Utilization

Water Resources Development and Water Productivity Enhancement

Management and Fertility Rehabilitation of Problem Soils

Soil and Water Resources Database and System Development

Laboratory Test Methods Validation and Verification

Extension Modalities

The Agenda is presented in matrix form in terms of the following: problems/ issues/ concerns, the

researchable areas, expected output and technology to be derived, possible implementing

agencies, thematic areas including the priority commodities and timeline of implementation.


Page 28

The National Soil and Water Resources Research and Development / Extension Agenda (2017-2022)

PROGRAM PROBLEMS/

ISSUES RESEARCHABLE AREAS

EXPECTED OUTPUT AND TECHNOLOGY TO BE

DERIVED

POSSIBLE IMPLEMENTING

AGENCIES

PRIORITY COMMODITIES

TIME LINE

SOIL HEALTH

IMPROVEMENT

Soil fertility decline and physical constraints

Improvement in the efficiency of fertilizer use

Validated site-specific fertilizer recommendations based on SSNM (Site-specific Nutrient Management) and RCM (Rice Crop Manager) Improved nutrient use efficiency (using nanotechnology, tracer techniques and other technologies)

BSWM, DA-RFOs, Academe, PhilRice, LGUs, DOST-PNRI

Rice, corn, sugarcane, high value commercial crops (i.e. coffee, cacao, fruits and vegetables crops)

2018-2022

Updating and validation of fertilizer recommendation for conventionally grown crops and development of fertilizer recommendation for organically grown crops

Updated and validated fertilizer recommendation for conventionally grown crops Developed fertilizer recommendation for crops cultivated under organic production system

BSWM, DA-RFOs, academe, PhilRice, LGUs

Rice, corn, cassava, adlay, sugarcane, vegetable crops

2018-2022


Page 29

PROGRAM PROBLEMS/



DERIVED


AGENCIES


TIME LINE

Soil degradation

Assessment and mapping of soil carbon stock in different production systems

Database and maps on soil carbon stock as input to soil fertility maps Land Management Unit (LMU) map with soil carbon stock

BSWM, DA RFOs Academe

Rice, corn, vegetables, adlay, coffee and cacao

2018-2022

Nationwide determination and monitoring of soil health

Soil heath maps Philippine soil health atlas (soil physical, chemical, biological characteristics including land use & vegetation) Thematic and derived maps such as suitability and fertility maps

BSWM, DA RFOs, PhilRice DENR, Academe

Rice,corn, adlay, cassava, fruit and vegetable crops, (i.e. mango, pineapple, lanzones, citrus, papaya, guyabano, dragonfruit, durian, mangosteen, jackfruit, passion

2019-2022


Page 30

PROGRAM PROBLEMS/



DERIVED


AGENCIES


TIME LINE

fruit,banana, citrus), plantation crops (i.e.. coffee and cacao)

Improvement of soil conservation and rejuvenation process

Location specific recommendations on appropriate soil conservation management technologies and practices Soil conservation and rejuvenation techno- guidebook


Rice, corn, cassava, fruits and vegetable crops, root crops

2018-2019

Assessment of soil degradation

Soil degradation map BSWM, DA-RFOs Academe

Corn, upland rice and high value commercial crops

2018-2022


Page 31

PROGRAM PROBLEMS/



DERIVED


AGENCIES


TIME LINE

Zinc deficiency in irrigated/ water-logged areas

Assessment and mapping of zinc-deficient areas

Assessment report and map of zinc-deficient areas

BSWM, DA-RFOs, Academe, LGU, Farmers

Rice 2018-2022

CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF SOIL BIODIVERSITY

Decreasing level of soil biodiversity

Soil biodiversity analysis in different types of production systems and climatic conditions

Biodiversity analysis of different production system & climatic patterns Development of Philippine soil biodiversity atlas

BSWM, Academe, DA RFOs, LGUs

Rice, corn, cassava, fruit and vegetable crops

2018-2022

Identification of beneficial soil micro-organisms for improving crop productivity

Identified new strains of beneficial micro-organisms for enhancing crop productivity Identification of PGPRs (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria) and PSM (Phosphorus Solubilizing Microorganisms)

BSWM, Academe, DA RFOs, LGUs

Rice,corn, cassava, fruit and vegetable crops, (i.e. mango, pineapple, lanzones, citrus, papaya, guyabano, dragonfruit, durian,

2017-2022


Page 32

PROGRAM PROBLEMS/



DERIVED


AGENCIES


TIME LINE

Development of bio-indicators for improving crop productivity

mangosteen, jackfruit,passion fruit,banana, citrus), plantation crops (i.e. coffee and cacao)

Impacts of invasive alien species (IAS) on soil quality (SQ)

Assessment report on the negative impacts of IAS on SQ

BSWM, DA RFOs, Academe

Rice, corn, high value commercial crops

2017-2022

ORGANIC AGRICULTURE

Soil fertility decline (macro and micro-nutrient deficiency)

Management of soil and water resources as habitat for organic agriculture Microbial-based inoculants/ bio-fertilizers

Site-specific soil and water management technologies and practices under organic production systems Improved quality and efficacy of microbial-based inoculants/bio-fertilizer




Page 33

PROGRAM PROBLEMS/



DERIVED


AGENCIES


TIME LINE

Technology on use of MBI/BF (microbial-based inoculants/biofertilizers)

Improper disposal of agricultural, market and food wastes; and Low quality/non-compliance of organic soil amendments with the minimum requirements specified in the Philippine National Standards

Improvement of organic fertilizer/composting methods/processes

Guidelines/Standards on composting method/procedures to meet quality requirements Improved technology on organic fertilizer/compost/organic plant supplement production and application Updated information on the efficiency of organic fertilizer coupled with soil health and environmental quality measurements

BSWM, Academe, DA-RFOs, LGUs, BAFS

Rice, corn, coconut, banana, pineapple, dragonfruit, plantation crops (i.e. abaca and coffee)


Page 34

PROGRAM PROBLEMS/



DERIVED


AGENCIES


TIME LINE

Presence of pesticide residues/ contaminants in soil and water

Identification of appropriate buffer zones; and technologies & practices to control contamination/pollution from surrounding farms

Developed protocols for soil and water management in organic rice production systems

BSWM, DA-RFOs, Academe, BPI

Rice, corn, vegetable crops

2018-2020

Efficiency of catchment/ filter ponds

Appropriate design of catchment/ filter ponds

Limited information on science-based bio-fertilization

Development, pilot testing, and verification trials of aloevera + micronutrients-based biofertilizer

Bio-fertilizer for rootcrops developed and tested; certification and registration of products developed

PhilRootcroops, NPRCRTC, Private Sector, LGUs, selected NGOs & POs, DA, BPI

Rootcrops

2018-2022

Inadequate information on certified and non-certified/non-registered organic soil amendment producers; and level of imports of organic soil amendments

Updating of organic soil amendment industry profile

Identification and geotagging of organic soil amendment local producers, and importers Updated industry profile on local production and importation of organic soil amendments

BSWM, DA RFOs, SCUs BAFS

Rice, corn 2018-2020


Page 35

PROGRAM PROBLEMS/



DERIVED


AGENCIES


TIME LINE

Indigenous knowledge systems on organic farming not documented comprehensively

Documentation of Indigenous Knowledge Systems on Organic Farming

Publication on Indigenous Knowledge Systems on organic farming

BSWM, NCIP, Academe, DA-RFOs

2019-2022

Difficulty to assess objectively the contribution of organic farming in addressing major environmental concerns as well as its impact on human health

Quantification of contribution of organic agriculture in climate change mitigation/reduction of greenhouse gases, biodiversity conservation, combating land degradation, and human health/wellness

Measurements on reduction of GHGs, carbon sequestered and soil biodiversity conserved in organic farms (per hectare) Studies on the inter-relationship of soil quality-crop quality-human health

BSWM, DA-RFOs, Academe, CSOs

Rice, fruit and vegetable crops, coconut, banana, pineapple, coffee and cacao

2019-2022

MITIGATION OF SOIL AND WATER POLLUTION

Long-term and inappropriate timing & method of fertilizer application

Effects of organic and inorganic fertilizer to the environment

Quantified effect of long-term and inappropriate use of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil and water quality Policy recommendations on


Rice, corn, vegetable crops, sugarcane, banana, pineapple, coffee, cacao,

2018-2022


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PROGRAM PROBLEMS/



DERIVED


AGENCIES


TIME LINE

the production and utilization of organic and synthetic fertilizers

abaca

Improper agri-waste disposal

Development, characterization and assessment of sludge from agri-industrial wastes

New soil amendments developed using sludge from agro-industrial wastes Efficacy test reports based on multi-crop and multi-location field trials

BSWM, DA-RFOs, Academe

Rice, corn, sugar cane, fruit and vegetable crops coffee indigenous crops (Adlai)

2018-2022

Energy generation using agri-wastes Development of soil ameliorants Identification of microorganisms that could degrade biodegradable materials

Improved technology on renewable energy generation Soil ameliorants that passed quality standards List of microorganisms that could degraded highly cellulosic agri-wastes


Rice, corn, sugarcane, coconut, banana, pineapple, abaca

2018-2022


Page 37

PROGRAM PROBLEMS/



DERIVED


AGENCIES


TIME LINE

Heavy metal accumulation in soils due to proximity of crop production areas from agro-industries and mining sites

Assessment and mapping of soil pollution in agricultural production areas near mining sites and large-scale agro-industries Development of technologies and management strategies to mitigate the impacts of accumulation of heavy metals and pesticide residues Nanotechnology using soil minerals

Assessment report and maps of areas with high levels of soil pollution

Technologies and management strategies that can improve soil and water quality in highly polluted areas

BSWM,

DA RFOs, Academe, DENR

Rice, corn, sugarcane, coconut banana pineapple vegetable crops, plantation crops (i.e. abaca, coffee cacao)

2019-2022

Phytoremediation and use of organic soil amendments for restoration of mined out areas

Identified plant species and organic soil amendments

that have capacities to accumulate heavy metals

BSWM, DA-RFOs, Academe, DENR

Rice, corn, sugarcane, coconut banana pineapple vegetable crops,

2019-2022


Page 38

PROGRAM PROBLEMS/



DERIVED


AGENCIES


TIME LINE

plantation crops (i.e. abaca, coffee cacao)

Possible contamination of soil and water with Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)

Levels of POP contaminants particularly in soil and water used for agriculture and fishery production

Identification of contaminated areas; Policy recommendations IEC materials

FPA, BSWM, Academe

Rice, corn, vegetables, high value commercial crops that are exported

2019-2022

Development of climate-smart and cost-efficient soil conservation cropping system and management practices in critical areas (i.e. uplands – highlands being used for agriculture and SWIP watersheds) for productivity

Land degradation

Bio-physical resources evaluation and socio-economic characterization of principal/ major watersheds

Updated information and database on biophysical resources of major watersheds based on available decision support tools Watershed characterization report, GIS based watershed maps, land use plans,

BSWM, DA-RFOs, Academe LGUs

Rice, corn, sugarcane, coconut banana pineapple vegetable crops, plantation crops (i.e. abaca, coffee and cacao)

2019-2022


Page 39

PROGRAM PROBLEMS/



DERIVED


AGENCIES


TIME LINE

enhancement and environmental sustainability

Assessment of carbon sequestration in watershed areas

Assessment report and map on soil carbon stocks

Deterioration of soil quality in sloping upland and highland areas that are used for agricultural production

Maps showing land use change of different watersheds

Improved soil management approaches and technologies on sustainable land management Enhanced and sustained adoption of soil conservation measures

BSWM DA RFOs Academe

Rice, corn, sugarcane, coconut banana pineapple abaca

2018-2022

Changing weather patterns and climatic conditions

Adjustment of location specific cropping calendar

• Adjusted/updated location specific cropping calendar/ cropping pattern; climate resilient agri tech; installation of mobile agromet stations

BSWM DA RFOs Academe•LGUs

Rice Corn Regional Priority Commodities

2018-2022


Page 40

PROGRAM PROBLEMS/



DERIVED


AGENCIES


TIME LINE

ASSESSMENT AND CONTROL OF SOIL EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION

Soil erosion

Soil erosion measurement using smart tools & techniques like nuclear/isotopic analysis and remote sensing technologies

Database; maps of hot spots (soil erosion and gully formation hot spots)

BSWM Academe

Rice, corn, coconut banana pineapple, dragon fruit, plantation crops (i.e. abaca and coffee)

2018-2022

Modified erosion control measures to address soil conservation and productivity and on field plant residue management

Innovative and location-specific soil and water conservation strategies (i.e. vegetative and engineering technologies)

BSWM Academe DA RFOs NGO

Corn, coconut banana pineapple, dragon fruit, sweet potato, plantation crops (i.e. abaca, cacao and coffee)

2017-2022

Long-term impacts of new soil conservation technologies (e.g. zero

Guide for faster adoption of appropriate adoption and proper application of new

BSWM, Academe, DA RFOs, NGOs, LGUs

Corn

2017-2020


Page 41

PROGRAM PROBLEMS/



DERIVED


AGENCIES


TIME LINE

tillage cum herbicide use) on sol physical and chemical characteristics

soil conservation

Sediment yield estimation using GIS (watershed approach)

Guide for sediment yield

BSWM, DA-RFOs, LGUs, NGOs Academe


2018-2021

Economic valuation of impacts of deposition/ sedimentation

Valuation of off-site impacts of erosion

BSWM, DA-RFOs, LGUs, NGOs Academe


2019-2022


Page 42

PROGRAM PROBLEMS/



DERIVED


AGENCIES


TIME LINE

Loss of soil organic matter (SOM)

Development/ updating of decision support tools to assess soil erosion and loss of SOM [e.g. Application of Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), available climatic data]

Decision support tools to determine soil erosion/loss of SOM/loss of nutrients

BSWM, Academe, DA-RFOs, LGUs, NGOs

Upland crops

2019-2021

Soil organic matter enhancement

Strategies and soil management technologies

DA-BSWM, Academe, DA-RFOs


2018-2022

Integrated nutrient management

Nutrient management technologies

DA-BSWM, Academe, DA-RFOs


2018-2022


Page 43

PROGRAM PROBLEMS/



DERIVED


AGENCIES


TIME LINE

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT

Insufficient environmental policy on soil and water conservation and management

Formulation of soil and water conservation policies Development of soil and sediment quality standards for agriculture

National institutional framework for monitoring implementation of sustainable soil and water management and overall state of soil resources Soil and sediment quality standards for agriculture approved

BSWM BSWM Academe BAFS

Rice, corn, sugarcane, coconut banana pineapple plantation crops

2018-2020

Updating and mapping of land use (GIS-based) and suitability

Updated land use maps Crop suitability maps

BSWM Rice, corn, sugarcane, coconut banana pineapple plantation crops

2018-2021

Land use reclassification and conversion (from agricultural land use to industrial and commercial, land uses)

Assessment of economic, social and environmental impacts of land use reclassification and conversion

Policy recommendations/ guidelines

BSWM DAR HLURB Academe


2019-2021


Page 44

PROGRAM PROBLEMS/



DERIVED


AGENCIES


TIME LINE

Assessment of the implementation of CLUP; and mainstreaming of sustainable land management (SLM) in CLUP

Policy recommendations/ guidelines

BSWM DAR HLURB Academe


2021-2022

ENHANCEMENT OF RAINWATER HARVESTING AND UTILIZATION

Surface water harvesting

Innovations in design of SSIP that will include climate-resilient designs

Design for climate-proofing SSIP

BSWM DA RFOs

Rice, corn, sugarcane, coconut banana pineapple vegetable crops plantation crops

2019-2021

Assessment & development of farmer training modules (for enhanced water use utilization)

Relevant and customized farmer training module for improved rainwater harvesting

BSWM DA RFOs

2019-2021

Wastewater reuse for irrigation (Adaptation of Aerobic Wastewater Treatment as Wastewater Reuse for Irrigation)

Improved technologies for wastewater reuse

BSWM DA RFOs Academe

Rice Corn Other Crops

2019-2021


Page 45

PROGRAM PROBLEMS/



DERIVED


AGENCIES


TIME LINE

Cost –efficient and robust design of rainwater harvesting facilities; development of other runoff management technologies

Improved design of rainwater harvesting facilities Innovative run-off management technologies

BSWM NWRB, NIA, LGUs, DA-RFOs (RAED), Academe

Rice, corn, high value commercial crops)

2019-2022

Conflicting water use policies from different agencies

Review and analysis of various laws/rules/ issuances in terms of implementation, appropriateness, and the need for amendment

Harmonized water use policies

NWRB BSWM, NIA, DA-RFOs


2019-2022

Harmonization of conflicting policies

Water use policies NWRB, SWM, NIA, DA-RFOs, LGUs


2019-2022

WATER RESOUR-CES DEVELOPMENT AND WATER PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT

Lack of information on available water management technologies for upland/ non-irrigated farmland

Water resource assessment and wastewater reuse for irrigation

Groundwater assessment & monitoring Information of available water resources for potential development

BSWM DA RFO Academe

Rice, corn, sugarcane, banana pineapple vegetable crops plantation crops

2019-2022


Page 46

PROGRAM PROBLEMS/



DERIVED


AGENCIES


TIME LINE

Promotion of indigenous water mgt. technologies for upland or non-irrigated (rainfed)

Knowledge products on indigenous water management technologies

BSWM, DA-RFO, LGU, Academe

Rice, corn, sugarcane, coconut banana pineapple vegetable crops plantation crops

2019-2022

Assessment/monitoring/ profiling creeks discharges that are utilized for irrigation

Knowledge product/ policies/data base

BSWM, DA-RFO, LGU, Academe

Rice, corn, banana pineapple vegetable crops plantation crops

2019-2022

Documentation of best water resources management practices

Data base BSWM, DA-RFO, LGU, Academe


2019-2022

Low water-use efficiency in irrigated agriculture

Performance and impact evaluation of Small Scale Irrigation Systems (SSIS)

Output/efficiency (SSIS) BSWM, DA-RFO Rice, corn, sugarcane, banana pineapple vegetable crops plantation crops

2018-2022


Page 47

PROGRAM PROBLEMS/



DERIVED


AGENCIES


TIME LINE

Need for sustainable development and management of groundwater

Raw water pricing and modalities

Decision support tool BSWM, DA-RFO Rice, corn, sugarcane, banana pineapple vegetable crops plantation crops

2019-2022

Uncertainties of water supply availability due to climate change

Micro-watershed Management

Strategies on water mgt. and decision support tool

BSWM, DA-RFO Rice, corn, sugarcane, banana pineapple vegetable crops plantation crops

2018-2022

Cloudseeding operation and application of recent methodologies in rain stimulation to mitigate drought

New techniques or methods for cloudseeding

BSWM Rice, corn, sugarcane, banana pineapple vegetable crops plantation crops

2019-2021


Page 48

PROGRAM PROBLEMS/



DERIVED


AGENCIES


TIME LINE

Issue of improving efficiency of water management technologies under changing climate

Technologies for enhanced conservation of soil and water resources that will include water conservation techniques, renewable and non-conventional energy for small-scale irrigation, water saving technologies, methods to minimize seepage and percolation in Small Farm Reservoirs (SFR).

Water-resource use efficient technologies

BSWM Academe


2019-2022

Assessment/monitoring/ profiling of creeks discharge that is utilized for irrigation

Management of water (water allocation (flooding, drought) Knowledge product

NWRB, BSWM, NIA, DA-RFO, LGU


2019-2022

Impact evaluation of soil and water quality using vacuum-dried salt in cloud seeding operation

Recommended strategies/technologies for cloud seeding operation

BSWM, PAGASA, AFP, Private Sector, LGU


2019-2021


Page 49

PROGRAM PROBLEMS/



DERIVED


AGENCIES


TIME LINE

Enhancing precision of weather predictions

Climate projections BSWM, PAGASA, Academe


2019-2021

Establishment/rehabilitation of automatic weather stations in strategic areas

Expanded/upgraded weather facilities

BSWM, PAGASA, Private Sector, LGU, Academe


2020-2022

Polluted/ contaminated water for irrigation use e.g. surface water due to discharge of wastewater from industry, urban areas, etc.

Reducing contamination/ pollution through biological and other treatments of possible sources of irrigation from surface waters

Microbial-based water treatment technologies

BSWM DA-RFO Academe


2019-2022

Characterization /profiling and monitoring of surface waters that are being utilized for irrigation and determine impacts of water quality on crop quality

Water quality information of water sources.

BSWM, Academe, DA-RFO

Rice and non-food crops

2019-2020


Page 50

PROGRAM PROBLEMS/



DERIVED


AGENCIES


TIME LINE

Characterization and monitoring of wastewater from different sources • Point sources • Non-point sources

Knowledge products; policy recommendations

BSWM, DENR-EMB, Academe, DA-RFO


2019-2020

Establishment of wastewater quality thresholds or limits for irrigation and other agricultural purposes under Philippine condition

Wastewater quality thresholds for irrigation and other agricultural uses under Philippine condition



2019-2020

Determination of mineralization rate of these wastewater as fertilizer

Knowledge product/policy BSWM, Academe, DA-RFO


2019-2020

Utilization of wastewater as irrigation water and as fertilizer and impacts on crops, soils and groundwater

Enhanced water availability for irrigation and reduced dependency on chemical fertilizer



2019-2022

Safe application of wastewater for irrigation and other agricultural purposes

Methods of application with less impacts to human health and the environment



2019-2021


Page 51

PROGRAM PROBLEMS/



DERIVED


AGENCIES


TIME LINE

Pollution of surface and groundwater resources

Development and promotion of best agricultural technology/practices that minimize surface and groundwater pollution

Cost-efficient and environment-friendly technologies and practices

BSWM, DA-RFO, Academe


2018-2022

Evaluation of impacts of organic and inorganic fertilizer application on nitrate leaching in shallow groundwater

Appropriate methods and quantities (i.e. optimum yield with less nitrate leaching) for organic and inorganic fertilizers application in various crops



2018-2022

Intrusion of sea water due to sea level rise and excessive pumping of ground water in coastal areas

Management of saline affected areas

Technologies and practices on nutrient management in saline affected areas



2019-2022

Profiling, characterization and monitoring of salt water intrusion

Technical report and maps of areas affected by saltwater intrusion

BSWM, DA-RFO, Academe, LGU


2018-2020

Field trials of salt tolerant crop varieties

Saline-tolerant crops BSWM, DA-RFO, Academe, LGU


2019-2022


Page 52

PROGRAM PROBLEMS/



DERIVED


AGENCIES


TIME LINE

Low water use efficiency in irrigated agriculture

Evaluation of irrigation system losses using a system approach (i.e. considering system losses upstream are gains downstream)

Knowledge product and policy recommendations

BSWM, NIA, Academe, DA-RFO


2019-2022

Develop appropriate technologies to use return flows/drainage from irrigation systems

Appropriate technologies and policy recommendations



2019-2022

Climate-resilient cropping pattern and calendar for optimum rainwater utilization and reduction of production losses due to extreme climate events

Updated climate-type specific cropping pattern and calendar



2019-2022

Inappropriate methods and timing of irrigation

Studies on water conservation techniques, water harvesting and recycling, improved irrigation methods and conjunctive use




2018-2022


Page 53

PROGRAM PROBLEMS/



DERIVED


AGENCIES


TIME LINE

Methods to minimize seepage and percolation in small farm reservoirs and farm ponds

Recommended methods for farmers adoption



2018-2022

Over Extraction of Groundwater Supply

Aquifer characterization including inventory of existing STWs and their extraction level vis-à-vis groundwater supply available for extraction within a basin/sub-basin (sustainable yield concept)

Knowledge product and policy recommendations STW location maps using GIS

BSWM, NWRB, Academe, DA-RFO


2018-2022

Development of GIS-based decision tools in the development of shallow and deep aquifers

Knowledge product and policy recommendations

BSWM, Academe, NWRB, DA-RFO


2018-2022

Identify and evaluate appropriate technologies on MAR (Managing Aquifer Recharge) and managing discharge to enhance groundwater storage


BSWM, Academe, NWRB, DA-RFO


2018-2022


Page 54

PROGRAM PROBLEMS/



DERIVED


AGENCIES


TIME LINE

Assessment on the effect of rainwater harvesting storage facilities Such as SWIP and SFR to groundwater recharge

Technical report BSWM, DA-RFO, Academe


2018-2022

Flooding Flood mitigation and management (Establishment of modified SFRs, flood diversion structure)

Enhance water availability for supplemental irrigation Flood mitigation

BSWM, DA-RFO, Academe, PhilRice


2018-2022

Identification/ characterization of flood prone areas

Flooding map BSWM, DA-RFO, Academe, PhilRice


2019-2021

Adaptability trials of submerged rice varieties

Recommended submerged rice varieties



2019-2022

Too much water in the wrong time and wrong place

Development of drainage technologies Integrating micro-watershed Protection in SWIS

Excess runoff water management and flood mitigation


Rice/crops suitable to flood-prone areas

2019-2022


Page 55

PROGRAM PROBLEMS/



DERIVED


AGENCIES


TIME LINE

MANAGEMENT AND FERTILITY REHABILITATION OF PROBLEM SOILS

Soil salinity/salini-zation

Fertilization strategy (sources, methods, timing and volume)

Water quality guide for irrigation water

BSWM, DA RFO Academe

Rice and other crops suitable to saline-prone areas

2019-2022

Vulnerability and impact assessment in salt-affected areas

Vulnerability maps, impact assessment report

BSWM, Academe, DA-RFO, PhilRice, IPB, LGU, NGO


2019-2022

Soil and water management

- Flushing of salts Soil and water management technologies

BSWM, DA-RFO, LGU


2019-2022

- Application of organic soil amendments

Appropriate organic fertilizers, compost and soil conditioners

BSWM, DA-RFO, LGU


2019-2022

- Adaptation using saline tolerant varieties

Adaptable varieties tested BSWM, DA-RFO, LGU


2019-2022


Page 56

PROGRAM PROBLEMS/



DERIVED


AGENCIES


TIME LINE

Soil Acidity Soil management using amendments such as animal manure, liming materials like calcite, dolomite, gypsum

Soil management technologies

BSWM, DA-RFO Academe


2019-2022

Adaptation measures: - Screening of acid-tolerant

microorganisms as inoculant

Inoculants for acid soil condition


Rice, corn, sugarcane, banana pineapple vegetable crops

2019-2022

- Screening of acid-tolerant crop varieties

Cultivars tolerant to soil acidity

BSWM, PNRI, Academe

Rice, corn, sugarcane, banana pineapple vegetable crops

2019-2022

Heavy cracking clays

Residue management (method and timing of application)

Soil management technology

BSWM, DA-RFO, Academe

Rice, corn, sugarcane, banana pineapple

2019-2022

Poorly drained soils Bio-remediation (inoculation)

Soil and water management technology

BSWM, DA- RFO, Academe

sugarcane, banana, vegetable crops

2019-2022


Page 57

PROGRAM PROBLEMS/



DERIVED


AGENCIES


TIME LINE

Poor soil and variable growing conditions

Improvement on the nutrient use efficiency (using tracer technique) to different soil fertility levels

Appropriate fertilizer recommendations

BSWM, DA -RFO Academe

corn, sugarcane, banana, vegetable crops,

2019-2022

Poor soil fertility due to degradation and acidity

Development/ improvement of soil amendment technologies (organic fertilizers, soil enhancers/ conditioners)

Appropriate soil amendment technologies

BSWM, DA -RFO Academe

Rice, corn, sugarcane, banana pineapple, vegetable crops

2018-2022

Development of farming systems technology in sloping areas

Technology for farming system in sloping areas

BSWM, DA-RFO Academe


2018-2022

Low Productivity Field validation/ promotion of macronutrients (i.e. Ca, Mg, S) and micronutrients (i.e. Bo, Zn) fertilization

Updated micronutrients and macronutrients fertilization guide



2018-2022

Development of site-specific small scale irrigation systems in corn-

Appropriate small scale irrigation technologies


Rice, corn, sugarcane, banana

2018-2022


Page 58

PROGRAM PROBLEMS/



DERIVED


AGENCIES


TIME LINE

based areas pineapple, vegetable crops

Verification trial to improve nitrogen use efficiency using tracer technique

Appropriate N fertilizer guide for corn


Corn, sugarcane, banana pineapple, vegetable crops

2018-2022

Adaptation of corn farming to climate change : Improvement of farming system/ pattern to optimize moisture availability and reduce soil degradation in sloping areas (SALT/ SCoPSA)

SALT/ SCoPSA Model BSWM, DA RFOs Academe

Corn 2018-2022

Development of crop production model (water availability, temperature, variety, soil type)

Database; crop models BSWM, DA RFOs Academe


2018-2022

Assessment of water and carbon footprint of corn varieties under different management and agro-ecosystem

Data on water and carbon footprint; Recommendation on the improvement of water use efficiency


Corn 2018-2022


Page 59

PROGRAM PROBLEMS/



DERIVED


AGENCIES


TIME LINE

Compaction Soil management • Tillage practices • Organic soil amendment

application

Best management practices

BSWM, Academe, DA-RFO, LGU, NGO

Sugarcane; corn; pineapple; forage crops

2019-2022

Soil Crusting Soil management • Tillage practices • Organic soil amendment application • Sub-soiling

Best management practices BSWM, Academe, DA-RFO, LGU, NGO

All crops 2019-2022

Peat soils Characterization/ evaluation of peat soils

Physical, chemical and biological data of peat soils

BSWM, DA-RFO, Academe, LGU

High value commercial crops, Rice

2019-2022

Soil and crop management technologies

Crop suitability studies Suitable crops BSWM, DA-RFO, Academe, LGU

HVC, Priority crops, Rice

2019-2022 Tillage practices Appropriate tillage practices

Soil fertility management Soil fertility management


Page 60

PROGRAM PROBLEMS/



DERIVED


AGENCIES


TIME LINE

SOIL AND WATER RESOURCES DATABASE AND SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

Large data holdings require systematize storage and retrieval

Development of soil health information system and water resources information system

Database; Integrated Information Management System (IIMS)

BSWM; Academe Not applicable 2017-2022

Data warehousing and online reporting system

Database: Soil and Water Resources Integrated Information Management System (SWRIIMS) Easy to use data base management and online reporting

BSWM; Academe Not applicable 2017-2023

LABORATORY TEST METHODS VALIDATION AND VERIFICATION

Regulation and control for the establishment and operation of all soil laboratories

Development of rapid test methods needs assessment of soil and water analytical laboratories

Soil Test Protocols Controlled and validated rapid soil test methods Upgraded soil and water analytical laboratories

BSWM; DA RFO Academe

Not applicable 2018-2020


Page 61

PROGRAM PROBLEMS/



DERIVED


AGENCIES


TIME LINE

Development of soil and water laboratory information management system

Soil and water laboratory information management system (SW-LIMS)

BSWM DA RFO (Integrated Laboratory Division) BAFS ICTS


Need to validate/ assess fertilizer recommendation

Soil analysis and nutrient management (sugarcane)

Updated fertilizer guide for sugarcane

BSWM; SRA Not applicable 2018-2020

EXTENSION MODALITIES

Problems of farmers in the adoption of technologies; problems of extension workers in the delivery of technologies

Monitoring of adoption of soil and water-related technologies; Improvement in extension methodologies

Improved extension methodologies

BSWM; ATI; LGU Not applicable 2018-2022

Lack of mechanisms for participatory and community-based soil and water resource

Capacity and capability assessment for community-managed soil and water resource

Developed mechanisms for a community-managed soil and water resource development

ATI, DA-RFO, LGU, Academe, BSWM



Page 62

PROGRAM PROBLEMS/



DERIVED


AGENCIES


TIME LINE

development and management

Need for integrating supplemental livelihood with soil and water resource conservation and management

Integration of supplemental livelihood into soil and water resource conservation and management

Integrated supplemental livelihood into soil and water resource conservation and management

ATI, DA-RFO, LGU, Academe, DTI


Issue on sustaining/ enhancing adoption of soil and water-related technologies (SWT) under changing climate

Identification and scientific evaluation of indigenous soil and water management technologies being practiced at different ecosystems Development of decision support tools

Indigenous soil and water management technologies with solid scientific basis for dissemination

DA-RFO, Academe, LGU, NGO


Capacity assessment and potentials of the beneficiaries in the adoption of SWT under changing climate (including risk)

Enhanced technology transfer

ATI, BSWM, LGU, DA-RFO, Academe



Page 63

PROGRAM PROBLEMS/



DERIVED


AGENCIES


TIME LINE

Product packaging and promotion of SWT

Need for capacitating intended/ current beneficiaries

SWT Training design and modules for capacitating farmer-beneficiaries through “learning by doing” concept Determination of technological needs of farmers and development of appropriate training modules to suit their needs Training on maximum utilization of SSIP and on-farm water management

Acceptable training design and modules to enhance farmers’ ability to implement what they learned.

ATI, BSWM, DA-RFO

Not applicable

2019-2022


Page 64

References:

Alcasid, G. N. 1991. In: Management and Utilization of Acid Soils.

Atienza, R. 1991. In : Management and Utilization of Acid Soils.

Environmental Management Bureau. 2007

Environmental Management Bureau National Quality Report (2006-2013)

Environmental Management Bureau. 2013

Kelland. 2010. Diverse Water Sources Seen Key to Food Security. Reuters.

Lasco, R. D., et.al. 2006. Climate Change R&D at the World Agro-forestry Center (ICRAF)-Philippines. ASEAN-Japan Project on Multi-functionality of Agriculture and the 3 UN Conventions on Biodiversity, Climate Change and Land Degradation, Cebu City.

Master Plan for Water Resources Development in the Philippines, JICA-NWRB. 1998

National Action Plan to Combat Desertification, Land Degradation and Drought (2010-2020)

National Irrigation Administration Report

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. Undated. El Niño Episodes in the Philippines

Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2017-2022.

Philippine National Action Plan to Combat Desertification, Land Degradation and Drought (2015-2025)

Philippine National Construction Corporation. 2009

Philippine Statistical Yearbook. 2015

Research and Development, Extension Agenda and Program (RDEAP) 2016-2022

Soil and Water Resources Research and Development, Extension Agenda (2010-2016)


Page 65

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The Bureau of Soils and Water Management is grateful for the continuous support and contribution of agencies and individuals to the Updating of the National Soil and Water Resources Research Development/ Extension Agenda 2017-2022. We would like to express our sincerest gratitude to the following :

1. Director, Bureau of Agricultural Research

2. Undersecretary for Policy and Planning, Department of Agriculture

3. Participants to the island-wide consultation workshops : Luzon CavSU - Cavite State University CBSUA - Central Bicol State University of Agriculture CLSU - Central Luzon State University DA - Department of Agriculture – Special Concerns Office; RFO - CAR; 3; 4A DMMMSU - Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University FPA - Fertilizer and Pesticides Authority NEDA-ANRES - National Economic Development Authority - Agriculture and Natural Resources and Environmental Staff Authority NWRB - National Water Resources Board PSAU - Pampanga State Agricultural University PhilFIDA - Philippine PhilRice - Philippine Rice Research Institute PCAARRD - Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development RSU - Romblon State University SLSU - Southern Luzon State University TAU - Tarlac Agricultural University Visayas ATI - 8 - Agricultural Training Institute Reg. VIII BAR - Bureau of Agricultural Research CSU - Capiz State University DA - Department of Agriculture (RFO 6; NIR; 7) NEDA – 8 - National Economic and Development Authority VIII SI - Silliman University USC - University of San Carlos VSU - Visayas State University WVSU - Western Visayas State University Mindanao


Page 66

ACAP, Inc. - Association of Colleges of Agriculture in the Philippines, Inc. BFAR Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (XI; CARAGA; ARMM) CMU - Central Mindanao University DA-RFO - Department of Agriculture (RFO 10; 11; 12) DAF-ARMM - Department of Agriculture and Fisheries - ARMM MUST - Mindanao University of Science and Technology NEDA - National Economic and Development Authority (Reg. 10; 13) NGO - Non-Government Organization - Davao PASUC - Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges National ACAP, Inc. - Association of Colleges of Agriculture in the Philippines, Inc. AAN-MIA - AAN Mango Industry Association BAI - Bureau of Animal Industry BPI - Bureau of Plant Industry BSU - Benguet State University CavSU - Cavite State University CBSUA - Central Bicol State University of Agriculture CLSU - Central Luzon State University DA - Department of Agriculture (Policy Research Service; Planning and Monitoring Service; RFO CAR; 1; 2; 4-A; 4-B; 5; 7; NIR; 9; 12) FPA - Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority IFSU - Ifugao State University MMSU - Mariano Marcos State University PCAF - Philippine Council for Agriculture and Fisheries PSU - Pangasinan State University SRA - Sugar Regulatory Administration UPMin - University of the Philippines Mindanao UAS - UPI Agricultural School VSU - Visayas State University WMSU - Western Mindanao State University

4. BSWM Chair, Dr. Edna D. Samar and Vice-Chair Karen S. Bautista who took time and efforts to facilitate and review the updating of the RDE Agenda;

5. BSWM Technical Advisory Team:

OIC Director Angel C. Enriquez; Asst. Director Sonia M. Salguero; Engr. Samuel M. Contreras; Engr. Teresita S. Sandoval; Mr. Elmer B. Borre; Mr. Dominciano _ Ramos, Jr.; Dr. Gavino Isagani P. Urriza; Engr. Pablo M. Montalla; Ms. Mercedita S. Fernando; Mr. Henry A. Apolinares; Ms. Cathlyn Joy P. dela Torre; Ms. Denise A. Solano


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6. BSWM – Soil and Water Resources Research Division staff who provided support in the facilitation and conduct of consultation workshops, and related activities :

Ms. Frances Villa Juan; Ms. Jenny Anne P. Escalona; Mr. Crisostomo V. Mamorbor; Ms. Ma. Angelita G. Esguerra; Ms. Heycel R. Reyes; Ms. Janet G. Operario; Ms. Georgina Carmelle Z. Siena; Ms. Ma. Perpetua P. Ocampo; Mr. Jose Paolo Suministrado; and Mr. Van Joseph Manzo.