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NATIONAL GRID DS2 – Grid Integration Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland Margaret Riordan ESB National Grid, Ireland (email: [email protected] tel: +353-1-7026941 fax: +353-1-6615375) Co Authors – Jane McArdle & Yvonne Coughlan ESB National Grid, Ireland

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Page 1: NATIONAL GRID DS2 – Grid Integration Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland Margaret Riordan ESB National Grid, Ireland (email: Margaret.Riordan@EirGrid.com

NATIONAL GRID

DS2 – Grid Integration

Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland

Margaret Riordan

ESB National Grid, Ireland(email: [email protected] tel: +353-1-7026941 fax: +353-1-6615375)

Co Authors – Jane McArdle & Yvonne CoughlanESB National Grid, Ireland

Page 2: NATIONAL GRID DS2 – Grid Integration Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland Margaret Riordan ESB National Grid, Ireland (email: Margaret.Riordan@EirGrid.com

NATIONAL GRID

Presentation Overview

Background– Irish Transmission System– Wind Penetration– Dynamic Analysis

ESBNG Work to Date– Dynamic Modelling– Model Features– Model Testing– System Studies– Connection Studies

Next Steps

Summary

Page 3: NATIONAL GRID DS2 – Grid Integration Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland Margaret Riordan ESB National Grid, Ireland (email: Margaret.Riordan@EirGrid.com

NATIONAL GRID

Presentation Overview

Background– Irish Transmission System– Wind Penetration– Dynamic Analysis

ESBNG Work to Date– Dynamic Modelling– Model Features– Model Testing– System Studies– Connection Studies

Next Steps

Summary

Page 4: NATIONAL GRID DS2 – Grid Integration Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland Margaret Riordan ESB National Grid, Ireland (email: Margaret.Riordan@EirGrid.com

NATIONAL GRID

Overview of the Irish Transmission System

Small Island system Approximately 200 110kV lines Approximately 50 220kV lines 2 400kV lines

Present system demand records are:Peak (Winter) 4,823 MWMin (Summer) 1,735 MW

Page 5: NATIONAL GRID DS2 – Grid Integration Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland Margaret Riordan ESB National Grid, Ireland (email: Margaret.Riordan@EirGrid.com

NATIONAL GRID

Overview of the Irish System - Interconnection

450 MWHVDC

IRELAND

ENGLAND

SCOTLAND

WALES

DC

Lightly interconnected to Northern Ireland– Typical North South

Interconnector flows ~100MW

– Total AC System winter peak ~ 6500MW

Northern Ireland has a DC interconnection with UK

Page 6: NATIONAL GRID DS2 – Grid Integration Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland Margaret Riordan ESB National Grid, Ireland (email: Margaret.Riordan@EirGrid.com

NATIONAL GRID

Wind Generation - Penetration in Ireland

Status

February 2005

MW Cumulative

(MW)

% of Winter Peak 2010

(% of 5515 MW)

Connected 493 493 9%

Contracted 665 1158 21%

Offers 125 1283 23%

~Applications 2869 4152 75%

320MW Connecting in 2006

European Union Renewable Directive Target for Ireland is 13.2% of electricity from renewable sources by 2010.This requires about 9% from wind ≈ 1,000 MW installed.

Page 7: NATIONAL GRID DS2 – Grid Integration Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland Margaret Riordan ESB National Grid, Ireland (email: Margaret.Riordan@EirGrid.com

NATIONAL GRID

Importance of dynamic modelling in power systems

ESBNG is committed to facilitating the continuing growth of wind power while safeguarding system security for all electricity customers

To safeguard system security, dynamic analysis to predict the performance of the system under a wide range of conditions is required

The transient stability and voltage stability of the system are of particular concern

Page 8: NATIONAL GRID DS2 – Grid Integration Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland Margaret Riordan ESB National Grid, Ireland (email: Margaret.Riordan@EirGrid.com

NATIONAL GRID

Transient Stability – What is it?

During a fault close to a generator, the generator can’t export its power. Therefore it speeds up.

When the fault clears, it should slow down to synchronous speed.

A generator may not re-synchronise with the others if there is a transient stability problem

Page 9: NATIONAL GRID DS2 – Grid Integration Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland Margaret Riordan ESB National Grid, Ireland (email: Margaret.Riordan@EirGrid.com

NATIONAL GRID

Machine Speeds

-0.006

-0.004

-0.002

0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

0.012

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Time (Seconds)

Sp

ee

d (

pu

)

Transient Stability

220 kV fault lasting 100 ms close to a large generator

Page 10: NATIONAL GRID DS2 – Grid Integration Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland Margaret Riordan ESB National Grid, Ireland (email: Margaret.Riordan@EirGrid.com

NATIONAL GRID

Machine Speeds

-0.02

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50

Time

Sp

ee

d (

pu

)

Transient Stability

220 kV fault lasting 150 ms close to a large generator

Page 11: NATIONAL GRID DS2 – Grid Integration Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland Margaret Riordan ESB National Grid, Ireland (email: Margaret.Riordan@EirGrid.com

NATIONAL GRID

Voltage Stability – What is it?

Ability of the system voltage to recover following a disturbance.

Large induction machines (motors and generators) tend to inhibit voltage recovery.

During the fault, generators accelerate Once the fault is cleared, they will try to slow down In slowing down, they take reactive power from the

network; this tends to pull the voltage down.

Page 12: NATIONAL GRID DS2 – Grid Integration Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland Margaret Riordan ESB National Grid, Ireland (email: Margaret.Riordan@EirGrid.com

NATIONAL GRID

Voltage

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

Voltage Stability – Voltage Recovers

Page 13: NATIONAL GRID DS2 – Grid Integration Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland Margaret Riordan ESB National Grid, Ireland (email: Margaret.Riordan@EirGrid.com

NATIONAL GRID

Voltage

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Voltage Stability – Voltage Fails to Recover

Page 14: NATIONAL GRID DS2 – Grid Integration Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland Margaret Riordan ESB National Grid, Ireland (email: Margaret.Riordan@EirGrid.com

NATIONAL GRID

Presentation Overview

Background– Irish Transmission System– Wind Penetration– Dynamic Analysis

ESBNG Work to Date– Dynamic Modelling– Model Features– Model Testing– System Studies– Connection Studies

Next Steps

Summary

Page 15: NATIONAL GRID DS2 – Grid Integration Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland Margaret Riordan ESB National Grid, Ireland (email: Margaret.Riordan@EirGrid.com

NATIONAL GRID

Work to Date - Dynamic modelling

Due to the high level of wind generation in Ireland dynamic analysis now must include windfarms, requiring the development of wind turbine models

Prior to December 2003 PSS/E (software package widely used to carry out system

analysis worldwide) did not contain any suitable models for wind, either in its libraries or as user written code

Available Models

Comments

1 Incomplete

2 60Hz version only

3 Incomplete

After testing the models that had been developed at this time, it was found that they didn’t perform satisfactorily.

Page 16: NATIONAL GRID DS2 – Grid Integration Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland Margaret Riordan ESB National Grid, Ireland (email: Margaret.Riordan@EirGrid.com

NATIONAL GRID

Work to Date - Dynamic modelling

Requested WTG manufacturers to provide dynamic modelling information

Published a document outlining the need for dynamic models and a brief description of what is required in the modelsIt also included a brief overview of what studies were to be carried out once the models were received

Updated the Grid Code to include a section on Wind Dynamic Modelling Requirements

Obtained and tested numerous models

Ongoing work on Model Validation, Testing, System Studies and Individual Connection Assessments

Page 17: NATIONAL GRID DS2 – Grid Integration Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland Margaret Riordan ESB National Grid, Ireland (email: Margaret.Riordan@EirGrid.com

NATIONAL GRID

Work to Date – Model Features

Most dynamic models received represent some or most of the following features:

Page 18: NATIONAL GRID DS2 – Grid Integration Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland Margaret Riordan ESB National Grid, Ireland (email: Margaret.Riordan@EirGrid.com

NATIONAL GRID

WTG Model Testing

23 WTG models, 7 different manufacturers Improvements have been made to the models, but

work still remains to be done

Page 19: NATIONAL GRID DS2 – Grid Integration Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland Margaret Riordan ESB National Grid, Ireland (email: Margaret.Riordan@EirGrid.com

NATIONAL GRID

ESBNG Request for models

Model Received

Request for additional Information

Assess Package Contents

Set up dynamic analysis for modeltesting

Set up with 1 WTG

Carryout dynamic analysis of model

Set up with 10 WTG

Carryout dynamic analysis of model

Model Behaviour seems reasonable

Testing and Progress

Model Testing Process

Check for steady state

Set up load flow case

Associate dynamic models and parameters with case

Compile and link models

Initialise simulation

Select output channels

Apply a disturbance

Analyse results

121 times

Page 20: NATIONAL GRID DS2 – Grid Integration Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland Margaret Riordan ESB National Grid, Ireland (email: Margaret.Riordan@EirGrid.com

NATIONAL GRID

WTG Model Testing, Typical Issues – Initialisation

0.197

0.198

0.199

0.2

0.201

0.202

0.203

0.204

0.205

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4

Time (sec)

Po

wer

(p

u o

n s

yste

m b

ase)

1.047

1.048

1.049

1.05

1.051

1.052

1.053

1.054

Vo

ltag

e (p

u)

Test Model's Active Pow er Voltage at 110kV connection point

Page 21: NATIONAL GRID DS2 – Grid Integration Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland Margaret Riordan ESB National Grid, Ireland (email: Margaret.Riordan@EirGrid.com

NATIONAL GRID

WTG Model Testing, Typical Issues – Numerical Instability

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00

Time (sec)

Po

wer

(p

u o

n s

yste

m b

ase)

Active Pow er w indfarm 1 Active Pow er w indfarm 2

Page 22: NATIONAL GRID DS2 – Grid Integration Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland Margaret Riordan ESB National Grid, Ireland (email: Margaret.Riordan@EirGrid.com

NATIONAL GRID

WTG Model Testing - Status

Model Status Document

Published on www.EirGrid.com updated regularly

Page 23: NATIONAL GRID DS2 – Grid Integration Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland Margaret Riordan ESB National Grid, Ireland (email: Margaret.Riordan@EirGrid.com

NATIONAL GRID

System Study - Assumptions

605 MW Wind Generation included in study

Windfarms included utilise 18 different turbines, due to certain models being unsuitable or unavailable, studies were carried out with 12 different models

Trial study highlighted issues such as:– Sustained Oscillation– Numerical Instability

with some of the models, so they were removed and the studies re-run using 5 different models.

Page 24: NATIONAL GRID DS2 – Grid Integration Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland Margaret Riordan ESB National Grid, Ireland (email: Margaret.Riordan@EirGrid.com

NATIONAL GRID

System Study Issues - Model Oscillations

0.041

0.0415

0.042

0.0425

0.043

0.0435

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00

Time (sec)

Po

wer

(p

u o

n s

yset

m b

ase)

Test Model's Active Pow er

Page 25: NATIONAL GRID DS2 – Grid Integration Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland Margaret Riordan ESB National Grid, Ireland (email: Margaret.Riordan@EirGrid.com

NATIONAL GRID

System Study Issues - Numerical Instability

-0.015

-0.01

-0.005

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0

Time (sec)

Rea

ctiv

e P

ow

er (

pu

on

sys

tem

bas

e)

0.035

0.036

0.037

0.038

0.039

0.04

0.041

Act

ive

Po

wer

(p

u o

n s

yste

m b

ase)

Test Model's Reactive Pow er Test Model's Active Pow er

Page 26: NATIONAL GRID DS2 – Grid Integration Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland Margaret Riordan ESB National Grid, Ireland (email: Margaret.Riordan@EirGrid.com

NATIONAL GRID

System Studies - Update

Currently Suspect models removed, case now contains 5

different models Compiling Report from Phase I work completed Preliminary results depict possible voltage Issue

Future Development of scope of work for Phase II

Page 27: NATIONAL GRID DS2 – Grid Integration Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland Margaret Riordan ESB National Grid, Ireland (email: Margaret.Riordan@EirGrid.com

NATIONAL GRID

System Studies - 200ms close proximity severe 110kV fault

No Wind Generation

110 kV busbar

90%V

Recovery to 90% V 0.1s following fault clearance

Page 28: NATIONAL GRID DS2 – Grid Integration Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland Margaret Riordan ESB National Grid, Ireland (email: Margaret.Riordan@EirGrid.com

NATIONAL GRID

System Studies - 200ms close proximity severe 110kV fault

110 kV Busbar

90%V

Wind Generation

Recovery to 90% V 1.3s following fault clearance

Page 29: NATIONAL GRID DS2 – Grid Integration Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland Margaret Riordan ESB National Grid, Ireland (email: Margaret.Riordan@EirGrid.com

NATIONAL GRID

Individual Connection Assessments

Timeline

320 MW connecting in 2006

Application AcceptedOffer 120 days Connected

Grid Code compliant model120 days prior to connection

Dynamic model suitable for Connection offer process

Page 30: NATIONAL GRID DS2 – Grid Integration Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland Margaret Riordan ESB National Grid, Ireland (email: Margaret.Riordan@EirGrid.com

NATIONAL GRID

Individual Connection Assessments

All connected windfarms are included in the study

Only problems caused by the connection of the windfarm are associated with it.

Although models currently contain some limitations they are being used for carrying out some initial wind farm connection studies, through use of various workaround techniques

To date there have been no issues

Page 31: NATIONAL GRID DS2 – Grid Integration Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland Margaret Riordan ESB National Grid, Ireland (email: Margaret.Riordan@EirGrid.com

NATIONAL GRID

Presentation Overview Background

– Irish Transmission System– Wind Penetration– Dynamic Analysis

ESBNG Work to Date– Dynamic Modelling– Model Features– Model Testing– System Studies– Connection Studies

Next Steps

Summary

Page 32: NATIONAL GRID DS2 – Grid Integration Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland Margaret Riordan ESB National Grid, Ireland (email: Margaret.Riordan@EirGrid.com

NATIONAL GRID

It is important that the behaviour shown by the model under simulated conditions is representative of the behaviour of the real equipment under equivalent conditions

The confidence with which simulated results can be viewed is dependent upon the quality of the validation material provided by the manufacturers

ESBNG plan to engage in further dialogue and consultation with manufacturers, developers and any other relevant stakeholders with a view to adopting a more coordinated and focussed approach to wind turbine model validation.

Next Steps – Model Validation

Page 33: NATIONAL GRID DS2 – Grid Integration Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland Margaret Riordan ESB National Grid, Ireland (email: Margaret.Riordan@EirGrid.com

NATIONAL GRID

Presentation Overview Background

– Irish Transmission System– Wind Penetration– Dynamic Analysis

ESBNG Work to Date– Dynamic Modelling– Model Features– Model Testing– System Studies– Connection Studies

Next Steps

Summary

Page 34: NATIONAL GRID DS2 – Grid Integration Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland Margaret Riordan ESB National Grid, Ireland (email: Margaret.Riordan@EirGrid.com

NATIONAL GRID

Summary

ESBNG have Obtained and Tested 23 WTG models, 5 of which are now suitable for the full system studies

ESBNG would like to pay tribute to the turbine manufacturers work to date while also highlighting that there is a large amount of work still to be done

ESBNG are running a system study with a number of working models to assess the dynamic impact of high levels of wind generation on the Irish power system

Next Step Model Validation

Page 35: NATIONAL GRID DS2 – Grid Integration Dynamic Modelling of Wind Generation in Ireland Margaret Riordan ESB National Grid, Ireland (email: Margaret.Riordan@EirGrid.com

NATIONAL GRID

Questions

Further information

www.eirgrid.com

Thank you for your attention