national · koovagam beauty pageant title in villupuram, tamil nadu. l this year, nearly 40...

June 2018MCurrent A fa rs

New Telecom Policy Draftl The union government released the

draft of the new Telecom policy

named National Digital

Communications Policy, 2018 on

May 2, 2018.

l The policy aims at creating 40 lakh

new jobs by 2022, attracting 100

billion US dollars investment in the

sector and ensuring broadband

coverage at 50 Mbps for every citizen.

l The draft proposes one Gbps

connectivity to all Gram Panchayats

by 2020 and 10 Gbps by 2022.

Kisan Kalyan Karyashalal The Ministry of Agriculture and

Farmers’ Welfare has organised Kisan

Kalyan Karyashala at the block level

across the country from May 2 to 7,

2018 in which farmers from that block

will participate.

l The workshops are part of Rashtriya

Gram Swaraj Abhiyan, a rural-centric

campaign that started on the 14th of

last month, the birth anniversary of

BR Ambedkar.

l During workshops, farmers from each

block will be interacting with

agriculture officers and scientists to

discuss ways to increase their income

through adoption of new technology.

Miss Koovagam 2018l Chennai-based transgender

Mubina has won the 2018 Miss

Koovagam beauty pageant title in

Villupuram, Tamil Nadu.

l This year, nearly 40 transgenders

in the age group of 18 and 35

contested for the ‘Miss

Koovagam’ title.

l In it, apart from their beauty and

attire, the contestants were tested

for their knowledge in Indian

mythologies.

Swachh Bharat MissionLaunches GOBAR-DHANl Union Minister for Drinking

Water and Sanitation, Uma Bharti

launched the GOBAR

(Galvanizing Organic Bio-Agro

Resources) – DHAN scheme at the

National Dairy Research Institute

(NDRI) on April 30, 2018 in

Karnal (Haryana).

l The scheme derives inspiration

from European countries and

China, wherein animal dung and

other organic waste is used to

generate energy. This scheme will

be run by Swachh Bharat Mission

(Gramin).

l Under this scheme, bio-gas plants will

be set up at individual or community

level and also at the level of Self Help

Groups and NGOs like Gaushalas.

Indian Culinary InstituteInauguratedl Minister of State for Tourism

(Independent Charge) and Minister of

State for Electronics and Information

Technology (KJ Alphons) inaugurated

the Indian Culinary Institute (ICI) at

Noida on April 27, 2018.l The ICI has been set up by the

Ministry of Tourism. ICI offers

courses in Diploma, Under

Graduation, and Post-Graduation and

research in Culinary Arts.

India’s Longest Serving CMl Sikkim Chief Minister Pawan Kumar

Chamling surpassed the record of

former West Bengal Chief Minister

Jyoti Basu as the longest serving Chief

Minister of any Indian state.l Jyoti Basu was Chief Minister of West

Bengal for 23 years from June 21,

1977 till November 6, 2000.l Pawan Kumar Chamling became

Chief Minister of Sikkim on

December 12, 1994. He completed his

24th year as Sikkim Chief Minister on

April 29, 2018.

9

National

Current Affairs


TENNIS

Challenger Circuitl Prajnesh Gunneswaran won his first

singles title on the ATP Challenger

circuit in the Kunming Open in

Anning, China on April 29, 2018.

l Prajnesh defeated Egypt’s

Mohammed Safwat 5-7, 6-3, 6-1 in

the final of the Kunming Open.

l He hails from Chennai. He is

currently ranked 260th.

Barcelona Open 2018l Rafael Nadal won the Barcelona Open

tennis title on April 29, 2018 for the

11th time in Barcelona, Spain.

l Rafael Nadal won the Barcelona Open

tennis title by defeating Greece’s

Stefanos Tsitsipas 6-2 6-1 in the final.

He is the second-youngest player in

the ATP top 100.

Monte Carlo Masters 2018l Rafael Nadal won his 31st Masters

title by defeating Japan’s Kei

Nishikori in the Monte Carlo Masters

final in Monaco. Rafael Nadal

defeated Japan’s Kei Nishikori by 6-3,

6-2 in the Monte Carlo Masters final.

l This Nadal’s 11th Monte Carlo

Masters title in 14 years. This will

also help Rafael Nadal to retain his

world number one spot.

Santaizi ATP ChallengerTournament 2018l Yuki Bhambri from India has won

the 2018 Santaizi ATP Challenger

tennis tournament by defeating his

compatriot Ramkumar

Ramanathan in the final of the

event by 6-3, 6-4 on April 15, 2018

in Taipei, Taiwan.

l It is his first singles Challenger title

of the 2018 season.

l With this, Yuki has now beaten

Ramkumar four times in five

meetings. This victory enabled him

re-entered top 100 rankings.

Miami Open 2018l 34th edition of the Miami Open

took place in Miami, Florida,

United States, from March 19, 2018

to April 1, 2018.

l American Tennis player John Isner

won the Men’s Singles title at 2018

Miami Open by defeating

Germany’s Alexander Zverev in the

finals.

l American Tennis player Sloane

Stephens won the Women’s Singles

title at 2018 Miami Open by

defeating Latvia’s Jelena Ostapenko

in the finals.

l American Tennis players Bob Bryan

and Mike Bryan won the Men’s

doubles title at 2018 Miami Open by

defeating Karen Khachanov and

Andrey Rublev of Russia.

l American Tennis player Coco

Vandeweghe and Australia’s

Ashleigh Barty won the Women’s

doubles title at 2018 Miami Open by

defeating Czech Republic’s Barbora

Krejcikova and Katerina Siniakova.

BOXING

56th Belgrade InternationalTournamentl 56th edition of Belgrade

International Boxing Championship

was held at Belgrade in Serbia from

April 24 to 28, 2018.

l Indian boxers won three gold, five

silver and five bronze medals at this

championship. Three gold medal

winners are Sumit Sangwan , Nikhat

Zareen and Himanshu Sharma.

29

Sports

Current Affairs


APPOINTMENT

Subhash Chandra Khuntial Subhash Chandra Khuntia, IAS

officer, has been appointed as

Chairman of Insurance Regulatory

and Development Authority of India

(IRDAI) on May 1, 2018.

l The Appointments Committee of the

Cabinet (ACC) has approved

Khuntia’s appointment for a period

of 3 years.

l The post was vacant for more than

two months after TS Vijayan’s

tenure came to an end on

February 21, 2018.

Mallikarjun Khargel Congress leader Mallikarjun Kharge,

an MP from Gulbarga (Karnataka),

has been re-appointed chairman of

the 22-member Public Accounts

Committee (PAC) of Parliament on

May 1, 2018 for its fresh term

starting.

l Kharge, is the leader of Congress

party in Lok Sabha.

l A majority of the members of this

parliamentary panel, which is

headed by an opposition leader, are

from the ruling NDA.

Gauri Sheoranl The Haryana

government-appointed

international shooter Gauri

Sheoran the brand ambassador

on April 28, 2018 for its two

health-related programmes.

l The decision was announced by

Chief Minister Manohar Lal

Khattar at the launch of the

Measles-Rubella (MR)

vaccination campaign.

l Under the campaign, about 80

lakh children aged between

nine months and 15 would be

vaccinated.

Indu Malhotral Senior lawyer Indu Malhotra

was sworn-in as the judge of

the Supreme Court in the

presence of Chief Justice of

India Dipak Misra on April 26,

2018.

l The appointment was made by

the President Ram Nath

Kovind.

l Malhotra has now become the

first woman lawyer to be

directly appointed as a Supreme

Court judge.

Mario Abdo Benitezl Mario Abdo Benitez won the presidential

election conducted in Paraguay on

April 25, 2018. He belongs to the ruling

Colorado Party. He had secured 46.5% of

the votes, with 96% of 21000.

l Efrain Alegre of the Authentic Radical

Liberal Party came second with 42.7% of

the votes.

Suresh Kumarl Suresh Kumar took the additional charge

as Chairman and Managing Director of

Coal India Ltd on April 23, 2018.

l Suresh Kumar is an additional secretary

with the Coal Ministry.

l He has replaced Gopal Singh as Chairman

and Managing Director of Coal India Ltd.

Sitaram Yechuryl Sitaram Yechury has been unanimously

elected as the General Secretary of

CPI(M) for his second term on April 22,

2018.

l His election was approved by the party’s

newly-elected 95-member central

committee during the 22nd Party

Congress in Hyderabad.

l Yechury had taken over as General

Secretary from Prakash Karat in the 21st

Party Congress in 2015.

31

In Discussion ...

Current Affairs


Directions (Q.Nos. 1-2) In thefollowing questions, some part of thesentence may have errors. Find outwhich part of the sentence has an errorand select the appropriate option. If asentence is free from error, select ‘NoError’.

1. What happen (a)/at your (b)/ collegetoday? (c) No error (d)

a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

2. Some girls are taking prior permissionto (a)/ sport a loosely tied plait on the day(b)/ they had washed their hair. (c) Noerror (d)

a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

Directions (Q.Nos 3-4) In thefollowing questions, the sentence givenwill blank to be filled in with anappropriate word. Select the correctalternative out of the four and indicateit by selecting the appropriate option.

3. Her trekking was met ……… obstacles.a. with b. from

c. by d. of

4. Aryabhatta was the first astronomer toState ……… that the Earth is round and itrotates on its axis.a. sympathetically

b. automatically

c. emphatically

d. accidentally

Directions (Q.Nos 5-6) In thefollowing questions, out of the givenfour alternative, select the one whichbest expresses the meaning of the givenword.

5. Barbarousa. Refined b. Polite

c. Crude d. Civilised

6. Pejorativea. Right b. Discussion

c. Derogatory d. Complimentary

Directions (Q.Nos 7-8) In thefollowing questions, out of the givenfour alternatives, select the one which isopposite in meaning of the given word.

7. Decimatea. Preserve b. Destroy

c. Execute d. Abate

8. Adjurea. Order b. Require

c. Advise d. Disclaim

9. Rearrange the parts of the sentence incorrect order.

Cities haveP. intellectual stimulus

Q. always provided

R. and educational leadership

a. PQR b. RQP

c. QPR d. PRQ

10. A sentence has been given inActive/Passive Voice. Out of the fourgiven alternatives, select the one whichbest expresses the same sentence inPassive/Active Voice.

The watch man opened the gate.a. The gate opened the watch man.b. The gate is being opened by the

watchman.c. The gate was opened by the watchman.d. The gate is opened by the watchman.

11. A sentence has been given inDirect/Indirect Speech. Out of the fourgiven alternatives, select the one whichbest expresses the same sentence inIndirect/Direct Speech.

He said, ‘‘I am hungry.’’a. He inform about his hunger.

b. He says he was hungry.

c. He was feeling hungry.

d. He said that he was hungry.

12. In the following question, a word hasbeen written in four different ways out ofwhich only one is correctly spelt. Selectthe correctly spelt word.

a. Apeareance b. Appearrance

c. Appearence d. Appearance

Directions (Q.Nos. 13-17) In thefollowing passage, some of the wordshave been left out. Read the passagecarefully and select the correct answerfor the given blank out of the fouralternatives.

Many a travelogue I read nowadays areabout how the traveller went on a roadless travelled ……some off-the-track trekor to an unknown destination or simplyinto the wild. How no internet …… iswhat you need to reconnect withyourself! How leaving your watch andphone …… and going into the world ofno check-ins and no updates wouldbring you solitude! These write-ups arelaced with adjectives describing thegeography of the region and filled with…… details of the author’s days in thatremote place. And, ironically, they allend with a strange advice to travel andtell no one. I beg to …… .

13. road less travelled ……… someoff-the-track treka. but b. or

c. but also d. also

14. How no internet ……… is what youneed toa. connectivity b. to connect

c. connects d. connecting

15. watch and phone ……… and goingintoa. under b. below

c. backside d. behind

16. and filled with ……… details of theauthor’sa. hour b. second

c. time d. minute

17. and tell no one. I beg to ……… .a. differ b. different

c. difference d. differentiation

44

Solved Paper

SSC 10+2(Tier-1) Exam 2018

EXAM DATE March 19, 2018

Staff Selection Commission

Combined Higher Secondary Level

1. What is the value of3 4 2 3

4 3 2 3

+ ÷ ×+ × ÷

?

a. 9/4 b. 3/2 c. 11/18 d. 7/36

2. The average monthly salary of 660employee in a firm is ` 380. The averagemonthly salary of officers is ` 2100 andthe average monthly salary of the otherworkers is ` 340. Find the number ofother workers.

a. 645 b. 660 c. 640 d. 650

3. A bucket of water is 3/5 full. When38 L drawn from it, it is just 1/8 full.Whatis the total capacity of the bucket?

a. 100 L b. 80 L c. 85 L d. 90 L

4.5

12part of what amount is equal to 3

3

4part of ` 100?a. ` 1000 b. ` 750 c. ` 800 d. ` 900

5. The HCF of two numbers is 96 andtheir LCM is 1296. If one number is 864,then what is the other number?

a. 72 b. 64 c. 144 d. 11664

6. What is the maximum possible lengthof a scale that can be used to measureexactly the following 3 lengths?3 m, 5 m 10 cm, 12 m 90 cm

a. 30 cm b. 20 cm c. 25 cm d. 10 cm

7. The difference between the square ofany two consecutive integers is equal to

a. an even number

b. difference of two numbers

c. product of two numbers

d. sum of two numbers

8. 2 is a/an

a. integer b. rational number

c. irrational number d. natural number

9. A decrease of ` 2 per kg in the price ofrice enables a man to now purchase 4 kgmore rice in ` 16. What was the originalprice of rice ?

a. ` 16 per kg b. ` 8 per kg

c. ` 4 per kg d. ` 2 per kg

10. 33% marks are required to pass anexamination. A student who gets 210marks fails by 21 marks. What are thetotal marks for the examination?

a. 700 b. 650 c. 600 d. 550

11. Nine friends went to a hotel. 8 ofthem spent ` 3 each over their meals andthe ninth friend spent ` 2 more than theaverage expenditure of all the nine. Thetotal money spent by all of them was

a. ` 26 b. ` 40

c. ` 29 d. None of these

12. The sum of the present ages of Ram,Neelam and Reena is 90 years. 6 yearsago, their ages were in the ratio of1 : 2 : 3. What is the present age ofReena?

a. 36 yr b. 42 yr c. 40 yr d. 45 yr

13. Simplify,44

45of

9

11

7

10

1

2+ ÷ of

3

4

of 12

5

5

9

1

3

16

45+ − − =?

a. 4 b. 1/4 c. 2 d. 3

14. When a definite number is multipliedby 13, then the product is found to beconsisted of digit 9 only. The smallestsuch number is

a. 77923 b. 78923 c. 75923 d. 76923

15. If the price of groceries increases by20%, its sale decreases by 10%. What willbe its effect on the turnover?

a. 5% b. 55

9% c. 8% d. 20%

Directions (Q. Nos. 16-17) Findthe odd words/ letters/numberpair/figure from the given alternatives.

16. a. Jungle b. Forest

c. Woods d. Animals

17. Question Figures

18. In each question below are given twostatements followed by two conclusionsI and II. You have to take the twostatements to be true even if they seembe at variance with commonly knownfacts and then decide which of the givenconclusions logically follows from thetwo given statements, disregardingcommonoly known facts.

Give answer

a. if only conclusion I follows

b. if only conclusion II follows

c. if neither I nor II follows

d. if both I and II folows

Statements Some boys are parrot.Some parrots are flowers.

ConclusionsI. Some boys are flowers.

II. No flowers is a parrot.

19. Fan : Air : :

a. Parents : Bring up

b. Bed : Sleep

c. Food : Hunger

d. Clouds : Rain

20. A series of figures are given whichcan be grouped into classes. Select thegroup into which the figures can beclassified from the given responses.

a. 127, 359, 468

b. 179, 258, 346

c. 179, 258, 369

d. 179, 358, 246

52 June 2018MCurrent A fa rs

a. b. c. d.

Railway Recruitment Boards (RRBs)

GROUP-DRecruitment Exam 2018

Time … 1 : 30 hour No. of Questions : 100Model Paper

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1. If 15% of 40% of a number is 6, thenthe number isa. 15 b. 50

c. 1000 d. None of these

2. An article is marked 20% above costprice. The shop keeper allows a discountof 10% on it. What is his gain or losspercent?a. 10% b. 8%

c. 9% d. None of the above

3. A train covers a distance of 713 km in11 hours and 30 minutes. The speed ofthe train isa. 75 km/h b. 55 km/h

c. 62 km/h d. 52 km/h

4. When one-fourth of a number issubtracted from one-third of the samenumber 12 is obtained. The number isa. 63 b. 72 c. 120 d. 144

5. What rate of simple interest will yield` 5400 on a principal of ` 4500 for 3 years?

a. 82

3% b. 6

2

3% c. 7

2

3% d. 5

2

3%

6. Looking into a mirror, the clock shows9:30 as the time. The actual time isa. 4:30 b. 2:30 c. 3:30 d. 6:30

7. If a a a, ,−2 3 are in AP, then a isa. 2 b. – 2 c. 3 d. – 3

8. The maximum value of sin cosx x+ isa. 3 b. 2 c. 2 d. − 2

9. If 378 coins consist of rupees, 50 paiseand 25 paise coins whose values are in theratio of 13 : 11 : 7. The number of 50 paisecoins will bea. 132 b. 128 c. 136 d. 133

10. 16 men can complete a piece of workin 8 days. In how many days can 12 mencomplete the same piece of work?

a. 10 b. 91

3

c. 102

3d. Cannot be determined

11. The value of question mark is3889 12952 3854 002+ =. –? .a. 47.095 b. 47.752

c. 17.932 d. 47.95

12. A man age after 15 years will be 4times before the age of 15 years ago. Hispresent age isa. 10 yr b. 15 yr c. 20 yr d. 25 yr

13. AB and CD are two chords of a circlesuch that AB = 10 cm, CD = 24 cm andAB CD|| . The distance between AB and CD

is 17 cm. Then, the radius of the circle isequal toa. 13 cm b. 169 cm

c. 26 cm d. None of these

14. If7

8

3

52

8032× ÷ =x

. , then the value ofx isa. 2 b. 3

c. 4 d. None of these

15. The difference between the simpleinterest and compund interest on acertain sum of money for 2 years at 4%per annum is ` 1. The sum isa. `2500 b. `2400 c. `2600 d. ` 625

16. Four of the transport forms givenbelow share something in common.Which is the odd-man out?a. Cycle b. Aeroplane

c. Helicopter d. Scooter

17. Find out the missing term.9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, (?) isa. 92 b. 91 c. 81 d. 78

18. ‘Clue’ is related to ‘Mystery’ as‘Warning’ is related toa. Disaster b. Precaution

c. Risk d. Danger

19. Amit is son of Rahul. Sarika, Rahul’ssister has a son Sonu and a daughter Rita.Raja is the maternal uncle of Sonu. Howis Rita related to Raja?a. Sister b. Daughter

c. Niece d. None of these

20. Lakshman went 15 km to the Westfrom my house, then turned left and walked20 km. He then turned East and walked 25km and finally turning left covered 20 km.How far was he from my house?a. 5 km b. 10 km c. 40 km d. 80 km

21. Which figure will best suit therelationship in the given class?Engineers, Human beings, Rats

22. Find the missing number

a. 86 b. 88 c. 120 d. 90

23. If the following alphabet is written inthe reverse order, which will be thefourth letter to the left of the fifteenthletter from the right?

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U VW X Y Za. D b. S c. R d. T

24. Find the missing number in the givenseries 1438, 1429, 1417, 1402, ?a. 1384 b. 1378 c. 1392 d. 1387

25. In this , one term in the numberseries is wrong. Find out the wrong term.

1, 5, 9, 16, 25, 37, 49a. 16 b. 9 c. 25 d. 37

Directions (Q.Nos. 26-29) In thefollowing questions a statement isfollowed by two possible assumptions.You are to pick up one of the answerchoices, which is applicable to thequestions.

a. Only I is an assumption.

b. Only II is an assumption.

c. Both I and II are assumptions.

d. Neither I nor II is an assumption.

58 June 2018MCurrent A fa rs

Railway Recruitment Boards (RRBs)

Assistant Loco PilotRecruitment Exam 2018

Time … 60 min No. of Questions : 75Model Paper

a. b. c. d.

333 2 4 54 2 3 ? 5

454

2 3 6

June 2018MCurrent A fa rs74

Inserting the missing character is filling up of the empty (missing) spaces in letter and number puzzles given in pictorial forms.

Under this segment of reasoning, numbers or letters or both are represented through one or more figures (geometrical or anyother figure). Such numbers or letters are arranged inside the figure according to a certain pattern (i.e., based on particularlogic and/or mathematical calculations) but in such type of arrangements one character is missing, which is denoted byquestion mark. The candidate is required to find out the character that can replace the question mark (?) satisfying the logicand calculations as per the question.

Different types of questions covered in this chapter are as follows

Based on Additionand Multiplication

In this type of questions, some numbersare given in any type of figure. We have tofind out the number, which would bereplace by question mark by addition andmultiplication in the given figure.

Ex. 1 What number would be come in

the place of question mark, in the given

matrix.

4 3 2 8 32

5 3 1 9 24

7 3 3 7 70

2 9 4 12 ?

a. 60 b. 84

c. 120 d. 27

3 (b) After analysing the given matrix, we findthat In every row of matrix, multiplication offirst, second and third number and thenresultant add in fourth number, we get thefifth number.

In every row of given matrix,

As, ( )4 3 2 8 32× × + =( )5 3 1 9 24× × + =

and ( )7 3 3 7 70× × + =Same as, ( )2 9 4 12 84× × + =

Based on Divisionand Multiplication

In this type of questions, generally amatrix is given, in which a number ismissing and question mark is given inplace of the number. The candidates haveto find out the number, which would become in place of question mark.


the place of question mark, in the given

matrix.

12 8 9

6 2 3

5 9 ?

10 36 24

a. 4 b. 6 c. 8 d. 10

3 (c) In the given matrix, we see that in firstand second column, fourth number isreceived by the division of resultant of firstand third number by second number.

i.e.,12 5

610

× = ,8 9

236

× =

Same as,9

324

× =?

⇒ 9 24 3× = ×?

⇒ ? = ×24 3

9⇒ ? = =24

38

⇒ ? = 8

Based on SquareIn this type of questions, everynumber given in the question

figure is square of any other number. Wehave to find out that number which havethe same relation as in given numbers.


the place of question

mark in the following

figure?

a.36 b.49

c.64 d. 81

3 (d) In the given figure,every line has twonumbers. Each of the numbers, onenumber is square of the other number.

As, ( )6 362 = , ( )7 492 = , ( )4 162 =

Same as, ( )9 812 =

Hence, 81 would be come in place ofquestion mark.

3649

?

166

7

9

4

Based on Square RootIn this type of questions, every number given in question figure is square rootof any other number. We have to find out the number in place of question mark.

Ex. 4 What number would be

come in place of question mark,

in the given figure?

a. 20 b. 27

c. 26 d. 22

3 (d) By analysing of given figure, we find that number given inside the circle is sum of thesquare root of the numbers outside the circle.

As, 4 16 9 64+ + + = + + + =2 4 3 8 17

and 36 4 16 1 6 2 4 1 13+ + + = + + + =Same as, 25 36 4 81 5 6 2 9 22+ + + = + + + =Hence, number 22 would be come in place of question mark.

36

134 1

16

4

17

9

16 64

25

?

4

36 81

T ype

1

T ype

2

T ype

3

T ype

4

Inserting themissing Character

Reasoning

Tenses

Tips


Tense is the form of a verb that takes toshow the time it happened. There arethree main tenses:

1. Present Tense things those are truewhen the words are spoken or written.

For Example Swati goes to office.

In this sentence, ‘goes’ shows that it is apresent tense

2. Past Tense things that were truebefore the words were spoken orwritten.

For Example Swati went to office.

In this sentence, ‘went’ shows that it is apast tense.

3. Future Tense things that will be trueafter the words are spoken or written.

For Example Swati will go to office.

In this sentence, ‘will’ shows that it is a futuretense.

Note: These tenses are subdivided further-

Present Tense

Simple Present TenseA sentence is presented in simple presenttense when it is used to describe anaction that's happening at present anddoes not indicate when the action isexpected to end. Simple present tense isused when:l The action that is taking place in

general.l The action is not only occurring now; it

repeats after regular intervals of time.l To indicate facts those are generally

true.l The action for relating habits and

routines that happen all the time, be it inthe future, past or present.

StructureSubject + Verb (1st form) + s/es + ObjectSome Examplesl The sun sets in the west.l He does not go to the temple.l Does he write novels?

Present Progressive or Present

Continuous TenseThough the simple present and presentcontinuous tenses are used

interchangeably, present continuoususually defines an act that is going on atthe time of speaking.

The sentences with present progressivetense are used when:l Something is taking place now, while

speaking and has a definite end as well.l When something is already decided and

arranged as well to perform it.l To indicate an undesirable habit.

Structure

Subject + be (is, am, are) + Verb+ -ing+ Object

Some Examplesl Please wait for a moment, Shyam

is talking to Mary.l Mom, I am not playing football.l Are they still living here?

Present Perfect Tense

It's probably the most used tense form inEnglish Grammar and is also considereddifficult to understand. The Present PerfectTense explains the incident that hashappened in the past and that continuesuntil the present time.

Structure

Subject + Verb (3rd form) + Object

Examplesl For almost five generations, my family

members have been engineers.l In order to avoid delays in my work,

I have been doing it regularly.l I have not wanted to ride on this

vehicle.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Usually, Present Perfect Continuous Tenseis used for a situation that has occurred inthe past and which continues until thatmoment.

Structure

Subject + has/have + been + verb + ing+ Object + since/for + time expression

Examplesl I have been eating apples today.l You have not been studying for the past

month.l Have we been playing with Mary since

Tuesday?

Past Tense

Simple Past Tense

Simple past tense is used to narrate anaction of the past. The verb in the pasttense usually ends with an '-ed'.

Structure

Subject + verb (2nd form) + Object

Examplesl He passed away in 1999.l We went for the movie yesterday.l Three years ago, I studied at the Delhi

University.

Past Continuous Tense

This form of tense indicates activities thathave already happened in the past andhave been completed before the time ofmention. These sentences are formed withthe help of an auxiliary verb and giving themain verb an 'ing' ending.

Structure

Subject + was/were + Verb + ing + Object

Examplesl He was washing the dishes, while

she was cooking dinner.l She was not reading a thriller novel

when I called her.l What were you doing when Sam

arrived?

Past Perfect Tense

This tense refers to a non-continuousaction that was already completed in thepast. Such sentences are formed by usingthe Simple Past form of the auxiliary verb'to have', followed by the past participleform of the verb.

Structure

Subject + had + verb (3rd form) + Object

Examplel I had never seen such a beautiful

before.l Clara had never been to a club before

last night.l We didn’t get a room in the hotel

because we had not booked inadvance.

78

national · koovagam beauty pageant title in villupuram, tamil nadu. l this year, nearly 40...

Documents